‫استمارة تقييم بحث طلابي‬

‫‪f‬‬

‫جامعة بنهـــــا‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات‬

‫الفصل الدراسي الثاني للعام الجامعي ‪2020/2019‬‬ ‫والذكاء االصطناعي‬

‫أولا بيانات الطالب (تملأ بمعرفة الطالب)‬

‫رقم الجلوس‪2219007 :‬‬ ‫اسم الطالب‪ :‬اسالم احمد محمد ابو العينين‬
‫البريد اإللكتروني األكاديمي‪islam150086@fci.bu.edu.eg :‬‬
‫اسم البرنامج الدراسي‪ /‬القسم‪ :‬امن معلومات واكتشاف االدلة الجنائية الرقمية‬
‫المستوى‪/‬الفرقة‪ :‬المستوي الثاني‬
‫ثانيا بيانات البحث (تملأ بمعرفة الطالب)‬
‫اسم المقرر‪Introduction to Computer Networks :‬‬
‫اسم أستاذ المقرر‪ :‬الدكتور ‪ /‬محمد طه‬
‫عنوان موضوع البحث‪Optical Fiber Cable :‬‬
‫رقم الموضوع (إن وجد)‬
‫ثالثا تقييم البحث بمعرفة لجنة الممتحنين‬
‫□ ال‬ ‫□ نعم‬ ‫هل البحث منقول؟‬
‫في حالة ان اإلجابة بنعم ال يتم تقييم البحث ويعتبر تقييم الطالب في البحث لم يجتاز‬
‫الوزن‬
‫غير مقبول‬ ‫مقبول‬ ‫عناصر التقييم‬ ‫م‬
‫النسبي‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫الشكل العام للرسالة البحثية‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫يحقق المتطلبات العلمية المطلوبة‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫يذكر المصادر والمراجع العلمية‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫الصياغة اللغوية واسلوب الكتابة جيد‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫رابعا نتيجة التقييم النهائي‬
‫توقيع لجنة التقييم‬ ‫لم يجتاز‬ ‫اجتاز‬
‫‪........................................................... -1‬‬
‫‪........................................................... -2‬‬
‫‪........................................................... -3‬‬
‫** يرجى التأكد من اال تزيد هذه االستمارة بعد استكمال البيانات عن صفحة واحدة فقط‬
 f

Faculty of Computers & Benha University

Artificial Intelligence

Optical Fiber Cable

A research project submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for passing
the 2nd semester 2020 evaluation

In
Introduction to Computer Networks

by
‫( اسالم احمد محمد ابو العينين‬2219007)

Supervised by
Dr. Mohamed Taha

June 2020
Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Content .................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Fiber Media Cable Design .............................................................................................. 1
2.2 Fiber-Optic Connectors................................................................................................... 2
2.3 types of fiber optics.......................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Common Uses of Fiper optic cable ................................................................................. 3
2.5 Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables .................................................................................. 4
2.6 disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cables .............................................................................. 6
3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 6
References ....................................................................................................................................... 7

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

1. Introduction

An optical fiber cable is a type of cable bundled with many optical fibers which
are usually wrapped in their individual protected plastic coverings Optical cables are used
in the shape of light to transmit optical data signals up to lengths of dozens of kilometers
with better transmission speeds than those reached by electrical network cables To stop
light emission to the atmosphere all optical fibers utilize a layer of hair like translucent
silicone coated with less refractive indexed cladding It is usually protected with an
elevated strength lightweight shielding substance such as Kevlar owing to the intense
vulnerability of the optical fiber.[1]
Fiber optic cable is a medium of transfer of data at high speed It comprises tiny
filaments of glass or plastic that hold light beams Visual data is conveyed through short
bursts of light via the wire The receiving end of a fibre optic link converts light signals
into binary values that a device may interpret.[2]
Since fiber optic cables transmit data by light waves information can be
transmitted at light speed Not unexpectedly fiber optic cables have the network
communication medium 's highest data transfer speeds Compared with copper wires or
phone lines they are often less sensitive to vibration and interference Fiber optic cables
however are more fragile than their metallic counterparts and therefore require more
shielding protection Although copper wires may be spliced and mended as many times as
possible sometimes damaged fiber optic cables require replacement.[3]

2. Content

2.1 Fiber Media Cable Design

Two types of glass (core and cladding) and an exterior protective shell (jacket) are
composed of fiber optic.

