eteN — Bes-40 (Assignment Sclutisn-20/9-26) asin — Stati : LEN Statistical Techniques — A research was condueted ty improve Ha safety plans tha faetory. In this study, #2 accidental data of the factory for He lask 50 weeks weve compiled « Those data ave grouped tte the frequency distabution as shown in below’ «—_——_—_______—_—+ | twnber of Accidents | Number of Works | 0-5 g 5-10 22 lo-1S 40 15-20 8 20-25 2 . aes histegeam and catewlate Ho average number of accidents par week. a Solution 2 Histogram s— ASE Rag M \\Lte Za N oS ie is Be 28 a No. Of Accidents Figure s Histogram 94 Park £ Calculation of Average Number of Accidente per Weele» Te calculate ne ¢ accidents per work , we will qe with the caleatoton of arithmatic. mean by “Devel Method". (fage- 1) (p70)a2) | [eles | Si Pawns] f.xi Calculation o-5 | le as | 8 | 2 | 1 Average Number of | lew v5 | a2 | 405 | Accidents por Week 1 i “Is | 12-5 Jo 426 given by — ‘ Is- . \ 20| HS 8 140 % > Eh ae Qo -{ a “ [ ed i 45 299210 Dh2S0 [Fit 408 | Arowen 1 4.0 accidenk/week Sa xX A esiekel ball onanufactsring company wanfs t cheek the variation in the wootght: of the balls for tha, 25 samples each of stke 4, no. selected and he weight of each hall 1 measured (‘in grams) The sum of the sample. average aud the ae sample ranges were found to be -Z %; = 4010 grain aud 2% = 72 grams, respectively» , a Comput He control limits for the ¥ and R-chavks. OF is fron TE p> 0S, 2,20 and D2 RAD Solution 3 Fetimale ap process ™ean (%) i» gh by — a = __ sum of sample overages . dole ; : wo g comps” 25 > Igor4 gram Estimale of proces standard deviation is given by — 6 a 2k RAS Oy -2050] Dy 2059 T4fes 2-98 ros 2 W089 = 1° 309 gram (Page-2) GrolNow, the control Units for %-chark are, given by - ch = Mod 5 LeL= X- AAR oo = (60°49 - 0 F29x288 ("8 p= ZA = 158-5 ae = 2288] uce = Xp AR | ye = 1604 + 0° 799 x 288 { = 161s he wnt! linits for R-chark ave given by — cL=R 9288 5 Let = dR = Oxo Cc “D, =o] UCL = De = 2982 2°38 = 6°S72 —— ae . An Peerance company insured foco muuoks drivers, 3000 car divers and’ Cee tuek drivers. The probabilities that the seater, car aud Arele drivers meet with an acctdeat are 0". 004 and o-25 wespectively . One of fla injured person meats an accident whet is the probabiby thet he i a con drivers? Giver the feted no of drives = (Jooe + 3000 4 G00) = ta, 0c let, & be the evenb that the 2 pte) = 10° 4 “joeceo ~*~ To insured persen 1s @ scealer dzvey lot, E be the eveut al Me insmted penssn w& a car dnvew P(E =. ~AS2 = ~eoce * To (Paae- >)a) Lek, Ey he the event sak the insured parson iy a fruche deer Arte) = E> f Let, ‘A’ be the event met wih av aceidenl 1. (scooter driver mek with am aevitenl) > PLATE) = 02 (Given! Do cap driver, mete wats a aceideat) =P (Alex) = ood 04) dent) = p(ales) = os Cs ) P Cte hier net wif an ace Aas, epplaing Bayes theorem, the probabilely % dpver mek a ear dyer gives by pce, sa) an acerdeat : P(Es.) * pCAals, a D(E,IA ) = esl elee a EPH om Pie.) test whether Have A any significant difference between 42 prvportion of safety consciovenass of men and women hile driving, a car. Dn a sample of 36d men, 130 said dal Hey used Seat” bells «In a sample Of Boo ween, 20 said Ahab the: wed soak bells. Test the claim thatthe is no significant deren Geter Hex proportion of safety consciaunnes en while driving & car at SY, level of sirificante- page)) Given, Jom sample of A sancom sample of 30e men & See women 6 taken, Be me B Oo wanes sail hat Hay ured szat hits Sample nun her Por mew, m2 BoD 4 Far women , Ng 7 3? Mex thad wed seat helt awe , % = Ie Wwemax tat wed scat belt ae, xX, = 30 Hypothesis formed ave — ¢) Null Aypolhesis CMe) ® Alternative hypothesis (Ha) Nas, H, CHhene is no difference in He safely songerourness Of mew aud women) it giver by — fo od Ug (lot men ave mere safety conscios 1 Trvea) is givers by Ha 3 POA : d3e : Now, sample prepertion for men, = tag, = O43 Sample. prprtion for women, 0, = se 35 Pooled prepurtien ia gives by - Sa 130490 2 gaz Poe ah, 7 ~gaor3o0 Staudard deviatiin 4 ge by - ro-P(4,* %) -9 attra) (4+ =) = 00394 Page 5 }a % stabistye in gives by p ee eee Pinf _ od8-8'3 a sag -p(4t4) 5.D o0n84 mh vy? z, statistic calcalaled & greater Hiaw 4, “Where fine Ho Cault ley pettiest® ) ts vajected « “Thos means men ave more safely onsacde te | ee G5) A company mannfartives tum types wi bulls , (A and B). The manager fh we company teste a wandom sample of So bulbs of (type A amd fo bulbs of type 8 and obtain the following information + ae | attain 29% onfdene interval fpr the difference of the averege j Life. of the type of bulbs - CGiven thel Zoast 258 Gnfidence Inkrval CCT) for tha bulb a ‘ype A Given, m2 mo. of type A’ bubs = 5° Y= 1300 hes 5 sd.(7)=5¢ hou. 5 Zone? 258 1, 82 Confidene Interval Ce-T+) for “type h’ buts i gives by ee ee [x - 950 > X +288 | [race = 25 a 4, 3004 258% ca how = [1300 - 18°24 , \Bee + 19-24 | hears = PlestFe , 1318-24] ews (rage-6Confidence Interval Cot.) fow the bulls of ieee : Givea, m > be | } i Y= \2cohus 5 sp (oy=Coh & 2 = a > Feeos 199% CL. fer “type @' bulbs is given by ~ 28 a o = o K -a5e = rary L ase Fs es ase s.] [1200 2597 # 5 Hee +9688 | bee u o [4200-49-98 , 120°+ 19°98 | hours fe u [ugo-o2, 1249-98} hows x x @E) A yyasking anachine company cheeses a vandem sample of Lo motors, received from one of the supplies - It determines the length OF Life of each of the motors oa 3-2) Cows Cakudation oF Preaicled Termite streuste she sbvess t& S leg, Sn His ease, A=Sky, Y=? a Y= BULB i y soses -3:2 Tat x75 y | | =o's (fm) | | Fe Tensile stress Cprcdicted) at tee strert a sky id 08. as) A. computer angincer identifies four ways that a cerfacn gob can be. done. To determine how long 4¢ takes operators to do he job when each of prose methods is used, the cenginger aaks -four oparaitor, fo do the sob uring the methed A, ancther for operators to do the job vning spethed B, and $e on. Bach aperaiter's time (in seconds) je shown belo z | Conetauct the relevont analyvs of variance table and fest fe | hypothesis, Haat the average time of at operators ave equal ab af level of significance C Given thal, Fay (2,12) = 5°95) aol"? Proj _ | so 2! Crage-9)SA") Sample Moan Caleudation § Sample mean fon A, X= 12 HE + 22F20 _ 9-5 | 7 4 Sample mean fx B, Hy > seiteisr4 = 45-95 Sample rose for C, Ke = MN? = 19°75 Sample mean fix P, Xy = 24244 420 _ ays : 4 Caleulation sf sam of aquared deviation * Sek fo “val Mea aviation $9 Devichin eens “Mean Davi 19 es os. os 1g Iss if 1s VS bas 1c ists 22 5s us Gs 1s seas 200 198 “05 0:95 \4 ss | Faden =33 Totad foc Dp vat. Mean — Deviafion sa-deviahien Malue Maw Desiettin Sp-beviation ar 1s -rs 1 S62 QQ aS os one po wag ols 01 C625 23, as “Vs QLS 19 4s" ods 0: S62 ay as os ons 19 Is ow = 0 sens go ars LS 2s Tot = 9S de> 500 squared deviations mr flix mean (Ss) -pr the qrups: > 335 SHS VES YS = 433 Lene of alomns | Sus of Maw (A) = Vay (8) = Narco) = vay (D) (Page -to'Movy> = U2PtRONT FOF 4 PEF witha — = 4 Glewlaling tha rermawning wit tems for tha ANOVA table’ Jfags, (064) 980 Q'4585 Srdthin = (a 2085) adhe % 2458S IL = 29°602 Colewdaking the variance of the Sample