Scientific American Reference Book

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Copyright 1911, Munn & Co. , Inc.
BIRD ' S -EYE VIEW OF THE DOUBLE LOCKS AT GATUN . TOTAL
RISE FROM SEA LEVEL TO LAKE LEVEL , 85 FEET.
Scientific American
Reference Book
Edition of 1914
Compiled and Edited

by
ALBERT A. _HOPKINS
For Part I. StatisticaMnformation
Editor of Scientific American Cyclopedia of Formula*
Scientific American Handbook of Travel, lite.
Meuil*r of the American Statistical Association
and
A. RUSSELL BOND
For Part II. Scientific Information
Editor of Handyman's
Workshop and Laboratory
With 1000 Illustrations
MUNN CO., Inc.

NEW YORK, 1914
COPYRIGHT. 1912. BY MUNN & CO., INC.
COPYRIGHT. 191.1. BY MUNN & CO., INC.
This work is protected by over eighty Copyright*,

and no matter must be reproduced except by written
permission. Rights of translation into all languages,
including the Scandinavian, are reserved.
Published October. 1912.
New tuition, October. 1913.
Printed in the United States by

A. H. Kellogg Co.. New York.
J ^- ■
PREFACE.
The Editorial staff of the "Scientific American" re

ceives annually about 15,000 inquiries covering a wide
range of topics—no field of human achievement or of
natural phenomena is neglected. The information sought
for, in many cases, cannot be readily found in text-books
or works of reference. The need of a compendium of
useful information presented itself some twenty years
ago, and a part of the field was covered by the publication
in 1901 of the "Scientific American Cyclopedia of Re
ceipts, Notes, and Queries," of which over 25,000 copies
were sold. This book becoming obsolete in time was
supplanted by its successor, the "Scientific American
Cyclopedia of Formulas, " issued in 191 1 . There was, how
ever, another field which was not covered: the public,
or at least the public of the "Scientific American," de
manded something which did not exist—they wanted a
book which should deal with a vast range of topics other
than formulae. They wanted information about the
Antarctic region, the Panama route, shipping, navies,
armies, railroads, population, education, patents, sub
marine cables, wireless telegraphy, manufactures, agri
culture, mining, mechanical movements, astronomy
and the weather. The Editors of the present volume felt
constrained to compile such a book, which was issued in
1904, under the same title as this book. Its success was
immediate, and an edition of 10,000 copies was inadequate
to supply the demand. In 1905 a second large edition
was issued, and was eagerly bought up by those who wished
this useful companion for the desk or library. As the
[iii]
figures became obsolete, it was allowed to become "out of
print," and now in response to a considerable number of
requests a new book is presented, following to some ex
tent the old lines, but entirely recompiled and rewritten.
Immense masses of Government material have been
digested with painstaking care by competent statisticians,
and the result will, in the judgment of the Editors, fully
warrant the expenditure of considerable effort and results
in the production of a unique book.
It is perhaps necessary to call attention to the fact
that there are certain inconsistencies in the tables. In
procuring the figures, for example, from different bureaus
and departments of the Government, with reference to
any subject, it is found that statistics vary in certain
particulars. These differences are due to the different
methods of tabulation or to different points of view. In
many cases these discrepancies are noted in this book,
to prevent the reader from forming erroneous conclusions.
These cases must not be regarded as errors, and an attempt
has been made to give, wherever possible, the date of the
figures and the authority. Every available space has
been taken up with useful information, whether germane
to the chapter or not.
The debt for advice and help is a heavy one. The
compilation of this or any similar one would be impossible
without the co-operation of many Government officials.
Our thanks are especially due to Dr. Falkner, late
Assistant Director of the Census, and to the Hon. E. Dana
Durand, Director of the Census ; the Hon. 0. P. Austin,
late Chief of the Bureau of Statistics and now Assistant-
Chief of the new Bureau of Domestic and Foreign Com
merce, and to Mr. N. Eckhardt, Jr., of his office; to the
Hon. Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, Commissioner of Navi
gation; to Captain T. M. Potts, of the United States
[iv]
Navy; to Major J. D. Leitch, U. S. A., Secretary
of the War College Division; to Mr. C. F. Talman,
of the Weather Bureau, for his condensed chapter
on the weather; to Senator Wm. Alden Smith; to Mr.
Slason Thompson, of the Bureau of Railway News and
Statistics; to the Hon. S. B. Donnelly, Public Printer;
to Dr. J. A. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of Mines ; to the
Hon. Frank H. Hitchcock, Postmaster-General; to Dr.
A. F. Zahm; to Dr. W. W. Share; to Dr. Geo. F. Kunz; to
Mr. Perry B. Turpin; to Dr. F. L. Hoffman, Statistician of
the Prudential Life Insurance Co.; to Captain J. L. Jayne,
U. S. N., Superintendent of the U. S. Naval Observatory;
to Captain A. W. Lewis, of the Associated Press; to Mr.
E. Justice, of the North German Lloyd Steamship Co. ; to
the painstaking assistants, Miss Henrietta von Tobel and
Mr. Albert S. Regula; and to a host of other friends whose
help was invaluable. A number of interesting com
parisons in line are from Prof. A. L. Hickmann's Geo
graphical-Statistical Universal Atlas and Philips' Chamber
of Commerce Atlas. Acknowledgment is made for mat
ter from The American Almanac and Year Book, The
World Almanac and the Chicago Daily News Almanac
and Year Book, The Statistical Abstract of the United
States, and the publications of the Census. Many items
are credited where used.
New York,
October 15, 1912.
PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

The edition for 1914 has been brought up to date.
The errors found were trifling, so that it is hoped that
the verdict of users of this edition, as well as the
press, will be favorable. Editions of a statistical work
aggregating 35,000 are rare.
New York,
October 22, 1913.
[v]
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART 1. - STATISTICAL INFORMATION.

PAGE
Chapter 1. — Population and Social Statistics . . . 1 -42
Chapter II. — Farms, Foods and Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – 74

Chapter III. — Mines and Quarries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 - 96
Chapter IV. - Manufactures. ... ... .. . 97 - 136
Chapter V . - Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 - 192
Chapter VI. - Mercantile Marine. . . . . . . 193 – 232
Chapter VII. — Railroads. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .233 - 264
Chapter VIII. — The Panama Canal. .. . . 265 - 278
Chapter IX . - Telegraphs and Cables . .. ... . . 279 – 298
Chapter X . – Wireless Telegraphy.. .. .. .. . . 299 – 310
Chapter XI. — Telephone Statistics of the World .. .. .. .311 - 322
Chapter XII. — Post Office Affairs. .323 – 350
Chapter XIII. — Patents, Trade-Marks and Copyrights.. ..... .. . . 351 - 388
Chapter XIV . - Armies of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 - 408
Chapter XV. - Navies of the World . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ..409–436

Chapter XVI. - Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 –456
PART II. - SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION .

Chapter I.- Chemistry. .. .. ... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .457 - 462
Chapter II . - Astronomy and Time. . . . ... . . . . . . 463 – 484
Chapter III. — Meteorology . . . 485- 518
Chapter IV . — Machine Elements and Mechanical Movements. .519- 546
Chapter V . - Geometrical Constructions. . . . . . . . . 547 -560
Chapter VI. - Weights and Measures... . . . . . . 561- 586
NOTE .— A complete Table of Contents is of little value where a complete

Index is provided . Those interested in a subject will find little hardship in
perusing the whole chapter devoted to it.
Copyright, 1912, by Munn & Co. , Inc.
THE LONGEST SHIP AND THE TALLEST BUILDING
The “ Imperator," 900 feet; Woolworth Building, 750 feet.
PART I.
STATISTICAL INFORMATION.
CHAPTER I.
POPULATION AND SOCIAL

STATISTICS.
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

AREA. 1910 1900
93, 402, 191 1 77, 256, 630
Continental United States 91,972,266 75,994,575
1, 429, 885 1,262,055
64,356 63, 592
191,909 154,001
1, 118, 012 * 953, 243
Persons in military and naval service stationed abroad 55, 608 91,219
L
11 Includes
According063,243
lo thepersons
census ofenumerated
Porto Ricointakeo
PortoinRico
i Inunder
1899. the direction of the War Department.
COMPARATIVE AREA OF THE UNITED STATES AND

FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
UNITED
THE
OF
PROGRESS
POPULATION
AREA
ITS
IN
STATES
MATERIAL
,A ND
.INDUSTRIES
.
Items .
1790 .
1850 .
1870 .
1900 .
1912
Are
.! a m
s iles
.. q ,980
867 2919
,1 97 3026
,789 3026
,789 ,73026
89
Population
.? ,23914
29 ,176
23
8 91 571
38
,3 58 ,994
575 75 ,403
595 10
Popu
?. lation m
p ile
.sqer 7
.4 9 7.88 9. 6
12 .55
25 .08
32
.Wealth .dollars 7135
7
.0 00
80 500
0
,30
68
18 575
,7388
06
17 104
2
0
,5107
00
12
capita
Wealth
?.per dol
. lars .69
307 .83
779 1,164
.79 .1$1,3110
,less
Debt
cash
Treasury
in .dollars
,477577
63 ,474
76352 . 56
23
,1
9 31
69 1107
7
,2 58
11 1074
5
,627
97
capita
,p
Debt
. er .dollars .86
718 2.74 .46
60 148
.5 .74
10
-bearing
Interest
.debts .dollars , 77
4775
63 474
63
,7 52 2046
,4
7 55
22 1060
4
,8 23
78 , 76
7963
70
Annual
interest
charge
. .
dollars 177
91
,8 63 3,793
.3 82 760
,911884 545
33
,1 301 784
,02287
Inter
per
capit
. aest .dollars 909
.2 .10 6 .03 8 0.44 0.24
Gold
.coined .
dollars 10
,48571 939
31
,781 198
23
,7 88 ,243
99
9 72 423
,517
98
Silver
.coined .
dollars 103
6
. 8470 1.800
,1 66 ,21356
78 3645
,321 ,97395
40
circulation
in
Gold
!. .
dollars 395
147
,4 56 ,02500 806
610
),472 ,724
112610
54
circulation
Silver
.in .dollars 034
142
,3 50 372
,712215
73
Gold
certificates
.
.dollars
circulation
in , 33
.7
200
0 19 435
943
,618
.dSilver
certificates
. ollars
circulation
in 465
408
,5 74 224
469
,4 00
in
.USnotes
circulation d
. ollars 32438
6,962 945
313
,5 71 697
337
,3 21
bank
dollars
circulation
in
notes
.National 681
288
,0 48 300
,115
12 ,142
705
2 59
Miscella
currency
,.13 neous .dollars
313126
),566 ,675
36
0 02 008
79
,9 42 2915
,5 70
Circu
of
.mone latio
y n .dollars 782
278
,9 61 212
675
,794 2098
,9155
50 284
123
,5
0 15
94
Per
cap
. ita .dollars 0
. 2
12 .50
17 263
.9 .34
1234
banks
National
. .number 1,612 3,732 7,372
.
Capital .dollars .2, 35
427
7 01 536
621
,461 ,651070
75
33
clearings
Bank
.,New
York .dollars 27
806
,4504
39 964
51
,588
64 600
96
3
,0 72
01
Total
U
. nited
States .dollars 550
84
4
,082
81 500
168
0,3 06
62
deposits
Individual
,nollars
d
.banks
ational 261
,5542
63 2458
0
,7 92 5863
,1425
61
savings
Deposits
dollars
.in
banks ,430
43
1 31 ,874
549
3 58 2354
7
,9 89
19 4423
8
,5 18
51
Depositors
.banks
,s:.navings
umber ,354
251 1.646
,8 30 6183
,007 004
,310
10
Farms
farm
and
property
. 3 .dollars 33943
,567
80 ,89148
7 44
57
49 464
1520
9
,1 01
39 990
4
0
,1640
49
91
Farm
products
.,value3 .dollars ,90141
58
30
27 4473
,9069
17 400
178
,0398
11
Manufacturing
establishments
.number ,025
123 ,148
252 512
,2 54 ,291
18268
Value
products
of
.: .dollars 1006
1
,619
16 4225
,3
4 32
42 043
13
4
,1 04
00 80670
,1820
51
72
-ordinary
Receipts
.19 d. ollars 451
94
,909 589
,843
92 934
395
,8 59 240
567
,8 52 778
691
,4 65
Cu
. stoms .dollars 373
,494
99 , 86
639 68 574
194
,3 38 164
233
,8 71 321
311
,6 72
revenue
Internal
. .
dollars ,943
22208 856
184
,7 99 ,327
295
.9 ,600
221321
12
Disbursements
-ordinary22 .dollars 053
93
,497 983
40
,3 48 605
293
,0 57 487
,713
92 563
,965453
Wa
. r .
dollars ,804
9632 9,625
0 87 57
,6 55
75 , 68
134
7 74 795
148
,422
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
N
. avy .
dollars ,409
2361 7925
,7 04 730
21
,2 80 953
55
,078 556
,9135
91
Pen
. sions .dollars ,814
9175 .81, 86
66 302
28
,2 40 816
140
,3 77 556
,4153
90
Interest
.on
debt
public .
dollars ,177
91
8 63 3793
,3 82 235
129
,4 98 160
40
,3 33 ,600
322 16
merchandise
of
Imports .dollars 2300
,0 00 ,. 26
173
5 09 958
435
,408 ,984
.1849
41 1634
,92 64
53
.
capit
Per a dol
. lars 5.85 7.48 .06
2411 .93
10 .07
17
merchandise
Exports
.of dol
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120 05 ,775
3144 26 ,7392
71
68 0,41394
83
82 ,32222
4 04
09
Per
capit
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dollars 6.14 6.23 .77
259 .76
!17 .41
22
STATES
THE
OF
PROGRESS
CAREA
INDUSTRIES
MATERIAL
UNITED
ITS
IN
,P
.A OPULATION
ND
- ontinued
Items .
1790 .
1850 .
1870 .
1900 ,
1912
,589
583 .210
,311
59 609
21
,5 20
S.,r ilk
aw rte
-Impo pounds 338
,149
77 210
,1110
73
.Rubber
,crude .pounds 9,698
0 24
.pounds ,968
150
7 32 904
147
,8 63 ,26653
13
.plates
Tin 656
,026
76
.d
ofollars
steel
Iron
,m anufactures
9, 80
115 145
,020
67 273
40
,6 82 478
20
,728
:exports
Domestic
manufac tures .dollars 206
,123
23 .045
70
,8 40 ,835
484
2 46 1020
4
,617
87
.All ,154
268
262
.d ollars
manufactures
steel
and
Iron 1953
,7 02 ,463
13
1 83 913
121
,548
-Value
.Farm
animals .
dollars 116
,5544
80 1560
9
,1 24
49 1,223423
28 500
266
,07 83
01
. umber
n ,707
17
9 78 400
25
,1 84 902
43
,4 14 500
2656
,0 27
.Cattle 2020
5
0 67
, 00
Ho n.. umber 4336
,7 19 8248
,8 00 1337
,5 24
. rses ,400
2554
0 82
She
. ep .number 720
21
,2 73 800
40
,0 53 865
41
.0 83
Mul es . umber
n .331
559 1.179
,5 00 2 86
,0 27 386
,0204
00
. 178
2661
,000
Sw .number 354
30
,213 700
26
,4 51 056
37
,3 79
. ine 50
,0 00
00 ,100
79
0 71 ,668
12791
85
gold
.of
Production .dollars , 00
50
0 00
.dollars ,900
50 400
16
,0 34 .700
35
,1 41 686
2733
,7 79
value
,commercial
Silver
6266
,2 33 454
,129 96 710
240
,3 89 071
27491
,4 29
..Coal .
tons
.
Petroleum .gallons .2 20
,9090
22051 2662
0
,2 18
72 346
279
6
,2 68
21
.
iron
Pig .tons
,7.555
63 1.65
,1 79
65
65 742
13
,2 89 726
29
,9 37
50 188
10
,329 203
31
,3 51
Steel t. ons ,750
68
.plates
Tin .
pou nds 849
,004
22 2157
,055
00
650 ,600
12 270
,5 88 ,589
21557
.Copper .tons
Woo 559
52
,9 16 162
,0 00 636
288
,621 4 43
, 00
0
304
. l p
. ounds
bushels 444
100
,9 85 800
235
,7 84 205
522
,5 29 267
730
,000
.Wheat 0,7 00
46
13 24
Co .bushels ,004
592
1 71 ,21 55
0 94
00 2 05
1
,5 02
16
. rn 090
14
,8 63
Cott
. on .ba
ni
r le
ngi
.. un s 6
.6 67 2 54
,4 42 4 17
,352 245
10
,602
Cane
suga p.. ounds 500
,0247
77 , 00
87
0 43 549
322
,0 11 800
,0723
40
. r
.
consumed
Sugar .p
. ounds 1265
9
,6 61
41 ,214436
75
77 27848
,164
31
.bales
500
-pound
consumed
Cotton .000
11 .626
422 1026
,5 83 3.616
,5 03 ,126
8285 81
cotton
exported
Domestic p ,027
202 ,304
638
6 81 958
,558
23 3 00
,1588
83 15525
,435
29
-. ounds ,732
24254
Railway
operatio
.in sn .miles 9,021 .922
52 .964
198
carried
.Passengers 851
576
,2 31 409
28997
,8 82
number ,8728253
83
01
39
1mile
Freight
carried .tons
596
141
,5
1 61
51
.729 .757
280
per
mile
,ton
Revenue .cents
Pass ,713
34 2849
,8 18
.cars enge r
.cars
Other .n
1,425
.1 16 309
282
,5 17
. umber
-Built
3American
vessels ,679
3156 .255
279 ,953
276 ,790
393 ,669
232
.tons
Trading
d
e omestic
.,ttc ,123
132 1943
,7 49 2 29
,7 07 4345
,1 38 6782
,0 82
ons 1 2
, 01
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tc t 2 54
,346 1585
,7 11 1,500
8 16 ,694
826 93
.,eoreign . ons
1, 65
5 87 ,92 24
49
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Lakes
Great .tons ,266
198 ,704
684
C anal
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through
“S.too 690
,8 26 ,315
22
.8 34 8
,736
56 07
ons
.
Commercial
failures . umber
n 3,540 ,774
10 ,542
15
.
liabilities
of
Amount .dollars 242
88
,0 09 495
138
,673 117
203
,3 91
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offices
. .
number ,417
18 ,492
28 .688
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3*191 . «1797.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 5
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Gross area Gross area
in square ACCESSION. in square
miles. miles.
3,036,789 Outlying possessions . . . 716,517
Ares of U. 8. In 1790 ' 892. 135 590,884
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .. 827,987 Hawaii, 189S 6,449
Florida, 1819 58,666 Philippine Islands, 1899.... 115,026
Territory gained through Porto Rioo, 1899 3,435
Treaty with Spain, 1819 . 13,435 Guam, 1809 210
Texas, IMS 389,166 Samoa, 1900 77
Oreeoo, 1846 ; 286,541 Panama Canal Zone, 1904. . 436
529. 189
Cadaden Purchase, 1853... 29,670
> Includes the drainage basin of the Red River Of the North, not a part of any
acquisition, but previously considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase.
THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. WITH THE ACCESSIONS OF TERRITORY GRANTED BY

THE TREATY OF I7S3 WITH CHEAT BRITAIN.
TIDES.
Tides are caused by the gravitational at- the water, in the parts of the earth nearest
■fj'-Uon or pull of the sun and moon upon it, successively towards it. The surface of the
•j* water and upon the earth itself. The earth
relation which the tides of high water about rises and falls twice in a lunar day of
~ar 10 the times of the moon's meridian do not 24always hours and 52 minutes. The tides
Pwsage shows that the moon's influence in every fortnight, rise to the same height, but
after the now and full moon,
âg tides is much greater than that of the they become much higher than they were
t^'iJSf ***aasestimated
**-balf times that result
great. The it is two this in
of and are
the alternate weeks. These high tides
called spring tides, and the low ones neap
traction of the moon is to draw or heap up tides.
,1-P790
CENSUS
EACH
AT
STATES
UNITED
THE
OF
:B
1910
.TO
DIVIBIONS
GEOGRAPHIC
AND
STATES
Y
OPULATION
,D:R(Seports
Census
Bureau
the
.)of
Labor
and
Commerce
of
ource
epartment
State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Alab
. ama ,901
127 556
,7309
590
27 964
,251771
,6,61845996
901 05
23
01
28
97
92
13
,02162
38
93
Arizo
. na ,3122240
,988
49654 40
43
31
58
Arkan
. sas 0473
|,2)*1*
62 ,5|*930388774 ,97
8209 4*,,41520450
35
32802 25
11
64
11
49
74
,428
484
71
.California 9560
,2379
94
547
92
97 13
85
53
30,412,52398
77
49
.Colorado ,2413
539
7799
,0194334
239 00
24
27
77
,849
64
.. .
.
Connecticut ,946
237 ,0251
02 9275
,2261 42
48 ,675
297 ,9309
78 7, 92
370 ,7622
4746
1908
460 20
58
47
,2537
,400
54 71,14 56
Delaware
. 059
, 96 ,273
64 ,7649
72 74 ,748
76 ,085
78 146
,6168
,4202
291
0112
7125
3184 93
32
15
35
22
16
,508
.
Columbia
of
District ,093
14 24
,033 ,023
39 ,834
39 ,712
43 ,3230
177
70·375
651
,278 24
013118
80
31
87
69
00
,792
Florida
. 734
, 30 ,454 77 ,4391
528
5752
6140 22
42
19
24
48
45
,4187
787 ,493
269
Georgia
.
,548
82 ,686
162 ,43340x960
|3252 ,823
516 ,392
691 42
37
31
53
16
80 861
57
84
85
09
21
32,185,12612|0906
Id
. aho 9161
32,788
,6325
514 99
72
,510
48
94
. . . . .
Mli
. nois ,282
12 ,211
55 ,445
157 ,183
476 ,55648330|2917851 77
26
52
50
21
713
38
91
70
39
11
51
91
In
. diana 5,641 ,520
24 ,178
147 ,031
343 ,866
685 82,76|143988 13
,54
976 78
62
92
16
042
012
00
50
16
28
80
37
.Iowa ,112
43 192 ,821960674797 94
15
12
20
24
31
53
13
71
14
Ka
. nsas . . .
364
,3916,41996 0107
299 28
70
95
96
08
06
49
90
Ken
. tucky ,677
73 ,955
220 517
,3406
564
11 , 17
9687 ,828
779 ,9211858 47
74
05
35
489
05
90
21
48
11
,6|103,61982
55
84
.Louisiana ,576,456
153
07 ,739
215 ,411
352 31.6,35939
9726 58
18
88
46
81
25
62
7708
,517
088
15
02
.Maine ,540
96 ,719
151 ,3228
298 05
735 56
,4399 ,793
501 16
,2742
628 648
,340
9626 66
61
36
71
79
583
69
1586694
.Maryland ,728
319 ,548
341 550
,3380
407
46 ,040
447 ,019
470 ,013|934
687 90
42
43
44
49
,•288
9780
858346
95
94
34
Massachusetts ,787
378 ,845
422 472
,0523
,240
87 ,408
610 ,699
737 ,32890|17,31402994 46
38
85
47
05
66
51
31
57
141
5,43383
16
66
.
Michigan 4,762 88, 96 6,3139 ,267
212 90
93
,820,9160139737
36
13
,6749
59
84
54 ,12873 10
.
Minnesota 2|1,3780
7439 172
07,2683 73
10
94
51
08
75
06
23
77
.
Mississippi 8, 50 *)340
, 52 ,621
136 ,6*351
75 5
2827 70
51
00
97
,789
14
31
3|161606
,9791 26
05
22
Missouri
. 86
,719566
,83 ,455
140 ,702
383 ,63123270
682 80
68
85
06
79
65
93
35
95
82441
21121
Montana
. ,939
142
120 24
,559
95 243,203 ,0*353
76
.
Nebraska ,610452 58
6200
6614
92
41
43,2'11288122
902 93
Nevada
. 262 ,314
42
48164255
91
,3667
75
35
157
.
flampshire
New 8141
, 85 8183
, 58 4,214
60 244
,161 ,3289
28 ,5284
74 ,9346
0317
328
91
73
76
300
318 ,5|4430 11
88
72
.New
Jersey ,1184
39 ,1211
49 245
,562 ,5277
75 ,823
320 ,306
373 ,6189|41906
516
48944
83
33
69
31
,0672
55
06
35 67
5,12 37
.
Mexico
New ,2119
3'1160
56593 ,5327 82
95
36147
01
74
16
810
91
. .
.
York
New 1340
, 20 589
,051 49
1,3959
072 21
4,92 28 3 94
,3097 747
94
03
,82160,691780534,6871
14
13
82
59
North
Carolina
. ,7393
51 ,1478
03 5638
,555
00 ,987
737 ,419
753 39
,0869 ,810673,249 5010
93
17
71
61
99
06
87
North
Dakota
. (2) ,013190
57798356
46
9
Ohio
.*
,5|231049672452960301981937
11670331398065 60
2,065 ,1|47533621
45
57
72
29
67
.
Oklahoma 65
91
790
6,113|5257
68
Or
. egon ,294
13 ,465
52 174
,7BO
413
6317 08
23
,038
04
,373
434 ,3602
05 41,0810
59
49
01 1 48
2
30,7 331
24
33 ,27380
11 2,0206
,7872 03
.Pennsylvanis 15 82
91
21
51
16,352842,93513
58
15
02 ,17611
65
.Isl
Rhod ande ,825
68 ,122
69 983
76
,031 50 ,1.997
9
830
108 ,545
147 .620
174 ,6345
428 217
5276
,358 83
31
00 ,610
542
.Ca
Soroutli
h na ,073
249 ,691
345 418
,7115
502
41 ,3504
98
185
581 ,507
668 ,708
703 995
,6311705 ,677 06
49
51
40
16 15
51,400
.Da
Soutkohta ,837
L4 1114
,61135
348
570
401 81
77
00 ,888
583
Ten
. nessee ,691
35 ,602
105 ,727
261 ,823
422 ,904
681 209
,817|0820
10
02
01
171 51,7260358 50
12
67
20
18
16 ,72189
84
Tex
. as 604
,2212
515
92 01
27
46
10
,730521818492
,535
79 ,53842
98
.Utah 380
11
,240
73 ,7210 986 79
,7143
27686
49
63 ,351
373
.Vermont 46525154
,485 880
9217
,6|2235
81
95
52 920
,1201
314
,048
315
98 332
,4343
62330.522
51
86
41 ,956
355
.Virginia 600
,2747
880
10 611
,41230974
00
65
66
05 ,356471296
21
39
18
611
971 ,18962,5184 65
12
55
80
54
25
63 ,62061
12
.Washington ,594
11 75
1357
,923 16
32
2518
,55
03 ,91190
41
Wes
Virgtinia ,0442 8762
958414
,7618
00
57
94 ,11221
19
Wis
. consin 930
,45 ,391
|305 ,881
775 54
70
,|1604397
15 ,023|16442 30
97
15
93
69 ,823650
33
Wyo
. ming 92
,562 20
79,13155
89
18 ,965
145
.
Total 967251376
012
17
4823
31
1338
150
9762
,575
53
29
39
66
55
81
69
91
08
83
38
20
53
43
21
58
71
47
14
94
75
83 966
,291
72
.
divisions
Geographic
.
England
New 164.034
,82279008
33
71
60
09
73
17
54
22
11
711 ,12716
28 ,66505749423135
24
00
87
10
29
17
92
52
81
49
833
.Middle
Atlantic ,245638701958
02
45
87
64
60
26
65
14
02
32
99 ,75835
98 7[89795054
8,3|164(212 58
85
06
78
10
96
20
15
78
92
.
Central
North
East 35128
272
72.9,014792 06
19
70
18
24 24,500
23 9313
2515
,618
4[1,86978 06
50
168
05
85
81
24
17
21
26
84
.West
Central
North ,819
426
7140 83
451614
55
86
6 ,335
880 382 123
5
34
,96|141069
57
12
21
56
32
47
37
946
438
.
Atlantic
South 360841 86
,29706
63
99
51
25
94
74
91
61
45
523 ,04690
79 ,17568,812
141010
53
97
94
95
57
80
22
43
975397
64
03
.
Central
South
East ,368
109 ,407
335 589
,411708
90
90 ,91869
15 ,42545
75 23,37163 09
45
85
51
29
04
47
57
547
,984,75164159001
20
91
.
Central
South
West ,67780
167
18 ,127
246 ,985
449 ,251
940 20
00
47
67
29
34
40
32
653
836
,5872594306134
84
,
Mountain ,927
72 19
13
35
57
74
3174
315
85
23
52,6192653
33
17
.
Pacific ,891
105 444
178
88
16
14
53
92
251
342
,34164385675
004
92
.Alaska ,5633
63
4364 32
56
52
026
92
.
Hawali ,0154 191
97890 09
01
9
.
Rico
Porto 53
,28901143
18
12
!.
naval
and
Military 5318
,110
106
00 91
,255 619 08
.
total
Grand 95653142175
12
82317
338531
270250
4677
,193
71
290963
08
83
39
81
38
53
91
76
43
58
89
69
56
30
02
51
Territ ory
D.I akota
of
Territ
Dako
a43North
Dakot
South
form
to
taken
part
that
,71;29:for
P.805 880
09
16870
76
68
opula
nd ta
aory
tion
popul
India
of
.,031:Terri
2I80 890
900
60
82
92
nclud
tory
ation
nes
Territ
India
and
reser
specia
enume
,b
1890
inclu
not
gener
the
in
repor
popul
.on
in1890
)o4(3•I62 25
fnclud
ut vatio
tnded
ation
al
ily
ory
rated
es ns
State
inclu
divisi
each
5,p3sin
6F8ee .note
or sded
on
uue1.2,t8n5h9de6errated specia
was
,benume
law
under
popul
inclu
not
was
gener
the
in
repor
popul
.on
1880
6Alaska
ut tation
ded
al
ation
lly
rated
censu
2to
Dec
of
as
1taken
,u
direc
the
Hawai
the
of
A8890
etr.Goveccord
ndertion
rnme
sian
ing nt
censu
to
unde
1899
in
taken
Rico
Porto
of
direct
the
Depa
War
dcutiihnrvned.ofthe
&Aeigcccord
l r
rtme
ion
sing
Tvoteorritioarna nt milit
in
servi
naval
and
Unite
the
of
(iState
civili
)seemplo
9Ptc ,nabroa
credi
Territ
or
State
any
.to
tatio
nclud
ot
erson ted
ce
ary
san
yees
ory
dned
ing
s
States
Perso
LO
publi
on
servic
In
ships
Unite
the
of
credi
not
Territ
or
State
any
to
,b
inclu
conti
for
total
the
in
.Unite ut ted
scded
nenta
ns
dory
ed l
:BND
1910
IN
POPULATION
R
,ASex
WATES
OF
PARENTAGE
.NATIVITY
DIVISIONS
GEOGRAPHIC
AND
States
BY
ace
y
the
of ource
eport
Census
the
Bureau
epartment
Labor
and
Commerce
subject
, igures
Fof
are
and
preliminary
D:R(Sto
.)are
revision
.
Sex nativity
.,aRace
parentage
nd
.
State Native
Native
of
white Foreign
.
Male ,
Pemale .
Negro ,
Indian ,Jll
.AChinese
other
apanese
native
foreign .
white
parentage
.parentage
.Alabams 21,009
74 ,81063
84 ,41 57
77 ,43238 ,91846 ,275
908 909 61
.
Arizona ,582
118 ,78572 ,480
82 ,175
42 ,844
46 2,067 ,201
29 1,236 351
.
Arkansas ,025
810 ,424
764 ,51077
09 ,608
36 ,913
16 ,8442 91 460 59 %
.Callfornia ,91373
22 ,51054
76 51, 06 33 ,970
635 ,319
517 ,645
21 ,371
16 ,197
36 ,324
41 1
.2 90
.
Colorado ,6430
97 ,327
368 ,136
475 ,432
181 ,971
126 ,453
11 1,482 360 2,190
.
Connecticut ,641
563 ,115
551 ,649
395 ,546
374 ,737
328 ,174
15 152 427
.
Delaware ,435
103 ,89887 ,809
127 ,873
25 ,421
17 ,181
31 29
.
Columbia
of
District ,050
158 ,019
173 ,711
166 ,066
45 ,351
24 ,446
94 369
.
Florida ,166
394 ,453
358 ,967
373 ,828
35 ,83351 ,669
308 184
.
Georgia ,01305
19 ,11302
04 ,01358
91 ,677
25 ,081
15 91, 76
87 95 219
.Idaho ,546
185 ,048
140 ,604
203 ,27554 ,444
40 646 3,488 838
.
Illinois 62,953 11 ,92738
26 ,52665
00 ,41724
89 91,228
01 ,041
109 188 2,104
.
Indians ,21399
83 51,317 77 12, 68 30 ,747
350 ,118
159 ,26080 279 249
Iowa
. ,11 48
71 ,61076
00 ,51326 03 ,1632
82 ,388
273 ,078
15 471 93
.
Kansas ,9885
12 ,037
806 ,01207
87 ,077
292 ,719
134 ,504
54 ,42 44 15
.
Kentucky ,7110961 1, 96
28 ,1863 57 ,775
124 ,023
40 ,656
261 234 50
Louisians
. ,275
835 ,113
821 ,569
776 ,7112 28 ,828
51 ,874
713 780 493
.
Maine ,063
377 ,318
365 ,918
494 ,188
135 ,9109 11 3,1 64 892 90
.
Maryland ,2644 25 ,1651
21 ,628
766 ,841
191 ,176
104 ,223249 55 374
.
Massachusetts ,21655 26 ,1790 11 ,31 61
03 ,71 93
70 ,81050
99 ,042
38 688 2,493
Michigan
. ,51434 54 ,6135539 ,81224
41 ,217
965 ,200
595 ,115
17 7,519 239
Minnesota
. ,51 08
11 ,1967
97 ,081
575 ,315
941 ,857
542 ,07 84 9,053 250
.
Mississippi ,761
905 ,353
891 ,233
757 ,495
19 ,39 91 ,41087
09 1,253 249
Missouri
. ,81638
87 ,41697
06 ,92387
09 ,341
518 ,695
228 ,452
157 313 532 91
Mo
. ntans ,866
226 ,187
149 ,129
162 ,811
106 ,647
91 ,81 34 ,745
10 ,21 76 1,593
.
Nebraska ,782
627 ,432
364 642
,076 3362
,53 ,883
175 7,689 3,502 100 574
Nov
. ada ,851
82 ,3241
29 ,313
35 ,256
20 ,102
18 613 2,5 40 000 839 22
Ham
Newpshire ,290
216 ,2214 82 ,231
230 ,118
103 ,59660 564 34 64
.New
Jersey ,41263
86 ,71250
04 ,91009 ,859
277 ,150
658 ,78960 168 ,11 09 203
.New
Mexico ,2175 45 ,056
152 ,6255
09 ,331
26 ,602
22 1,628 ,573
20 246 252
.
York
New ,54 81 84 04,533 29 ,1325430 ,53007
07 ,2729
60 ,181
134 6,046 5,235 1,217
Caro
Nortlina
h ,41071
98 ,81 16
07 ,71405
85 ,855 5,953 ,843
697 ,87 51 78
Dak
Nortota
h ,554
317 ,502
259 ,461
162 ,256
251 ,138
156 617 6,486 30
.,Ohio ,72465
34 ,32 56
32 ,23075
33 31,024
77 ,255
597 ,443
111 127 574
Oklahoma ,573
881 ,5775
82 41,303 10 ,044
94 ,088
40 ,613712 ,825
74 137
.Oregon ,255
384 ,510
288 ,551
416 ,241
135 ,002
103 1,519 5,090 7,359 3,418
.Pennsylvania 13,937
42 ,93722
74 ,64222
16 ,31806
92 ,71438
52 ,908
193 1,503 1,749 189
.Isla
Rhond de ,359
270 ,2272 51 ,821
159 ,6194
46 ,031
178 9,529 284 266
.Caro
South lina ,8751
42 ,5763
58 ,9661
70 ,138
11 6,054 ,843
835 331 56
.Dak
Soutota
h ,101
317 ,787
266 ,665
245 ,478
217 ,6100
28 817 ,137
19 120
.Tennessee ,41 91
03 ,2109881 ,61 06
54 ,367
38 ,460
18 ,088
473 216 43
Tex
. as ,62017
12 91,830
78 ,92658
02 ,9361
26 ,012
240 ,020
690 702 575 341
.Utah ,857
196 ,494
176 ,671
171 ,527
131 ,404
63 1,43 3,123 373 2,106
.Vermont ,568
182 ,388
173 ,3229
82 ,065
75 ,84961 1,621 26
Virg
. inia 31,035
48 ,21026
64 ,2133825 ,943
37 ,628
26 ,096
671 539 154
.Washington
,650
658 ,340
483 ,4585
01 ,529
282 ,227
241 ,06 58 ,997
10 27, 06
.Virg
Wesinia
t ,044
644 ,075
577 ,100742 ,65738 ,05772 ,173
64 36 90
.
.Wisconsin ,51208
41 ,31 19
25 ,224
763 ,71044
64 ,569
512 ,92 00 ,142
10 224 34
Wyo
. ming ,666
91 ,299
54 ,711
80 ,497
32 ,165
27 2, 35 1,486 244 1,571
I
.
Total 322
,147
32 644
,144
40 944900
,618
41
88
63 383
,513
43 ,29828
94 ,683
265 ,944
70 ,722
71 2,936
.
divisi
Geogr ons
aphic
England
.New ,13265
37 ,53244
87 ,32662
13 ,32053
46 91,899 13 ,26694 ,02 76 3, 48
Middlic
.Atlant e 19,881 13 ,79502
11 68,462 79 75,558 91 ,14871
26 ,849
417 7,717 8,093 1,609
Central
North
.East ,79392
92 ,88 57
29 ,09773 52 .55,109 94 ,03 66
70 ,779
300 ,255
18 ,390 455
Central
North
.West ,86069 92 ,05552
45 ,86523
04 ,03215
02 ,31608
12 ,241
243 ,406
41 1, 58 986 36
Atlantic
.South ,6100
34 ,26095
60 17,393
41 ,859
439 ,587
290 ,44112
87 9,054 1,553 150 12
.
Centr
South
East al ,14270
45 74,164 31 ,45 5352 ,075
215 ,820
86 52
652, 06 2,612 403 23
Central
South
.West ,44585
44 ,04240
49 45,739 67 ,306
605 ,841
348 31,997
84 ,767
76 1,264 426 94
Mount
. ain 01,478
10 ,51155
07 ,61466
53 ,9616 83 ,239
437 ,519
21 ,338
75 45, 73 ,2009 103
.Pacific ,82378 65 ,41826 ,72108
85 ,71053
40 ,548
861 ,222
29 ,458
32 ,262
46 ,6128
57 2,661
10 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
CENTRE OF POPULATION.
At the time of the first census, the centre Ohio; in 1870 48 miles east by north of Cin
of population was 23 miles east of Baltimore, cinnati, Ohio; in 1890 20 miles east of Colum
Maryland, since which time it has moved bus, Indiana; in 1900 6 miles southeast of
steadily westward. In 1800 it was 18 miles Columbus, Indiana; and finally, in 1910 in
west of Baltimore, in 1810 40 miles northwest the city of Bloomington, Indiana. During
by west from Washington, D. C; in 1820 16 the 120 years that the United States has
miles north of Woodstock, Va.: in 1830 19 existed the centre has moved over 550
miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.; miles westward, or in other words, from
in 1840 16 miles south of Clarksburg. W. Va.; west latitude 76 degrees 11 minutes 12
in 1850 23 miles southwest of Parkeraburg, seconds to west latitude 86 degrees 32 minutes
W. Va.; in 1860 20 miles south of Chillicothe, 20 seconds.
PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE BY STATES 1900-1910.
INCREASE IN POPULATION.
INCKEASK mm
OVER PRKCKODtO
CENSUS YEAR. Population
continentalof Adjusted
umud Sl.les. Number. Percent.
1810 91,972,266 15, 977, 691 2L0 2L0
75, 994. 575 13,046, 861 20.7 20.7
1890 62, 947. 714 12,791,931 25.5 24.9
1880 60, 155. 783 11,597,412 30. 1 26.0
1870 38, 558, 371 7,115,050 22.6 26.6
31, 443, 321 8,251,445 35.6 SS. 6
23, 191. 876 6, 122, 423 35.9 35.9
17,069, 453 4,203,433 32.7 32.7
12, 866, 020 3, 227, 567 33.5 33.5
9, 638, 453 2, 398, 572 33.1 33. 1
7, 239. 881 1.931.398 36.4 36.4
5, 308. 483 1,379,269 35.1 35.1
1790 3, 929, 214
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 11
POPULATION OF CITIES
or тив
UNITED STATES
Census of 1910
Cities of over 100 ,000 population