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

1. Jacket normally a PVC jacket protecting the fiber from corrosion, moisture as
well as other contaminants. This composition of the outer cover can largely depend on
cable use. [4]
2. Reinforcing Material Surrounds the buffer, preventing stretching of the fiber
cable when it is tried to pull. The material used often is the same material which is used
to make bulletproof jackets. [5]
3. Buffer Used to help shield against damage the core and cladding.[6]
4. Cladding Consists of chemicals which are obviously different from that which
used build the heart. It begins to behave as a mirror by reflecting light back into the fiber
cable 's core. This helps to keep light in the center as it passes down the fiber. [7]
5. The core is indeed the dimension of transmitted light at the middle of the fiber
optics. Usually, the center is silica or glass. Light pulses pass into the heart of the fiber.[8]

2.2 Fiber-Optic Connectors

An optical fiber connector terminates an optical fiber end and allows it possible to
attach and detach faster than splicing The mechanically couple the connectors and align
the fiber cores so that light can move Good connectors lose so little light because the
fibers reflect or misalignment About 100 different types of fiber optic connectors were
launched onto the market in total.

1. Straight-Tip (ST) Connectors: One of the first styles of connectors.

The connector safely locks with a "twist-on / twist-off" Mechanism styled
musket.

2. Connectors Subscriber Connector (SC):Sometimes referred to it as a

square connector or a conventional connector. It is a commonly supported LAN
and WAN connector which uses a method of push-pull to got excellent insertion.
This type of connector is used with multi- and single-mode fibers.

3. Lucent Connector (LC) Simplex Connectors a smaller fiber-optic SC

connector edition. It can often be called a tiny or local connector, and because of
its smaller volume, it is increasing in importance fast.

4. Duplex Multi Mode LC Connectors: Similar to LC simplex connectors, but

using duplex connectors.

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

2.3 types of fiber optics

1) Single - mode fiber fiber optic cable has a small diameter core which enables
propagation of just one method of light. Just because of that, the percentage
of light reflections generated as the light passes through core tends to
decrease, diminishing amplitude and producing the signal's ability to travel
further. This application is usually used by telecom companies, CATV
corporations, and universities and colleges in large distances, with increased
transmission runs.[9]
2) Multi-mode fiber optic cable has a large diameter core that allows for the
propagation of various optical modes. Therefore the quantity of light reflections
generated as the light passes via the core increases, creating the ability to pass
through further data at a particular time. Due to the high scattering
and amplitude rate with this kind of fiber, the signal quality is
decreased over vast distances. This application is usually used in
LANs for small distances applications , data, and audio / video.
RF broadband signals, such as those commonly used by cable
companies, can not be transmitted via multi-mode fiber.[10]

2.4 Common Uses of Fiper optic cable

• Enterprise Networks: Used for integrity cabling and transportation interconnection

applications. [11]
• Fiber-to-the-Home ( FTTH): already provide households and small businesses with
always-on broadband services. [12]
• Long-haul Networks: Used to link countries and cities by service providers. [13]
• Underwater Cable Networks: that can provide secure high-speed , high-capacity
solutions incapable of enduring up to deepwater horizon distances in rugged subsea
environments.[14]
• Internet: Fiber optic cables transmit large volumes of data at very high velocities. Hence,
this technique is increasingly used in internet cables. Compared to conventional copper
wires, fiber optic cables are less voluminous, lighter, more dynamic and more data-
carrying. [15]

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

• Cable TV channels : Over years, the use of fiber-optic cables in cable data transmissions
has rapidly advanced. These cables are ideal for transferring high resolution television
signals as they have higher bandwidth and speeds. Fiber optic cables are also cheaper in
comparison to the same amount of copper wire.[16]
• Calling : Telephone calling in and out of the region has never been so simple. Using fiber
optic interactions, you can connect more quickly and have clear conversations on either
side without any lag. [17]
• Electronic networking : The use of fibre-optic cables makes networking between
computers in a single building or even across nearby structures easier and quicker. The
time it takes for users to transmit data and folders across networks to see a marked
decrease in this.[18]
• Surgery and Dentistry : Fiber optic cables are widely used in medicinal and research
fields. Optical communication, popularly known as endoscopy, is an important part of
non-intrusive surgical methods. In such applications, bright light is used for lighting up
the surgical area within the body for a minute, enabling the number and size of incisions
made to be reduced. Fiber optic optics are also used in research in microscopy and
bioengineering. [19]
• Lighting and Ornamentation : The use of fiber optics in the area of decorative lighting
has also increased over the years. Fiber optic cables provide the lighting projects with an
easy, economical and attractive solution.[20]
• Mechanical controls : Fiber optic cables are widely always had to inspect hard-to - reach
locations. Some of those applications are on-site inspections for engineers as well as
inspection of plumber pipes. [21]
• Military and Space Requests : Fiber optic cables offer the ideal solution for data
transmission in these areas with both the high level of data protection in military
applications.[22]
• Automotive sector :Fiber optic cables play an important role in present-day automotive
lighting and safety features. They are widely used in lighting, both inside and outside of
vehicles. Fiber optics are used in more vehicles every day, due to its ability to conserve
space and provide superior lighting. Fiber optic cables, too, can transmit signals at
lightning speed between different parts of the vehicle. This makes them invaluable in
the use of safety applications such as airbags and traction control.[23]

2.5 Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber cables provides numerous benefits over copper cabling of vast distances.