means 3 IOS + FS TID IS EAN and mean (Kross) = 4 = 19425 ot Grouped Mean Cpraxd Mean Deviation _Squove Deyiah ou 495 19496 0: 31f 0+ (4064s ists 19-195 ae HS We 320625 IDS 49495 =o Ws 0* 320629 as ADAIS - 2321S BS eA062¢ J Gum of Snare (SSmnema) = (orbs 4 13g0Ers + 022062 4 5-C406L5) 247° S625 tN = ISHS | Eg54 lat ean act 5°35 = 5°954%x4 = 23-416 MSrofween : hohuten (or Zp) ferme of Je Calealating tha famasnng ANovA tablet Haan = 4-1 93 2 pardye x3 + Fo O42 Soa saup CPye-Wt)Q») Tat statistic & Caitical Value * D2'HE _ 5.504 2'4589 MS vitkin 3,12) 25°95 (Aver) dF (@ Fesitices O12) 9 Feryy & Shower, nut hypaaris (Ho) aeceptes ANOVA Tables See. ss. df Me Group Jo: 343 % Rage 9624 within 29° 500 42 4585 wan OT eget sees gh = Stern ~ EAE oo i OF 8h 90°15 APA. witoup e (Cay 2 5°98 , PLeol nra oto4 ry De fone. contingency table presents Fhe analysis of 300 persons according Te hair colour aud &y% ohur. Blue foir_| 3 | 1° Brun | 4° | 20 30 | 40 Bla | 5° |—__1_—__\——* spe Tost tha hypothasis dhat the ib arsociation between haiy wbuw and 29% ober at sf lel e siqwificance: Mtl Loses "treeHy 3 Fye elu & Heiy alear ave ardepundent- | to 4o go ata oT . otal d20 | 60 120 Hy 3 Rye colour & Haiy cobur are not independent.” | Far testing the out hypothesis , he test statistics te = | | te oe Gay, L Xx under H (a eee) Noo, Ey 2 Expected frequency of the i youn £ 4% clam = RAG N = Sum of ie say y Sum of gh elu Tote! Sample Side 4 “Fy = BEH26 apo ps 6X09 1 p . Bovino BE ann p Ag * as foo x122 1 og = lmece ., . = Ibox120 By 2 “BRS 2 do 5 f= “Be PRO > £23 a ede Mo x122 ' = F2K69 594 - — Idsxiro., e, = MgBEg 48 5 Em en 24 Ex = SS 4B (Page 3)Gleulation op te. e* eenved oe at reauenes (¢) | Frequargy(gy (OE) |(C-E) -2 4 -¢ 36 & 4 ° c ° e ° ° ° 2 028 6 ae Ss [* | 64 3 | Cel = FUs Therefore, from tho above calculation we have aed > ALE) age (1 fat ey Tha degree a freedom wil) be (R41) Ce-1) = (-1) (3-1) Te critical value of a> wate’ 4 ae eee eee aes at SIMAANS 1 9. 40), 7 Since, cal cued value of lest sfatistics (= 7-603) & less thaw ential value (59-43) +6, we ac1eapl the mut hupothesss + Thus, we wendude thot the sample provides us supficreut evidence aqounsle the claam Ao" aye coluur £ hair wlour aye indedenderts”0 Sem a wag alin Wear Wage tohy PR | 30,000 5 Ny = 30,000 and N= 40,000 , vespaetinaly A stratified | Pandom sample ib to be taken with fa fatal sample Side ef nese | Determine the. sample site to be selected from each village. | individually ving the meted of w propertional , and dy optimal | allocation. From the previous survey , iE BH Knoun theb the | stawerd deviations are $= 30, S =15 and S=20. Sa o Undey propertionel Vocation § [= Kany ants | Ni gece | _ Ss m > n() = 500 ( 720%) SoD = 208 30000 \ _ 3-115 N = =s00 ) TOOK TEA ny > (Se) = Se sos | iB Agoc ) _ Aan ny ent) « see (ES) 290 fet G Under Optimal ablecation } Axd peck Pee 5 3 Qe Resor 2x lst 4px [vee Wyre a} | = Soo x oo 2932,QB) A company wats te catimale , how ile monthy cls are relaled to te monthyly output rae Th date for a. sample of wine months is tabulated lela : outper (tara) | 4 |2 | 418) % o|t Cost CLakht ) 4] 4|¢ a] 6 Dsing the data given above , perform following tasks ¢ @) Caleulole the bork Wneay regression Line, whore the monthly oukpul vs the dependent aiaie and mouitly st Vs the independet voatable» () Veo the veqression Une de predicr the company monthly cost, if they decade te produer 4 tows por veoudtl - 2 5 S Ss 8 3 sb hot, Yt monthly orst (tm Lakhs) | | ( “ea. oubpat (tons) Cnathly) doles Codcutotion SUM Sry & So mean monthly cutpul n = Sut TX nx \ _ AADrasQrer Sr gest iat g* 5 7 50 So = 3 = 34o- O* Bx 5 < 2 = 969 S Fz mean of monthly cot calewakion of Sum Sey | 2 REBT THESE BHR —— = } 5 v7 3 = aa - 2x BxB ri xy 2 a ; +t ° 4 we) 49 | 86 Now, b= So aN = 052 | - ° x! i Sm sto/a, 3 35 | 25 | Hite g fa pe Ma Crase-t6) 3192) Ths. best Uneae nequessian Nine Y2 a+bx [oe Bes ens] Om WD. Of He firm decides te produee 4 tons per mele, ten the preditted cost is given by — MY = 1-266 + or¥orx 4 [ro Meee, %= 4 ‘tons fos > Ye VATA lakhs. (Aw) * [| asinine G2) “ha pwobabity that atleast one of the tue Independent events occurs is 05. Probability that fist event event occurs bub not the second i& B32 - Alec the probability tha the second event occurs bub mot the fret in & + Find the probability that none of. Ake twe event occurs. Set"; Lot, A BB be the tun independent events Given, P(AVB) =0'5 P(ANG) = 2 and PCA NB)= 2 sce we hae, Pp (AUB) = P(A) + P(8) — PCAN) © PCAUB) = PCA) + PCB) — PCA). PIB) L.A LB ave dct Q tue iddepeuderd > oS = PCA PERF) evade, 4, PCADB) > PA)- 2 os = PCAne) + Pca) peane) Pen 3 05 = Bx PC) (Page 4)oo D> PCB Fee 7 MB) = 05-2 + 0-38 u | | Again, fiom eq” M, wa have | P(ALB) = PCA) 7 pte) — pCANB) | > 0-5 2 pty + pra PAPO > oS = PAD + pia 24 -POAY 3 0s = pA) + P(A MP) >» os 2p) + % CF! pcatney =.) » pth) 208-3 > os P(mwne f the tun events occurs) = PCat eo) = PAT PCB) = 1-P(A ys Pe a(1- 08) (1-038) 2032 x6 G2 = 0° S084 The vyequived probability =0'S084 (Aub) Now From the population, tabulated above , you ave suppose te choose a sample of side Tun. (a Determine, he marey sampler af dize tue are posse - destroubion af means by taking samples of (hy Gnstrecl campling ee 2 dala A2e Q and organite Sl} The number of samples of S22 2 He qhew by — a). me = Cy Ce me ag pazens = 6] = BAS = {5_ (Md) } Ox) Apt& bf si 4 22. Sampler ef side 2 one given in the foMowing toble Sample |X 34,50] 52” Semple | 450 54,52 | 53 i 54, 43 52,52 52 oA Si 43,50 | 49 54,5° | 52 aa 43,52 | 50 54,52 | 53 , SL 50,50. 52, 43 | 50 52] 5h 4) ; eee “——* Fiplain the following. with the help of an example exch: ©] Goodness of fit test & Criteria for goodness of an estimale © “Test of independewe dy ANOVA “) cw _Goadnass_of_fit teat $ St refers to measuring hove weet L jhe observed dat. copmuspond fo the assumed wedel the gardness nef fit In a liner Vegression , fn 2ssene-, test compares fhe observed valeurs to the expected valuds- i, stabstes tests the following Hy 1 The model ™ Fibs ate modo Me dees not fie dieter of a corapany xy 2." Hot sells the part of his cludies, he has te hypothesis oS WG My. Arun ib & mantettin Examples Z steel almirahs. As i ee Hace re (os of Sales cue te Less shiek | avai tiabilly- So fat he has seen ondexing rei) cupheayds assuming | ek He demand fer ot fe are | Recently, Aavaver, tte lock tavesteries have bewme mers difficult ty wontrol « Therefore , My. Aran feels that he shoukd check whether nem domand velid et net. | hag. hypethesis of 4Ht The demand ip uniform for all four pos og almirahs Ny The demand is nel uniform for all four tyros of alnorahs For daing Yous, he colack a sample of 90 almirahs sold over the past few morths » He assumes thal Hae demand i uncform - Se, the poobabilely of an abmiyah ef Tipe 6 boing bought 15 he same, for i> J, 2,3,4+ Mf we denote thas probabilety by Pr, Haan Bre Bh =4 Se, if He demaud we umform, he can expact gox(4) = 0 almvahe of cack. lye ace dng observed sales ef care ype ave 23, 19, oe un of respectively « His problem i» foc seb hen welt or tunicform Uemind fits the observed sales. Mi Typos