Albany , N . Y . . . . 100 ,253 ' Indianapolis, Ind . 233 ,650 | Philadelphia , Pa . 1,549,008
Atlanta , Ga. . . . 154 .8391 Jersey City , N . J . 267 ,779 Pittsburgh , Pa . . . 533 , 905
Baltimore , Md . . 558 . 485 Kansas City , Mo. 248 . 381 Portland, Ore . . . . 207 , 214
Birmingham ,Ala 132 ,685 Los Angeles , Cal. 319 , 198 Providence , R . I . 224 , 326
Boston , Mass . . . . 670 ,585 Louisville , Ky. . . 223 . 928 Richmond , Va. . . . 127 ,628
Bridgeport , Conn 102 .054 Lowell , Mass . . . . 106 , 294 Rochester, N . Y .. 218 , 149
Buffalo , N . Y . . . . 423 ,715 Memphis , Tenn . . 131, 105 St. Louis , Mo. . . . 687 .029
Cambridge , Mass 104 ,839 Milwaukee ,Wis . . 373 , 857 St. Paul, Minn . . . 214 ,744
Chicago , Ill . . . . 2 , 185 , 283 Minneapolis , San Francisco ,
Cincinnati , Ohio . 364.463 Minn . . . . . . . . . . 301.408 Cal . . . . . . . . . 416 912
Cleveland , Ohio . . 560 .663 Nashville , Tenn . . 110 . 364 Scranton , Pa . . . . 129 ,867
Columbus, Ohio .. 181.548 Newark , N : J . . . . . 347 ,469 Seattle , Wash . .. . 237 , 194
Dayton , Ohio . . . 116 ,577 New Haven , Ct. . 133 ,605 Spokane, Wash . . 104 ,402
Denver , Colo . . . . 213 ,381 New Orleans, La . 339,075 Syracuse, N . Y . . . 137,249
Detroit, Mich . . . . 465 , 766 New York , N . Y . 4 . 766 .883 Toledo, Ohio . . . . 168 ,497
Fall River . Mass . 119, 295 Oakland , Cal. . . . 150 . 174 Washington , D . C . 331,069
Grand Rapids, Omaha , Neb . . . . . 124 ,096 Worcester , Mass . 145 , 986
Micb . . . . . . . . 112,571 Paterson , N . J . .. 125 ,600
Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population

Akron , Ohio . . . . . . . . 69,067 | Decatur, Ill . . . . . . . . 31, 140 | Kapsas City, Kans. . 82,331
Allentown , Pa . . . . . . 51. 913 Des Moines, Iowa . . . 86 ,368 Kingston , N . Y . . . . . 25 ,908
Altoona, Pa . . . . . . . . 52, 127 Dubuque, Iowa . . . . . 38 ,494 Knoxville, Tenn . . . . 30 , 346
Amsterdam . N . Y . . . 31, 287 Duluth , Minn . . . , 78 .466 ter , Wis.
La Crosse is ... .. .. . . 30 ,417
Atlantic City . N . J .. 46 .150 Easton , Pa . . . . 28 ,523 ancas
LLancaster , Pa . . . . . 47 .227
Auburn , N . 34 .668 East Orange, N . 34,371 Lansing ,Mich .. . 31,229
Augusta , Ga . . . . . . , , 41,040 East St. Louis, IN 58 .547 Lawrence , Mass. . . . . 85 ,892
Turora , i .. . . . 29 ,807 El Paso , Tex . . . . . 39, 279 Lewiston , Me. . . . . . 26 , 247
Iustin , Tex . . . 29 . 860 Elgin . Il . . . . 25 ,976 Lexington , Ky. . . 35 .099
Battle Creek . Mi . . 25 267 Elizabeth , N 73 .409 Lima, Ohio . . . . . . . . 30 .508
Say City. Mich . . . . . 45 . 166 Elmira , N . Y 37 , 176 Lincoln , Nebr. . . . . . 43 .973
Bayonne ,N J . . . .. 55 ,545 Erie , Pa . . . . 66 .525 Little Rock , Ark . . . 45 . 941
Jerkeley , Cal.. . . . . . 40 ,434 Evansville , Ind . 69,647 Lorain , Ohio . . . . . 28 ,883
finghamton , N . Y . . 48,443 Everett, Mass . . . 33,484 Lynchburg , Va . . 29,494
25,768
Bloomington , Ill . . . . 23 Fitchburg , Mass . . 37 ,826 Lynn , Mass . . . . . 89.336
Brockton , Mass . . . . . 56 ,878 Flint, Mich . . . . . .. . . . 38 .550 Macon , Ga . . . . . . 40 ,665
Brookline , Mass . . . . 27 ,792 Fort Wayne . Ind . . . .63 , 933 McKeesport , Pa . 42,694
jutte , Mont. . . . . . . 39 . 165 Fort Worth , Tex . . 73 ,312 Madison , Wis . . . . . . 25 ,531
amden , N . J . . . 94,538 Galveston , Tex . . . . . 36 , 981 Malden , Mass . . . . . 44 ,404
soton , Ohio . . . 20 : 217 Green Bay , Wis .. . 25 . 236 Manchester , N . H . . . 70 ,063
edar Rapids, Iowa. 32,811 Hamilton , Ohio . . . . . 35 ,279 Meriden , Conn . . . . . 27 .265
" harleston ,SC. . . . 58,833 Harrisburg , Pa . . . . . . 64 , 186 Mobile , Ala . . . . . . . . 51.521
Charlotte , N . C .. . . . 34,014 Hartford , Conn . . . . . 98 .915 Montgomery , Ala . . . 38, 136
hattanooga, Tenn . 44 ,604 Haverhill , Mass . . . . . 44 , 115 Mount Vernon , N . Y 30 .919
helsea , Mass . . . . 32 ,452 Hazleton , Pa . . . . . . . 25 .452 Muskogee , Okla . . . . . 25 ,278
hester, Pa . . . . . . . 38 ,537 Hoboken , N . J . . . 70 .324 Nashua , N . H . . . . . . 26 .005
" hicopee , Mass . . . . . 25 ,401 Holyoke, Mass. . , 57 .730 Newark , Ohio . . . . . . 25 ,404
linton , Iowa. . . . . . . 25 ,577 Houston , Tex . . . . 78 .800 New Bedford , Mass . 96 ,652
Colorado Springs Huntington , W . . . 31, 161 New Britain , Conn . . 43 ,916
Colo . . . . 1 29.078 Jackson , Mich , . . 31,433 Newburgh , N . Y . . . . 27 ,805
Columbia, s. c . . 26,319 Jacksonville , Fla . 57 ,699 Newcastle , Pa . . . . . . 36 , 280
Council Bluffs , Iowa . 29,292 Jamestown , N . Y 31,297 Newport , Ky. . . . 30 . 309
Covington, Ky . . . . . . 53,270 Johnstown , Pa . . . . . . 55 ,482 Newport, R . I . . . . . . 27, 149
Dallas , Tex . . . . . 92 . 104 Joliet, Il . . . . . . . 34 .670 New Rochelle , N . Y . 28 .867
Danville , m . . . . . . . . 27 ,871 Joplin , Mo. . . . . . . . . 32 ,073 Newton , Mass . . . 39,806
Davenport, Iowa .. .. 43,028 Kalamazoo ,Mich . . . 39,437 | Niagara Falls , N . Y .. 30 ,445
12 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
100000000999
Norfolk , Va .. . . . . . . 67 ,452 | St. Joseph , Mo.. . . . . 77,403 Terre Haute , Ind . . . . 58 . 157
Norristown , Pa . . . . . 27.875 Salem , Mass . . . . . . . . 43 ,697 Topeka, Kans. . 43 , 684
Ogden , Utah . . . . . . . 25 ,580 Salt Lake City , Utah 92,777 Trenton , N . J .. . 96 815
oklahoma City , Okla 64 , 205 San Antonio , Tex . . . 96 ,614 Troy , N . Y . 76 ,813
Orange, N . J . . . . . . . . 29 ,630 San Diego, Cal. . . . . . 39,578 Utica , N . Y . . . . . 74 ,419
Oshkosh , Wis . . . . . . . 33 , 062 San Jose , Cal. . . . . . . 28 . 946 Waco , Tex . . . . . . . . 26 ,425
Pasadena , Cal. . . . . . . 30 , 291 Savannah , Ga . . . . . . 65 ,064 Waltham , Mass . . . . . 27 .834
Passaic, N . J . . . . . . . 54,773 Schenectady , N . Y . . 72,826 Warwick , R . I . . . . . . 26 ,629
Pawtucket, R . I.. . . . 51.622 Sheboygan , Wis . . . . . 26 ,398 Waterbury , Conn . . . 73 . 141
Peoria , Il . . . . . 66 . 950 Shenandoah , Pa . . . . . 25 ,774 Waterloo , Iowa . . . . . 26 .693
Perth Amboy, N . J. . 32, 121 Shreveport , La . . . . . . 28 ,015 Watertown , N . Y . . . 26 .730
Pittsfield , Mass . . . . . 32, 121 Sioux City . Iowa . . . . 47 .828 ichiHoboken , N . J . 35 ,403
West
Portland , Me. . . . . . 58 ,571 Somerville , Mass. . . . 77 ,236 l
oba, W . Va.
Wheeling B . . . 41 .641
Portsmouth , Va. . 33 , 190 South Bend . Ind . . . . 53 ,684 tor e. l.l. :. . 52,450
Wichita . Kans.
Poughkeepsie, N . Y . 27 ,936 South Omaha , Nebr . 26 , 259 Wilkes- Barre , Pa. . . . 67 , 105
Wi
Pueblo Colo . . 44 ,395 Springfield , Ill . . . . . 51,678 lming
Williamsport
Spring
Springfield , Mass . . . . 88 ,926 t , Pa. . . . 31, 860
on,, Del. . . . 87 , 411
OOOOOOO
Quincy , Ill . . . . . 36 ,587
f Wilmington
Quincy , Mass . . . 32 ,642 Springfield c
ield ,.Mo
onn. .....
. 35 ,201 Wilmington , N . C . . . 25 ,748
Racine, Wis . . . 38 ,002 Springfield , Ohio . . . 46 . 921 Woonsocket, R . I I. .... . 38 , 125
Stamford , Conn . . . . . 25 , 138 Yonkers , N . Y . . . . . . 79, 803
Reading , P & . . . .
Roanoke , Va . .. ... .. . . .
96
, 874
92,071
Superior . Wis. . . . . . 40 ,384 York , Pa . . . . . . 44,750
Rockford , oIl . . . . . . 45 ,401 Tacoma, Wash . . . . . . 83 ,743 Youngstown , Ohio . . 79 . 066
Sacrament
Sacramento , Cal. . . . 44 ,696 Tampa , Fla . . . . . . . . 37 , 782 Zanesville , Ohio . . . . . 28 .026
Saginaw , Mich . . . . . . 50 ,510 Taunton , Mass . . . . . 34 ,259
Comparison of the population of all states of the world

EUROPE according to the last censuses and estimation
ASIA 865 .923 .000
452,798,900 AMERICA
AFRICA 152,033,000 175 ,046 ,000
British
Possess Unit Stat. Pargasi,000
Russia Netherlands 43 ,074 ,000 1 of America
with Finland 6 ,858,000
China
Colonies
and (with
Porto Rico )
Honda 000
142,585 ,000 Protectorates
with its 93402000 Panama
450 ,000
Sweden Dependencies French Nicaragua
O
5 ,476 ,000
O
370 ,000 ,000 Possess
and
31,522,000 oolololoko o 230 .000
Rep Dominic
!
German Protectorates 21.461.odo

Portugal 420,000
Empire French Possets
OOO
MOUCO
164.903,000 O 418 .000
O Belgian
Bulgaria 20 ,000,000 15 507 000 Costa Rica
Austria 4 , 324 000 Congo . 369,000
73 .568.00 British Possess Dutch Posses
Austria Switzerland 145,000
OOO
Egypt
Hungary 3,742,000 with Anglo thereof .
proper Egypt
9488.goo Dan Posse ss
31.314. 000 /soon. British Egypt Sudan 31000
lolO
Hunga 1 696 .000 15 ,662,000 11,232.000 Argentine Rep.

20 .851.000 Servia
2 ,854 .000 Possessions 6 ,980 ,000 ( ton 125 .582 .000
Great (India and others) German 14 ,120 ,000 PerSu 49. 64 .00
Possessions
( Britain Denmark
302,188,000
16.947.000 2 ,775 ,000 4,610,000 AUSTRALASIA
Zwith Iceland 2853poo Colombia AND
Greece
Portug0
Possess
8 249.000 4,320,000 OCEANIA
(France 2,632000 7 ,131,000
O British Possessions
Ko(Japro)s ( 12,960,000 Abysssisinia
Aby nia
39,262,000 Norway 0
8,000,000 3,302,00Venezuela
Japan
2,393 000 4 ,326.000
8,000,000 06.118.000
2 ,686,000 O German Possessions
Italy Crete
310 .000
Persia 9.500.000 Morocco 7,000,000 Cuba 457.000
$ 4,565,000 Dutch
Philippines
Dutch Possessions
Montenegro
250,000
Possess,
18 ,000 .000 0 AM 7,640,000 2,150,000 O 240 .000
Liberia O2,000,000 Bolivia Hawal and Guam
Spain Luxemburg Siam ( 6, 320,000 Tripolis 0 1,000, 000 2,049.000 Unit Stato 204,000
246 ,000
16 ,083. 900 Russ. Ital. Possess Halu of Amer )
Monaco Possess.) Aegranistan 5.000.000 and 0731,000 French Possessions
19 .000 19,500 ,000 Protectorates 2,030,000 - 96.000
Belplu San Marino Necaland 3,250,000 Span Possess 675 ,000 Guatemala Independent Oct
Bryan
6 ,694,000 10,000 Tark AS 1,992,000 . 28.000
Turkey
and Arab Port Pos O896,000
Liechtenstein10 100 000 Ecuador Total population
6 ,130.000 Oman O500 .000
9 ,600 Reypt . Posa . Polar region inhabited ) 1,400,000
Fre nch
Hossess ) (Binar
a jo 52.000 14,000 of the world
Rumanis Andorra Cersas Salvador 1652 945900
5 ,960,000 ,300 037 .000 1,652,945 .900
101694,0do ) thereof Danish Possess. 116 ,000
Greenland) 12.000
POP
OF
AND
RUR
TER ULA
AN TIO
AL
.URBRIT ORYN
1910 1900 1890 TOTAL

OF
CENT
PER
POPULATIO
. N
.
PLACES
OF
CLASS
Number Population
Population
.Number NPo mb
Numb
upu r Population
.of
places .
places
llof of
Ipl laeer .I 1910 1900 1890
..l aces tion
.
States
United
continental
of
population
Total 966
,291
72 975
,575
94 947
,762
14 .0
100 .0
100 .0
100
Urba
terri
. n
tory 2,405 623
42
,3 83 1,894 ,785
130 97 1,510 720
,22223 .3
46 .5
40 .1
36
inhabitant
1Places
,0of
more
.or 00 s ,18574
01 ,46 74
29 13,615 62 .29 .58 8.5
500
of
1Places
,0to
.inhabitant
00 s ,63067
10 ,01687
45 ,343
806 3. 31.
Places
inhabitant
500250
of
00
.,0to s 11 83,939
49 ,2.896
61 ,62408
47 4.3 3.9
100
of
,0Places
250
to
.inhabitan
00 ts 31 ,44858 40 ,43290
72 82,794 81 5.3
50
of
,0Places
100
to
.inhabitant
00 s 59 ,94115
78 ,42777
60 30 ,52027
69 4.5 3.2
of
,0Places
50
to
.inhabitan
2500 ts 120 74,062 63 72,685
67 67 ,72298 65 4. .73
of
,0Places
25
to
.inhabitant
1000 s 374 ,25608
09 286 ,94 09
00 232 13,439 87 6.1 5.
of
,0Places
10
to
.inhabitant
5 0000 s 629 ,74303
64 477 ,53278
18 361 ,52495
94 4.7 4.0
of
5,0Places
2500to
.inhabitant s 1,173 ,64105
56 970 ,23376
54 792 ,12796
13 .54 4. 4.3
AWAN
WOWOWON
.
territory
Rural ,383
849 48 190
45
,397 291
,440
27 .7
53 .569 .9
63
inhabitants
2,500
than
Incorporated
.places
less
of ,784
11 ,58119
28 8,892 .66,247
45 6,466 19
7,84 35 8. 8.2 7.5
rural
territory
.Other 255
,341
29 945
,738
49 556
,63507 .8
44 .3
51 .4
56
.
AMERICANS
VOTING
9fer
26
was
States
United
incontinental
age
voting
males
of
number
1910
4p1In
.o29
,acent
population
total
the
com
99
51
sr
1f66
21
with
8ppared
o27
Ocent
in1900
population
total
.2the
13
-b7these
native
of
;44were
parentage
,9white
34
99
orn
fr98
er
31
11
;30oreigi
parentage
mixed
or
foreign
white
native
,f3
naturalized
of
35
33 -bf
reign
,o
white
who
parents
orn
2oreign
papers
first
their
out
taken
f1had
7alien
-b5population
foreign
other
;24of
parentage
,3white
65
orn
21
75
64
59
27
; nnclusive
parentage
negro
5
i182
parentage
other
all
Cof
Indians
Jof
.Ia
Asiatics
29other
were
there
1910
,098
hinese
apanese
73
nd
21
(snee
states
nine
the
in
age
voting
of
)iwomen
.below
prevails
suffrage
woman
which
.
STATES
UNITED
THE
IN
SUFFRAGE
WOMAN
astablished
states
innine
elections
all
at
men
with
terms
equal
on
suffrage
enjoy
women
States
United
the
In
:W
;,efollows
1869
insyoming
UColorado
WiI1893
1896
California
and
K1910
,i;a1911
.BOregon
1912
the
nnesides
daho
tah
nd
ashington
ansas
wnouisiana
suffrage
school
t
states
31
form
some
in
:Iprevails
follows
as
vote
to
right
the
granted
been
have
women
,L
Montana
axpaying
hich
othe
Michigan
wand
taxpayers
to
submitted
;iapquestions
Louisiana
in
permitted
,ovote
Kansas
and
Iowa
issuing
of
questionnnith
roxy
n
ebonds
Minnesota
trustees
library
of
election
the
mon
iKansas
,osuffrage
York
;lNew
taxation
local
nnimited
nunicipal
qual
Illinois
in
exists
suffrage
.
ASSOCIATIONS
CHRISTIAN
'sChristian
Men
Young
;tThe
Williams
George
Sir
by
in1821
England
in
organized
was
,Association
America
to
spread
has
movement
he
Dn92
Gerinany
N
S
.Ia
Japan
and
China
21even
were
there
1912
,w
America
North
in
associations
amith
witzerland
nd
enmark
orway
em
566
tbership
$7
property
.21net
3n
officers
employed
sof
classes
educational
;6,4in
gymna
60
tudents
otal
01
93
733
17
13
umber
3
:student
1siums
gymnasiums
in
2enrolled
fields
4athletic
83
;7railroad
,9members
62
with
associations
75
38
67
32
66
24
33
membership
;b12
also
were
women
2.T81members
in1912
for
associations
andoy
here
71
08
student
60
ounty
7c,6with
atcity
otal
,406
253
of
.membership
women
young
13
PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE IN RURAL POPULATION:

1900-1910.
PERCENTAGE OF URBAN IN TOTAL POPULATION IN 1910.
COLOR, NATIVITY AND PARENTAGE OF POPULATION, FOR

PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
There are in all 220 cities which had in 1910 The foreign-born white element is mainly
more than 25,000 inhabitants, with an aggre- concentrated in the Northern and Eastern
6ate population of 28,543,816. Of the com- states, and in many of the cities in these states
ined population of these cities, native whites the proportion of foreign-born whites in the
Dative parentage number 10,149,145, or total population is very large. Passaic, N. J.,
*o.6 per cent.; native whites of foreign or has 28,407 foreign-born whites, representing
raixed parentage, 9.218,999, or 32.3 per cent.; 52 per cent, of its total population (54,773).
foreign-born whites, 7,478,990, or 26.2 per This is the largest proportion of foreign-bora
«Dt.; negroes, 1,625,601, or 5.7 per cent.; all whites in any of the principal cities, and Law
other, 71,081, or 0.2 per cent. For continental rence, Mass., with 41,319 foreign-born whites
I'oited States, as a wnole, the equivalent num in a total population of 85,892, has the next
bers and percentages are: Native whites of largest
native parentage, 49,488,575, or 53.8 per cent; 11 otherproportion, 48.1 per cent. There are
cities in each of which the foreign-
QMive whites of foreign or mixed parentage born whites constitute more than 40 per cent,
18.897,837,
whites, or 20.5or per
13,345.545, 14.5cent.; negroes, of
foreign-born
per cent.; the total population, namely, Perth Am-
boy, N. J., 44.5; New Bedford, Mass., 44.1;
9.827,753. or 10.7 per cent. Woonsocket, li. I., 43.4; Fall River, Mass.,
The combined population (28,543.816) of
toe 229 cities taken together constitutes 31 42.6; Chelsea, Mass., 42.4; Manchester, N. H.,
42.4; New Britain, Conn., 41; Lowell, Mass.,
Percent, of the entire population (91,972,266) 40.9; Shenandoah. Pa., 40.6; New York, N. Y„
of continental United States in 1910. In the 40.4; Holyoke, Mass., 40.3.
ca*e. however, of native whites of native par- Negroes constitute one-fourth or more of
.' v<e, the number in these cities constitutes the total population in each of 27 principal
only 20.5 per cent, of the total number in the cities, and in 4 of them the proportion is more
United States, wnile for native whites of for- than half, namely, Charleston, S. C, 31,056
or mixed parentage the percentage negroes, or 52.8 per cent.: Savannah, Ga.,
40 d for foreign-born whites, 56. For 33,246, or 51.1 per cent.; Jacksonville, Fla.,
negroes the percentage in the principal cities 29,293 or 50.8 per cent.; Montgomery, Ala.,
is 16.5. 19,322, or 50.7 per cent.
16 SCIENTI AMERIC REFER
FIC AN ENCE BOOK .
AREA OF STATES AND TERRITORIES.
(Based upon carefuljoint calculationsmade in the General Land Office , the Geological Survey, and the
Bureau of the Census.)
States or Territories. Land surface . Water surface . Total areas.
Sq. m . Acres . Sq. m . Acres. Sq . m . Acres .

