EXAM course ot mas208 Course name: ‘Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics Date: 15 March 2013 Duration: 10900-1200 Number of pages inc. Frontpage: 4 +3 Page Formula Sheet Remedies: Caleulators and Tables Notes: ‘Answer any 3 of the § questions. Ifyou answer more than 3 questions, the best 3 will be counted for your grade.AERODYNAMICS AND FLIGHT MECHANICS EXAMINATION MAS208 anewer any 2 of the following 5 questions. If you angwer more than three questions, your grade will be based on the best 3 questions. Note: A sheet of formulae is attached to the examination paper Question 1. (Thin Airfoil Theory) [A symmetric aerofoil is fitted with a 25% chord flap, as shown below. Bee WY a) Calculate the lift coefficient ¢, at zero incidence for the airfoil for downward flap deflections of n=5, 10 and 15 degrees. What would be the 1ift coefficients at zero incidence Uf instead the flap were to be deflected upwards by 5, 10 and 15 degrees? b) Calculate the moment coefficient about the leading edge Cw for flap deflections of nn4, 8 and 12 degrees. c) Explain clearly what is meant by the terms "centre of pressure" and "aerodynanic centre” for an aerofoil. Gd) For a downward £1ap deflection of 10 degrees, find the angle Of incidence @ for vhich the 1ift coefficient C, is equal to 1.5, What :s the zero-lift angle for 10 degrees downward flap deflection? Note: The Thin Airfoil formulae are given on the attached formula sheet Question 2. Basic Principles and Ideas (a) Describe briefly and clearly what the velocity potential @ is and how it is useful in aerodynamics. (b) ‘The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for a fluid can be written ae: o2) 3) a Explain briefly and clearly which physical laws each of these equations represents. Indicate the general meaning of the individual terms in equation (1). Question 3, (Stability and Control) (a) Describe briefly and clearly the various natural longitudinal motions of a conventional aircraft. (b) Describe briefly and clearly the various lateral-directional motions of a conventional aircraft. (c) Explain how feedback can be used to stabilise the motion of an aircraft, or 20 otherwise alter the natural motions of an aircraft. (a) Explain what che aerodynamic derivatives of an aircraft are. Explain why many of these aze zero for an aircraft with starboard/port (left/right) symmetry. Question 4 (jing theory) (a) Describe how the the vortex system of a wing gives rise to a downwash distribution w(y), where y is a spanwise coordinate running from y=-s to y~#8, where s is the semispan of the wing. (Here 2e-b, where bis the wing span}. (b) Explain how the downwash distribution gives rise to the induced (1ift-dependent) part of the wing drag. (c) What is the best spanwise 1ift distribution for a wing? What is the corresponding downwash velocity distribution for such an ideal wing? Explain how the ideal lift distribution is related to the Fourier series expansion of the wing circulation distribution.Question 5. (Boundary Layers) A flat plate of Length 2 metres is placed in a wind tunnel and the speed of the working section is adjusted to 30 m/sec. The boundary layer 1s laminar with a velocity profile given by the formula: eat a ~*05~ (55) nese 56) 4s the noundary layer cnicknecs and y is the distance ey no piave tua] onaee aie —— le om Show how the Von Karman Boundary layer equation can be integrated using this profile, fou may assune that the boundary layer is two- dimensional and that there is no pressure gradient along the plate. Hence: (a) Calculate the displacement thickness 6* at the downstream end of the plate, (b) Calculate the momentum thickness @ in the middie of the plate. (c) How does the akin friction coefficient G vary along the plate? (the cosfficient of kinematic viscosity of air can be assumed to be v=1.5 x 10° sf/sec.) Note: The Von Karman equation is given on the attached formla sheet.1 MAS 208 Examination: Formulas 1.1 Thin Airfoil Formulae Angulae Tiavsformation § (1 ~cos()) ‘Thin Airbil Bquation 2 f a@sintoao 2a { Bon(@)~ cos(6) u, (0 £0) Solution of Aifoil Equation 110) = odo (ere? ) + Win S Asin) Glauert Integral cos(n6)d0__sin(nés) ‘os(6) — eon(@o) ~~ sin(00) "Thin Aichil Coeficiente ton} [ono Section Lift Coffin Gy= FAs +A) Section Ptching Moment Coofcont (about leading edge)1.2. Boundary Layer Formulae Yon Karman vation iy te& de Ne 2 Displacement Thickness ‘Monentsin Thickness Skin friction coefficient Wall shear stress Shape Factor 1.3 Finite Wing Theory Downwash Velocity wim —b [Sle Blliptic DistsibutionFourier Expansion of Creulation distsibution 146) = 4a Aasin(nd) Angular Transformation coe)