af almrahs Chsewved Sales (0.) Eepeeted Sales) L A 23 Qo a1 1? ae xi 18 . Iv oe a 2 ba 2 (a-6)", (acto, (4-8) cee Ey z, 2 (19-26), C82, (26-40)™ oe age ~~ ao BAL eat® 2 oF s Qe = a Sere, KA. Hawe degree F freedom = &-1)* shun heb, Mr Aran qauts te fost H, ak Sh fovel f 519) re t oe =F v (oT) wa have Kinin =4-3I5 9 aAs ons «Tun otk + ply. Arun Showld mot rejeee H, (mel! hypo Hess) . er i de , My. Amun toncludes tak He. demand for the four typos of opde , Mr almsahs tb uniform: ahWD Caitenia for goodness of an estinehir gS A good estimatter, as commen sense dictates,» clese te the paremeten being estimated. Sts quality veto be evaluated in tems of Abe follwing, properties + & Vmbiasedness : An ectinaler i said te be unbiased if i expactes vole bp identical wth the pepulation parameter bei estimated . That if @ Ww an anbiased estimate ef 6, thew we murt hove ECB) > 6 - Many astinatens are “ Asymptotically unbiaged” in rhe sense Alar the biases reduce to practically insignificant value ( Zee) whan 1 “ae large. Tha estimator S i& am example: oe Gi) Consistency + Bf an estimaler, say 6 > fle parameby @ closer and closer a5 He sample size 7 increases @ gold to be a cvestat ecttmalor af O. The estimalin B is said to be a wreisten estimator of @ if, a5 n approachas infinity, the probability approaches 4 that @ ull differ from tue. parameter @ by mo mare Hhae an avbitary conctauk. Gy) Efficiency 3 The concept of efficiency nafers te the sampling variability of 2 estimal + Tf tue compat ing estimations are Voth unbiased, He one with the smaller variance jen sample size) i» said to be relatively ae Cone a An astimaten 6 We said to be meve efficient ae timaler 8, fo" 6 if fe vascance af Hoe file han avother Se ae of, the cotond: The cmatter the ib Me es Hae estimator , te mere coneutvaled % the vasiance F oo he paveneter bas + distibution af THe gta actimalel and, Marre fre »WY) Sufticienty + An zotimaten i said te be sufficiadk iF it genvays much information as it possible about tke parameter which ub contained in the sample. A sufficient esbinatem ensure fat alt information a Sample car furnished wit respect to ~ the estination of a parameter ie being utilized « Ce) Test of Tndepandone: % Suppose a populakin can oe classified basis of feakare A, and fnfe ¢ Fnke P cateappics on the categorios on the basis ch feature © Tha “hypothesis are given by dence betwean te featiaves A A We + Theva ve 7° indepe ae \ aud B- on Vat ho & mot tue, be A hab an eppeet on B- Fie dada. is presented fr the form of 08 xe. contingency table « ; ; La, Nj) he tha freqwery in Hae (te now and iH column and W& my = 2 5 mq = 2M ; neo" j a4 a the tea classification eniteria are mumally independent « we expected value, Bij fr tie (S mo ant JP clann P iven gen ey = Mio * 4 n thon, Jo Sarma x wale , : : . L ap Haig was (Fe) # Hes Bm A gente? then We in accepted ax Phe o% Level of significance: (Paga-22)Zxample, Agmep ef 1660 schel children were classified accerdi To Moaie parfermanco in sehal tests aud faaily econerie (evel Test if there is any assuciation betwen these tin atti bulos. ped art sameeren : Pecopmaneet TINE a % Vey Good | Gerd | avernge | Parr wk { [Nery Ric 4 t te 2s sz | y Rit 3 3T 2 s Avevage 1oS _3F2 298 3 Poor Be Qs Bp “ebat 1ST cao | 46s Su) Than expected frequency ie giver belo — Ecoromic Levert g value of Hes sample Xo in UV = Performance vary Gad | Gad | Average Vays : Reh 4:95 19-82 ants Rick O22 ST -29 | Average | 22°39 e245 | 2694S Pow 4n-a4 Wo-o2 | ya¢-50 toFo4 123-615 25°0 = Xoo ie | ence, the hypotnecis of independunce