Alabama. . . 51 , 279 32,818, 560 719 460 , 160 31 , 998 33, 278,720
Arizona . . . . . 113 ,810 72 ,838 ,400 146 93, 440 113 , 956 72 , 931 , 840
Arkansas . . . 52,525 33 ,616 , 000 810 518 ,400 53 ,335 34 , 134 , 400
California . . . . 155 ,652 99 ,617 , 280 2 ,645 1 ,692, 800 158 , 297 101 ,310 ,080
Colorado . . . 103 ,658 66 , 341 , 120 290 185,600 103, 948 66 ,528 720
Connecticut. 4 ,820 3 ,084, 800 145 92 ,800 4 , 905 3 , 177 ,600
Delaware . . . 1 ,965 1 , 257,600 405 259 , 200 2 ,370 1 ,516 ,800
District of Columbia 60 38 , 400 10 6 , 400 70 44 , 800
Florida . . 54 , 861 35 , 111 , 040 3 ,805 2 ,435 , 200 58,666 37 ,546 , 240
Georgia . . . 58 ,725 37 ,384 , 000 540 345 ,600 59 , 265 37 , 929 ,600
Idaho . .. 83 , 354 53 ,346 ,500 534 341 ,760 83 , 888 53 ,688 ,320
Illinois . 56 , 043 35 , 887 ,520 622 398 ,080 56 ,665 36 , 265 ,600
Indiana . 35 ,815 23 ,068 ,800 309 197 ,760 36 , 354 23,206 ,560
lowa .. . 55 ,586 35 , 575 ,040 561 359 ,040 56 , 147 35 ,934 , 080
Kansas . . . 81 ,774 52 ,335 ,360 384 245 ,760 82, 158 52 , 581, 120
Kentucky . 40 , 181 25 ,715 , 840 417 266 , 880 40 ,598 25 , 982 ,720
Louisiana . 45 , 409 29 , 061 ,760 3 , 097 1 , 982 , 080 48 , 506 31 ,043 , 840
Maine . . . . . . . 29 ,895 19 , 132, 800 3 , 145 2 , 012, 800 33 ,040 21 , 145 ,600
Maryland . 9 , 941 6 ,362, 240 2, 386 1 ,527 , 040 12 , 327 7 ,889 , 280
Massachuset 8 , 039 5 , 144 , 960 227 145 , 280 8 , 286 5 ,290 ,240
Michigan . . . 57, 480 36 ,787 , 200 500 320 ,000 57 ,980 37 , 107 , 200
Minnesota . . 80 ,858 51 ,749 , 120 3 ,824 2 ,447, 360 84 ,682 54 ,196 , 480
Mississippi.. 46 ,362 29 ,671 ,680 503 321 , 920 46 ,865 29,933 ,600
Missouri. . . . 68 ,727 43 , 985 , 280 693 443 ,520 69, 420 14,428 , 800
Montana . . . 146 , 201 93 , 568 , 640 796 509 ,440 146 , 997 94 ,076 ,080
Nebraska . . 49, 157 ,120 712 455 ,680 77 ,520 49 ,612 ,800
Nevada , 109 , 821 70 , 285 , 440 869 566 , 160 110,690 70 , 841 ,600
New Hampshire 9 , 031 5 , 779 ,840 310 198 , 400 9 , 341 5 , 978 , 240
New Jersey . 7 ,514 4 ,808 , 960 710 454 , 400 8 , 224 5 , 263 , 360
New Mexico . . . 122, 503 78 ,401 , 920 131 83 , 840 122 ,634 78 ,485 ,760
New York . . . . 47 ,654 30 ,498 , 560 1 ,550 992 , 000 49, 200 31 ,490 ,560
North Carolina . 48 .740 31 , 193 ,600 3 ,686 2 , 359 , 040 52,423 33 ,552.640
North Dakots . . 70 , 183 44, 917 , 120 654 418 , 560 70 , 837 45 , 335 ,680
Ohio . . 40 , 740 26 ,073 ,600 300 192 , 000 41 ,040 26 , 265, 600
Oklahoma . .. 69 , 414 44,424,960 643 411 , 520 70,057 44, 836 , 480
Oregon . . . .. . 95 , 607 61, 188, 480 1 , 092 698 , 880 36 ,699 61, 887 , 360
Pennsylvania . . 44 , 832 28, 692, 480 294 188 , 160 46, 126 28 , 880 ,640
Rhode Island . . . 1 ,067 682 ,880 181 115 , 840 1 , 248 798 ,720
South Carolina . 30 , 495 19 , 516 , 800 494 316 , 160 30 , 989 19 , 832 , 960
South Dakota . . . 76 , 868 49, 195 , 520 747 478 ,080 77,615 49 ,673 ,600
Tennessee . 41, 687 26 ,679 ,680 335 214 , 400 42,022 26 , 894, 080
Texas . . . . 262, 398 167, 934 ,720 3 , 498 2 , 238, 720 265, 896 170 , 173 , 440
Utah . . . 82 , 184 52, 597, 760 2 , 806 1 , 795 ,840 84, 990 54, 393 , 600
Vermont. 9, 124 5 , 839 , 360 440 281 , 600 9 , 564 6 , 120 , 960
Virginia 40 , 262 25 ,767,680 2 , 365 1 , 513, 600 42 ,627 27, 281, 280
Washington . 66 , 836 42 , 775 , 040 2 , 291 1 , 466 , 240 69, 127 44 , 241, 280
West Virginia . 24 ,022 15 , 374, 080 148 94 , 720 24 , 170 15 , 468, 800
Wisconsia . 55 , 256 35 , 363, 840 810 518 , 400 56 , 066 35,882, 240
Wyoming . . . . 97, 594 62,460 , 160 320 204 , 800 97 , 914 62, 664 , 960
2, 973,890 1,903 , 289,600 52,899 33 ,855 , 360 3 , 026 , 789 1 , 937, 144, 960
Alaska . . . . 590 , 884 378 , 165 , 760
Guam .. 210 134 , 400
Hawaii . . 6 , 449 4 , 127 . 360
Panama Canal 474 303, 360
Philippine Islands 115 ,026 73 ,616 ,640
Porto Rico . . . . . . 3 , 435 2 , 198, 400
77 49, 280
Tutulla Group , Samoa . . .
Total .. 3, 743 ,344 2,395,740, 160
Owing to their location adjoining the Great Lakes, the States enumerated below contain approximately
An additional number of square miles as follows: Ilinois , 1 ,674 square miles of Lake Michigan ; Indiana,
230 square miles of Lake Michigan ; Michigan , 16 ,653 square miles of Lake Superior, 12,922 square iniles
of Lake Michigan , 9 ,925 square miles of Lake Huron , and 460 square miles of lakes St. Clair and Erle ;
Minnesota , 2,514 square mfles of Lake Superior, New York , 3 ,140 square miles of lakes Ontario and Erie ;
Ohio , 3 , 443 square miles of Lake Erie ; Pennsylvania , 891 square miles of Lake Erie ; Wisconsin , 2 ,378
square miles of Lake Superior and 7 , 500 square miles of Lake Michigan .
In addition to the water areas noted above, California claims jurisdiction over all Pacifo waters lying
within 3 English miles of her coast; Oregon claims jurisdiction over a similar strip of the Pacific Ocean
1 marine league in width between latitude 42° north and the mouth of the Columbia River; and Texas
claims jurisdiction over a strip of Gull water 3 leagues in width , adjacent to her coast and between the
Rio Grande and the Sabine River
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES BY SIZE OF STATES.

Rank AREA IN SQUARE MILES.
in
STATE .
gross
area . Gross . Land. Water .1
Continental United States . . 3 ,026 ,789 2 , 973,890 52,899

Texas . . . . 265 , 896 262, 398 3, 498
California . 158, 297 155 . 652 2 ,645
Montana . 146 , 997 146 , 201 796
New Mexico 122, 634 122,503 131
Arizona . . 113, 956 113 , 810 146
Nevada . . 110 . 690 109, 821 869
Colorado . . . 103 , 948 103, 658 290
Wyoming . . 97, 914 97 , 594 320
Oregon . . . 96,699 95 , 607 1 , 092
Utah . . . . 84, 990 82, 184 2, 806
Minnesota . . . . . 84,682 80 , 858 3 , 824
Idaho . . . . 83, 888 83, 354 534
Kansas . . . 82, 158 81, 774 384
South Dakota 77,615 76 , 868 747
Nebraska . . . . . . 76 . 808 712
77,520
North Dakota 70, 837 70 , 183 654
Oklahoma . . 70 , 057 69, 414 643
Missouri .. . . 69, 420 68 , 727 693
Washington . . . . . . . . . . 69, 127 5 , 836 2 ,291
Georgia . . . 59, 265 58,725 540
Florida . . 58, 666 54,861 3, 805
Michigan . . . 57, 980 57, 480 500
Illinois . . 56 , 665 56,043 622
Jowa . . . . . . . . . 56, 147 55,586 561
Wisconsin . . . . . 56, 066 55, 256 810
Arkansas. . 53,335 52, 525 810
North Carolin 52 , 426 48 , 740 3 , 686
Alabama . . . 51. 998 51, 279 719
New York . . . 49, 204 47 , 654 1. 550
Louisiana . . .. 48,506 45 , 409 3 , 097
Mississippi. . .. 46, 865 46, 362 503
Pennsylvania . 45 , 126 44, 832 294
Virginia . . . . . . . 42 , 627 40 , 262 2 . 365
Tennessee ... 42, 022 41, 687 335
Ohio . . . . . . 41, 040 40, 740 300
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . 40, 598 40 , 181 417
Indiana . . . . . 36 , 354 36 , 045 309
Maine . . . . . 33 , 040 29, 895 3 , 145
South Carolina ... .. 30 , 989 30, 495 494
West Virginia .... .. .... . 24, 170 24 , 022 148
Maryland . . . 12, 327 9 . 941 2 , 386
Vermont . . . 9 . 564 9 , 124 440
New Hampshire . 9 , 341 9 . 031 310
Massachusetts . . . 8 . 266 8 , 039 227
New Jersey . . .... 8 , 224 7 ,514 710
Connecticut . 4. 965 4 . 820 145
Delaware . . . . . 2 , 370 1, 965 405
Rhode Island . 1 , 248 1 , 067 181
District of Columbia . 70 60 10
1 Does not include the water surface of the oceans, the Gulf of Mexico , or the
Great Lakes, lying within the jurisdiction of the United States.
A census just completed by the Isthmian 35 ,368 , of which 18,237 are Mestizos, 10 ,963
Canal Commission shows that in 1911 there negroes . 7 ,008 white , and 1 ,180 Amarillos
were 154. 255 persons in the Canal Zone. or vellows. Colon has 17 , 748 inhabit
The City of Panama has a population of | ants .
IS SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

PER SQUARE MILE.
Population of Land area Popula

CENSUS YEAR. continental In square tion per
United Slates. miles. ■sac
1910 91,972,260 2,973,890 30.9

1900 75,994,575 2,974, 159 25.6
1890 62,947,714 2,973,905 21.2
1880 50,155,783 2,973,965 16.9
1870 38,558,371 2,973,965 13.0
31,443,321 2,973,965 10.6
23,191,870 2,944,337 7.9
1840 17,069,453 1,753,588 9.7
1830 12,806,020 1,753,588 7.3
1820 9,638,453 1,753,588 5.5
1810 7,239,881 1,685,865 4.3
1800 5,308,483 867,980 6.1
1790 3,929, 214 867,980 4.6
PRISON POPULATION IN 1910.

The prison population of the United States 100,000, and the ratio of commitments to
on January 1, 1910 was 111 .609, and the num population during the year 1910 was 522 to
ber of commitments to prisons or other penal 100,000. Thus it appears that, at the begin
institutions, during the year 1910, was 479,890. ning of the year 1910, one person out of every
These figures include every class of offense, 820 in the United States greeted the New
from vagrancy to murder in the first degree. Year in jail; and that, during 1910, for
They also include cases in which the offender every 192 persons in the total population,
was committed to jail or prison for the non there was one commitment to prison or jaU,
payment of a fine. The ratio of prisoners to for a period ranging from one day to a life
population on January 1, 1910, was 121 to sentence.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Mortality from Consumption by Age and Sex .
Prudential Industrial Experience ~ 1897 - 1906 .
MALES.
Ooster Cesses Death Copsa pricaAges atDeath Consumption
FEMALES.
Oxher causes of Drach
2015-1985
30-34
40 -44
15 -19
50 54
57- 59
60-0415
65-093
Na potanate ostaty a dina and fecais from Bastian s stoma la ay mterting , rectang 1 p 3
e my w teatre for spog rata 130 e fez consumption and ezen festas 426 Arses624
He petite zortsity to comezaron a lapte song freos de ses 23 and 28 & is épher smoag molas
Mortality from Consumption

1887 - 1906 .
- General Population.
Mortality RATEof PER
Northern
10 .000
Cities. MortalityRATE
of Southern
PER IQO00.
Cities. A en
10 :00
4000
38:00
3200
28 .00
MOO
мар
celou
Proportionate Consumption Mortality ~ MALES.

Ages et ke NEGROES Ago a Death INDIANS
23-24 BIZ 15 -24
Ages ar Death CHINESE
an 2534 233
6 -51226 15 :54 222

$ 6/ BOR 55-64 794 5 -64
Hote. Thep artoute consumation only s determined by cakulang the percorage of texts for consumption the marity
a
frestes d priods for bestra dijas 2 ei tensy u feaths from Arges, magte
Here for a Atong ngu esies 278, Bengaludes 10. sed among the Cheese (to the US312
INDIANS.
Only eleven of the states in the United The other states of the Union have a total
Estes have large Indian populations, namely: Indian population of 53, 121 and rank ac
dabome with 117 ,444 ; Arizons with 40 ,754 ; cording to the number of Indian inhabitants
New Mexico with 21, 374 ; South Dakota with as follows: Oregon , New York , Nevada ,
2 ,333 : California with 17 ,517 ; Minnesota Nebraska , Wyoming , Kansas , Utah and other
with 11, 116 ; Wisconsin with 9 , 816 ; North states . The total Indian population of the
Dakota with 8 ,389 ; and Michigan with 7,519 . United States is (1912) 319 ,216 .
0000001
1000000
00000011
Mortality from Consumption in Dusty Trades.

Prudential Industrial Experience - 1897 - 1906 .
Ages AM Ages
2534 544 15 - 34 55 - 64 65
Metallic Dast
Mineral Dust
Med
Vegetable Fiber Duss
набыла до со
Animal
Mixed Fiand
ber Dase
Genearanlic Dustt
Org Dus
Municipal
or Streer Dust
Note the degree of consumption frequency is shown to vary widely according to the kind of dust exposure
The proportionate consumption mortality in insurance experience wos greatest in trades ar
posing to the continuous inhalation of considerable amounts metalli end mineral dusts
MortalityPrudential
from Consumption - Exposure to Metallic Dust.
Industrial Experience - 1897 - 1906 .
PRINTERS COMPOSITORS.
Principal Conses orDrach. Perfat di Derisfra 41 Ceres PrincipalCeuses of Death Par conto bars from Cangas
Const Casumption
Benessere Pazemicella
BrittiDanse Brights Homes 1
Hvert Dieses ApopherylBretlandi sap
Accident Heart Diseases
ApplyVerdais Sazade
Per cent of Consumption Matality aOSmaiſed
r Cause
AgePaiods. Pa Cenro Cazszeption Mentality atSofied AgeParade
Ages at Death Conraption Ages er Death Carton Der Cours
15 %
2534 25-34
1554 15 -54
5664
Note: Oct of 195 deather printer 63185 % for Contematon pourtante per Als Day 8th capazba la Cosaston pois
talityfor the date de la mara 3- d ag to the end of ZEER depus de c h ose
date form er Cap depede poton 3J க ற பிணைப்பு
மாணவன் S
Recent statistics show that at the end of cases. It was estimated that there wer
May, 1910 , there were 431 state and local 300.000 indigent consumptives in the United
anti - tuberculosis associations, 286 special States, in May, 1910 , and that it would cost
dispensaries, 393 special sanatoria and $50 ,000 ,000 yearly to take care of them in
hospitals, and 22,720 beds for tuberculosis | institutions.
SUICIDES IN ONE HUNDRED AMERICAN CITIES, 1891– 1912.
Rate per
YEARS. Population . Suicides. 100 ,000
Populatioo.
1891 . 12,818 ,957 1,727 13 . 6

1892 . 13, 335 , 186 1,713 12 . 8
1893 . 13.686 .566 2 ,097 15 . 3
1894. 14,038 ,525 2 ,139 15 .2
1895 . 14,539,050 2,218 15 . 3
1896 . 15 ,027 ,676 2 ,360 15 . 7
1897. 15 .416 .634 2 ,583 16 . 8
1898 . . . 15 ,892,764 2 ,630 16 . 5
1899 . 16 ,269, 285 2 ,594 15 .9
1900 . 16 .753. 366 2 , 728 16 . 3
1901 17,248,177 2 ,855 16 .6
1902 . 17 .743. 001 3,139 17. 7
1903 . 18,237 ,846 3,513 19 . 3
1904 . . . . 18,732 ,699 3 ,766 20 . 1
1905 . 19 , 254, 249 3 ,650 19 . 0
1906 . 19,837 ,798 3 ,537 17 .8
1907 . . 20 ,421, 363 3, 975 19 . 5
1908 21,004,936 4 ,582 21. 8
1909 . 21,588,516 4 ,537 21.0
1910 . . 22,172,095 4, 377 19 .7
1891- 1895 . .. 68 ,418 , 284 9 ,894 14 .5
1896 - 1900 . 79 , 359, 725 12,895 16 . 2
1901 - 1905 . . . .91 ,215 ,972 16 ,923 18 . 6
1906– 1910 . 105 ,024,708 21, 008 20 . 0
Courtesy of The Spectator. - F . L . Hoffman, Compiler .

During the year 1911 there were 4 ,460 suicides out of a population of
22,758 ,471, or equivalent to 19 .6 per 100 ,000 of population . During 1912 there
were 4 ,397 suicides out of a population of 23,336 ,602 or 18.8 per 100,000 population .
COMPARISON OF SUICIDES AND BUSINESS FAILURES IN THE UNITED

STATES, 1891- 1912.
Suicides Business Failures in

YEAP . per 100 ,000 of the United States
Population in 100 per 1,000 Existing
American Cities. Business Concerns. *
1891. . 13 . 5 10 . 7
1892 . 12 . 8 8 .8
1893 . . . 15 , 3 12 . 8
1894 . . 15 . 2 12 . 5
1895 . . 15 . 3 10 . 9
1896 . . 15 . 7 13 .1
1897 . 16 . 8 12 . 6
1898 . 16 . 5 11. 0
WON
NON
ooow
1899 15 . 9 8.1
1900 . 16 . 3
1901. 16 . 6
1902 . . 17 . 7
1903 . . . . 19 . 3
1904 . . . 20 . 1
1905 . . 19 . 0
1906 . 17 . 8
1907 19 . 5
1908 . 21 8
1909 . . 21 . 0
1910 . . . . 19. 7 8 .0
* Furnished by R . G . Dun & Co.

In 1911 there were 8 .1 and in 1912, 9 .8 failures per 1,000 existing business concerns.
DEATHS IN REGISTRATION AREA.

During the year 1911 the total number of twenty-five and fifty; 324.4 between fifty and
deaths in the Registration Area of the United seventy-five ; 1 35.0 above seventy-five ; and
States was 830,284; this comprises only 58.3 I.5 at an unknown age. Out of every one
per cent, of the population of the country, so thousand deaths 544.9 are males and 455.1
that if the same proportion of deaths were females.
found in the districts where there is no Dividing the deaths in the Registration
registration, the total number of deaths Area of the United States for the year 1011
in the United States would be nearly double according to diseases, we find that 12,451 died
the figure given above. Of this number, of typhoid fever; 1,802 of malaria; smallpox,
779,770, or 929.1 for every thousand deaths, 130 ; measles, 5,922 ; scarlet fever, 5.243 ;
were white. Of the deaths among the whites, whooping cough, 6,682; diphtheria and croup,
569,425 were native born, of which number II, 174; influenza, 9,244; other epidemic dis
306,192 had both parents native born and eases, 6,133; tuberculosis, 94,205; cancer and
193,628 had parents either one or both of other malignant tumors, 44,024 ; diabetes,
which were foreign born. Other deaths among 8,805; diseases of the nervous system and of
the white population were 199,346 foreign the organs of special sense, 81,428: diseases
born, and 10,999 unknown. The deaths of the circulatory system, 109,830; diseases of
among the colored population totaling 59,519, the respiratory system, 99,650; diseases of the
or 70.9 for every thousand deaths, were di digestive system. 98,600; non-venereal dis
vided as follows: Negro, 56,431 ; Indian, eases of the genito-urinary system and annexa,
1,539; and Chinese and Japanese, 1,724. 67,348; from external causes, suicide, 9,622;
Of the total number of deaths. 457,308 accidental or undefined, 50,121 ; homicide,
were males and 381,976 were females. The 3,907; and all other causes, 112,913.
total number of deaths among children less The rate of death per hundred thousand
than one year of age was 149,322; of those population of the more important of these
from one to five years of age, 60,160; from diseases is as follows: Typhoid fever, 21.0;
five to twenty-five, 83,909; from twenty-five tuberculosis, 158.8; cancer and other malig
to fifty, 184,214; from fifty to seventy-five, nant tumors, 74.3; diseases of the nervous
247,008; over seventy-five, 113,375; and of system and of the organs of special sense,
unknown age, 1,296. 137.4 : diseases of the circulatory system,
Out of every thousand deaths, 177.9 occur 185.3; diseases of the respiratory system,
before the end of the first year of life; 71.7 168.1; diseases of the digestive system, 166.3;
between the ages of one and five; 100.0 be non-venereal diseases of the genito-urinary
tween five and twenty-five; 219.5 between system, and annexa, 113.6.
DEGENERA TIVED7SEASES - U.S.
Increase m Death-Rate per 10,000
\t( HEART, BLOOD VESSELS,
KIDNEYS. ETC)
THE PENALTY OF NEGLECT

The heavy increase in life waste from diseases of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys—apoplexy,
etc., demands the attention of the American people. . They are over-taxing and neglecting the
hardest worked organs of the body, and the penalty is needless disease and premature death
for tens of thousands annually. This can only be checked by the adoption of more healthful
habits of living and by improvement in hygiene and sanitation.
SUICIDE RECORD OF 1912.
The suicide record of 100 American cities years, has shown a continuous upward
for the year ending 1912 shows a suicide tendency, being 15.7 for the first five years.
mortality of 4,397 out of a total population for 16.6 during the next five years, and increasing
these cities of 23,336,602, or equivalent to to 19.1 and 20.2 in the succeeding periods.
20.2 per 100,000 of population. With only The highest recorded rate for the 100 cities
two exceptions this is the lowest rate at was for San Francisco, Cal., in which the rate
tained during any year since 1901, when the was 44.0 per 100,000 of population, against
was only 16.6. The average suicide rate the general average for all the cities of 20.2.
^ rate woj
by nuii
ûinquennial periods for the last two Abstract from article by F. L. Hoffman in
'.ecades eliminating fluctuations by single "The Spectator," October 2, 1913.
MAHKIAGES AND DIVORCES: Number and Increase, Specifying
Divorces Granted to Husband or Wife, 1887 to 1906.
[Source: Reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.]
Marriages. Divorces.
Increase Increase Granted
husband.
to Granted to
wife.
Number. over pre Total over pre
ceding number. ceding Per Per
year. year. Number. cent. Number. cent.
483,009 27, 919 2,384 9,729 34.8 18,190 65.2
504,530 21,461 28, 669 750 10,022 35.0 18,647 65.0
531,457 26,927 31,735 3,066 11,126 35.1 20,609 64.9
542,537 11,080 33,461 1,726 11,625 34.7 21,836 65.3
562,412 19,875 35,540 2,079 12, 478 35.1 23,062 64.9
577,870 15,458 36,579 1,039 12,577 34:4 24,002 65.6
578,673 803 37,468 889 12,590 33.6 24,878 66.4
566,161 > 12, 512 37,568 100 12,551 33.4 25,017 66.6
598,855 32,694 40, 387 2,819 13,456 33.3 26, 931 66.7
613, 873 15,018 42, 937 2,550 14,448 33.6 28, 4S9 66.4
622,350 8,477 44,699 1,762 14, 765 33.0 29,934 67.0
625,655 3,305 47,849 3,150 15,988 33.4 31,861 66.6
650,610 24, 955 51,437 3,588 16,925 32.9 34,512 67.1
685,284 34,674 55,751 4,314 18,620 33.4 37,131 66.6
716,621 31,337 60,984 5,233 20.008 32.8 40,976 67. a
746,733 30,112 61,480 496 20,056 32.6 41,424 67.4
786,132 39,399 64,925 3,445 21,321 32.8 43,604 67.2
781,145 '4,987 66,199 1,274 22, 189 33.5 44,010 66.5
804,787 23,642 67, 976 1,777 22,220 32.7 45,756 67.3
853,290 48,503 72,062 4,086 23,455 32.5 48,607 67.5
1 Decrease.
Foreign-Born White Population of
the U. S. by Country of Birth.
COUNTRY. 1910 1900 In

crease.
Total forcign-
bom white 13,342,500 10,213,817 3,128,683
Austria-Hungary... 1,658,700 636,968 1,021,732
1,190,200 491,259 698,941
468,500 145,709 322,791
2,499,200 2,813,413 -314,213
1,221,400 1,166,863 54,537
875,400 839,830 35,570
2G3,400 233,473 29,927
82,600 93,560 -10,960
1,351,400 1,615,232 -263,832
1,341,800 483,963 857,837
Russia and Finland. 1,706,900 640,710 1,066,190
1,577.300 578,072 999,228
129,600 62,638 66,962
Norway, Sweden,
and Denmark... 1,250,500 1,062,124 188,376
403.500 336,379 67,121
665,500 571,986 93,514
181.500 153,759 27,741
749,300 450,036 299,264
ANNUAL NUMBER OF DIVORCES 117,100 104,031 13,069
1887-1906. 101,100 8,513 92,587
120,000 104,922 15.078
124,800 115,581 9.219
During the hunting season of 1911 there All other 286,300 116,989 169,311
were 101 deaths recorded as against 113 for Canada and New
1910. 87 in 1909, 57 in 1908, 82 in 1907 and foundland 1,198,000 1,172.745 25,255
74 in 1906. The greatest number of deaths 101,90* 116,892
occurred in the State of Michigan where 16 All other countries. . 218,800
146,500 69,855 76,644
[arsons were killed, followed by Illinois with
14 and Wisconsin with 13.
DIVORCES : NUMBER AND CAUSES, SPECIFYING THOSE GRANTED TO HUS

BAND OR WIFE , BY QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS, 1887 to 1906 .
(Source : Reports of the Bureau ofthe Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.)
Increase
1902- 1906 88
1887- 1891 1892- 1896 1897 - 1901 1902- 1906 compared
with
Cause . 1887 - 1891
Num -
ber.
Per
cent.
Num - | Per
ber. cent.
um . CEPeaterr.
Nber. Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber . cent.
GRANTED TO HUSBAND.
ဧတ်တဲ့
Adultery . . . . 17, 139 31. 2 19,956
Cruelty . . . . . . . . . . 4, 047 7. 4 6 , 068 ,678
Desertion . . . . 27, 150 49 4. 31, 805 05 , 142
ៗ ។
Drunkenness ... .. 592 1. 1 84. 6
Neglect to provide . . . . (1)
Combinations of preceding
causes, etc . . . . . 2 , 654 4. 8 3,190 4. 9 3, 681 4. 3 4, 805 4. 4 81. 0
All other causes . 3 , 398 6. 2 3, 836 5. 8 4 , 798 5. 6 5 , 994 5. 5 2 ,596
Total. . . 54,980 100. 0 65 ,622 100 . 0 86, 306 100. 0 109, 241 (100.0 54 ,261 987
GRANTED TO WIFE .
Adultery . . 10 , 880 13 ,714 9. 7 21, 360 19. 6 10 , 480 90 . 3
de
un
sis
Cruelty . . . . 25 , 200 24 . 6
34 . 0
34,509 ဘွဲ့ထံ၌=ငါ့ 28. 0 64,641 39, 341 156. 1
O
Desertion . . . 35 , 666 43, 153 33. 5 74, 018 33. 1 | 38, 352 107. 3
Drunkenness . . . . . . 5 , 397 5. 3 6 , 913 5. 1 11,942 5. 3 6, 545 121.3
Neglect to provide. . . 4 , 605 4.5 6 , 857 | 6. 0 12,779 5. 7 8 , 174 177. 5
odna
Combinations of pr
W
Ceding
causes , etc . . . . . . . . 13, 770 13 . 5 15 ,757 979 / 11. 5 25 , 013 11 . 2 11, 243 $ 1. 6
All other causes . . . 6 . S26 6. 7 8,414 11, 090 6 . 4 | 13, 748 6. 2 6 , 922 101.4
Total. .. . .. .. ... ... . ... . 102,344 100. 0 129, 317 100. 0 174,414 100. 0 1223, 401 100. 0 121,057 | 1183
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Includes causes unknown.

TRAN
SPOR
TRADTE
AND
AGRICULTURAL
6.
PURSUITS
DOMESTICI 14 p.c. INDUSTRIAL
ANO
PERSONAL CLASS
SERVICES 9. p.c.
PROEESSIONAL
Nρο
CLASS 1.7 p . c .
( $ 93,402.000'en
inhabts
AMERIC
UNOCCUPIED
AND NOT REGISTERED
62 p .c .
APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF PURSUITS.