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

• Larger capacity support of fibre optics The quantity of network bandwidth a fiber
cable can easily hold exceeds that of a similar thick copper wire The standard fiber
wires are rated at 10 Gbps 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps.[24]
• Since light could move much large distances over a fiber cable without losing its
power the need for signal boosters is reduced.[25]
• Less susceptible to interference by a fiber optic cable. To protect it from
electromagnetic interference a copper network cable requires shielding. While this
protection helps, when many cables are hung together in proximity to each other, it
is not enough to avoid interference. Some of these troubles are avoided by the
physical properties of fiber optic cable.[26]
• Thinner and light-weighted: optical fiber is thinner than copper wire and can be
drawn to smaller diameters. They are smaller in size and lighter than a similar
copper wire cable, provides a good fit for locations where space is an issue.[27]
• Long life — Optical fibers generally have a longer life cycle for more than 100
years.[28]
• Interference: Fiber optic cables are resistant to interference by electromagnetics. It
also can run without concern in electrically noisy conditions as electrical noise
will not affect fibre cable. [29]
• Size: Compared to copper, a fiber optic cable has almost 4.5 times the capacity of
the wire cable, and a sectional cross-sectional area 30 times less. [30]
• Body weight : Fiber optic cables are much lighter than metal wires and much
thinner. They also take in less space with cables of the same capacity for
information. Lighter weight makes installing fibre easier.[31]
• Security: Optic fibers are hard to tap. Emissions also can not be intercepted, as
they do not radiate electromagnetic energy. As it takes great skill to do undetected
physically tapping of the fiber, fiber is the most safe and secure medium available
to carry sensitive data. [32]
• Flexibility: An optical fiber has a higher tensile strength than same diameter
copper or steel fibres. It is highly flexible, easily bends and withstands most
corrosive elements that either attack copper cable.[33]

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

2.6 disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cables

• Limited Application: Fiber optic cable can only be used on the ground, and
mobile communication can not simply leave the ground or work with it.[34]
• Low Power: Sources emitting light are limited to low power. Although there are
high-power emitters available to improve the power supply, it would also add
additional costs. [35]
• Fragility: Optical fiber is rather fragile and easily than copper wires, and more
vulnerable to damage. You 'd better not twist or bend the optical fiber cables.[36]
• Distance: In order to boost the signal, the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver should remain short or repeaters are required.[37]
• Splicing Hard: The optical fibers are hard to splice and due to scattering, there is a
loss of light in the fibre. They have a limited arc of physical cables. If you bend
them too much they're going to break. [38]
• Installation Costs: The optical fibers are costlier to install, and the specialists have
to install them. They are not as sturdy as cables. The optical fiber is often required
for special test equipment.[39]
• Very Susceptible: The fiber optic cable is a thin and lightweight cable and during
deployment or building operations it is highly prone to being cut or harmed. The
fiber optic cables can deliver tremendous data transfer capabilities. So, when
selecting the fiber optic cabling as the means of communication , it is important to
discuss restauration, backup and survivability. [40]
• Can't bent: The data transmission on the optical fiber requires repeated intervals at
distance. When wrapped around curves of only a few centimeters in radius, only
the fibers can be broken or have transmission losses.[41]

3. Conclusion

Fiber optics provides many advantages over copper conductors including higher
bandwidth, signal propagation over longer distances, lower weight and expense and
electromagnetic interference immunity. These attributes make it the preferred medium of
communication for new applications like avionics, energy, mining, broadcasting, and data
/ telecommunications.

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Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence, Benha University

References

[1] "fiber optic Definiation". " techopedia". Retrieved May 15, 2018,
from "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24918/optical-fiber-cable".
[2-3] "Important of fiber optic". " techterms". Retrieved Jan 1, 2006,
from "https://techterms.com/definition/fiber_optic_cable".
[4-8] "Cable design". " netacad". Retrieved Feb 5, 2010,
from "www.netacad.com" .
[9-10] "fiber obtic types". " multicominc". Retrieved Oct 15, 2013,
From"https://www.multicominc.com/training/technical-resources/single-
mode-vs-multi-mode-fiber-optic-cable/".
[11-15] "fiber optic uses". " netacad". Retrieved Feb 5, 2010,
from "https://www.netacad.com/ ".
[16-23] "Uses of fiber optic". " doityourself". Retrieved Nov 1, 2014,
from "https://www.doityourself.com/stry/9-uses-of-fiber-optic-cables".
[24-26] "Pros of fiber optic". " lifewire". Retrieved May 25, 2008,
from "https://www.lifewire.com/fiber-optic-cable-817874".
[27-41] "Cons of fiber optic". " cables-solutions ". Retrieved Jul 20, 2016,
from"http://www.cables-solutions.com/what-are-the-advantages-and
disadvantages-of-optical-fiber-cable.html".