bebaren categerdes ds rejected. (td) ANOVA $ ANOVA stars for “Analysis of Varione . St ts a shehishial technique for testing If (+) population means ave atl equal Fix of fom typos —c) One-Key ANOVA and GO Two-Way ANovA.Pxampe af Ove-wWey ANOVA t class A | cass B | class ¢ ANOWA Tele: Source q Vain | $s | af | ms e | pvawe | Petia Between Gupa [20005] 2 [woa2 [Ll [oles | 3-067 Witlan Greups acast| If | 5 OF Toto fas'362 | a0 an as) Compare the following ° cay Cluster Sampling » Stoatipies sampling 2 Splematit: Sampling parametric Tests. faster Sanplag , Stralified Senplng 2 Sypfemaic Ub Parametric. & Non- SAE) C@ Comparison anergy Sampling UY) Caster camplig Pe a sampling Techregut in which He units of the populalion ave vandely st selected from | callad “cluster”. already exis fing reps (age -24)A probabil souletan co probability s ‘ a HG iA ampling procedise ih which Ake population is separated ae hemegenous seqmads called * strota” aud then the sangle, & chosen from the cack stratum veRdewaly iw called Stretipred samplang : Systema. sampling select a vende tecking’ gdint from the popald aud then a same is taken frem veqular fixed intervals Ff Hae pipulabin depending on ik sire epuation down inte chutes - spkervads fom the farge poplction @ Guoter sampling, breaks the p Sustemadte Sampling, we fixed to create te sample” wes different hemeg veate the sample. shetipied sapling enous segments cabled Sebvete! fav the population toc (3) In stratified sampling 1 there ww hemeg oreity within the gmep, hereas in the case F duster & ling the homogeneity ia not found betvecn eptematiC (®) -Gmpantden _beAwwan Paremetvic & Mon- pavamebri® “Gmpansen beteen ee @ A-slatisticad test, in which specific assumptions are mede aboak the popolatin parameter ip known a» dhe parametric test. A. statistical test ured in the core of non-mekric tndepandent variables Ww caked men- paramctiic test, G Pavamelve teat based on distbubion wlule mnon-paremetwe test based on anbilary @ ‘mem’ ve He mecsave of cantrel tendeny in the case Pore aie tek Ne Sqnadian” ip Te Measure of contre tendency fer Hae ASO mon -povermet ie fest. yp25)© Ta apdilty of paramedic tat for vielen ony whereas non paramedic tear applies fo both variables fal attribukes - ®D Rev meastaving the deer of ascotiation bfo tus quantitalive veyiallen , Reapson's co-vgpicient of copnelabion ve wed ™ he pavamelmc Newt , wile Spearman's =e jp wed mn de now -parernctne tem ale), What ave enbrol chacts bavefly diccuss the fb} charts cudteal chests 4 Conbrol chast ey Shewhert chest ov ctatistiod process contel chor we oe graph used te study he o& process tine. Dake are plotted in time order, SE hao beh Une Ce) fer the average , an Upper line, for the upeer conPro\ lint Cucr), and a lower Uae for the timit (LCL) - These Vines ave dotepmined from 7 out te conclude abouwth changer over always & on historical 4 v t wheather Mug process voxietion constaur ov & unpredictable leo - = BOI EE are a-piarchat ese Heree eet ect contol chockVEility of Gutwol_Chart + Om. Primary ude f control el ts to menitoy procesces, events, aud ingients of interest” over time and to identify wher suck occurances are higher or lower tran desired or expocte d ® hs chat in wed to yeduer the mwnber events» © Frequently ancthan goal of suck manitering vosiability of such processe® » So a> to impwve of undesivable jap te reduce the wen @) ot can ba ured te defernine the average amouul: © Bk is vsed to determine Ane spread about the ayavage. @ Sky» wrad fo show fhe wsull of quprovement ofports . (Paae-21)