LCC
DIVORCES : TOTAL NUMBER GRANTED , SPECIFYING THOSE GRANTED TO

HUSBÅND OR WIFE, BY NUMBER OF YEARS MARRIED, 1887 TO 1906 .
(Source : Reports of the Bureau of the Census, DepartmentofCommerce and Labor.)
conceito
' Granted to Granted to wife. Total.
husband .
OOONOoooooo
iniciciririnin
Nunber of years married .
cioco
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Nei
ciniai
vooo
cioco
Less than 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 , 684 12, 192 18 , 876 2. 1
1 year ex . . . . . . . 9 ,074 18, 689 27 , 763 3. 1
ondividi
2 year .. . 19, 571 41, 910 61,481 6. 8
3 years . 24 , 033 49, 019 73, 052 8. 1
4 years. . 73, 913
aicisinin
24 , 438 49, 475 8. 2
5year . . 22, 942 45 , 828 68, 770 7.6
31 ,142 41, 524 62 ,666 7. 0
18, 947 37 , 470 66 , 417
5 year . 17, 059 33, 595 50, 654
14 , 659 29, 738 44. 397
10 sears . 13 ,631 27, 099 40 30
,7
11 years . 12, 081 24 , 288 36 , 369
12 years . 10,521 21, 450 31, 971
13 yean . . 9, 230 19, 030 28 ,260
200
14 years . 8 , 210 16 , 867 25 , 077

15 year . 7, 376 2. 5 15 ,603 22 , 979
36 sears . 6, 393 2. 1 632 20. 025
17 years 6 , 742 1. 9 12, 159 17 , 901
5 , 125 1. 7 10, 893 16 , 018
4, 446 1. 5 9 , 807 14 , 253
4 , 351 1. 5 9 , 513 13, 864 1. 5
21 years . 3. 805 1. 3 8 , 336 12 , 141 1. 3
3 , 318 1. 1 7 , 171 10 , 489 1. 2
years . . . . 2 , 913 1. 0 6 ,575 1. 1 9 , 468 1. 1
24 sear . . . 2. 644 .9 5 , 952 1. 0 8 , 596 1. 0
25 years and over 19, 120 6. 4 35 , 314 5. 9 54 ,434 6.0
Total . . . . . .. . . .. 297,455 100.0 | 900, 584 100.0

100.0 603,129 |
1 Calendar years.
ADUL
TERY
626.9
CRUELTY
12.5p.c. ALL OTHER
ADULTERY 27p.c. CAUSESLEC18T.4p.c.
D RU NEG TO PRO
NK VIDE 5.7p.C.
EN CRUELTY ORUN
NÉ E K
28.9p.c. / ORUNKE NNESS 5.3pc.
S 1pcER
ALL SOTH
CAUSES 9.9pc/
DESERTION
49.8 p.c.
DESERTION
33.1p.c.
GRANTED TO HUSBAND , GRANTED TO WIFE ,

CAUSES FOR DIVORCES 1902-1906 .
YEAR
.91
past
the
ALL
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COUNTROM S
States
United
the
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IMMIGR
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1908
1995
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1907
1900
tosi
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1892
6061
1893
$ 061
1887
1886
1983
6060
1880
1894
1876
1889
OGRI
9681
coa
860
1870
1877
1679
1882
691
1878
1071
1069
1074
105
1873
1872
1864
1961
0611
1865
2
11866
1867
09
SOGIH
1862
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0901
820
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HUULUUNIPPEP 18
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IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED , YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1903 TO

1912 : By RACE OR PEOPLE .
(Source: Reports of the Commissioner Generalof Immigration , Department of Commerce and Labor.)
Race or people. 1903 1904 1905 1906 | 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
2, 174 2, 386
African (black ).... .... 3,598 3,786 5,235 4,626 4, 307 4, 966 6,721 6,759
1,759 1,745
Armenian . . .. . . . . . . . 1,878 1, 895 2, 644 3,299 3, 108 5, 508 3, 092 5,222
Bohemian, Moravian .:/ 9, 591 11, 911 11,757 12, 958 13, 554 10 , 164 6, 850 8, 462 9,223 8, 439
Bulgarian, Servian,
Montenegrin ........ 6 , 479 4, 577 5,823 11,548 27, 174 18,246 6,214 15, 130 10,222 10,657
Chinese . . .. . . . . 2 ,1924 , 327 1, 971 1,485 770 1, 203 1, 841 1, 770 1, 307 1, 608
Creatian, Slovenian ... 32, 907 21, 242 35 , 104 44, 272 47, 826 20, 472 20, 181 39 ,562 18, 982 24, 366
Cubso .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .
2, 944 4,811 7, 259 5,591 5,475 3,323 3,380 3, 331 3, 914 8, 155
Dalmatian , Bosnian ,
Herzegovinlan .. ... 1, 736 2, 036 2,639 4,568 7, 393 3,747 1,888 4,911 4 ,400 3,672
Dutch , Flemish . . 6,4967,832 8 ,498) 9,735 12, 467 9,5268 , 114 13,012 13,862 10, 935
East Indian . . 271 1, 072 1,710 337 * 1,782 517 165
83 258 145
English . .. . . 28 ,451 41, 479 50, 865 45 ,079 61, 126 49, 056 39,021 53, 498) 57 ,258 49,689
Filipino.. 133 29 .. .. .. .. ... . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . . .. ... . .. . . ... .. . . ..
Finnish . ...
18 ,864 10 , 157 17,012 14, 136 14, 860 6, 746. 11, 087 15 ,7389 ,779 6,641 .
Freach... 7, 166 11,557 11,347 10 , 379 9 , 392 12,881 19 ,423 21, 107 18 , 132 18 , 382
German ... 71,782 74, 790 82, 300 86,813 92 ,936 73,038 71, 380 66 ,471 65, 343
Greek. . .. . .
Hebrer . . ..
14,376 12,625 12, 144 23, 127 46,283 28,808 20, 262 39, 135 37,021 31, 566
76, 203 106, 236 129,910 153,748 149, 182 103, 387 57, 551 84,260 91,223 80,595
Irish .
35, 366 37, 076 54, 206 40, 969 38 ,706 36, 427 31, 185 38, 382 40, 246 33,922
Italian (north ). ...... 37, 42936, 699 39,930 46, 286 51, 564 24,700 25 ,150 30,780 30,312 26, 443
Italian (south ). ...... 196, 117(159, 329 240,528 242, 497 110 ,547|165, 248j 192 , 673 |159 ,638|135, 830
Japanese............. 20 ,041 14 ,382 . 11,021 14, 243 30, 824 16,418 3, 275 2,798 4, 575 6, 172
Korean........ 564 1, 907 4, 929 39 26 11 19 8 33
Lithuanian .......... 14,432 12, 780 18 ,604 14,257 25,884 13, 720 15, 254 22, 714 17, 027 14,078
morgen
Magyue.... 127, 1241 23, 883 46 ,030 44,261 60,071 24 ,378 28, 704 27,302% 19, 996 23, 599
Vexican . - 486 437 15,591 17,760 18,784 22,001
Pacific Islander ....... 12 2 7 01 12 3
Polish . ... . .. . .
32, 343 67,757 102,437 95,835 138,033 68, 105 77,565 . 128, 348 71, 446 85, 163
Portuguese............ 8,433 6, 338 14,855 9,048 6,809 4, 606 7,657 7, 469 9 ,403
Roumanian .. . . . . . . . 4,740 4, 364 7, 818 11,425 19, 200 9,629 8, 041 14, 199 - 5 ,311 8, 329
Russian . ......... 3, 608 3,961 3,746 5 , 814 16, 807 17, 111 17, 294 18, 721 22 ,558
Rathenlan ( Russniak ) 9 ,8439, 592 14,473 24, 081 12, 361 27, 907 17, 724 21, 965
Scandinavian . . . . . . . . . 79, 347 61, 029 62, 284 53, 425 32, 789 52 ,037 45, 859 31, 601
Scotch . . .
as
6,219 11, 483 20, 516 17, 014 24, 612 25, 625 20, 293
Set
Slovak. .. 34, 427 27, 940 42,041 16, 170 32 ,416 21,415 25, 281
Epantsh . ...... . .. 3, 297 4, 662 6,636 5, 837 8, 068 9,070
er
3
Spanish - American ..... 978 1, 666 1,060 1,063 890 900 1, 153 1, 342
Syrian .. . ..
Turkish ,
5, 551 3,453 5, 880 5, 520 3,608 6,317 5,444 5, 525
Weish....
449 1, 482 2, 145 1, 902 2,327 - 820 1,2831 918 1, 336
1,278 1, 820 2,631 - 2,754 2,504 1,099 2, 244 2, 248 2, 239
West Indian (except
Cuban)....... .... ... 1,497 1, 942 1, 548 1,476 1, 381 1, 110 1,024 1, 150 1, 141 1, 132
Allother peoples...... . 89 688 851 1,027 2,058 1,530 1,537 3,330 3, 3233 ,660
Total............ 857,046812,8701,028,499|1,100,7351,285,349782,870 751,786/1,041,570 878,587|838,172
TOTAL NUMBER O* IMMIGRANTS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO

1912: By Sex and Age; also Immigrants Debarred and Returned within
One Year after Arrival, and Illiterates over 14 and 16 Years op Age.
(Sources: Records of Bureau of Statistics prior to 1S96; for subsequent years, reports of the Commissioner
General of Immigration, Department of Commerce and Labor.)
Bex. Ages. Re Re-
Year Total De turned turned Ablo to Un
ended immi barred within within read, able to
from 1 year 3 years
June grants.
30— Fe Under
Male. male.
43 years
14 14 to 45 and land. after after but not read or
write. ' writ*. •
years. years. over. ing. land
ing.
land
ins.
1892. . . 623,084 385,781 237,303 > 89, 167 • 491,839 •42,078 2,164
1893. . .' 502,917 315,845 187,072 •67.392 • 419, 701 •25.824 1,053 577 61,038
1894. . . 314,467 186,247 128,220 • 41, 755 '258,162 •14,550 2,389 417 16,784 41,614
1695... 279,948 150,924 120,024 '33,289 > 233, 543 •13,116 2,394 189 2,612 42,302
1896... 343,267 212,466 130,801 » 52, 741 •254,519 • 36,007 2,799 238 5,000 78,130
1897... 230,832 135, 107 95,725 » 38, 627 » 165, 181 •27,024 1,«17 263 1,572 43,003
1898. . . 229,299 135,775 93,524 '38,267 •164,905 •20,127 3,030 199 1,416 43.057
1899... 311,715 195,277 116,438 43,983 248, 187 19,545 3,798 263 1.022 60. 449
1900... 448,572 304, 148 144,424 64,624 370, 3S2 23,566 4,246 356 2,097 93,576
1901... 487,918 331,055 156,863 62,562 396,510 28,840 3,316 363 3,058 117,587
1902... 648,743 460,369 182,374 74,063 539,254 35.426 4,974 465 2,917 162, 183
1903... 857,046 613, 146 243,900 102, 431 714,053 40,562 8,769 547 3,341 1SC.6C7
1904... 812,870 649,100 263,770 109,150 657, 155 46,565 7,994 300 47S 3,953 lfifl. 903
1905..; 1,026,499 724,914 301,585 114,668 855,419 56, 412 11,879 .98 747 8,209 230,883
1906... 1,100,735 764,463 336,272 136,273 913,955 50,607 12,371 61 m 4,755 206,068
1907. . . 1,285,349 929,976 355,373 138,344 1,100,771 46,234 13,064 70 925 5,829 337,573
1908... 782,870 506,912 275,958 112, 148 630,671 40,051 10,902 114 1,955 2,310 172,293
1909... 761,786 519,069 231,817 88,393 624,876 38,517 10,411 5£. 2,066 2,431 191. 049
1910... 1,041,570 736,038 305,532 120,509 868,310 52,751 24,270 23 2, 67! 4,571 253,509
1911"... 878,587 570,057 308,530 117,837 714,709 46,041 22,349 9 2,779[ 2,930 182,273
1912. .. 838,172 529,931 308,241 113,700 678,480 45,992 16,057 ir 2,440 3,024 177,254
t For the years prior to 1895 the figures are for persous over 16 years; for 1B95 to 1910 for persons 14
of*age and 15over.
Under years. > 15 to 40 years. • 40 years and over.
SUMMARY OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.

A summary of the number of poisons killed per to 040, or 0.73 persons killed and 1.52 injured
explosion. In 1911, there were 499 ex
or injured, per explosions, for .successive ten- plosions
year periods, shows that the boiler explosions and injuriesresulting in the death of 222 persons
of this country have been becoming less and and 0.83 injured to 410, or 0.47 persons kUled
less serious. In 1871 there were 89 ex is most probably per explosion. This decrease
plosions recorded, resulting in the death of due to the improvement that
383 persons and injuries to 225, or 4.3 persons has taken place in the design, construction,
killed and 2.53 injured per explosion. In 1881 and operation of steam boilers, and not to the
with 159 explosions, there were 251 persons increased use of sectional boilers, for ex
killed and 313 injured, or 1.57 killed and 1.96 perience has indicated that the bursting or
injured per explosion. In 1891, 257 ex rupture of such boilers is frequently at
plosions resulted in the death of 203 persons
and injuries to 371, or 1.02 killed and 1.44 tended with serious consequences in the way
injured per explosion. In 1901, 423 ex of killing or injuring the attendants.
Courtesy of " The Locomotive," Jan. 1909.
plosions resulted in 312 deaths and injuries
NET INCREASE OR DECREASE OF POPULATION BY ARRIVAL AND DEPAR.

TURB OF ALIENS, FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1912, BY RACES OR PEOPLES . ·
11
Admitted . Departed
Increase
( + ) or
Race or people. Immi Nonim Emi Nonemi decrease
grant migrant Total. grant grant Total.
aliens. aliens. aliens. aliens.
mo
African (black ) . . . . . . 6 , 759 3 ,098 9, 857 1 , 288 2 , 389 6 , 180
Armenian . . . 5 , 222 189 5 , 411 718 361
coa
Bohemian and Moravian
inSa
8 , 439 648 9,087 1, 149 1,010 2,159
Bulgarian,Servian,and Mon
tenegrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 , 657 2,041 125 .,698 7 , 349 3 ,205 10,554 2 , 144
Chinese. . . 1 , 608 3, 883 491 2 549 3 , 904 6 , 453 962
Croati an and Slavonian .. .. .. 24, 366 2,473 26 , 839 13 , 963 4 , 291 18 ,254 8 , 585
+1
Cuban . . . 3, 155 3 ,076 6 ,231 1 , 963 6 ,659 8, 622
Dalmatian , Bosnian ,
Herzegovinian . 3,672 266 3,938 927 454 1, 381
Dutch and Flernish . . . 10 , 935 3 , 205 14, 140 1, 816 4 ,721 6,537
East Indian . 165 221 164 148 312
English 49 .689 86,049 10 ,341 54 , 116 64, 457 592
+1
Finnish 6 , 641 1, 7049 . 7, 690 4 , 148 3 , 040 7 , 188 502
French . . 18 . 382 5 , 86 24, 168 4, 189 7, 288 11,477 .691
German . 65 , 343 17,055
2, 086
82,398 15, 026 22,549 37,575 823
Greek . . 31, 566 33,652 A
323 5, 700 19 , 023 629
Hebrew . 80 . 595 3 , 407 84 ,002 n
o 3,027 12, 445 71, 557
Irish . 33 . 922 10 ,100 44,022 13, 888 17, 974 048
Italian (north ) . 26 443 7 ,800 34 , 243 13, 006 12, 851 25 ,857 , 386
Italian (south ) 135 , 830 19, 850 155,852 96, 881 42 ,540 139,421 431
Japanese 6 , 172 2,574 8,574 1,

"
501 6,529 8, 030
Korean . 33 40 55 18 73
Lithuanian . 14 , 078 499 14, 577 4 ,141 1 ,549 5 ,690 887
26. 843
a
Magyar .. . 23, 599 3, 244 17,575 8 ,315 25, 890
Merican . . . . 22 , 001 3 ,701 25 , 702 325 1,820 , 557
စာထဲ၌
Pacific Islander . 3 10 13 13 17
Polish 5 . 163 6,056 91 ,219 37 ,764 11, 977 741 41 , 478
Portuguese . . . . . 9 , 403 1, 171 10, 578 1 ,747 1,716 63 + 7 , 111
Roumanian . . . 8 , 329 1, 101 9,430 5 , 824 2 ,256 1 , 350
Russian . . . . . . . 22. 558 2 ,918 25 , 476 9 , 744 5 ,488 + 10 , 244
Ruthenian (Russniak ). 21, 965 4 ,714 26,679 5 , 521 4 ,986 + 16 , 172
Scandinavian (Norwegians
Danes , and Swedes ) . . . . . 31 ,601 10 , 239 41, 840 380
10,. 456 15,711 26, 00 , + 15 , 749
Scotch .. .. . 20 , 293 8 , 335 28 ,628 10 , 846 14 , 302 + 14 , 326
Slovak.. 25 , 281 2 , 061 27 , 342 12,526
+ + + + +
4 , 361 16 , 887 455

Spanish . 9 , 070 4,905 13, 975 2,569 4,661 7 , 230 6 ,745
Spanish -American 1, 342 1,708 3 ,050 343 1 , 935 2 , 278 772
Syrian . 5 , 525 580 6 , 105 972 1 , 339 2 , 311 3 , 794
Turkish ........ 1 , 336 94
1, 430 1 , 366 710 2 , 076 646
Welsh . 2 , 239 858 3 , 097 301 833 1 , 134 + 1 ,963
West Indian (except Cuuban 1 , 132 1 , 293 2, 425 530 1 , 569 2, 099 + 326
Other peoples . . 3 , 660 487 4 , 147 1 , 113 1 , 257 2 , 370 + 1 , 777
Not specifiedı. .. 1 . . . 15 , 201 15, 201 - 15 , 201
Total. 838 , 172 178, 983 1 ,017, 155 333,262 282,030 615, 292 + 401. 863
| Admitted in and departed

from Philippine Islands.. . 2,536 6,932 9, 468 729 8,776 9, 505 - 37
1 Departed via Canadian border. Reported by Canadian Government as Canadians.

ARRIVALS OF PASSENGERS AT THE returning to the States : 40 . 889 were non
PORTS OF THE UNITED STATES . immigrant aliens ; and 1,026 ,499 immigrants .
For the year 1911 the total number of
The total number of passengers that arrived passengers arriving at the ports of the United
at the various ports of the United States States was 1 ,299, 428 , of which number
during the year 1900 was 594 ,478 , of which 269, 128 were United States citizens returning
number 120 ,477 were United States citizens home; 151.713 were non - immigrant aliens;
returning from foreign countries ; 25 ,429 and 878 ,587 were immigrants . In 1912 , the
were non -immigrant aliens; and 448 ,572 total number of passengers arriving at the
were immigrants . In 1905 the total number ports of the United States was 1, 297 ,956 , of
of passengers arriving at the ports of the which number 280,801 were United States
United States was 1 . 234 ,615 , and of this citizens returning home; 178 ,983 were non
auunber 167. 227 were United States citizens immigrant aliens and 838 , 172 were immigrants .
Sex, AGE, LITERACY, FINANCIAL CONDITION, ETC ., OF IMMIGRANT
Sex . Age. Literacy, 14 years and over
Num Can read

ber Can neither
but can
Race or people. 45 read nor write.
ad Under not write .
mitted | Male . Fe 14 to 441 years
14
male . years . and
years. Over .
I Male . Fe Fe
male .
Male. male .
A 'rican (black ).... .... 6 , 759 3, 828 2 , 931 614 5 , 844 894
Armenian . 5 , 222 4 , 476 746 290 4 , 779 . 000
Bohemian and Mora .
vian (Czech ) . . . 8,439 4, 565 3, 874 1,610 6 , 339 16 59
Bulgarian , Servian
and Montenegrin . . . . 10 ,657 9 ,626 1 , 031 453 9 , 945 259 2 , 995 341
Chinese . . . 1, 608 1, 367 241 207 1, 327 74
163
Croatian and Slove
nian . . . . . 24 . 366 17, 383 6 , 983 2 , 063 21,660 643 4 , 545 1, 591
Cuban . . . . . 3, 155 2 , 098 1 , 057 455 2 , 389 311 25
Dalmatian , Bosnian
and Herzegovinian . . 3, 672 3, 152 520 130 3 . 466 76 1 , 247 170
Dutch and Flemish . .. . 10 , 935 6 , 808 4, 127 2,352 7 , 758 825 86
East Indian . 165 153 12 157
English . . . 49, 669 27 , 133 22, 556 8,395 35,774 5 , 520 116 124
Finnish . 6 ,641 3 , 354 3, 287 713 5 , 769 159 32
French 18 . 382 10 , 327 8 , 055 || 3 , 320 13, 019 2 ,043 775 303
German . . 65 , 343 36 , 479 28 , 864 11, 484 49, 340 4 , 519 1 , 272 1 , 464
Greek . . . 31, 566 28 , 521 3 ,045 1 , 144 29, 976 446 5 , 465 1, 405
Hebrew . . . 80. 595 42 , 751 37 , 844 54, 927 5 , 577 5 ,637 9 , 498
Irish . . 33, 922 17 ,012 16 , 910 2 , 35729 , 671 1, 894 * 219 171
Italian (North ) 26 , 443 18 , 507 7 , 936 3 , 033 22 , 334 1 , 076 884 451
Italian ( South ). 135 , 830 94 , 460 41, 370 20 , 081 107, 216 8 , 533 36 , 481 18. 165
Japanese . . . . . . . 6 , 172 1 , 930 4 , 242 328 5 , 546 298 232 1, 503
Korean . . ..n 33 19 2 30
Lithuania . 14 , 078 8 , 098 5 ,980 1 , 186 12 , 635 257 3 , 104 3, 359
Magyar . . . . . . 23 , 599 13 , 792 9 , 807 3 , 740 18,697 1 , 162 1, 253 903
Mexican . . . . . . 22, 001 15 , 367 6 , 634 4 , 188 15 ,910 1 , 903 7,035 2,711
Pacific Islander . . . . .
Polish . . . . . . . . 85,163 50 , 028 35 , 135 8 , 477 74 ,911 1, 775 953 14 , 563 11, 444
Portuguese . . . 9 , 403 5 , 938 3 , 465 1 , 863 6 , 939 601 2, 661 1, 563
Roumanian . . . . . 8 ,329 6 , 752 1 , 577 484 7 , 304 541 2,302 581
Russian. . . . . . 22, 558 19, 464 3 , 094 | 1, 043 21 , 114 401 6 , 894 1, 537
Ruthenian (Russniak ) 21,965 13, 121 8 , 844 1, 255 20 , 314 396 5 , 218 3, 816
Scandinavian (Norwe
gian Danes and
Swedes ) . . . 31, 601 19 ,073 12,528 2 , 867 27, 270 1, 464
Scotch . . . . . 20 , 293 10 , 637 9 ,656 3 , 593 14 , 593 107 34
Slovak . . . . 25 , 281 15 ,639 9, 642 2, 997 21, 519 2 , 567 1, 540
Spanish . . . . 9 , 070 6 , 900 2, 170 1, 294 7 , 196 580 1 , 052 396
Spanish - American . . 1 , 342 930 193 1 ,029 14 12
Syrian . . .. 5 , 525 3, 646 1 , 879 761 4, 475 1 . 161 1,024
Turkish . . . 1 , 336 1 , 256 80 25 1, 283 642 30
Welsh . . . . . 2, 239 1 , 419 820 344 1,697
West Indian (except
Cuban ) . 1 , 132 590 542 115 902 19
Other peoples . . 3 , 660 3, 335 325 151 3 , 423 86 1 , 498 100
Total. . . 838 ,172 529,931 308, 241 | 113 , 700 678,480 45, 992 | 1,376 1,648 111, 998 65 , 286
Admitted in Philip
pine Islands . ... .. .. 2, 536 2,098 438 547 1,912 151
ILLITERACY IN THE UNITED STATES. | 75.0 per cent of the entire population , had
the smallest number of illiterates, 1,534,272,
The statement shows that in 1910 there or 3 . 0 per cent.
were 71,580 , 270 persons 10 years of age or
over in the United States , of whom 5 ,516 , 163 The foreign born wbites had 1 ,650, 361 illite
were unable to read or write, constituting 7 .7 rates, or 12.7 per cent. of their number.
per cent. of the population , The colored had 2,331,530 illiterates , or 30 .5
The native whites , who constituted nearly per cent.
31
ALIENS ADMITTED , Fiscal YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1912, By Races OR PEOPLES.
- --
Money . By whom passage was paid . Going to join
Aliens bringing Total Other

amount than Neither
Sell. I Relative. Relative. Friend . relative
of money sell or nor friend .
Less than shown . relative .
$ 0 or
over. $50.
4,572 177 ,831 4 ,984 1.5 4 . 325 896 1, 538

4, 150 150 , 961 4 , 470 731 4, 275 856
24
4,497 370,273 4, 866 3 ,504 6, 933 1,290
9,088 298,092 1, 191 4, 918 5, 343
997 73, 603 448 1, 051 977 351
19 .828 607,850 19 , 347 4, 886 17 ,531 6,431 404
536 157,726 1, 908 1, 212 1,014 327 1 , 814
2, 878 100 , 288 3,231 415 26 2, 496 1, 023 153

3 . 615 578 , 438 5 ,993 4, 784 158 7, 220 2,784 931
21 26 70
25,294 132 45
11.591
L 14, 518 4,061, 994 29 ,822 18 ,502 1,365 30 , 501 9, 159 10 , 029
E 4,227 271,830 3, 951 2,381 309 4 , 108 2, 142 391
uv 5 . 911 1, 155, 563 10 , 695 6 , 980 707 11, 967 2, 338 4,077
26 , 00 3, 543, 030 37 , 871 26 , 258 1, 214 47,906 12 , 143 5 , 294
2,737 25, 189 1, 052, 329 28 .577 2 , 971 18 23 ,052 7,795 719
33, 323 1, 969, 268 25 , 772 54.539 284 76 , 063 3 , 026 1, 506
6 , 234 21, 260 1,633 . 038 20 . 731 12 , 764 427 28, 248 3 , 130 2 , 544
16 . 755 995 , 218 19, 627 6 , 533 283 20, 249 4 , 945 1,249
11, 108 91. 913 3 , 419, 053 92 ,560 42, 826 128 , 412 6 ,277 1, 141
2 . 914 2, 441 240 , 201 907 5, 198 5 , 246 324 602
12 10 1 . 092 6 26 23
10 . 552 299, 534 7 , 221 6, 784 13 . 230 779 69
15 , 334 633, 289 14 .819 8 , 708 092 3 , 596 911
1,160 11, 494 301, 079 13 , 845 7, 895 8 , 686 1, 013 12, 302
100 2
2, 205 66 , 467 1 , 930 , 260 55,733 29, 233 77 , 240 6 , 730 1, 193
5, 179 201, 850 3 , 148 1, 137 6 , 666 1 , 980 757
5 , 118 495
6 . 641 2009, 722 6,663 1 ,643 5 , 261 2 , 573
599, 741 19 ,287 13 , 064 8 ,621 873
18 , 679 2 ,959
19 , 424 507. 433 17, 603 4, 299 17, 947 3, 288
870
6 .612 20, 266 1 , 495 , 773 22 , 390 8 , 541 20 ,617 8,018 2, 966
6 . 692 7, 485 1 ,562 ,570 12, 948 7 , 069 276
39
13 , 695 3, 842 2,756
1, 176 19, 962 577 , 071 19, 478 5 , 764 22, 752 2 , 182 347
2, 464 3, 387 404, 056 5 , 391 1,387 292 3, 556 1, 529 3, 985
108 163, 312 758 481 357 211 774
955 2, 925 209, 358 3 , 480 1, 991 4 ,641 623 261
1 , 071 47, 196 1,238 94 947 308 81
530 714 148 , 421 1, 435 737 1, 439 514 286
as
517 410 67,917 803 292 594 173

2 , 968 112, 058 3, 257 330 2,208 · 1, 245 207
118,521 / 504, 986 | 30 , 353,721 | 536 , 802 289 ,657 11,713 657 , 507 117, 860 62, 805
H
1,225 740 16,352 1, 420 1, 078 38 1,130 199 L 1, 207
FATALITIES OF SPORT.
During the year 1912, 433 persons were killed in the various branches of sport and
over 2 ,000 injured . The killed and injured in some of the sports follow :
In In
Killed . jured . Killed . jured .
Wrestling . . . . . . . . .. .
iw
July 4 and other celebrations 41 947

Baaball 24 57 Didn ' t know it was loaded . . .
Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 184 Prizefighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bicycles and motor cycles . .. 134 648 Po lo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I 010
Horse racing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If the real capacity of power propelled machinery ia to be Rained in city transportation,

fast and vehicular traffic must be segregated. Each type of transport will then tie free to
develop itself along its own lines.
THE ELEVATED SIDEWALK: HOW IT WILL SOLVE CITY
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS.
INTENDED FUTURE PERMANENT RESIDENCE OF ALIENS ADMITTED

AND LAST PERMANENT RESIDENCE OF ALIENS DEPARTED ,
FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1912 .
Admitted. Departed .
State or Territory . Immi Nonim Nonemi
grant migrant Emigrant grant
aliens.
aliens. aliens. aliens.
Alabam . . . 988 107 280 188

Alasira . . . 276 68 95 97
Arizona . . 2 , 902 1,058 272 240
Arkansas . 313 41 114 70
California . . 28 , 905 4 ,601 7 ,578 6 , 900
Colorado . . . , 4 , 215 410 1, 725 1 , 064
Connecticut . . . 23, 227 2 ,049 7 , 437 3 ,160
Delaware . . . 1 , 081 110 317 79
District of Columbia . 1, 685 317 369 308
5 , 356 2 , 806 3 , 048 2, 798
Georgis . . 825 116 158 102
Hspali 6 ,654 951 907 2, 024
Idaho . 1, 480 127 356 364
Tipois . 67 , 118 5 , 919 28 , 355 11,796
Indiana 7,753 657 4 .718 1 , 194
low3. . . 7 , 147 589 1 , 302 1 , 051
kansss . 2 , 901 220 767 412
Kentucky . . . 727 94 210 138
Louisiana . 1, 811 371 538 269
Haine , . . 5 , 691 235 777 488
Maryland 5 , 413 424 1, 422 538
Vassachusetts , 70 , 171 8, 142 15 , 406 10 , 671
33 , 559 3 , 210 8 , 161 4 , 465
Minnesota . 12 , 149 1, 298 4 , 987 2 , 946
Vigissippi 329 52 100 85
Missouri. . 8 , 980 872 4 , 030 2,097
3 , 565 343 963 897
Sebaska 4 , 490 353 928 708
Netsca. . . 1, 026 94 248 214
New Hampsl 6 , 120 258 1, 451 543
New Jersey . 47, 211 5, 009 17, 278 6 , 106
New Mexico . 757 211 294
New York . 239, 275 27,437 84,533 36 , 763
North Carolina 421 53 45 64
North Dakota 262 385 528
3 ,947
38 . 148 3, 065 18,473 8 , 125
Oklahoma 6
31 72 261 122
Oregon . 4. 138 463 1 . 873 1, 286
Pennsylvania . . . . . 109 .625 10, 216 60 ,528 17 , 180
Filippine Islands 13 14
Porto Rico 1. 406 650 423 207
Rhode Island 9 ,795 1, 128 2 . 779 1 , 582
39
South Carolins . . 275 33 54
South Dakota 1,792 194 252 243
Teunessee . . 797 111 121 115
22.885 2 , 114 644 415
Utah 2 ,631 221 1 , 095 731
Vermont . . . 2 , 847 259 714 361
Virginia . 1 , 510 166 426 222
Washington . 11, 882 1 , 261 3 . 580 2 , 756
West Virginia . . 6 , 212 507 4 , 263 1, 641
Wisconsin . 14 , 016 1. 050 4 ,726 1 . 632
Wyoming . . . . 1 , 051 140 494 332
Outside United States 88 , 525 145 , 377
Taknown . . . 33, 080
Total....... .. .. .. 838, 172 178 , 983 333 , 262 282.030
OCCUPATION OF ALIENS.
Admitted . Departed.
Occupation . Immi- | Nonim Emi | Non
grant migrant grant emigrant
PROFESSIONAL .
Actors . . . . . 873 970 325 1, 303
Architects... 288 256
1 , 063 1 ,028 349 1 , 334
Clergy . . 185 44
Editors . . . . 136
Electricians . . 741 306 124 367
Engineers (professional ). 1 , 563 2 , 118 443 2 ,545
Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . 293 596 840
Literary and scientific persons. . 425 457 440
Musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 286 703 281 959
Officials (Government) . 382 780 134 1 , 015
Physicians. . . 459 789 131 1, 126
Sculptors and artists . 587 304 167 544
Teachers . 2, 035 1, 211 517 1, 671
Other professional.. 1, 554 896 334 1, 388
Total professional . . 11, 685 10,599 3 , 056 14, 178
SKILLED
Bakers . 3 ,678 751 650 814
Barbers and hairdressers 3 , 100 554 676 668
Blacksmiths.. . 3, 954 645 492 704
Bookbinders . . . . 396 42 19 85
165 91 41 114
Brewers. . . . . .
Butchers. . . . 3, 143 573 464 665
Cabinetmakers . . . . 345 95 175 282
Carpenters and joiners . 11, 034 2 , 557 2 , 081 3 ,888
82 23 10
Cigarette makers . .
Cigar makers. . 720 1 , 109 1, 157 2 ,040
Cigar packers .. . 112 94 19 30
Clerks and accountants 12, 701 5 , 381 1, 850 6 , 384
Dressmakers . . 5 , 244 743 516 903
Engineers ( locomotive, marine, and stationary ) 1 , 331 1 , 063 272 1 , 048
Furriers and für workers . 565 69 126 106
Gardeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 391 622 256 776
Hat and cap makers . . . . . 533 79
Iron and steel workers 1 , 366 743
Jewelers. .. . . 300 179
Locksmiths . 1, 883 162 73
2 , 098 901 883 1.816
Machinists . .
4 , 124 2, 251 625 1. 774
Mariners . . . .
Masons. . . . . . 4 , 555 1 , 340 731 1. 583
1, 342 493 4 , 139 681
Mechanics (not specified ) .. . .
Metal workers (other than iron, steel, and t 669 126 85 181
Millers . 588 79 38
Milliners . . . . 1, 006 153 111 164
Miners . . . . . . 5 , 889 1 , 468 10 , 911 7 , 295
Painters and glaziers 2 , 816 438 883
Pattern makers . . . . 71
351 119
Photographers . . 208
Plasterers . . . 319
Plumbers . . . 584 259 362
Printers .. . . . 953 244 102 305
Saddlers and harness inakers 416 41 28 46
Seamstresses . 7 , 636 387 257 335
Shoemakers . . . 8 ,671 850 1 , 123 1, 007
Stokers. 1 , 169 431 729 553
972 262 298 466
Stonecutters .
Tailors . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 , 836 1 , 486 2 , 650 1 , 797
Tanners and curriers . . 385 39 57
1, 051 239 756 851
Textile workers (not specified 135
Tinners . . . . . 737 102
66 69
Tobacco workers . . . 89
Upholsterers . . . . . . . . 231
572 49 94
Watch and clock makers . . . 775
Weavers and spinners. 2 , 909 482
Wheelwrights .. . 262
Woodworkers (not specified 324 110
Other skilled . . 5 , 371 1,391 2,549
Total skilled . . . 127 , 016 30, 271 35, 898 44,117

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
OCCUPATION OF ALIENS— Continued .
Admitted Departed .
Occupation. Immi Nonim Emi. Non

grant migrant grant einigrant
MISCELLANEOUS.
Agents . 1, 081 1, 497 194 1, 865
Bankers . . . . . . 257 759 99 1, 266
Draymen,hackmen , and teamsters 822 276 223 442
Farm laborers. . . . . 184, 154 27 ,091 3 , 978 16 ,743
Farmers. 7, 664 3 , 985 7 , 807 7 , 940
Fishermen . . 755 286 202 384
Hotel keepers 277 340 148 479
Laborers . .. 135 , 726 21, 673 200, 279 80, 616
Manufacturers . 416 697 1, 175
Merchants and dealers . . . . . 10 , 240 10, 958 15 , 081
Servants . . . . 116 ,529 16 , 737 13 , 449 21, 239
Other miscellaneous . . . 10 , 480 6 , 351 3,696 9 , 083
Total miscellaneous . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 468 , 401 90,650 | 244, 827 156, 313
Nooccupation (including women and children ) ... 231, 070 47 ,463 49, 481 67 , 422
Grand total. . .. .. .. .. .. 838 , 172 178, 983 333 , 262 282,030
SL M
AV 14 ILL
A
OP
S 8 S
R
EU
o.c f
3+ 2
|
.p
RUSSIANS
96.5 MILLIONS POLES
S
O A
19 S
T MILL
R V IAN
CR , SE 9
CE
. 5CLL
GERMANS HS AK
CZEC , SLOV . 9 ?
RA
MI
NI
14
81 MILLIONS EN NS 3
RUTHARIA,4 132
BULG 4 .5 SLOVENES
ONIC
POPULATION LITHUAN
43
MAGYARS 9
OF EUROPE TURKS, TATARS 85 WENDS
UT
0 :12
FINNS 75
RA
453 MILLIONS
E
ENGLISH AND SCOTCH

T
RU PO
MA RT
43 MILLIONS NI UGU KET5 | GIPSIES 0: 3
SP
AN ES IRANIANS 04
AN
S 1E1 5:5
BASQUES 06
IA
ALBANIANS 15
RD
ARMENIANS 18
S
CAUCASIANS 3
SWEDES 6 FRENCH ITALIANS RHAETOROMANS

AND FURLANS 0 : 5
19
95
WALLOONS 2 . 5
DUTCH 5 .5 44 MILL . 36 MILL .
FLEMINGS 4 %
DANES 2 .8
NORWEGIANS 2
9 MILL = 263 p.C.
UMANIC RACE 119 MILL
THE RACES OF MANKIND .
IFI C CAN EFERENC E
36 SCIENT A M E R I R BOOK .
RELIGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Summary for 1912.
DENOMINATIONS.
Ministers . Churches. Communicants .
Adventists (6 bodies ) . . . . . 1 , 172 2 ,522 95 ,608

Baptists (15 bodies) . . . . 41,419 56 ,918 5 , 894 ,232
Brethren (Dunkards, 4 bodies ) . . . 3 ,484 1 . 239 119 .644
Brethren (Plymouth , 4 bodies ) 403 10 ,566
Brethren (River , 3 bodies ) . . . . . . 224 105 4 , 903
Buddhists (2 bodies ) . . 15 3 . 165
Catholic Apostolic (2 bodies ) 33 24 4 ,927
Catholic (Eastern Orthodox , 7 bodies) 263 274 434 .000
Catholic (Western , 3 bodies) 17 ,645 14 , 132 12, 907 , 189
Christadelphians . . . . . . . . . 70 1 ,412
Christians . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 129 1 , 182 102 ,902
Christian Catholic (Dowie ) . . . . . . 35 17 5 ,865
Christian Scientists . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,460 1 ,230 85 .096
Christian Union . . . 295 237 13 . 905
Church ofGod (Winebrennarian ) . . .. 509 595 41 .475
Church of the Living God (Colored , 3 bodies 101 68 4 , 286
Church of the New Jerusalem ( 2 bodies ) 128 143 9 ,554
Communistic Societies ( 2 bodies) 22 2 .272
Congregationalists . . . . 6 ,125 6 ,070 742 , 350
Disciples of Christ ( 2 bodies ) . . . 8 ,054 12,467 1 ,497 ,545
Evangelical ( 2 bodies ) . . 1 ,523 2 ,627 184 ,866
Faith Associations ( 9 bodies ) . 241 146 9 ,572
Free Christian Zion Church . 20 15 1 ,835
Friends ( 4 bodies ) . . . . . 1 ,476 1 .167 124 , 216
Friends of the Temple . . . . . . . . . 3 3 376
German Evangelical Protestant. . 59 66 34 .704
German Evangelical Synod . . 1 ,038 1 .326 258 .911
Jewish Congregations. . . . 1 .084 1 , 769 143,000
Latter- Day Saints ( 2 bodies ) . . . 3 , 360 1 ,420 352 .500
Lutherans (23 bodies ) . . . . . . . 9 ,038 14 ,566 2 ,353,702
Scandinavian Evangelical ( 3 bodies ) . 611 848 70 .500
Mennonites (12 bodies ) . . . 1 , 087 635 57 ,219
Methodists ( 16 bodies) : . . . . 42, 849 61,027 6 ,905 ,095
Moravians ( 2 bodies ) . . 149 143 19 , 970
Non - Sectarian Bible Faith Churches 50 204 6 ,396
Pentecostal ( 2 bodies ) . 732 510 22 ,416
Presbyterians ( 12 bodies ) . . . . . . . 13 ,576 16 .776 1 , 981, 949
Protestant Episcopal ( 2 bodies ) 5 ,516 7 ,804 980 .851
Reformed ( 4 bodies ) . . . . . . . . . 2 , 113 2 .653 459 , 106
Salvationists ( 2 bodies ) . . . 2 ,994 872 27 , 345
Schwenkfelders . . . . . . . . . 941
Social Brethren . . . . , 15 1 , 262
Society for Ethical Culture . . . 2 .450
Spiritualists . . . 2 ,000 200 .000
TheosophicalSociety . . . . 134 3 ,368
Unitarians . . . . . . . . 527 476 70 .542
United Brethren ( 2 bodies) . . , 2 , 262 4 ,216 320 ,960
Universalists . . . 702 709 51 ,716
Independent Congregations 267 879 48 .673
Grand Total for 1912 . . . . . 174 .396 220 ,814 36 ,675 , 357
Grand Total for 1911 . . . 171.905 220 , 160 36 ,095 .685
d Decrease. c Census of 1906 .
The Religions of Mankind The Religions of Europe

according to the numbers of their adherents. Pr
according to the numbers of their adherent s
ot
es
ta
Pro nt 1
1
69 x s 0.
0
3 0 C
Mohammed 3 Hindus Orthodox
9
w 01D
ns
230 mil. 220 mm

ns
Greek Catholics
g
2
lio
l
An
Prote Roman
ca
610 ians 610
mi
26
mil
= 14 pc 133pt
mil
36
(Orientals )
=
stants
11.=
Catholics
Ortho 210 115 mill.
Buddhists (FO ) Incl.Greek Catholics
dox = 127AC = 253 . cy Lutherlands
Christ
Greek Followers of Armenians, of the Calvinists.

Catholics Shintorsm , Confucianian Mechitarists and others Unitarians et
populaboy
Roman 116 m . and Taoism 483 muhong 204 milions of Euroy
Catholics 7 DE 293PC = 45 p. c of the population
284 mil, = 172 C Total Heathens and of Europe Total
of the world's population 1,650 milion s of no recognised faith 453 millions
96 mil s 58pc
thereot Armenians, Melchutes , tereot Greek Catholico, Armenians
and others 6 millions and others 2 m , 05pS
Copts and others 7 .000.000
ORDER OF DENOMINATIONS.
Rank in Rank in
Denominations. 1912 . Communicants. 1890 . Communicants.
Roman Catholic . . . . . . . 12 ,888 ,466 6 , 231,417

Methodist Episcopal 3 , 293 ,526 2 ,240 , 354
Regular Baptist (South ) . . . 2 ,475 ,609 1 , 280 ,066
Methodist Episcopal ( South ) . 1 ,919,873 1 , 209. 976
Regular Baptist (Colored ) . 1 ,912 ,219 1 .348 ,989
Presbyterian (Northern ) . . 1 ,368, 150 788 , 244
Disciples of Christ . . . . . 1 , 340 ,887 641,051
Regular Baptist (North ) . . . . 1, 175, 923 800 , 450
Protestant Episcopal . 970 ,451 532,054
Lutheran Synodical Conference . . 807,693 12
357 , 153
Congregationalist . . . . . 742, 350 I 512 ,771
African Methodist Episcopal . . . 12 620 , 234 452,725
African Methodist Episcopal Zion 13 547 ,216 13 349 ,788
Lutheran General Council . 14 473, 295 14 324 ,846
Lutheran General Synod . . . 15 316 ,949 20 164,640
United Brethren . . . . . 16 301,448 16 202 ,474
Reformed (German ) . 17 300 , 147 15 204 ,018
Latter-Day Saints . . . 296 ,000 21 144 ,352
Presbyterian (Southern 292 ,845 18 179.721
German Evangelical Sy 20 258 ,911 17 187,432
1 234 ,721
Colored Meth t Episcopal 129, 383
Spiritualists .odis
. . .. . . . . . . 22 200 , 000 39 45 ,030
Methodist Protestant . . . 23 183,318 2 141, 989
Greek Orthodox (Catholic ) . 24 175 ,000 138 100
United Norwegian Lutheran . . . 25 169,710 26 119 , 972
United Presbyterian . . . 26 139 ,617 94 ,402
Lutheran Synod of Ohio . 27 132,316 69,505
Reformed (Dutch ) . 28 118 ,564 92 ,970
Orthodox Friends, 29 100 ,568 80 ,655
ORDER OF DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES.

Rank in Communicants . Rank in
Denominational Families. 1912 . 1890 . Communicants .
00000
ONUN
Catholic (Roman , etc.) . . . . . . . . . 12,907, 189 6 , 257 ,871

OA
Methodist . . . . 6 ,905,095 4 ,589. 284

Baptist . . . . . . 5 . 894 ,232 3 ,717 , 969
Lutheran . . . 2 ,353,702 1 , 231,072
Presbyterian 1 ,981, 949 1 , 278, 362
Episcopal. . . . . . 980 ,851 540 ,509
Reformed . . . . 459 , 106 309,458
Latter - Day Saints . . . . 352, 500 166 , 125
United Brethren . . . 320 , 960 225 , 281
Friends . . . . . . . . . . . ... 124 , 216 107 ,208
Brethren (Dunkard ) . . . . 119 ,644 73,795
Adventists 95,808 60 ,491
- Courtesy of the Christian Advocate.
FOURTH OF JULY FATALITIES .

Fourth of July fatalities in 1913 were
reduced to 32 as a result of themovement
to do away with the old custom of causing
dangerous explosions for fun . In 1912
there had been 43 deaths. Thenumber of
156 263A persons injured in 1913 was 1 , 131 as against
988 in 1912 and 1 ,546 in 1911. The loss
sustained by Fourth of July fires caused
by gunpowder throughout the country
Tea 100 + 045 1906 1907 1908 1909 910 913 1912 1913 1 exceeded half a million dollars .
PENSION ACT APPROVED MAY 11, 1912.

That any person who served ninety days or All of the aforesaid pensions shall com
more in the military or naval service of the mence from the date of filing of the applica
United States during the late Civil War, who tions in the Bureau of Pensions after the
has been honorably discharged therefrom , passage and approval of this Act: Providat,
and who has reached the age of sixty-two or That pensioners who are sixty-two years of
over, shall, upon making proof of such facte, age or over, and who are now receiving
according to such rules and regulations as the pensions under existing laws, or whose claims
Secretary of the Interior may provide, be are pending in the Bureau of Pensions, may.
placed upon the pension roll and be entitled by application to the Commissioner of
to receive a pension as follows: In ease such Pensions, in such form as he mny prescribe,
person has reached the age of sixty-two years receive the benefits of this Act; and nothing
and served ninety days, thirteen dollars per herein contained shall prevent any pensioner
month; six months, thirteen dollars and or person entitled to a pension from prosecut
fifty cents per month; one year, fourteen ing his claim and receiving a pension under
dollars per month; one and a half years, any other general or special Act: Provided,
fourteen dollars and fifty cents per month: That no person shall receive a pension under
two years, fifteen dollars per month; two and any other law at the same time or for the
a half years, fifteen dollars and fifty cents per same period that he is receiving a pension
month; three years or over, sixteen dollars under the provisions of this Act: Provided
per month. In case such person has reached further. That no- person who is now receiving
the age of sixty-six years and served ninety or shall hereafter receive a greater pension,
days, fifteen dollars per month; six months, under any other general or special law, than
fifteen dollars and fifty cents per month; one he would be entitled to receive under the
year, sixteen dollars per month; one and a provisions herein shall be pensionable under
naif years, sixteen dollars and fifty cents per this act.
month; two years, seventeen dollars per Sec. 2. That rank in the service shall not
month; two and a half years, eighteen dollars be considered in applications filed hereunder.
per month; three years or over, nineteen Sec. 3. That no pension attorney, claim
dollars per month. In case such person has agent, or other person shall be entitled to
reached the age of seventy years and served receive any compensation for services rendered
ninety days, eighteen dollars per month; six in presenting any claim to the Bureau of
months, nineteen dollars per month ; one year, Pensions, or securing any pension, under this
twenty dollars per month; one and a half Act, except in applications for original pension
years, twenty-one dollars and fifty cents per by persons who have not heretofore received
month; two years, twenty-three dollars per a pension.
month; two and a half years, twenty-four Sec. 4. That the benefits of this Act shall
dollars per month; three years or over, include any person who served during the late
twenty-five dollars per month. In case such Civil War, or in the War with Mexico, and
person has reached the age of seventy-five who is now or may hereafter become entitled
years and served ninety days, twenty-one to pension under the Acts of June twenty-
dollars per month; six months, twenty-two seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety,
dollars and fifty cents per month; one year, Febnia ry fifteenth , cigh teen hundred and
twenty-four dollars per month ; one and a half ninety-five, and the joint resolutions of July
years, twenty-seven dollars per month; two first, nineteen hundred and two, and June
years or over, thirty dollars per month. That twenty-eighth, nineteen hundred and six,
any person who served in the military or or the Acts of January twenty-ninth, eighteen
naval service of the United States during the hundred and eighty-seven, March third,
Civil War and received an honorable discharge eighteen hundred and ninety-one. and
and who was wounded in battle or in line of February seventeenth, eighteen hundred and
duty and is now unfit for manual labor by ninety-seven.
reason thereof, or who from disease or other Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of the
causes incurred in line of duty resulting in Commissioner of Pensions, as each application
his disability is now unable to perform manual for pension under this Act is adjudicated,
labor, shall be paid the maximum pension to cause to be kept a record showing the name
under this Act, to wit, thirty dollars per and length of service of each claimant, the
month, without regard to length of service or monthly rate of payment granted to or re
age- , . ceived by him, and the county and state of his
That any person who has served sixty days residence; and shall at the end of the fiscal
or more in the military or naval service of the year nineteen hundred and fourteen tabulate
United States in the War with Mexico and has the record so obtained by States and counties,
been honorably discharged therefrom, shall, and shall furnish certified, copies thereof upon
upon making like proof of such service, be demand and the payment of such fee therefor
entitled to receive a pension of thirty dollars as is provided by law for certified copies of
per month. records in (he executive departments.
PENSIONS.
On June 30, 1012, the pensioners on the 333,570; by the Eeneral law, invalids, 103.237
roll of the United States Government were widows 64,135, minor children 351, mothers
as follows: War of 1812, widows, 238; Indian 1,113, fathers 202, brothers, sisters, sons and
wars, survivors, 1,210, widows, 2,439 ; War daughters 331, helpless children 515; by the
with Mexico, survivors, 1.313, widows, 5,533; Act of April 27, 1890, invalids 47,201, minor
Civil War, by Ant of May 11, 1012, survivor*, children 4,063, helpless children 416; by the
246; by Act of Feb. U, 1UU7, survivors Act of April 10, 1908, widows 232,947, army
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 3!)
nurses 362. War with Spain, invalids 23,841. PENSIONS Or THE SEVERAL WARS AND OK THE
widows 1.238. minor children 304, mothers PEACE ESTABLISHMENT.
2,951, fathers 508, brothers, sisters, Bons and The amounts that have been paid for
daughters 6. helpless children '2. By regular pensions to soldiers, sailors, and marines,
Mtablishment. invalids 14,373, widows 2,869, their widows, minor children, and dependent
minor children 171, mothers 1,129, fathers relatives on account of military and naval
159. brothers, sisters, sons and daughters 4, service in the several wars and in the regular
helpless children 8. Thus the total number service since the foundation of the Govern
of pensioners on June 30, 1912 was 860,294; ment to June 30, 1912, are as follows:
The number of soldiers and sailors on the War of the Revolution
pension roll at the close of the year was (estimate) $70,000,000.00
c&S.OOO, the number of dependents and widows War of 1812 (service pension) 45,890,843.39
was 321.932, and the number of army nurses Indian wars (service
•as .362. _ . pension) 11,713,609.51
The total amount available for pensions for War with Mexico (service
tie fiscal year ended June 30, 1912 was pension) 46,447,872.44
1153.004.727.89. and of this amount $152,- Civil War 4,129,699,071.99
9W,4:i3.72 was disbursed, ler.vine an unex War with Spain and insur
pended balance of $18,294.17. The amount rection in Philippine Isls... 38.114,062.42
expended for Navy pensions was $5,319,822.08. Regular establishment 25,014,227.64
with the total number of pensioners 860,- Unclassified 16,488,476.49
294. and the total annual value of the pensions
$151,558,141.40, the average value of each Total disbursements for
pension for all classes amounts to $176.17; pensions $4,383,368,163.88
hi' regular establishment each pension has an
annual average value of $174.33; by Act of HISTORICAL
May 11, 1913, $260.09; by Act of Feb. 6, There are now no pensioners on account of
1907. $176 41; by the general law. Civil War, the Revolutionary War on the roll, the last
$221.71; by Act of June 27, 1890, $144.79; pensioner of that war having died during tho
by Art of April 19, 1908, $144.76; by the year 1906. The last survivor of the Revolu
war with Spain. $128.82; for survivors of the tion was Daniel F. Bakeman, who died at
Civil War. $197.09. Freedom, Cattaraugas County, N. Y., on
r*i Beginning
pensioners with the year
years1866
wasthe number April 5, 1869, aged 100 years 6 months and
for certain as follows: 8 days.
ISfiS, 126,722; 1870,198,686; 1875,234.821; The last surviving pensioned soldier of the
I'iSO. 250.802; 1885,345.125; 1890,537,944; War of 1812 was Hiram Cronk, of Ava, N. Y.,
1*5, 970,524; 1900,993.529; 1905,998,441; who died May 13, 1905, aged 105 years and
1910.921,083; 1911,892,098; 1912,860,294. 16 days.
POPULATION OF CANADA.
The population of Canada by first census 1911 1901
of 1665 was 3,251; in 1763. 70,000; in 1871, Alberta 374,663 73,022
■US5.761; in 1881; 4,324.810; in 1891, British Columbia 392,480 178,657
4.833.239; in 1901, 5,371,315. Canada Manitoba 455,614 255,211
New Brunswick 351,889 331,120
kegan the 20th century with the same popula Nova Scotia 492.338 459,574
tion as the United States began the 19th. Ontario 2,523.274 2,182,947
Kevised returns of the census in 1911 give Prince Edward Island. . . 93,728 103,259
the population at 7,204,838, an increase of Quebec 2,002.712 1,648,898
1.S33.523, or 32 per cent, in ten years. Saskatchewan 492.432 91.279
The population of Canada by provinces, Northwest Territories 17,196 20,129
Yukon 8,512 27,129
xs shown by the census of 1901 and 1911, is as
7,204,838 5,371,315
RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS.
Under the will of Mr. Cecil Rhodes a number Two Oxford scholarships are to be allotted
ofColonial, American andGerman scholarships to each State and Territory of the United .
*ere established, in order to instill into the States of America, tenable for three years,
minds of colonist* the advantage to the each of $1,500; also, five German scholar
Colonies as well as to the United Kingdom of ships, each of $1,250, tenable at Oxford for
&e retention of the unity of the Empire; three years, the holders to be nominated by
to encourage in the students from the United the German Emperor.
States of America an attachment to the So that the student* who shall be elected
country from which they have sprung; and to the scholarships shall not be merely book
l? further a good understanding between worms, regard is to be had, not only to their
England, Germany, and the United States. "literary and scholastic attainments," but
Inere are in all seventy-eight colonial also to their " fondness of and success in manly
scholarships for male students of SI,500 each outdoor sports, qualities of manhood, truth,
a year for three years at the University of courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and
Oxford, these colonial scholarships being protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfish
£r>read over most of the colonies, twenty-four ness, and fellowship," moral force of char
[•wig allotted to Canada, eighteen to Australia, acter and instinct of leadership. "No
twelve to Cape Colony, nine to Rhodesia, and student shall be qualified or disqualified for
three each to Natal, New Zealand, Newfound election to a scholarship on account of his
land, Bermuda and Jamaica . race or religious opinion. '
EDUCATION.
School Attendance in the United schools. In the public high schools there
States. were 22,923 male secondary teachers and
The statistics relative to school attendance 28,930
male
female secondary teachers; 489,048
secondary students and 616,312 female
in the United States has just become available. secondary students.
The total number of persons of school age, In the private high schools there were 5,307
that is to say, from 6 to 20 years, inclusive, male teachers and 7,076 female teachers
in continental United States in 1910 was there were 66,742 male secondary studen
27,750,599, of whom 17,300,202, or 62.3 per and 74,725 female secondary students.
cent, attended school.
Persons from 6 to 9 years of age numbered Public and Private Normal
7,725.234, of whom 5,678,320, or 73.5 per cent,
attended school, while those from 10 to 14 Schools.
years of age numbered 9,107,140, of whom In the school year 1912 there were 222
8,028,660, or 88.2 per cent, attended school.
Of the whole number of persons from 15 to public normal schools having 1,487 male
17 years of age, namely, 5,372,177, those at teachers and 2,577 female teachers. There
tending school numbered 2,748,387, or 51.2 students. Thero students
were 17,725 male and 65,749 female
were 55 private normal
per cent., while of the 5,546,048 persons from schools,
18 to 20 years of age, there were 844,835, or female teachers, and 2,135 male and
having 144 male teachers 257
students
15.2 per cent, who attended school. and 4,375 female students.
For the combined group, 6 to 14 years, in
clusive^—the most common years of school at Universities, Colleges and Tech
tendance;—there was a total of 16,832,374 per nological. Schools.
sons reported in 1910 and of this number
13,706,980, or 81.4 per cent., attended school. In the school year there were 594 institu
It will be noted that the period of maximum tions
school attendance is in the ages 10 to 14 years. fessorsofand this class, having 24,476 male pro
For these years a comparison can be made fessors and instructors and 5,494 female pro
with the census of 1900. In 1900, 79.8 per schools thereinstructors. were 40,154
In the preparatory
male and 23,197
cent, of the children attended school, as com female students. In the collegiate
pared with 88.2 per cent, in 1910. The follow ment there were 117,856 male and depart
ing summary gives the percentage of children female students. The total receipts, 68,779 exclu
10 to 14 years of age attending school in each
of the years 1910 and 1900 by geographic sive of additions to endowment funds, was
$89,527,484.
divisions: 1910 1900
United States 88.2 79.8 Undergraduate Students nv Uni
New England 94.1 90.0 versities, Colleges and Schools
Middle Atlantic 92.9 85.7 of Technology.
Fast North Central 93.8 88.1
West North Central 93.6 88.3 Out of 594 institutions included under the
1910 1900 above head, there were 144 colleges for men.
South Atlantic 78.7 65.6 having 37,633 undergraduate students. There
were 109 colleges for women, having 21,423
East South Central 79.0 65. S undergraduate students. There were 341 co
West South Central 80.5 68.3
Mountain 90.2 85.2 educational
and 47,353
institutions having 80,215 male
female undergraduate students,
Pacific 94.1 91.8 making a total of 127,568.
In the Northern anil Western divisions over
nine-tenths of the children in these ages are Professional Schools.
enrolled in schools. In the three Southern
divisions, the proportion approximates eight- schools In the school year 1912 the number of
tenths. A comparison of the two years shows and students was as follows:
an advance in all sections, but it is most 182 schools of theology served 1 1 ,242
marked in the Southern states, reflecting the students; 118 law schools had 20,760 students
great progress of popular education in those enrolled; 115 medical colleges had 18,451 stu
states in recent years. dents enrolled; 52 dental colleges had 7,190
The age of cornpulsory school attendance students; 76 schools of pharmacy had 6,158
where it exists differs under the laws for dif students; 21 schools of veterinary medicine
ferentatatee. It generally begins when a child had 2,282 students.
reaches 8 years of age and ceases when he
reaches 14 years of age. The percentage of Schools for the Blind, Deaf and
children in the ages 8 to 13 years, both inclu Feeble-Minded.
sive, who attend school is undoubtedly higher
than for the children 0 to 14 years, given in In the school year 1912 there were 60
the table. The latter group comprises some State schools for the blind in the United
children who have not begun and some who States, having 4,992 pupils. There were 64
have finished their schooling. State schools for the deaf, having 1 1,244
pupils. In addition there were 58 public day
Public High Schools and Private schools for the deaf, having 1.92S pupils and
High Schools and Academies. 19 private schools, having 518 pupils. There
were also 33 State institutions for the feeble
In the school year 1912 there were 11,224 minded caring for 21,357 inmates, while 20
public high schools and 2,044 private high private institutions cared for 749 inmatee.
REGIS
SPECI
UNIVE
1N 912
.1,OF RSITI ON
TRATIES
OV FIED
furnished
Data
Tombo
Rudolf
by
sooratory
.,aJrlumni
University
)Columbia
.
Faculties
nia .
kins
serve .
18&py
University .
Texas.
Princeton
Tulane.
Yale.
California .
Virginia
University .
Chicago.
Cornell.
Washington
"рмлен
Columbia
Pittsburgh
Illinois,
Missouri.
lows.
Kansas.
Pennsylva
Wisconsin
Nebraska
New York
Ohio State.
Stanford,
Northwest
Syracuse.
Western Re
- dos suyor
Minnesota
,men
.College 914 8191 454 101 642 633 452 545 7713 1621 456
152 |1,328
749
omen
1,4.College
w25 69 348 494 540 )480
908 5631 12
249 354
33
9
.
Agriculture al 732 3961
.
Architecture 16l 3411
c
Art
.
.
Commerce 636
Dentistry 508
.
Divinity
.Forestry
Graduate
school
n
( on
382
).
professional 40
14
53
40
17
55
75
04
.
Journalism
Law
. 159 .729
218
122 401
+1457 654
1841 2371 1941 130
76
226
31887
240
136
90
349
1
Medicine
. 1
336 1. 131 79
208
180
56 150
86
.Music .
79 ( 8
)111 .91
855
Pedag
. ogy 2661
.,606 (1) 208 3551
1481
181l 97
398
20
Phar macy 72 72
. 420 1761
.sc
Sciho
ent
olifi
s c 1.
634 965 1,284
380
376
344
691 289
Veterinary
medicine
. 120
Other
courses
.
178
252
102
.808
doubl
regist
Deducetra
tratio
. n 156
165
334 13
..
1 .189
145
819
150
79
220
15219
107
110 971 658
Total
N
.1, ov
16584047722
71912 9581
3,29799
66
48
28
12
90
85
05
66
23
88
83
63
74
33
68
92
53
78
57
65
61
481
182
193
.38
session
Summer
469
201
324 75
07
912
31
02
1,3)02365.146
645
486
691
494
24
-640
751
600
78 ,116
9271
257
(5)50 .1,741
registra
double
Deduct
tion
. .
198
266
65
166
158
208
175
67
178
29
146
275
145
500
748
546
403 .
105
164
120
41 . 71
55
total
Grand
9.Nov
05864*79442
958
3,261799
57
12
44
03
20
37
29
15
11
33
70
43
78
41
65
912
51
02
71
49
43
32
68
16
084
1,0
2745429956760-/.Nov 911
8591
781
40
24
07
31
48
39
431
153
353620
24
26
67
38
62
09
48
80
52
655
291 4038
.,23520
55
675
7,24688 7961 174
748.Nov
953169890 453
87
85
971
48
83
69
57
46
39
78
20
910
52
11
59
72
81
43
87
51
473
.7,8253164811
02,54327922 15069.3Nov 18-67 98
20
48
82
121
453
83
76
909
87
58
46
68
32
28
02
51
445
57
43
12
973
8061
,438757
0125361707 166
27.64,531-9.Nov 10
71
16
41
763
042
141
908
51
00
55
132
56
00
86
88
58
44
77
145
424
072
6.Nov
320145694
765
761
,9613 67-70 77
39
60
38
90
19
903
57
37 26
40
464
071
091
212
341
501
133
77
44
882
401
simi
and
Extension
lar
courses
. 94894
3 100 31
59
.1,02207
367
114 1305
1044
Inc
.,6207
Oficers
. 442
472
178
206
226
577
771
825
867
337
486 431
595
212
184
100
313
226
265
278
223
540
274
437
381
.1Included
elsewhere ,285
.31
courses
summer
on
inattendance
students
engineering
mines
of
schools
.,acIncludes
subjects
related
hemistry
nd •Exclusive
,w
students
extension
.of
years
inprevious
counted
were
ho
IACM tumuli "OJLU riu A M««tl
Copyright, 1013, by Munn & Co.. Inc

THE INTRACTABLE MISSOURI-MISSISSIPPI SYSTEM
Training Schools for Nurses, Com during the year. Those discharged numbered
29,304;
number 18.924
mercial Schools, Manual and died committed
during the toyear. The
Industrial Training of persons hospitals
for the insane per 100,000 of population for
Schools. the year 1910 was 66.1 and the total number
In the school year 1912 there were 1.054 of insane persons in institutions per 100,000
training schools for nurses, having 32,346 population was 204.2.
According to' the latest figures the Uni
.students. There wore also 519 commercial versity of Paris is the largest university in
schools, having 137,790 student*; 295 manual the world with 17,512 students, after which
training schools with 61,543 students: 117 follows
reform schools took care of 51,967 of the 10.399; Cairo. 10,000; 14,543;
Berlin with Moscow with
St. Petersburg, 9.SS6;
wayward. Vienna, 8.457; Munich. 7.596; Budapest,
Insane in Institutions. 7,548; Naples. 6,600; Leipeig. 5,804; Madrid,
5.675. Asiatic universities are not con
The number of insane persons in insti sidered.
tutions in the United States in 1910 was 187,- thelUnitcdColumbia, the largest university in
States, has 9,002; California, 6,457.
791 of which number 60,769 were committed and Chicago* 6,351.
CHAPTER II.
FARMS, FOODS AND FORESTS.

FARMS, FARM LAND , AND FARM PROPERTY OF THE
UNITED STATES.
INCREASE .
1910 1900
(April 15 ) (June 1 )
Per cent.
Atbount.
Popolatin . . . 91, 972, 266 75 , 994, 575 15, 977 , 691 21. 0
Urse population 42. 623 383 31, 609, 615 11, 013, 738 34. 8
Rural population .. 49, 348, 883 44, 384, 930 4 , 963, 953 11. 2
Sumber of all farmas . . . . 6 , 361, 502 6 , 737, 372 624 , 130 10 . 9
Land area of the country . . . . . . . acres . . 1, 903, 289, 600 1 , 903, 461, 760 - 172, 160
Lage is farsa. . . . . . . . . . acres . . 878, 798, 325 838,591,774 40, 206 , 551
lapoved land in farias . . . . . . . . . . . .acres . . 478, 451,750 414, 498, 457 63, 953, 263 154
Average acreage per farm . . . . . . . . . 138 . 1 146 . 2 - 8. 1 - 5. 5
Avereimproved acreage per farm . .. 75. 2 72. 2 3. 0
Per cettiotal land area in farms . . 46. 2 441
Per cent of land in farths improved . . . . .. 54. 4 49 4
Per cent of total land area improved . 25. 1 21. 8
Valse el farma property , total .. . . . . .. $40 , 991, 449, 090 820 , 439, 901, 164 $ 20 , 551, 547, 926 100 . 5
28, 475 , 674, 169 13, 058, 007, 995 15 , 417, 666 , 174 118. 1
6 , 325 , 451, 528 3,556, 639, 496 2 , 768,812, 032 77. 8
Implegents and machinery . .. . 1, 265, 149, 783 749, 775 , 970 515 , 373, 813 68. 7
Domestic animals, poultry , and bees .. . . . 4 , 925, 173,610 3, 075 , 477, 703 1 , 849,695, 907 60. 1
Avenge value of all property per farm . . . . .. $ 6, 444 $ 3, 563 $ 2 , 881 80. 9
Are value of all property per acre of land in farms. 46 . 64 24. 37 22. 27 91. 4
Average valae of land per acre . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 32. 40 15 . 57 16 . 83 108 . 1
A aa sio ( - ) denotes deeresse .

hostia incerporated plaers having,la 1910 , 2,800 or more inhabitants . The Agure for 1000 does not represent the urban population according to that
war utstite pe alation in that year of the territory classified as urban la 1910 .
" Textive al urban .
JUMBER AND ACREAGE OF FARMS AND NUMBER OF ACRES

IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED.
(Source: Reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.)
Number of acres in farms. Per cent of farm

land
Censos year, 14Number

farms.
of
Average
number Im Unim
Improved . Unimproved! Total. of acres proved . proved .
to a farm
1,449,073 113, 032,614 180,528,000 293,560,614 202.6 38. 5 61. 5

2, 044 ,077 163, 110, 720 244, 101,818 407, 212 ,538 199 . 2 40 . 1 69. 9
LE 2 ,659,985 188, 921,099 218 ,818, 942 407,735,011 153. 3 46 . 3 63 . 7
18801
1801
4, 008 , 907 284,771, 042 251, 310 ,793 536, 081,835 133 . 7 53. 1 46 . 9
4, 564,641 357,616 ,755 265,601,864 623, 218,619 136 .5 57. 4 42.6
5 ,737,372 414,498 , 487 424 , 093, 287 838,591 , 774 146 . 2 49 . 4 50.6
6,361, 502 478,451,750 400,346 , 575 878,798 ,325 138 . 1 54 . 4 45 . 6
Not including farmsof less than 3 acres which reported the sale of less than $ 500 worth of prod.
beln in the census year.
' Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii .
Exclusive of Alaska , Hawaii, and Porto Rico .
43
45
WEALTH PRODUCTION ON FARMS.

(Source: Reports of the Department of Agriculture.)
Wealth pro Wealth pro
Calendar year . duction . Calendar year. duction ,
Dollars . Dollars.
1899.. 4 ,717 ,000,000 | 1906 . .. . 6 , 764, 000 , 000
1900 . .. 5, 017, 000, 000 1907 . . . . 7 ,488 ,000,000
1901 . .. 5 , 317, 000 , 000 1908 . . . . 7 , 891, 000 , 000
1902.. 6 ,617, 000,000 1909 . 8 ,498 ,000 ,000
1903. . 5 , 887,000 , 000 1910 . 9 ,037,000,000
1904 .. 6, 122, 000, 000 1911 . . . . 8 ,819 ,000 ,000
1905 . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6, 274,000, 000 1912. . -- 9, 299,000,000
WATER WATER
85 - 7 % 24 . 8
WATER WATER
50 . 9 % 7. 6
KOTIDE 2 PROTEID 24
VEAT 3425 FAT 47
CARBONATE
PROTEID 1264 PROTEID 3.6 OF LIME(66AMS.)
MIN .MAT.
0 .59 % MIN0 .MAT
17
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF ACTUAL COMPOSITION OF EGG .

WHITE AND YOLK OF EGG . WEIGHT 50 GMS.
NE
MAI
MONT N . DAK .
MINN .
TDANO S . DAX W19

MICH ,
IOWA
NEBR . IO OMIO
INO . 1
COLO
KANS
NN .
Ariz . OKLA
MISS ,
• 400,000 seres TEXAS

300,000 to 180,000 seres
390,000 to 300,000 SCTOS
100,000 to 200,000 acres
0 Lustosa 100,000 acres.
CORN : ACREAGE BY STATES , 1909.

CEREAL CROPS: ESTIMATED PRODUCTION AND VALUE .

Total. Average .
Commodity
Farm Value Yield Farm Value
Area . Production . Farm Value per bushel per of yield
Dec . 1 . Dec . 1 . acre . per acre .
Acres.
Acres. Bushels.
Bushels. Dollars. Cents. Bshls. Dollars.
Corn :
1866 -751. . 32 ,715 ,700 969,947 ,600 454 ,534 ,800 47 . 8 26 . 1 12 . 48
1912 , . . . . 107,083,000 3 , 124,746 ,000 1 ,520 ,454 .000 48 . 7 29 . 2 14 : 20
Wheat :
1866 - 751. . 20 ,470 ,300 244 ,672,300 257 ,586 ,800 108 . 6 11 . 9 12 . 92
1912 . . . 45 ,814 ,000 730 , 267 .000 555 , 280 ,000 76 . 0 15 . 9 12 . 12
Oats :
1866 - 751. . 9 ,746 .000 272 , 992,800 102 ,422,700 37 . 8 28 . 1 10 .62
1912 . . . . . 37 ,917 ,000 1 ,418,337 ,000 452,469,000 31 . 9 37 . 4 11 . 93
Rye :
1866 -751. . 1 ,346 .800 18 , 266 ,600 14 ,559 .000 78 . 1 13 . 6 10 .62
1912 . . . . . 2 , 117 .000 35 ,664 ,000 23,636 ,000 66 . 3 16 . 8 11 . 16
Barley :
1866 -751. . 1 , 196 ,500 26 , 992, 300 21, 382 ,200 79 . 0 22 . 9 18 .09
1912 . . . . . 7 ,530,000 / 223 ,824 ,000 112, 957 ,000 50 . 5 29 . 7 15 . 00
Buckwheat :
1866 -75 ' . . 729, 900 13 , 368 ,8001 9 .735 , 200 72 . 5 18 . 3 13 . 27
1912 . . . . 841,000 19 ,249,000 12 .720 ,000 66 . 1 22 . 9 15 . 12
1Average per year for the period .

Statistical Abstract of the U . S. - Report of the Department of Agriculture .
SK
00
MONT
OREG 00
ON
MINN.
IOA
NO
S . DAK
MICH
200 IOW
NEBR . оно
IND
COLO ,
TENN
ARK ,
• 400,000 acres TEXAS

300 000 to 400,000 SCTES
O 200,000 to 800,000 acres
100, 000 to 200,000 acres.
o Lose than 100 ,000 acres
WHEAT: ACREAGE BY STATES, 1909.

Copyright, Munn
THE ENORMOUS CROPS OF 1909.
If piled up in Madison Square the crops of this year would completely swamp the Metro-
poStu tower.
OVER HALF THE CEREAL ACREAGE IN CORN.
In the United States as a whole a little total cereal acreage. In the Pacific states the
wore than one-half of the acreage devoted to acreage of corn is insignificant, and that of
tresis is in corn, a little less than one^fourth barley exceeds that of oats. Corn occupies
in wheat, and slightly less than one-sixth in the leading place in the important cereal-pro
oats In each of the nine divisions, except the ducing regions, but in the New England and
Pacific, the three leading cereals—corn, wheat , Middle Atlantic divisions the first place is held
and oats—occupy, as in the United States at bv oats, and in the Pacific and Mountain
lanje, mucfa more than three-fourths of the divisions by wheat.
HAY CROP ESTIMATED ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, 1912,

For the year 1912 the production of hav in The average price of hay per short ton or
the United States was 72,691,000 short tons, December 1, 1912 was $11.79, and the averagi
and the total acreage of land in hay was yield per acre for the year was 1.47 short tons
49,530,000. The total farm value of the United The average farm value of yield per acre oc
States on December 1, 1912, was $856,695,000. December 1, 1912 was $17.30.
HAY AND FORAGE CROPS, 1909.
INITIATIVE AN ' REFERENDUM.

The "initiative" is a political device by The "referendum" may be defined as the
which the people are enabled to pass laws or submission of a proposed law, or ordinance,
which has been passed by the people's,
ordinances without change or modification representative
by the ordinary legislative bodies. It has a vote of the inpeople
a legislature or council, to
for ratification or re
been called the positive or constructive side jection. It has been in
of direct legislation, just as the referendum, form, in the United Statesuseforin many
a restricted
which enables the people to reject proposed especially in passing upon constitutionsyears, and
laws, is the negative side. By this method constitutional amendments. It is only since
a minority ranging in number from 5 to 25 1898, however, that the referendum, in con
per cent, may file a petition for a law, or, nection with the initiative, has been used as
when a city,'an ordinance. The measure must an instrument of direct legislation both by
then, without change or revision, go before states and cities. The states which have
the people for their judgment, and, if it is adopted the initiative and referendum are
approved by a majority of the votes cast, it Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois,
becomes law without further process. Laws Maine, Missouri, Montana. Oklahoma, Oregon,
and ordinances so passed are not subject to South Dakota and Utah. Nevada has
veto. adopted the referendum only.
THE RECALL.
The "recall" is a method of procedure by officers is provided for through the filing of
which the people are enabled to remove from petitions signed by from 15 to 75 per cent, of
his position any public elective official at will. the voters. In South Dakota cities the per
This requires a petition signed by a certain centage is only 15, while in Illinois it is 55,
specified percentage or number of voters. and 33 in Louisiana. In Oregon all state
The usual percentage in such cases is 25. In officials, including judges and members of the
most cities under the commission form of legislature, are subject to the recall.—Chicago
government the recall of elective public Daily News Almanac, 1912.
TOBACCO CROP IN CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1912 .

For the year 1912 there were 1,225,800 of the Union , Virginia second , then followed ,
acres of land planted in tobacco , and the total in their respective order , North Carolina,
produrt derived therefrom amounted to 962, Ohio , Tennessee , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin ,
$ 55 .000 pounds. The value of this product Connecticut, South Carolina , Maryland , In
was estimated at $ 104 ,603,000 . Kentucky diana. West Virginia , Massachusetts, Mis
ranked first in the tobacco producing states souri, New York , and Illinois.
HOLLAND BELGIUM
UNITED STATES
7. 5
INDIA
6 .6 6 , 411 , 000 5 ,000,000 ?
III
UNITED STATES GERMANY

5 .8 3 .5
RUSSIA DUTCH E . INDIES JAPAN
SAS 1,447,000 1,00 1 ,000 895 ,000
AUST-HUNGARY CANADA AUSTRALIA ,
2 .68 2 . 72 2 .58
FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM AUST - HUNGAR GERMANY CUBA

2 .2 1 .98 801, 000 / 577,000 367,000
A YEAR 'S CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO A YEAR 'S CROP OF TOBACCO
(in pounds per head ) (per cwt., 112 pounds)
MONT, N . DAK
on
MINN .
ID
S . DAK . W15
WYO MICH
.
00
Oo
OO IOWA
DO
NEBR
0 . OMIO
KANS
De
TENN
MEX
SMOS ALAGA
• 430,000 seren TEXAS
. 10,000 to 400,000 acres, ris
200,000 to 300,000 acred
100,000 to 280,000 acres.
O Less than 180 ,000 acres
OATS : ACREAGE BY STATES, 1909.

Ver
The Wheat Crop Would Fill a Trebe 141
Long and 3 y PS Vect.
1980
Copyright, Munn & Co .
WHAT OUR WHEAT CROP MEANS.

The 735 ,260 ,970 -bushel wheat crop of 1906 converted into a 1,214 -foot barrel of flour,and
baked into an immense loaf, 2 , 158 feet high .
1
WOOL PRODUCTION: 1912.

On April 1, 1912 the total number of sheep pounds of scoured wool. The average value
i-.: ig age was 38,481,000 and the average per pound of scoured wool for the year 1912
weight of a fleece for the year was 6.82 pounds. was 47.7 cents, and the total value of all the
The per cent, of shrinkage for the same year scoured wool to October 1, 1912 (Boston
was 59.3. There were 304,043,400 pounds of Market) was $75,819,251.
wool washed and unwashed, and 136,866,652
POTATO CROP: 1912
For the year 1912 the total 3,711,000 acres average value per bushel 50.5 cents. The
planted to potatoes in the United States average yield per acre for the whole United
produced a total of 428,647,000 bushels of States was 1 13.4 bushels and the average
put&toes. Their total farm value on Decem farm value of yield per acre on December 1
ber 1, 1912 was 9212,550,000, making the was $57.28.
SUGAR BEETS: 1911.
During the year 1911 there were 66 sugar States worked 5,062,333 short tons of beets
beet factories in operation. For the same and produced 1,199,000,000 pounds, or 599.-
period there were 473.877 acres of sugar beets 500 snort tons of sugar. For the same period
harvested, and the average yield per acre was there were 723.840.000 pounds of cane sugar
10.68 short tons. .The factories of the United produced and 34,120,000 gallons of molasses.
FOOD SOURCES OF THE WORLD.
WATER
CARBOHYDRME ,
CELLULOSE
MlN "' 50".
EXTRAC *
Loss of Constituents on Boiling.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CABBAGE AND BREAD.
COTTON PRODUCTION AND STATISTICS: 1912.

According to the revised estimates of the homa, 1,057,125; Mississippi, 1,049,604; all
Department of Agriculture, the area planted other states, 2,579,650 bales, or a total for the
in cotton in 1912 was 34.70fi.CMX) acres, of United States of 14,090.863 bales. The aggre
which 483,000 acres, or 1.4 per cent, were gate value of this cotton crop for 1912 was
abandoned, leaving 34,283,000 acres as the $920,630,000.
area from which the crop was harvested. The total number of ginneries in 1912 wa*
This is a reduction of 1,702,000 acres as com 28,358, of which number 25,279 were active
pared with 1911. This total of 34.283.000 and 3,079 were idle. The average number of
acres was divided among the several states as running bales ginned per establishment was
follows: Texas, 11,338.000 acres; Georgia, 535.
5,335,000; Alabama. 3,730.000; Mississippi, The World's production of cotton for mill
2,889.000; South Carolina, 2.695,000; Okla consumption, by countries for the year 1912
homa. 2.605,000; Arkansas. 1,001.000; North was as follows: United States. 13.G9ft.000
Carolina. 1.5-15,000; Louisiana, 929.000; Ten bales, or 62.8 per cent of the world's produc
nessee, 783.000; Florida. 224,000; Missouri, tion; India, 3,518.000 bales; Egypt. 1 .523.OO0
103.000; Virginia, 47,000 and California, bales; China. 1,074,000 bales; Russia, 950.000
9,000 acres. bales; Brazil, 320,000 bales; all other countries
The average production of lint per acre in 736,000 bales, making the total for the year
1912 was 191 pounds, as compared with 208 21,817.000 bales.
pounds in 1911 and 171 pounds in 1910. On March 1, 1913 there were in the United
The average yield per acre in North Carolina States 30,575,028 active cotton spindle*.
was 267 pounds; Missouri 200, Virginia 250, 11,853,142 of which were in cotton producing
South Carolina 209, and in Texas 206 pouftds. states and the remainder in other state*-.
No other state had an average as nigh as The number of spindles in the principal coun
200 pounds. tries of the world on March 1. 1913 was as
The production of cotton in the most im follows: Great Britain, 55,576,108; Germany,
portant states during 1912 was as follows: 10,920,420; Russia, 8,950.000; France, 7.400.-
Texas, 4,888.023 bales (round bales counted 000; Austria, 4.864,453; Italv, 4,580,000;
as half bales); Georgia. 1.888.903; Alabama, Spain, 2.2<X),0O0; Switzerland, 1,398,062;
1,367.130; South Carolina, 1,259,762; Okla- India, 6.400,000; Japan, 2,250,000.
The imports of cotton, for the seven amounted to 7,175.001 bales; of this amount
months. Sept. 1912 to March 1913, amounted 2,979,601 were exported to the United King
to 167,749 bales; of this amount 143,710 bales dom; 1,970.519 bales to Germany, 911,100
were imported from Kgypt and 11,989 bales bales to France; 351,487 bales to Italy and
from China. The exports for the same period 903.363 baits to all other countries.
COTTON: ACREAGE BY STATES, 1009.

DAIRY COWS ON FARMS: NUMBER BY STATES, 1910.
MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE.

The total quantity of milk reported as pro- 54,933,583 gallons, value $37,655,047; butter
4wed on farms in 1909 was 5,813,699,474 fat, 305,662.587 pounds, value $82,311,511;
ollaas. During the same year, there were butter, 415,080,489 pounds, value 100,378,123
'^,650,610 pounds of butter, having a value cheese, 8,136,901 pounds, value $987,974.
i 1222,861,440, made on farms and 624,764,- The quantity of milk sold as such was re
K| pounds, having a value of $170,510,619, ported as 1,937,255,804 gallons, or about one-
siade in factories; thus the total quantity of third of the total production. However, it
totter made during the vear was 1,619,415,- should be borne in mind that a great deal of
^3 pounds, valued at S402.372.059. The milk sold or delivered to creameries for butter
(becae made on farms amounted to 9,405.864 making is paid for on the basis of the cream
pounds, valued at $1,148,708 and that made or butter fat content, in which case the quan
m factories amounted to 311,126,317, valued tity of such cream or butter fat is reported,
"$43,239,924; thus the total
the year was 320,532,181 production
pounds, and not the quantity of milk. The greater
havingfora part
•*loe of $44,388,632. of milk reported as sold was doubtless
consumed as such in the cities and villages.
The total reported value of dairy products The average value of butter sold by farmers
on farms in 1909 was $437,769,412 and in the United States was 24.2 cents per pound
«Mmade up as follows: Milk sold, 1,937,255,- in 1909, as compared with 16.7 cents in 1899,
*>4 gallons, valued at $252,436,757; cream, an increase of 44.9 per cent. The average
value was highest in New England, 28.9 cents.
The average value of cheese sold increased
from 9.1 cents per pound in 1899 to 12.1 cents
in 1909, or 33 per cent.
WATER
■PROTEIO
fa r
"ARBOHrDKATE
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF APPLE AND CUCUMBER.

Oleomargarine. Flaxseed Crop; 1912.

During the year 1912 a total quantity of In 1912, the 2,851,000 acres planted to
126,251,147 pounds of oleomargarine was pro flaxseed produced a crop of 28,073,000 bushels.
duced in the United States. The internal The total farm val ue on Dece mber 1 waa
revenue tax paid for this total production $32,202,000. thus making the average price
was $623,427.49; 3,259,483 pounds were taxed paid per bushel $1,147. The average yield
at the rate of ten cents a pound and 122,- per acre amounted to 9.8 bushels. The average
991,664 pounds at one-fourth of a cent per farm value of yield per acre was $11.20.
pound.
Cottonseed Products: Production Bees.
and Manufacture, 1911. According to the Census report for 1910
there were in the United States 3.445,006 col
During the year 1911 there were 6,997,000 onies of bees, with a value of $10,373,615. or
short tons of cottonseed produced in the an average of $3.01 per colony. Nine and
United States and of this amount 4,921,073 two-tenths per cent., or 585,955 farms in the
short tons Were manufactured. The average United States, re|>orted l>ee colonies.
value per ton of cottonseed used for manu
facturing purposes was SIS.30 per short ton. Florist and Nursery Products.
The cottonseed products having a value of
$131,340,000 were as follows: Oil, 201,650,000 In 1909 there were 10,614 florist estab
gallons with a value of $66,580,000; cake and lishments reporting products valued at
meal, 2, 151,(MX) short tons with a value of $34,872,000.
$49,720,000; hulls, 1.642,000 short tons with The total value of nursery products re
a value of $9,890,000; linters, 533,098 bales ported from 5,582 establishmeats in 1909 was
of 500 pounds net, valuo $5,150,000. $21,051,000.
,1910
ANIMALS
FARM
OF
VALUE
AND
.NUMBER
All
cattle and
Steers ,All
horses
(including Dairy Other .
Heifers Asses
.
cows .
Cows .
bulls ,and
mules .
Horses .
Mules
),
calves and
asses and
.
burros burros
.
420
0872612
.1N 1910
,513 32
80
48
60
25
03
23
47
82
1umber
.-95
.Value 4926 99
23
36
06
07
69
,01$23765131
60
93
03
94
74
47
01 1910
N
.- umber ,742119
8524105 48
80
33
09
69
,613
98
.Average
value 1.3$264692 Value
. ,12$835|206300
80
70
83
91
63
88
95
12
22
25
16
40
84
69
44
33
74
07
,8519253,714Farms
reporting .
value
Avera ge 05
08
8$1.050624
9
all
of
cent
Per Farm
repor
. s
ting 43
,9018462769
05
92
14
farms
. .1
83 .8
80 .7
22 .31
37 .
farms
all
of
cent
Per 81
.473
29 0.7
7N
67
617 1900
,51647.111 umber
10
35
83
74
59
34
18
19
33
.-94 1900
N
-. umber 94
,6.32018 65
67
64
15
1,821
620
0011
25
.1 73
,34$05162Value
04
08
71
02
21
76
67
75
33
16
82
28
36
01 Val
. ue 1$5,8025|484 98
17
96
531
22
54
46
11
13
.
value
Average .4$2679106738914681 .valu
Average e .7$61)04.8$511
891000
.repo
Farrtin
ms g ,5364)1484 3
80
52
281
30
all
of
cent
.Per
farms .00
79 25
8. 0.6
v1I186
cattle
$2unclassified
.,70at
74
31
03
ncludes
alued
.
SHEEP
and
Hogs born
Pigs
All
goats .
swine
All pigs
bom
.
kids
and .1
Jan
after
sheep
All and
Rams .1
Jan
before
.
lambs
and
.
Ewes .
Lambs
.wethers
AN1910
).15 umber
(- pril 176
,658
85 134
,035
97 079
,523
51
7,31
981212 47
2
33
61
. 97
Number
2451910
10
49
03
25
15 .Value ,3$ 38
99
08 9,1$35758
52 ,31$ 50
780
Valuo 4$6,13285876
32
60
23
941
55
30
85
64
14 .
value
Avera ge 86.$ 6 .0$102 $2.05
.
Average
value
. 1s 6 $2.35
14$5.02196412 .repor
Farmting
s ,74351 ,34091
92 ,61868
72
82
,7297
861094
1590
78
38
.55
reporting
6Farms
470
26 .
farms
all
of
cent
Per .4
68 3.64 .4
29
.
farms
all
of
cent
Per 9.6 9.3 74. 7.4 1.3 -Nune
1900
1).(J umber ,868
062 41
6,31
875121 03
52
13
57
1umber
37.91900
95
15
46
50
-N99
70 Val
. ue ,09$278
31
Value
. 81288
826
,3$32.04730
70
19
01
16
28
65
03
98
49
61 .valu
Averag
e e $3.69
value
Average 83 Far
repo
. ms
rting 34, 35
63
23
.1$273$1.9787645
.
farms
all
of
cent
Per .6
75
definition
or
subclasses
of
censuses
two
the
preceding
1Fee
.,sat
table 1No
1900
in
classification
age
.
HOMICIDES .
LYNCHINGS 1891 .192 1902 9. 6
violence
personal
by
deaths
of
number
The of
number
aThe
shows
1912
in 1892
lynchings .255 1903 .104
91s52
was
1912
ain
8,2
with
compared
72 compared
b
decrease
,a
67
in
71
with
seing 18
. 93 .200 1904 .87
1911
in
8,9
and
.T75
1910
he
various 19
.T
fo
tab
sh
nu
the
18he ll
94
11
ow
mleow
sing 1. 90 1905 66
:
follows
as
were
causes be
ly
of
du
pa
the
ye
1.28 nc
ar
r
ri
89st
5 hi
sngngs .171 190
. 6 60
4,3Infanticide
.1Quarrels
80
58 %oOv
95
ly
oc
thfnc
ecu
in.189er r ngs
6hi .131 .1907 63
171
arrest
Resisting
.2,021
Unnamed .sta
sout tes
hern 1897 100 1908 100
Liquor
.963 In
. sanity 118 1898 127 1909 87
highwaymen
By
367
Riots
. 25 .
1888 142
1899 191
Self .
1885 1. 84 107 . 0
Jealousy
. defense
.903
89 115
Hibwy Strikes .
1886 138 1889 1
. 76 1900 1911 71
killed
men
0
.7Criminal
22
outragen 1887 122 11800 127 11901 .135 1912 67
NE
MAI
MOI N
MINN .
C
NY
20
S . DAK .
O MICH
OG
TOWA00
NEBR .
OMIO
O 0 ILLO IND . 57 . Our
W .VA
MO. VA
O OKLA
N . MEX
oa
MISS i
19 . 00 300.000 cattle.
15 ,308 to 150,000 asttle .
50, 00 to 100.000 stude ,
Olethas $9 .000 cattle.
ALL CATTLE ON FARMS: NUMBER BY STATES, 1910.
MONT NOA
MINN
OAM
O wis .
5 . DAK ,
MICH .
A IDWA
NEBR . OHIO
IND
COLO
MO
KANS
ART OKLA
MEX
MISS
20,000 hores , etc. TEXAS

200
10, 50 to 200, 000 horses , ete.
116,590 to 150, 000 horses , ete .
9 .009 to 100.000 horses , etc.
Olethan 99,605 borres, ete
ALL HORSES, MULES AND ASSES AND BURROS ON FARMS :

NUMBER BY STATES , 1910 .
WAS
H
NDAK
MONT
OREG
ON
MINN
місн .
O NEBR
1 OHIO
UTAN
COLO .
KANS. O MO .
ARIZ COM
ARK ,
O N . MEX .
MISSAL
200 ,000 swoe. TEXAS

150 ,000 to 200, 000 swine.
100 ,000 to 150,000 swine .
50, 000 to 100,000 swine.
O Less than 50, 000 swine.
ALL SWINE ON FARMS: NUMBER BY STATES, 1910.
WA
SH
r n o
ORE
GON
MONT, NDAN
MINN .
po
IOA
S . DAK WIS .
MICH
20
WYO
0
IOWA
NEV NEBR . ONIO O
INO .
CAL
COLO.
MO .
TENN .
OKLA
ARIZ .
N , MEX
MISS ALA .
200,000 sheep TEYA
150,000 to 200,000 sheep.

O 100,000 to 150,000 sheep.
60, 000 to 100, 000 sheep.
O Less than 50,000 sheep.
ALL SHEEP ON FARMS: NUMBER BY STATES, 1910 .

ATMBER AND VALUE OF POULTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910.

1910 ( Apr. 15) . 1900 (June 1).
EIND .
Farmsreporting.
Number of Value. Number of
Per cent fowls. fowls.
Number. of all
farms.
Total 5 , 585,012 88 . 1 295 ,876 , 176 $ 153, 394 , 142 250,623 , 354
blekens. . 5 ,577 , 218 88. 0 280, 340 ,643 140, 192 , 912 233, 566, 021
urkeys .. . . . . 852, 679 13. 4 3 , 688 , 688 6 , 605 , 640 6 ,594,695
teks . 503,673 7. 9 2 , 904, 359 1 , 566 , 176 4, 785 ,850
661, 189 10 . 4 4 , 431, 623 3 , 192, 861 5 , 676, 788
8
Does low 339, 922 5. 4 1 , 765 , 033 613, 282
sons. 99, 409 1. 6 2 , 730 , 996 762, 372
Lother 2 ,005 14, 834 460 , 899
Included with chickens. ; Not reported . 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
NE
MAI
MONT
ORE
GON
MINN
WIS .
MICH
IOWA
NEBR .
IND .
UTAN
OLO ooooo
.
KANS.
OOOOO
OKLA ,
N . MER 00
MISS
00
1,000,000 bowis EXAS
180,000 to 1, 000 ,000 fowls 0000
500,000 to 750, 000 fowis.

30,000 to 500 ,000 lowis.
O Le than 250,000 fowla .
ALI, FOWLS ON FARMS: NUMBER BY STATES, 1910 .
Rice Crop, 1912. Hops : 1911.

For the year 1912 the total 722,800 acres The total production of hops in the United
planted to rice in the United States produced States in 1911 amounted to 40 , 000 ,000 lbs.,
total of 25 ,054 .000 bushels Cf rice . The
total farm value on December 1 , 1912 was as against 44 ,000 ,000 lbs. in 1910, or 27 . 2
per cent. of the world ' s production . During
$23,423,000 making the average price per
bubel 93 .5 cents . The average yield per 1910 , the exports amounted to 12 ,748,617 lbs.
acre was 34.7 for whole of the United States. and the imports to 5 ,823,520 .
«0 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Egg Statistics. made through correspondence with crop re

According to a recent report of the Census toporters of the Bureau of Statistics adjatvn'.
Bureau, the production of eggs on farms of the by these cities concerning the prices received
producers. From the reports received it
United States in 1909 was 1,591 million dozen, appears that in June, 1910, consumers paid
valued at $306,689,000, equivalent to 19.3
cents per dozen. This production is equiva an average of 24 cents per dozen; retail dealer*
lent to 207 eggs per capita of population. As paid 19.8 cents, and near-by producers re
less than 1 per rent, of the eggs produced arc ceived 18.7 cents; in January, 1910, coasumpr,
exported and almost none imported, produc near-by producersretailors
paid 3S.1 cents, paid 32 cents, ani
received 30.4. The averagr
tion may be regarded as equivalent to domes price to producers for the entire United States
tic consumption. In the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1910, the exports of eggs were in the middle of June, 1910, was about 18.3
cents, and in the last week of January, 1910,
5,326,000 dozen and imports 818,000 dozen. about 29 cents.
A small proportion of the production is used
for manufacturing purposes. The census re
port does not include the production of eggs \L0SS.
in cities, towns, or villages. According to an iO.SS&rmj.,
estimate given in the census report of 1900,
the production of eggs off farms was equal to
about 5 per cent, of the production on farms;
on this oasis, about 80 million dozen eggs
would have been produced off farms in 1909.
According to the census figures the produc water
tion of eggs increased 23 per cent, from 1899 arms.
to 1909; but the commercial movement shows
a much greater increase. Seven cities com
bined (New York, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis,
Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and San Francisco)
received about 369 million dozen eggs in 1909,
an increase of 70 per cent, over their receipts
in 1899. Population had increased between
1900 and 1910 about 21 percent, in the United \0.Q4Grmf.
States, but 31 per cent, in the seven cities
named above. The receipts at these seven COMPOSITION OF MILK.
cities in 1909 were equivalent to about 23 per
cent, of the production as reported by the
census, as compared with 16 per cent, in 1899.
In January, 1910, and again in June, 1910, It has been estimated that the average man
the Department of Agriculture made an in must be supplied daily with an amount of
vestigation through its agents, in 63 cities energy in the form of food which is the equivu-
throughout the United States, concerning the lent of from 3,000 to 3,500 calories. In order
price which retail dealers were paying for eggs to obtain this energy one would have to con
and the price which consumers were paying sume about eight pints of milk daily, or about
for fresh eggs; at the same time inquiries were a tumblerful every hour of the working dav.
ORCHARD AND VINEYARD PRODUCTS.
Trees of Bearing
Age: 1010. Products of 1909. Trees Products
Products. Reported of
June 1, 1899.
Farms 1000. Bushels.
reporting Number. Bushels. Value.
Fruits:
(orchard)
Apples 2.080.398 151,323.000 147.522,000*83.231.000 201,794,000 175.397.000
Cherries 1,248.667 11.822,044 4.126.099 7.231.100 11.943.287 2.873,499
Peaches 1.843.610 04,507,000 35,470,000 28.781.000 99,919.000 1 5.434,0W
Pears 1.276,366 15,172.000 8,841,000 7.011.000 17,716,000 6.625.0O'
Plums, etc. . 1,120.130 23,445.009 15,480,170 10.299,495 30,780,892 8.764.032
Fruits:
(vineyard)
Grapes 923,396 224,008,000 2,570.906,000 22.025,000 182,228,000 1,300.751.000
Fruits:
(sub-tropl
csi)
Oranges 9.307.047 '19,289 391 17.257,278
938,870 2,728,341 2,939,512
'Boxes.
CUTS OF MEAT.
The method of dividing up the car on this account the character of the
cassed of slaughtered animals varies cuts of beef, veal, pork and mutton
considerably in different localities. In is shown in the diagrams given on
order that "there may be no confusion page 62.
THE FUNCTIONS AND USES OF FOODS.
BY C. F. LANGWORTIIY, PH. D.
Office of Experiment Stations.
In this article a number of the meat and fish, the white and yolk of
terms used in discussing food are de eggs, wheat flour, etc. The edible por
fined and some of the principles tion consists of water and nutritive
of nutrition are briefly stated. ingredients, or nutrients. The nutri
The average composition of a tive ingredients are protein, fats, car
number of the more common bohydrates and mineral matters.
American foods is quoted as well as The water, refuse, and salt of salt
ihe commonly accepted dietary stand ed meat and fish are called non-nutri
ards. With the aid of such data, the ents. In comparing the values of dif
nutritive value of any given diet may ferent food materials for nourishment
be computed and its comparative value they are left out of account.
ascertained. USE OF NUTRIENTS.
Ordinary food materials, such as
meat, fish, eggs, potatoes, wheat, etc., Food is used in the body to build
consist of : and repair tissue and to furnish en
Refuse.—As the bones of meat and ergy. The manner in which the valu
fish, shells of shellfish, skins of pota able constituents are utilized in the
toes, bran of wheat, etc. body may be expressed in tabular form
Edible Portion.—As the flesh of as follows :
Copyright, Huna * Co.

THE RACE OF FOODS FOR FIRST PLACE IN THE DIGESTION RACE.
Protein. Forms tissue (muscles,
White (albumen) of eggs, curd (casein) tendon, and probably
of milk, lean meat, gluten of wheat, etc. fat).
Fata Form fatty tissue. All serve as fuel and
Fat of meat, butter, olive oil, oils of yield energy in form
corn and wheat, etc. of heat and muscular
Carbohydrates > Transformed into fat. strength.
Sugar, starch, etc.
Mineral matters (ash) Aid in forming bone,
Phosphates of lime, potash, soda, etc. assist in digestion, etc.
The Fuel Value of Food*—Heat and
muscular power are forms of force or
energy. The energy is developed as
the food is consumed in the body. The
unit commonly used in this measure
ment is the calorie, the amount of beat
which would raise the temperature of
a pound of water 4 deg. Fahrenheit.
Instead of this unit some unit of
mechanical energy might be used—for
DIAGRAM OF CUTS OF VEAL.

a pound of protein of lean meat or al
bumen of egg is just about equivalent
to a pound of sugar or starch, and a
little over two pounds of either would
DIAGRAM OF CUTS OF MUTTON.

instance, the foot-ton, which repre
sents the force required to raise one
ton one foot. One calorie is equal to
very nearly 1.53 foot-tons.
The following general estimate has
been made for the average amount of
potential energy in 1 pound of each of
the classes of nutrients : DIAGRAM OF CUTS OF FORK.
Calories.
In 1 pound of protein 1,860 be required to equal a pound of the fat
In 1 pound of fats 4,220 of meat or butter or the body fat.
In 1 pound of carbohydrates.. 1,860 Within recent years analyses of a
In other words, when we com large number of samples of foods bave
pare the nutrients in respect to been made in this country. In the
their fuel values, their capacities for tables on pages 63-65 the results of
yielding beat and mechanical power, a number of these analyses are grveD:
DIAGRAM OF CUTS OF BEEF.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FOOD PRODUCTS.
Fuel
Ref Pro. Car Value
Food Materials (as purchased ). Water . tein Fat. bohy - Ash .
use . per
drates . Lb .
ANIMAL Food . Calo

Beef, fresh : Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. ries .
17 . 3 54 . 0 15 . 8 12 . 5 0 . 7 820
Chuck , including shoulder
Chuck ribs. . 19 . 1 53 . 8 15 . 3 11 . 1 755
Flank . . . . . . . . . . 5 .5 56 . 1 18 . 6 19 . 9 1 , 185
Loin . . 13 . 3 52. 9 16 . 4 16 . 9 1 ,020
Porterhouse steak . 12. 7 52 . 4 19 . i 17 . 9 1 ,110
2009
54 . 0 16 . 5 16 . 1
09
Sirloin steak . . . . 12 . 8 985
04.1
Neck . . . . . . 31 . 2 45 . 3 14 . 2 9. 2 650
Ribs . . . . 20 . 1 45 . 3 14 . 4 20 . 0 1 ,110
Rib rolls. 64 . 8 194 . 15 . 5 1 ,015
Round.. .. 8.5 62 . 5 192 . 9 .2 745
Rump. 19 . 0 46 . 9 15 . 2 18 . 6 1 ,065
Shank , fore. .. 38 . 3 43 . 2 13 . 2 5 2 465
Shoulder and clod 17 . 4 57 . 0 16 . 5 8.4 660
Fore quarter. . . . . 20 . 6 49 . 5 14 . 4 15 . 1 905
Hind quarter . . . . 16 . 3 52. 0 16 . 1 15 . 4 950
Beef, corded , cann
Corned beef. . . . . . .. 8. 4 49. 2 14 . 3 23. 8 4 .6 | 1 ,271
Tongue , pickled . . . 6 .0 59 . 9 11. 9 19 . 2 4.3 1 .030
Dried , salied , and smoked . 4 .7 53.7 26 . 4 8 .9 780
Canned boiled beef. . . 51 8 25 . 5 1.3 1 ,425
Canned corned beef. . 51. 8 26 . 3 4 .0 1, 280
Veal: COON 635
Breast . . . 23 . 3 52. 5 15 . 7 .8
11 . 7 63. 4 18 . 3 1. 0 585
leg, . . 63 . 3 1. 0 690
Leg cutlets . 3. 4 20 . 1
Fore quarter . . 24 . 5 54 . 2 15 . 1 6 .0 535
Hind quarter . . 20 . 7 56 . 2 16 . 2 6 .6 580
Mutton :
Flank . . 9. 9 39. 0 13 . 8 36 . 9 1 ,815
Leg, hind. . . 17 . 7 51. 9 15 . 4 14 . 5 900
Shoulder . . . 22 . 1 46 . 8 13 . 7 17 . 1 975
Fore quarter. 21 . 2 41 . 6 12 . 3 24 . 5 1,265
Hind quarter , without tallow . 19 . 3 43 3 13 . 0 24 . 0 1 ,255
Lamb :
Breast . 19 . 1 45 . 5 15 , 4 19 . 1 1 .090
Leg , hind. 13 . 8 50 . 3 16 . 0 19 . 7 1, 130
Pork , fresh : 48 . 5
Flank . . . 18 . 0 15 . 1 18 . 6 1 ,065
Ham . . . . 10 . 3 45 . 1 14 . 3 29 . 7 . .8 1 ,520
Loin chops. . 19 . 3 40 . 8 13 . 2 26 . 0 1 .340
Shoulder . . . . 12 . 4 44 . 9 12 . 0 29 . 8 1 ,480
Tenderlo . .. 66 . 5 18 . 9 13 . 0 1.0 900
Pork , saltedin, cured , and pickled :
Ham , smoked . . . . 12 .2 35 . 8 14 . 5 33.2 4. 2 1.670
18 . 9 30 . 7 12 . 6 33 . 0 5.0 1 ,625
Shoulder, smoked . . 3. 9
Salt pork . . . 7. 9 1. 9 86 . 2 3 ,670
Bacon , smoked . . . . . . . . 18 . 4 9.5 59 . 4 4 .5 2 ,685
susage :
Bologna . . . 3 .3 55 . 2 18 . 2 19 . 7 3 .8 1 . 170
Farmer . . . 3 . 9 22 . 2 27 . 9 40 . 4 7. 3 2 , 225
Frankfort. . . . 57 . 2 19 . 6 18 . 6 3. 4 1, 170
Soups :
Celery , cream of. . . . . . . 83. 6 2. 1, 2 .8 5.0 1.5 250
Beef . . 92 . 9 4.4 1. 1 1. 2 120
Mest stew 84 . 5 4 .6 4. 3 5 .5 11 370
Tomato . . 90 . 0 1. 8 1. 1 5 .6 1.5 185
Poultry :
Chicken , bro 41 . 6 43 . 7 12 . 8 295
Fowls.. . 25 . 9 47 . 1 13 . 7 12 . 3 775
Goose . . . . . 17 . 6 38 . 5 13 . 4 1,505
Turkey . . . . . . . 22 . 7 42 . 4 16 . 1 1 ,075
Fish :
Cod, dressed . . .. . . . 29 . 9 58 . 5 11 . 1 215
Halibut, steaks or sections. . . . 17 . 7 61 . 9 15 . 3 470
44 . 7 40 . 4 10 . 2 365
Mackerel, whole. . . . . . . 35 . 1 50 . 7 12 . 8 265
Perch , yellow , dressed .
Shad , whole . . 50 1 35 . 2 9.4 380
Shad , roe . . . . 71, 2 20 . 9 2.6 600
Fish , salt : Cod . . 1 24. 9 40 . 2 19 . 0 1 18 . 5 315
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FOOD PRODUCTS—Continued.
Ref Water. Pro Car
Food Materials (as purchased). use. tein'. Fat. bohy
drates
Fish, canned: Per Ct. Per Ct, Per Ct PerCt. PerCt Per Ct.
Salmon 5.0 50.8
i14.2 19.5 7.5 2.0
Sardines 53.6 23.7 12.1 5.3
Shellfish:
Oysters
sters, "solids" 88.3 6.0 1.3 3.3
Clams. . 80.8 10.6 1.1 5.2
Crabs. . 52.4 36.7 7.9 .9 .6
Lobsters. . 61.7 30.7 5.9 .7 .2
Eggs: Hens' _ Ml. 2 65.5 11.9 9.3
Dairy products, etc.:
Butter 11.0 1.0 85.0
Whole milk 87.0 3.3 4.0 5.0
Skim milk 90.5 3.4 .3 5.1
Buttermilk 91.0 3.0 .5 4.8
Condensed milk 26.9 8.8 8.3 54.1
Cream 74.0 2.5 18.5 4.5
Cheese, Cheddar. 27.4 27.7 36.8 4.1
Cheese, full cream 34.2 25.9 33.7 2.4
Vegetable Food.
Flour, meal, etc. :
Entire-wheat flour 11.4 13.8 1.9 71.9
Graham flour 11.3 13.3 2.2 71.4
Wheat flour, patent roller process-
High-grade and medium 12.0 11.4 1.0 75.1
Low grade 12.0 14.0 1.9 71.2
Macaroni 78.4 3.0 1.5 15.8
Crushed wheat 10.1 11.1 1.7 75.5
Buckwheat flour 13.6 6.4 77.9
Com meal 12.5 9.2 75.4
Oatmeal 7.3 16.1 67.5
Rice 12.3 8.0 79.0
Tapioca 11.4 .4 88.0
Starch 90.0
Bread, pastry, etc. :
White bread 35.3 9.2 1.3 53.1
Brown bread 43.6 5.4 1.8 47.1
Graham bread 35.7 8.9 1.8
Whole-wheat bread 38.4 9.7 .9
Rye bread. 35.7 9.0 ,fi
Cake 19.9 6.3 9.0
Cream crackers 6.8 9.7 12.1
Oyster crackers 4.8 11.3 10.5
Soda crackers 5.9 9.8 9.1
Sugars, etc.:
Molasses 25.1 2.4
Candy
Honey 3 18.2 nl
Sugar, granulated 11)0
Maple sirup 71
Vegetables :*
Beans, dried 12.6 22.5 1.8 59.6
Beans, Lima, shelled 68.5 7.1 .7 22.0
Beans, string 7.0 83.0 2.1 .3 6.9
Beets 20.0 70.0 1.3 .1 7.7
Cabbage 15.0 77.7 1.4 .2 4.8
Celery ■ 20.0 75.6 .1 2.6
Corn, green (sweet), edible portion. 75.4 1.1 19.7
Cucumbers 15.0 81.1 .2 2.6
Lettuce 15.0 80.5 1.0 .2 2.5
Mushrooms 88.1 3 5 .4 6.8
Onions 10.0 78.9 1.4 .3 8.9
Parsnips 20.0 66.4 1.3 .4 10.8
Peas (Pijuro sativum), dried 9.5 24.6 1.0 62.0
1 Refuse, oil. 2 Refuse, shell.
3 Contained on an average cane sugar 2.8 and reducing sugar 71.1 per cent. The reducing
sugar was composed of about equal amounts of glucose (dextrose) and fruit sugar (levulose).
4 Such vegetables as potatoes, squash, beets, etc., have, a certain amount of inedi"
material,beskin,
cannot seeds, etc.
accurately The amount
estimated. The varies
figureswith
giventhefor
method
refuseofofpreparing
vegetables,the fruits,
vegetables,
re a
sumed to represent approximately the amount of refuse in these foods as ordinarily f
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FOOD PRODUCTS—Continued.
Ref Water. Pro Car-

Food Materials (as purchased). use. tein. Fat. bohy
drates.
Vegetables—<Continued) : Per Ct PerCt Per Ct PerCt Per Ct. PerCt

Peas (Pumm sativum), shelled. 74.6 0.5 16.9 1.0
Cowpeas, dried 13.0 1.4 60.8 3.4
Potatoes 20.0 62.6 .1 14.7
Rhubarb 40.0 56.6 .4 2.2
8weet potatoes 20.0 55.2 .0 21.9
Spinach. 92.3 .3 3.2
Squash. 50.0 44.2 .2 4.5
Tomatoes 94.3 .4 3.9
Turnips. 30.0 62.7 5.7
Vegetables, canned:
Peas {Pumm sativum), green. . 85. 3 3.6 .2 9.8
Corn, green. 76.1 2.8 1.2 19.0
Tomatoes 94.0 1.2 .2 4.0
Fruits, berries, etc., fresh:1
Apples. 25.0 63.3 .3 .3 10.8
Bananas 35.0 48.9 .8 .4 14.3
Grapes. 25.0 58.0 1.0 1.2 14.4
Lemons 30.0 62.5 .7 .5 5.9
Muskmelons 50.0 44.8 .3 4.6
Oranges 27.0 63.4 .6 8.5
Pears 10.0 76.0 .5 12.7
Persimmons, edible portion. . . 66.1 .8 31.5
Raspberries 85.8 1.0 12.6
Strawberries 5.0 85.9 .9 7.0
Watermelons 59.4 37.5 .2 2.7
Fruits, dried:
Apple*. 28.1 1.8 2.2 66.1
Apricots 81.4 .9 17.3
Dates. 10.0 13.8 1.9 2.5 70.6
JC 18.8 4.3 .3 74.2
Nuts:
Almonds 45.0 2.7 11.5 30.2 9
Beechnuts 40.8 2.3 13.0 34.0 7.
Brazil nuts 49.0 2.6 8.6 33.7 3.
Butternuts 80.4 .6 :i s 8.3
Chestnuts, fresh 16.0 37.8 5.2 4.5 35!
Chestnuts, dried 24.0 4.5 8.1 5.3 58.
Cocoanuts 48.8 7.2 2.9 25.9 14
Cocoanut, prepared 3.5 6.3 57. 31.
Filberts 52.1 1.8 7.5 31.3 0.
Hickory nuts 02.2 1.4 5.8 25.5
Pecans, polished 53.2 1.4 5.2 33.3 6.
Peanuts 24.5 6.9 19.5 29. 1 18
Pifion (Pinu* edutia) 40.0 2.0 8.7 30.8 10.
Walnuts, California, black. . .. 74.1 .6 7.2 14.6 3.0
Walnuts. California, soft-shell. 58. 1 1.0 0.9 26.6 0.8
10.0 13. 1 2.3 3.0 08.5
Miscellaneous:
Chocolate 5.9 12.9 48.7 30.3
Cocoa, powdered 4.0 21.0 2.8.9 37.7
Cereal coffee, infusion (1 part boiled in
20 parts water) 3 98.2 1.4
1 Fruits contain a certain proportion of inedible materials, as skin, seeds, etc., which are
properly classed as refuse. In some fruits, as oranges and prunes, the amount rejected in
eating is practically the same as refuse.^ In others, as apples and pears, more or less of the
edible material is ordinarily rejected with the skin and seeds and other inedible portions.
The edible material which is thus thrown away, and should properly be classed with the waste,
is here classed with the refuse. The figures for refuse here given represent, as nearly as can
be ascertained, the quantities ordinarily rejected.
« Milk and shell.
3 The average of five analyses of cereal coffee grain is: Water 6.2, protein 13.3, fat 3.4,
carbohydrates 72.0, and ash 4.5 per cent. Only a portion of the nutrients, however, enter into
the infusion. The average in the table represents the available nutrients in the beverage In
fusions of genuine coffee and of tea like the above contain practically no nutrients.
PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES : 1908.

Species. Pounds. Dollars.
Alewives . . . . 89,978,000 589.000
Black bass . . 3 ,313,000 255 . 000
Bluefish 7 ,647 ,000 506 ,000
Bream or Sunfish . . . . 4 ,738 ,000 120 .000
Buffalo fish . . . . . 16 ,729 ,000 498 .000
Butterfish . . 6 ,855 , 000 237 .000)
Carp , German . 42,763 ,000 1 , 135 ,000
Catfish . . . . . 17 ,817 . 000 785 .000
Cod . . . . . . . . . 109 ,453,000 2 ,903.00 )
Croaker . . 8 , 143,000 226 ,00
Cusk . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .344 .000 105, 00
Drum , fresh -water . 6 ,532,000 154.000
Drum , salt-water. 4 ,576 ,000 164.000)
Eels . . . 3 , 358 ,000 203.00
Flounders . . . 23. 346 . 000 589,00 )
Haddock . . . 59 , 987,000 1 , 308,000
Hake . . . . . . 34 , 340 .000 464.000
Halibut . . . . . 34,441. 000 1, 562.000
Herring . . . 125 ,050 ,000 796 ,000
Herring (lake ). .. 41, 118 .000 989 .000
Mackerel . . . 12 . 103 .000 848,006)
Menhaden . . 394 ,776 ,000 893 .000
Mullet. . . . 33,703 ,000 908 ,000
Perch , white . . . . . 2 ,412 .000 137 .00 )
Perch , yellow . . . . . . 7 , 898 ,000 259.00 )
Pike and Pickerel . 2 ,959 .000 174 .000
Pike perch . . . . . 15 , 247, 000 580 .000
Pollock . . . . . 29 , 462,000 402. 000)
Pompano . . 570 ,000 71.000
Rockfish . . . . 2 ,454 ,000 66 ,000
Salmon 90 ,417 .000 3 , 347,000
Scup . . . . . . 8 .414 .000 290 .000
Sea bass . . . . . 6 ,352,000 284 .000
Shad . 27 ,641,000 2 , 113,000
Smelt . . . . . . 4 , 340 .000 174 ,000
Snapper , red . . . 13 ,498,000 636 ,000
Spanish mackerel 3 .806 ,000 191. 000
Squeteague . . . . . 49 ,869, 000 1 ,776 ,000
Striped bass . . . . 3 ,657 ,000 314 ,000
Sturgeon . 2 .072.000 157.000
Suckers . . 8 ,555 .000 215 . 000
Swordfish . . 2 ,714 ,000 195 , 000
Trout . . . . . . 12 ,024 ,000 800 , 000
Whitefish . . . 7 , 722,000 524,000
Lobsters . . . . 15 , 279,000 1 ,931, 000
Shrimp . . . . . 14 ,374 .000 390 ,000)
Clams, hard . . 7 ,805 ,000 1,317 ,000
Clams, soft . . . . 8 ,654 ,000 553,000)
Oysters . . . . . . . .. 233 ,309 ,000 5 ,713 , 000
Mussel shells . . . . . 81,869,000 392 ,000
Pearls and slugs . . . . 300 ,00 )
Terrapin . . . . . . . . . . 268 ,000 80 ,000)
Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,088 ,000 40 ,000
Sponges . . .. . . 622,000 545,000

Alligator hides . . . 372 ,000 61,000
Mink skins. . . . . . 22,000 89 ,000
Muskrat skins , 149, 000 136 ,000
Otter skins . . . 7 ,600 30 , 000
Whalebone . . . . 63 ,000 215 ,000
Scallops . . . . 2 ,414 ,000 317 , 000
Oil, sperm . . 3 ,391,000 252.000
Oil, whale . . 573 ,000 30 ,000
Irish moss . . 772 ,000 26 .000
The total quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of the United States including
the items mentioned above and all other fish products was 1,893 ,454,000 pounds, valued at
$54,031,000 . No later figures are available at time of publication . In many cases there
was an increase , in other cases a decrease .
.
CANTONESTS
WCST FORESTS
CASTCRN
TORUST
COAST
PACIFIC
Un NORTHERN
FOREST
FOR
MOUNTAIN
ROCKY SO
MARDWOOD
CENTRAL
UITINE
FOREST
SOUTHERN
CA
TROPICAL
FOREST
OF
STATES
UNITED
THE
.FORESTS
ESTIMATED AREA OF EXISTING NATIONAL FORESTS JANUARY

31, 1913.
Acres. Acres.
Alaska .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ,748 ,850 Nevada . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 5 ,595 ,310
Arizona . . . . . . . 13 ,339,390 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 10 , 173 ,890
Arkansas . . . . 2 ,225 ,890 North Dakota . . . . . 13 ,920
California .. ... . . . . . . . . . 26 ,921,945 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,640
Colorado . . . . 14 ,648,890 | Oregon ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ,023 ,220
Florida . . . . . . 674 ,970 Porto Rico . . . . . . 65,950
Idaho . . . . . . . 19,550 ,827 South Dakota . . 1, 337 ,750
Kansas. . . . . . 303,937 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ,735 ,639
Michigan . . . . 163 ,771 Washington . . . . 11,684,360
Minnesota . . . 1 ,570 ,850 Wyoming . . . . . . 8 ,633,463
Montana . . 18,977 ,580
Nebraska . . . 556 ,700 Total area . . . . . 187,008,796
Acres.
Area embraced in additions to national forests from June
30 , 1911 . . . 484 ,204
Area embraced in eliminations from national forests from June
30 , 1911 . . . . . . 4 ,083,651
Area embraced in existing national forests June 30 , 1911 . . . . . 190 .608 , 243
Area embraced in existing national forests January 31, 1913.. . 187,008,796
Area decreased during the period June 30 , 1911, to January
31, 1913
15 . .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,599,447
NATIONAL MONUMENTS .
States and names. | Date created. Area. States and names. Date created. Area .
Alaska: Actes . New Mexico : Acres

Sitka . . . . . Mar. 23. 1910 1 57, 00 Chaco Canyon . .. . Mar. 11, 1907 | 20 , 629. 40
Arizona : ElMorro . . . . Dec. 8, 1906 160. 00
Grand Canyon ? . . . Jan . 11, 1908 1 806 , 400 . 00 Gula Cliff Dwell
Montezuma Castle Dec. 8, 1906 160 . 00 ings 2 . . . . Nov . 16 , 1907 160 . 00
Navajo .. . . . . . . . . Mar. 20 , 1909 $ 600. 00 Gran Quivira * * * * Nov. 1 , 1909 1 160. 00
Tonto 2 .. . Dec. 19 , 1907 1610 . 00 Oregon :
Tumacacori. . . Sept. 15 , 1908 10 . 00 Oregon Caves ?. .. July 12, 1909 1 480 .00
Petrified Forest.. . July 31,1911 * 25,625.60 South Dakota :
California : Jewel Cave Feb. 7, 1908 11,280. 00
Cinder Cone 2 .. . . May 6, 1907 15, 120. 00 Utah :
Lassen Peak 2 . . . . . .do . . .. . . . 11, 280 . 00 Mukuntuweap.. . . July 31, 1909 1 15 ,840. 00
Muir Woods . . . Jan . 9 , 1908 295 . 00 Natural Bridges .. Sept. 25 , 1909 • 2 , 740. 00
Pinnacles . . . . . . Jan . 16 , 1908 1 2, 030 . 00 Rainbow Bridge.. May 30 , 1910 160.00
Devil Postp July 6 , 1911 1 800 . 00 Washington :
Colorado : Mount Olympus 2 Mar . 2, 1909 1608, 640.00
Wheeler 2 . . Dec. 17 , 1908 300 . 00 Wyoming:
• Colorado . . . May 24 , 1911 Devils Tower.... . Sept. 24, 1906 1, 152.91
13, 883. 06
Montana : Shoshone Cavern . Sept. 21, 1909 210. 00
Big Hole . . June 23, 1910 15.00
Lewis and Total. . . .. . . 1,509,027. 97
Cavern . . May 16 , 1911 + 160.00
1 Estimated area .
? Under jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture.
3 Based on 15 known ruins, within Indian reservation ,
According to second proclamation .
LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS STATISTICS.

Id 1909 there were in the United States while 6,886 males, and 269 females, were
40,671 establishments; 784,989 persons en under 16. The capital invested was $1,176,-
gaged in the industry, of which number, 675,407. The total expenses were $995,-
4VS25 were proprietors and firm members, 622,839, of which the officials received
19.*40 were salaried officers, superintendents i22.44S,332, clerks $17,979,364, wage earners
and managers; 18.088 were male, and 3,717 $318,739,207, fuel and rent of power $3,-
female clerks. The average number of wage 082.387, other materials $503,035,292, rent of
miner* was 695.019: the number in the factory or works $2,623,146. taxes including
maximum month, November, was 739,160, internal revenue $9,863,384, contract work
and in the minimum month, January, $32,-191,242, and other miscellaneous work
649.239. The total number of wage earners $76,360,585. The primary horse-power was
on December 15, 1909, or the nearest re 2.84O.0S2. The value of products $1,156.-
presentative dav, was 838,160, of which 128,747. The value added by manufacture,
number, 826.9*8 were males, and 4,027 which is the difference between cost of materi
iemales, all being 16 years of age and over; als and value of products, was $648,011,168.
LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS.

The total value of the lumber and timber products of the United States, in 1909, was
I7_'4,705.760. The total quantity of lumber made was 44.509.761 M. feet, board measdre,
Mlued at $684,479,859: Of this amount the softwoods comprised 33,896,959 M. feet,
word measure, valued at $477,345,046. They were subdivided as foUowi:
16.277,185 M. ft yellow pine, valued at $206,505,297
1.499.985 " " western " " " 23,077,854
J'MO.OM - - white " " " 70,830.131
4*56.378 " * Douglas fir " " 60,435,793
i.05U99 "" "•' hemlock
1.748.547 spruce *" "" 42,580.800
29,561,315
H55.635 " " cypress " " 19,549,741
521.630 " " redwood " " 7,720,124
(46,008 - " cedar " " 6,901,948
740.15S " " all other kinds " " 10,182,043
Of the total quantity of lumber, the output of hardwoods was 10,612,802 M. feet, hoard
measure, valued at $207,134,813. They were divided as follows:
4.414,457 M ft. oak, valued at $90,512,009
1. 106,604 ' " maple, valued at 17,447,814
7116.945 - - red gum, valued
•163,891 ■■ " chestnut. " " at 9,334,268
10,703,130
152,370 " " birch, " " 7,666,186
•499,151 " " basswood, " " 7,781,563
147,456 " " elm,
-■S5.60O " " cottonwood, " "" " 6,088,098
4,794.424
-"H.2n9 " " ash. " " 7,116.089
B3.929 - " hickory, " " 10,283.776
46.108 " " walnut, " " 1,972,835
56.511 " " sycamore. " " 834,612
1.528,571 " " all other kinds, valued at 32,599,949
Shingles, 1911. Poles and Ties, 1911.

Daring the year 1911 there were 12,113,867 During the year 1911 there were 135,-
thousand shingles produced in the United 053,000 ties used by the steam and electric
fortes. They were cut from the following railroads of the United States. Of this num
»oods in the following quantities: Cedar ber 59,508,000 were oak; 24.205,000 southern
1 592.179 thousand; cypress 1.230,645; yellow pines; 8,015,000 cedar; 7.542,000 chestnut;
P"» 650,332; redwood 395,786; white pine 11,253,000 Douglas fir; 4.138,000 tamarack;
M.679; spruce 12.381; chestnut 40,84(1; hem- 5,857,000 cypress; 3,086,000 hemlock; 2.690,-
l»k 26,171; western pine 15,882; and all (XX) western yellow nine; 1,820,000 redwood;
"iher woods 65,972 thousands. Washington 1,293,000 gum; and 4,980,000 of ull other
Produced 63.9 per cent, of all the shingles kinds. During the same period there were
u^td and Alabama, Arkansas, California, 3,418,020 poles purchased for electric wires
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, of all kinds. They were of the following
North Carolina, Oregon and Wisconsin pro woods: Cedar 2.100,144; chestnut 093,489;
duced from one per cent, to three per cent, oak 199,590; pine 101,690; cypress 72,995; and
d the total production. i all other kinds 190,112.
STATE BILLIONS BOARD FEET PRODUCTION OF TURPENTINE AND

WASHINGTON RESIN : QUANTITY AND VALUE,
LOUISIANA
TOLAS 1908 - 1910 .
MISSISSIPPI
WISCONSIN During the year 1910 there were 27,750,000
ARKANSAS gallons of turpentine produced , having a total
MICHIGAN value of $ 17,680 ,000, against 36 ,589,000
PENNSYLVANIA gallons and a value of $ 14 ,112,400 in 1908.
MINNESOTA The total production of resin in 1910 was
OREGON 3 , 404 ,000 barrels of 280 pounds and was
NORTH CAROLINA valued at $ 18 , 255 , 000. For the year 1908
VIRGINIA there were 4 , 288 , 283 barrels produced having
WEST VIRGINIA a total value of $ 17 ,783,550 .
CALIFORNIA
ALABAMA
MAINE
BILLIONS BOARD FEET
KENTUCKY SPECIES 2 3 4 5 6
TENNESSEE YELLOW PINE
GEORGIA DOUGLAS FIR
NEW YORK WHITE PINE
FLORIDA OAK
NEW HAMPSHIRE HEMLOCK
SPRUCE
SOUTH CAROLINA WESTERN PINE
MISSOURI MAPLE
OHIO POPLAR
IDAHO CYPRESS
INDIANA RED GUM
VERMONT CHESTNUT
MASSACHUSETTS REDWOOD
MONTANA BEECH
MARYLAND BIRCH
IOWA BASSW000
ILLINOIS COTTONW000
OKLAHOMA ELM
CONNECTICUT ASH
COLORADO CEDAR
LARCH
NEW MEXICO HICKORY
ARIZONA WHITE FIR
DELAWARE SUGAR PINE
NEW JERSEY TAMARACK
SOUTH DAKOTA TUPELO
RHODE ISLAND SYCAMORE
WYOMING WALNUT
UTAH ALL OTHERS
LUMBER CUTS BY STATES, 1907 RELATIVE CUTS FOR 1907 .
THE COMING OF THE OIL DRIVEN STEAMER WILL CONSERVE BOTH

FORESTS AND COAL FIELDS
Pulp Wood : 1911. beech , 44,320 cords; slabwood , etc., 280 ,534
The total consumption of pulp wood in the cords; all other, 186,783 cords.
United States in 1911 amounted to 4 , 328 , 052 The production of air-dry pulp in 1911
ords, with 268 active mills. The kinds of amounted to 2,686,134 tons, exceeding the
pood consumed follows: Spruce, domestic , output in 1910 by 152, 158 tons, or 6 per cent.
1,612 ,355 cords; spruce, imported , 903,375 The method of manufacture was distributed
ords; bemnlock , 616 ,663 cords; poplar, as follows: Mechanical, 1 ,229,719 tons ;
lomestic and imported , 368, 224 cords; sulphite , 1 , 126 ,496 tons; soda , 317 ,764 tons ;
balsam fir, 191,779 cords; pine, 124 ,019 cords; sulphate, 12, 155 tons.
usapulainen
u
m
u
v
V
2
t
WI
li
Ku
Ben
10
W
e
n
n
LEGEND :
Absolute Forest Land
I ntermediate between Agricultur
and ForestLand
Agricultural Land
Gazing Land
Barran Land
s Toral
PROBABLE FUTURE LAND CLASSIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICA .

.Measur
Board
for
Rules
Log
of
Compari eson Measur
Board
for
Rules
Log
of eson
Compari
-FOOT
.SLITESN
Logs rutinued
-bSexTeen
Logs
oor
INCHES
IN
DLAMETER INCHES
.IN
DIAMET ER
16 8
LEFROLE 10 12 14 16
.
FEET
BOARD FEET
BOARD
.
Scribners 114 213 657 710
1.008
.
Dogte 194 .1158
.3!Dogle
Scribner
and 730 023 A1. s
.
Maine
or
Holland 179 706
.5Humpbrey
Vermont
or 130
137 183 KI
697
River
C.7! umberland 190 372 427 .5
48 048
H
8. anns 213 570 656 741 01.60
110
9.Spaulding 101 216 978 748 845 850 1,061
10
Favorite
. 142 102 725 845 020
150 200 248
Baxter
.11 117 250 305 800 504 065 754 848
.
Baxter
and
Doyie
12 100 190 256 305 360 504 665 751
-fourths
three
of
Square
.13 192 865 433 307 888 675 768 867 073
130 192 300 684 768
-thirds
two
or
Square
.14 936 285 605
Herring
.15 107 183 284 485 867 655 857
230 840
.
Dusenberry
16 100 136 170 90 285 346 414 487 867 841 2945
River
Orange 104 136 218 308 800 480 016 692 769
733383225571E7E28
Chapin
. 112 186 874 468 563 666 717 883 1,027 1161
Northwestern 117 170 206 393 450 636 632 725 815 920 1,037
Derby
. 148 195 248 248 077
307 868 438 813 080 873
Partridge
. 140 180 236 486 005
179 288 850 416
.
Parsons 100 140 438 500 600 705
Ropp
. 100 157 211 866
272 830 418 403 579 672 880
.
Stillwell 96 133 170 225 833 688
'srotary
.Baughinap
saw 105 115 193 244 261 320 885
310 457 810 633 722 832 934 1
'sband
.Baughman
saw 112 136 200 270
.Saco
River 147 192 340 417 )
600 600 686 700 1.02211.162
108
Ballon
. 79 170 200 802 860 436 513 890 071
Wilson
. 101 144 184 244 20
Wilcox
. 180 306 874 629 616 81
101 883
.
Warner 89 128 102 240 11
373 446 013 673
02
Boynton
. 170 216 203 316
258 872 131 400 560
-five
.Forty 125 168 200 332 384 450 622
White
. 161 214 278 341 418 198 100 601 803 028 01, 68
.
Apgar
and
Finch 112 157 203 402 492 678 649 738 797
Constantine
. 213 268 339 288 100
318 474 682 624 733 810
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAV REFERENCE BOOK .
.
Ake 128 167 212 416 8071 708 042 1,072 3
.1 101
301
.
Quebec 80 120 213 201 377
310 612 000
.
Columbia
British 119 100 207 347
.
Brunswick
New 84 20
International 130 170 2:0 261 886
320 036
., 105 150 200
Champlain
. 23 302
193 . . . .
.
Clement 820 300 648 748 NVO 1.08
Click
14 131 175 308 376 AM 020 714
91 179 NIA ,01 38 1.180
173 282 348 471 000 710 001 1,074
38882257 % 98229 * 32332782359335 2233 7898

32359293332020383322323733333
280 871 785 0
1, 70
v
SIXTRUN
- oor
Lou Continue Fontinued
-CSIXTEEN
OOT
.LOos
DIAMETER
.
INCHES
IN DIAMETER
INCHES
IN
,
.RULE
NAME
OF 40 46 48 80 60 56 68 60
BOARD
.
FEET BOARD
.
FEET
Scr
. ibner ,21 04 13, 43 1,480
Do
. yl e 1,296 14, 44 1,600 1.936 2.304 2,500 2,916 1
3. 36
an
.Scr
Doyl
dibn
e er 1,204 ,1343 ,41 80
or
.Ma
Hollinan
e d 1,261 1,401 1,523 701 1.848
+
Ve
or
Hurm
mpon
hrtey
Ba
. ngor
Ri
Cu
. ve
mbrerland 759 835 918 0
,1 03 1,092
.Hanna ,21 00 13, 33 1,477 ,1616 1,765 1,930
00 . 1
.Spaulding 1,185 1,312 1,448 1,581 ,71 24 1,872 2,524 7
2, 01
10 Fav
.. orite 1,160 ,1266 1,402 1,546 1,696
.Baxter
an
.Ba yl
Doxt e
d er
thr
fof
-. our
Sq eeths
ua re
t-of
Sqtw
. hir
ua odsre 946 ,01 45 1.146 253 3,1 65
.Herring 1,067 1,176
16 .Dusenberry 1,054 ,11 70
17 .Riv
Oranerge 853
Ch
. apin 1,296 .4
1 37 5
.1 77 ,71 21 1,865 0
,2 16 2,160
.Northwestern 1,160 2
1, 66 1,546 1.696
.Derby
Partridge
Par
. sons
.Ropp 11 2,643
.Stillwell
w.'srBa
sa ug
ota ryhman 732 2,041 ,22 06 2,396 2,590 7
,2 64 2.898
sawBa
.'sb anug d hman 1,582 745 ,9
1 00 2,089 2,270 2,449 2,636 2,841 3,073 3,265
.Ri
Sacve
or
Bal
. lon
.Wilson
W. ilcox 1,120
.
Warner
.
Boynton
-five
.Forty
White
.
Finch
.and
Apgar 1
1, 81 ,584
Constantine
. 1,671 18, 46 2.026 ,22 15 2,617
Ake
.
38 Quebec
. ,11 73 12. 67
British
.Columbia 1,129 1,249 1,376 15, 08 1,647 9,1 42 2,431 08
40 New
Brunswick
.
International
. 1,345 1,90 1,635 ,1790 ,91 55 2,125 32, 00 2,485 2,675 2,870 3,075
Champlain
. 1,287 14, 22 ,51 64 1,711 1,866 ,02 28 2,196 ,32 71 ,62 53 ,72 41 2,936
13 .
Clement 1, 93 13, 19 1,451 15, 89 1,734 1,884 2,042 2,205 2,375 2,550 2,733
.Click 1,200 ,1327 ,71 47 2,059
73
1,461 16, 01 1,900

CHAPTER III.
MINES AND QUARRIES.
POTTERY
DRAINTIS WER PIPE
TERRA COTTA
FIRE BRICK
OOFING
TIREPR
VITATIEBRICK
Copyright 1909 , by Munn & Co .

CLAY PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1907.
A pyramid of burned clay would be 4,294 feet high and represents a value of $ 158,942, 369.
75
SUBDIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME AND STRATA .

(Prepared Expressly for the American Almanac by Professor Willard C . Hayes, of the United States Geo
logical Survey .)
The rocks forming the earth 's crest are divided into three classes : ( a ) Sedimentary , including all rock
formed by aqueous , organic , glacial aud eoliali agencies ; (b ) Igneous , including all rocks that bave beed
solidified from a woltes condition , both volcanic and plutonic ; ( c ) Metamorpbic, including altered rocks of
eltber sedimentary or igneous origin , in whicb the acquired are more promloent than the original cbaracter
istics , together witb tbe ancient crystalline scbists of uncertain origin .
The Bedimentary rocks are subdivided into formations, which are groups of strata of similar composita
or containing tbe same fossils. The formations are grouped into larger aggregates called systems, wbic
correspond to divisions of the time scale called periols. The systems and thelr corresponding periods are
of world -wide occurrence , and standard terms are employed throughout the world . Formations, bowever,
are local, and cannot generally be identined in more tban a single geologic province. The following standard
column is applicable only to the United States. It represents the most recent usage as adopted by the
United States Geological Survey .
Subdivisinns of Geologic Subdivisions of Rock Strata .
Tima,
Eras. Systems. Series, Groups and Formations,
South
Plai
Atlantio and Gulf Coastal
n.
Age of man . . . . . . . .. Quatermary . Recent Pleistocene . . Columbia loam and gravel
Pliocene ( Lafayette gravel
.... Shell Creek limestone,
Cenozoic ( Caloosa batchee limestone
Miocene Chesapeake sands.
Age of mammals. . .... (Tertiary Oak Grove beds.
Oligocene Chipola group
Chattaboochee beds,
Vicksburg limestone.
Jackson clays.
Eocene Claiborn limestone .
Hatchetigbee class .
Midway limestone.
Texas Great Plains Region.

Montana sandstone,
Upper Cretaceous . Colorado Bhales.
( Dakota sandstone ,
Cretaceous Washita group .
Comanche .. .. . . . . . 3 Fredericksburg group .
Trinity sands.
Mesozoic
Age of reptiles . . . . . North Atlantic Coastal Plain,
Jurassic . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower Potomac .. S Arundel sands.
Patuxent clays.
Brunswick sandstone.
Triassic Newark .. Lackatong shale .
( Stockton sandstone and shale,
New York Pennsylvania Regios .
Permian Dunkard sandstone.
( Monongehelasandstone and shale.
J Conemaugh sandstone and sbale
Age of acrogens. .. . .. . Carboniferous . .... Pennsylvanian . . Allegheny sandstone and sbale.
Pottsville conglomerate ,
Mississippiar S Manch Chunk shale .
Pocono sandstone,
Neodevonian .. S Chemung sandstone.
Portage sandstone,
Age of fiabes ........
.. Devonian .. 3Mesodevonian . . . . . . SHamilton shale,
Marcellus limestone,
( Corniferous limestone,
Eodevonian .. Schoharie grita ,
LOreskony sandstone,
Lower Heldenberg limestone.
Salina sandstone,
Ontarian . . . . Niagara limestone.
Clinton sandstone.
Palezolc Silurian Medina sandstone,
Hudson slate.
Utica shale.
Champladian . . . . .. . Trenton limestone.
Choze limestone,
Calciferous Hmestone .
Age of invertebrates . . . Potsdamian . . . .. . . . Potsdam sandstone.
Cambrian Acadian Acadia limestone,
Georgian Georgia Jate .
Lake Superior Region .

Keweenawan . . . . . Keweenaw slate.
LAlgonkan Hanbury slate.
Upper Hurouian ... Vulcan slate.
Negaunee formation
Lower Huronian . . . . Randville dolomite .
A sole I Laurentian
Sturgeon Quartate,
. . . . . . . . Archeon .. . ......
MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

1910 .
Product.
Quantity . Value .
METALS .
Pigiroa (spot value) . . . . . . .long tons . . 27 , 303 , 567 $ 425, 115, 235
Silver, commercial value . . . . . . . troy ounces. . 57, 137 ,900 30 , 854, 500
Gold , eoining valuie . . . . . 4 .657 ,018
. . . . . . . do. . 96 , 269, 100
Coppar, value at New York City . pounds. . 1 ,080 , 159, 509 137, 180 , 257
Lead , valge at New York City . short tons. . 372, 227 32 ,755, 976
Zine, value at St. Louis . . . . . . . . do . . . . 252 , 479 27 , 267 ,732
Quicksilver , value at San Francisco . . . . . . . Glasks. 20 , 601 958, 153
Aluminum . . . .. . . . . pounds . 47, 734, 000 8 ,955 , 700
Antimonial lead . . . .short tons . . 14 , 069 1 , 338, 090
pounds. . 23, 447
Platinum ,value atNew York City . . ..troy ounces. .
272
25, 277
Total value ofmetals . . . . . . 760 , 743, 467
NONMETALS (SPOT VALUE ).
Bituminous coal. .. . short tons. 417; 111, 142 469, 281,719
Pennsylvania anthracite long tong . . 75 , 433 , 246 160, 275, 302
Natural gas. 70 , 750 , 158
Petroleum barrels . . 209,556,048 127 , 896 ,323
Peat . . . . ..
140 , 209
Clay products . 170, 115, 974
Cerpent barrels . . 77 , 785 , 141 68 ,732 ,092
Lime .. . . . . . . short tons. 3 , 481, 780 13 , 894, 962
Sasd (molding, building, etc. ) and grave
Sand ime brick
. . . . . . .do . . . . 66 , 949 , 347 19,520 , 919
- ... 1 , 169 , 153
Slate . .
6 , 236 , 759
Stone . 76 ,520 ,554
Corundum and emery . . . . . short tons. 1,028 15 , 077
Carnet for abrasive purposes . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . 3 , 814 113, 574
Grindstones . . . . . . . 796 , 294
Infusorial earth and tripoli . . . . short tons. . 130 , 006
Millstones . . . . 29 , 217
Ottoces , etc. 229 , 694
Pamice . . . . . short tons . . 23, 271 94 , 943
Anenious oxide. . . . pounds. . 2 , 994, 000 52 , 305
Borax ( crude) . .. short tons. . 42, 357 1 , 201, 542
Bromine . . . . . - pounds. 245 , 137 41, 681
crisis
Floorspar . short tons. . 430 , 196

og
69 , 127
Gypsum . . . . . . . do . . .. 2 , 379, 057 6 ,523,029
Lithium minerals ,
tin
. . do . . .
Phosphate rock long tons. . 2 ,65 1, 985 10 , 917, 000
Pyrite . . . .. . . .. do . .. . 238 , 154 958, 608
Sulphur . . . . . .do . . . . 255, 534 4 ,605, 112
Salt . .. . . barrels . . 30, 305 ,656 7 , 900 ,314
Barytes (crude ) short tons . 42 , 975 121, 746
Mineral paints . . . . do . . . 85 , 085 2 , 174, 735
Zinc oxide . . . . do . . . . 59, 333 5 , 325 ,636
Asbestos . . . . . .do . . . 3 , 693 68, 357
Asphall. . . . . . .do. . . . 260 ,080 3 ,080 ,067
Bausite .. . long tons, 118. 932 716 , 258
Chromie iron ore . . . .do . . . 205 2 ,729
Feldspar . .. short tons . 81. 102 502, 452
Foller's earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do 32 , 822 293, 709
Gemsand precious stones 295 , 797
Glass and . .
short tons . . 1 , 461, 089 1 ,510 ,711
Graphite ( crystalline ) .. . pounds 5 , 590 ,592 295 , 783
Graphite (amorphous) . short tonis . 35 , 945 81, 443
Magnesite . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . do. . . 12 , 143 74 ,658
Manganese ore . . . . long tony 2 , 258 22, 892
Manganilerous ore . . . . . . . . . . . do CI, 101 156 , 765
Mies (sheet ) . . . . . . . pounds . . 2 , 476 , 190 283, 832
Mira (scrap ) . . . . . . . . short tons. . 4 , 065 53, 205
Mineral waters . gallone sold 62. 030 , 125 6 , 357, 590
Quartz . .
. short tons 63, 577 193, 757
Talc and soapstone . . . . , . . .do . . . 79 ,006 8644 , 213
Tale , fibrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . 71. 710 728 , 180
Thorium minerals (mona pounds . 99, 301 12 , 006
Titanium ore (rutile ) . . . . . . . . .do. 5656 44 , 450
Tungsten ore .. . .
um minerals . . short tons . 1 , 821 807, 307
Uranium and vanadium minerals ... . . . . . . do . . . . . .
Total value of nonmetals . . . . 1 242 , 701, 402

Total value ofmetals . . . . . 760 , 743, 467
Estimated valueol mineral products unspecified1.. 300, 000
Graad totat. .. .. .. 2 ,003, 744.869
. Included under unspecified.

VALUE OF IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND OF EXPORTS

MINERAL PRODUCTS IN THE CALENDAR YEAR 1911.
The imports of mineral products into the grindstones, $123,727; gypsum, $4SO.S*
United States may be divided into metals and hones, oilstones, whetstones, $54 ,379 ; i
non-metals, the imports of the former amount fusorial earth and rotten stone, $35.(56
ing in 1911 to $105,629,081 and of the latter kaolin or china clay $1,461,068; lead paint
to $124,146,745, a total of $229,776,726 worth litharge, orange mineral, red lead, white lea
of mineral products imported into the United $118,395; lime, $55,255; magnetite and ma
States in 1911. The imports of metals during nesia, $1,224,987; marble and stone, SI.409
the year were as follows: Aluminum salts, 930; mica, $502,163; mineral waters, *1,037
$56,833; antimony (metal, regulus and ore) 485; monazite and thorium oxide, $60,54:
$531,011; antimony salts, $54,426; bauxite, ocher, $110,932; peat, $39,372; petroleuc
$164,301 ; bismuth, $31 1,771 ; cadmium, $2,410,884; ozokerite and paraffin, $792,811
$3,870; chromic iron ore, $407,958; chromium tumice, $118,977; pyrite, $3,788,803; shal
salts, $3,508; cobalt (oxide, ore, and zaffer) 375,030; sand and gravel, $147,268; sionc
$48,104; copper, in ore, matte, ingots, bars, and umber, $59,334; slate, $8,367; sulphu,
manufactures, etc., $38,445,939; iron ore, $552,836; talc, $88,050: thorium nitrat.
$5,402,636; lead, in ore, base bullion, pigs, $238,841; Venetian red, $20,169; zinc oxddi
sheets, manufactures, etc., $63 1 ,654 ; man $357,466.
ganese ore, $1,186,791; nickel, in ore, matte, The exports of mineral products from ih
oxide, etc., $4,050,030; platinum, $4,866,207; United States again may be divided int
quicksilver, $251,386; tin, $43,346,394; tung metals and non-metals, the exports of th
sten ore, $85,887; type metal, $310,658; former amounting to $123,322,446 and of th
uranium salts and oxide, $14,106; zinc, in ore, latter to $190,807,641, or a total of $314,130,
sheets, dust, manufactures, etc., $408,273; 087 worth of mineral products exported fron
iridium, osmium, palladium, and rhodium, the United States during the year 1911. Th'
$292,399. The imports of non-metals for the exports of metals for the year were as follows
same period may be divided in similar fashion Aluminum and manufactures, etc., $1,158,
into: Alizarin. $996,794; aniline salts, $410,- 603; copper, in ore, matte, ingots, bars manu
193; arsenic sulphides, etc., $247,323; asbes factures, etc., $105,679,926; iron ore
tos, $1,703,639; asphalt, $789,236; barytes, $2,653,448; pig iron (including scrap) $2,916,
$58,726; barium compounds. $398,213; borax, 601; lead, in ore, base bullion, pigs, sheets,
$23,628; burrstones and millstones, $36,028; manufactures, etc., $680,419; nickel, in ore
cement, hydraulic, $242,722; clay, $235,254; matte, oxide, etc., $8,283,777; quicksilver.
clay products, brick and tile, etc., $166,133; $13,995; zinc, in ore, pigs, sheets, dust, manu
pottery, etc., $10,638,616; coal, anthracite, factures, $1,935,677. The exports of non-
$12,550 and bituminous, $3,604,797; coal-tar metallic products were as follows: Asphalt.
products, $8,235,891; cobalt. $48,104; coke, $598,930; cement, hydraulic, $4,632,215;
$254,455; corundum and emery, $336,644; clay products, brick and tile, etc., $2,264,354,
cryolite, $47,093; fertilizers, crude (guano, pottery, etc., $1 ,401 ,366 ; coal, anthracite,
kainite, manure salts, phosphates, etc) . , $18,093,285, bituminous, $34,499,989; coke,
$10,387,588, potassium chloride, $7,651,693, $3,215,990; fertilizers, phosphates, crude,
potassium sulphate, $2,240,631 and sodium $9,235,388; lime. $153,212; marble and stone,
nitrate, $16,814,268; flint and flint pebbles, $1,810,182; petroleum, $105,922,848; paraffin
$236,158; fluorspar, $80,592; fuller's earth, and paraffin wax, $7,047,856;
$143,594; gems and precious stones, $40,820,- salt, $335,285;
436; granite, $146,468; graphite, $1,495,729; sulphur, $545,420, zinc oxide, $1,051,311.
CALENDAR OF EVENTS AND DISCOVERIES RELATIVE TO THE

PRECIOUS METALS.
1530-1540. Pillage of Peru. 1866. Invention of dynamite.
1547-1548. Discovery of Guanajuato silver 18S6. Opening of the "banket" reef of
mines in Mexico. the Hand, South Africa,
1577. Discovery of gold in Brazil. Development of Manke's method
1670. Discovery of placers of Garuzua. of bessemerizing copper mattes
1680. Discovery of placers of Minas- and the successful refining of
Geraes. this impure copper by electri
1704-1728. Silver mines opened in Russia, city.
1743. Discovery of gold in the Ural. 1890. Introduction of the cyanide pro
1848. Discovery of Placers in California. cess in the Rand. South Africa
1848. Introduction of Plattner's chlori- 1S97. Discovery of placers in the
nation process at ReichensU'in Yukon.
in Silesia. The price per unit of the production (gold
1851. Discovery of placers in Australia. excepted, which is fixed by law) is based
1853. Introduction of hydraulic mining upon the average
in California. for the year 1910 of daily
1853. Maximum annual production of New York prices for the metals, as follows
gold in California, amounting Gold per fine ounce, $20.6718346255323;
to $65,000,000 for the year. silver per fine ounce, $0.54; copper per pound
ls;,\ Introduction of chlorination pro $0,127; lead per pound, $0,044; and zinc pel
cess at Gross Valley, California, pound, $0,054.
TRANSVAAL
£29.973,115 UNITED STATES
AUSTRALIA
£18, 583, 253 £13, 107,414 (RUSSIA )
15,752,356
MEXICO RHODESIA INDIA NEW ZEALAND CANADA GOLD COAST

13,808,718 £2, 176 ,886 $ 2 ,133,691 £2 ,027,490 £1,698,868 £1,130, 975
A YEAR' S PRODUCTION OF GOLD
(in pounds sterling)
GOLD AND SILVER . PLATINUM .

During the year 1880 there were 1,741,500 In 1911 the production of crude platinum
fpe ounces of gold produced with a value of was 628 troy ounces, valued at $ 18, 137 as
$ 36 ,000 ,000 and 30 ,318,700 fine ounces of compared with 390 troy ounces in 1910 valued
slrer, having a value of $ 34 ,717 ,000 . In at $ 9 ,507 . This entire output was recovered
189 ) the 1 .588 ,877 ounces of gold were valued from placer mines in California and Oregon .
at $ 32,845 .000 and the 54 ,516 , 300 fine ounces The total quantity of refined platinum pro
o silver $57 , 242.000 . For the year 1900 the duced in domestic refineries in 1911 was
3,123,897 ounces of fine gold produced had a about 29 , 140 fine ounces , of which only about
value of $ 79, 171 .000 and the 57 ,647,000 940 ounces, valued at $ 40 , 890 , were derived
Onces of silver a value of $ 35 .741, 000 . from domestic sources of various kinds. The
During the year 1911 there were 4 ,687,053 total imports for the year amounted to
fine ounces of gold produced with a total $ 4 ,866 , 207 . The total world ' s production of
value of $ 96 . 890 ,000 and 60,399 ,400 fine platinum in 1911 amounted to 314 ,323 troy
ounces of silver with a value of $ 32,615 ,700 . ! ounces .
GERMANY
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
Mexico
£160496
UNITED
BOLIVIA
STATES
,3
19
850
1,$ 013
£560
PERU
,719
4
He
JAPAN
,000
£432
SPAIN
£400
,000
65
6, 18
7
,000
718 12
7£
,1fil
2
9 29
f,1 51
A YEAR'S PRODUCTION OF SILVER

(in pounds sterling )
LEAD . Minnesota, 34 ,431,768 long tons, or 62.439

The production of lead in 1911 was 406 , 148 Michigan , 11,191,430 long tons, 20 .294
short tons, valued at $ 36 ,553,320 , as com Alabama, 4 ,563,603 long tons, 8 . 28 % ; N
pared with 372, 227 tons valued at $32,755 ,976 York , 1 ,216 ,672 long
2. 8 8 7 ,0 7 4 o n g t o n s t ons, 2.2
tons, 2 .21
1 % 8 ;. 2Wiscons
8 % : 200
in 1910 . The imports of lead were valued at ,
860 ,600 long tons, 1 . 56 % i all other stati
$631,654 in 1911 against $ 755 ,092 in 1910 . 2 ,887,074 long tons, or 5 .23 % . The princip
iron -ore producing region is the Lake Superi
The exports were valued at 680 .419 in 1911
against $614 , 158 in 1910 . The imports of region , which alone in 1912 produced 46 ,361
878 long tons. There are six ranges includ
type metal were valued at $ 310 ,659 as against
$ 485 ,493 in 1910 . The United States ranks in the Lake Superior region , their producti
for the year 1912 being as follows: Marquet
first in the production of lead with a pro range (Mich . ) , 3 ,545 ,012 long tons : Menon
duction of 406 , 148 short tons ; Spain ranks nee (Mich . and Wis .) , 4 .465 ,466 long ton
second with 189, 155 tons ; Germany third Gogebic ( Mich . and Wis .) , 3 .026 .632 loi
with 177 ,801 tons ; Mexico fourth with 132 , 276 tons : Vermillion (Minn . ) , 1 ,457, 273 long tot
tons and Australia fifth with 109 ,789 tons. Mesabi (Minn.), 32,604,756 long tog
QUICKSILVER . Cuyuna (Minn . ) , 369 ,739 long tons .
The apparent consumption of iron -ore
The production of quicksilver in 1912 the United States for intervals of ten yea
amounted to 25 ,064 flasks of 75 pounds each , is as follows: 1890 , 16 , 302,025 long tons : 190
valued at $ 1 .053. 941. California reported 26 .722 .583 long tons : 1910 , 56 , 161,091 loi
20 ,524 flasks for the year; Nevada and Texas tons ; 1912 , 58 ,031, 118 long tons .
combined reported 4 , 540 flasks. The imports The imports of iron -ore in 1912 were value
were valued at $ 39 .920 in 1912 and the ex at $ 6 ,499,690 , as compared with $ 5 ,412,636
ports at $ 13,360 . 1911 and $ 7 ,832, 225 in 1910 . The exporta
1912 were valued at $ 3 ,537 , 289, as compare
IRON , PIG IRON AND STEEL . with $ 2 ,653,448 in 1911 and $ 2 ,474 , 165 in 191
The quantity of iron ore mined in the The production of pig iron in the Unite
United States in 1912 amounted to 55 , 150 , 147 States in 1912 amounted to 29 ,726 ,937 lor
long tons, as compared with 43, 876 ,552 long tons . The marketed production amounte
tons in 1911, an increase of 11 ,273 ,595 long to 30 , 180 , 969 long tons, valued at the fu
tons, or 25 .69 per cent. The quantity of iron naces at $ 420 ,563, 388, as compared wit
ore marketed in 1912 amounted to 57 ,017 ,614 23, 257 , 288 long tons in 1911 , valued
long tons, valued at $ 107 ,050 , 153, as com $ 327 ,334 ,624 . The whole number of furnac
pared with 41,092,447 long tons in 1911, in blast on December 31, 1912 was 311
valued at $ 86 ,716 ,575 . This total production against 231 in 1911 ; on that date 153 furnace
of 55 ,150 ,147 long tons consisted of the follow were idle or being rebuilt.
ing ores : Hematite , 51, 345,782 long tons; The production of all kinds of steel ingot
Brown ore , 1 ,614 ,486 long tong ; Magnetite , and castings in 1912 amounted to 31. 251. 30
2 , 179,533 long tons ; carbonate , 10 ,346 long long tons and was made by the followin
tons. The rank of the principal iron -ore processes : Bessemer , 10 , 327 ,901 long tom
producing states with regard to both quantity Open hearth , 20 ,780 ,723 ; crucible and a
and percentage of total production follows: 1 other, 142,679 long tons.
WORLD 'S PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE BY COUNTRIES.
Country 1900 1910 1911 1912
North America :
Canada . . . . 239, 324 231,6:23 187,507 156 ,250
Cuba a 936, 132 1,462, 498 1, 103, 714 1, 597, 797
Mexico . . .
Newfoundland . 1, 004,050 " 1. ios. 762
United States . 51, 291, 271 57,014, 906 43, 876, 552 55, 150, 147
Europe:
Austria - Hungary . 4 , 503 , 768 1,592,372
Belgium . . 196 , 565 121 , 024
France . 11, 702,756 14, 375 , 984
29 . IN . ST2
German Empire and Luxem 25, 102,819 29, 257 , 579
Greece . . . . . . 469, 120 527, 040
Italy . . . . . . 497 , 141 542 , 578
Norway . . . 39, 753 100 , 834
Portugal. . . 3 , 307
Russia c . . (0 )
Spain . . . . 8,647 ,6:58
Sweden , 3, 824, 562 5 , 465, 234
United Kingdom 14, 804, 382 15,226 ,015
Asia :
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 ,000 €130 , 472
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 , 620
Japan 1 . . . . . .
83 , 456
Chosen (Korea ) . . . . . . 90, 569 104,627
Philippine Islands . . . . er 230 145
Africa :
Algeria . 876 , 969 1 , 048 , 229
Madagascar . . (6 ) (A )
Natal . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. .
214, 815 327, 756
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. 115, 835 137, 821
"
Russia produced 2 ,561,121 long tons of pig irop in 1909, and 2,936 .024 tons in 1910 .
• Statistics not yet available. d Output of Tayeh mines. Exports,
Japan produced 53 ,338 long tons of pig iron in 1909 , and 66 . 131 tons in 1910 .
Estimated by Bureau of Science of Philippine Islands for 1900 to 1911 from casting produced , and by
U . S . Ceological Survey for 1912 on same basis
A Nearly 8 tons of iron (metal) produced in 1910.
ti
11
UDL
. IN
GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE RUSSIA
UNITED STATES
12 ,671, 791 10 , 114 , 281 3 .590 , 200 2 ,768,190
AUSTRIA -HUNGARY CANADA SWEDEN

BELGIUM 615 , 778
1,363, 075 999 ,892 676 , 031
IRON .
A YEAR' S PRODUCTION
(in tons.)
COPPER
The production of copper in 1911 was copper producing countries of the world , for
1,097 ,232.749 pounds fine, valued at the year 1911. United States, 1,097,232 ,749
$137,151,092 as against 1 ,080 , 159,509 pounds, pounds ; Mexico , 125 ,000 ,820 pounds; Japan
valged at $ 137 . 180 , 257 , in 1910 . The in 123 ,237 , 140 pounds ; Spain and Portugal,
crease by decades in the production of copper 116 .843,800 pounds; Australia , 93,695,500
is shown as follows : 1845, 224 ,000 pounds; pounds; Chile , 66 , 358 ,460 pounds; Russia ,
1855 , 6 ,720 ,000 pounds ; 1865 , 19 .040 ,000 57,319,600 pounds; Peru , 57,099, 140 pounds;
poands; 1875 , 40 ,320 , 000 pounds; 1885 , Canada, 55,848,665 pounds; Germany,
165,875,766; 1895 , 380 ,613,404 pounds; 1905 , 49 , 162,580 pounds.
898,784 ,267 pounds; 1911, 1 ,097 , 232,749
pounds. Considerable copper was reported
by the mines, from ores mined primarily for rapport 2
otber metals, and in all 263,647. 58 fine ounces
of cold and 16 ,759 ,638 fine ounces of silver
Fete obtained from ores in which copper was
the principal constituent. RO
Forms in which copper was cast in 1911 in MEXICO SPAIN a JAPAN

cluded wire bars , 731,029 , 349 pounds, or 61, 000 PORTUGAL 42. 310
50 % ; ingots and ingot bars, 409 ,786 ,682
52,168
pounds, or 29 % ; cakes , 143,716 , 125 pounds,
OP 10 % ; cathodes, 135 ,499 ,770 pounds, or
9 % ; other forms, 25 ,774 ,328 pounds, or 2 % .
It will be noted that the total, 1 ,445 ,806 , 254
mands does not equal the refinery output of
copper for 1911. www
The imports in 1911 were valued at $ 38 ,
445,939 as against $ 40 . 849, 239 in 1910 ;
$32 ,762,951, in 1909 and $ 29 ,664 , 129 in 1908 . mm
The exports in 1911 were valued at $ 105 ,679, 'UNITED STATES CHILE AUSTRALIA GERMANY CANADA
926 , is against 396 ,554 ,432 in 1910 ; $ 93 ,919, 493, 476 42,043 34 , 339 32,298 28, 733
$ 56 , in 1908 and $ 91, 809 ,675 in 1908 .
The smelter production of copper in the COPPER
world was 1 ,958 , 201, 285 pounds in 1911, as A YEAR ' S PRODUCTION .
compared with 1 ,903 , 297 ,003 pounds in 1910 . ( in tons.)
In 1911 the emelter output of the United
States was 56 per cent of the world ' s pro
duetion , 3s compared with 56 .76 per cent in
1910 , 58 per cent in 1909 and 56 . 5 per cent The first illumination by gas in the United
in 1908. The following shows the principal States was in the streets of Boston in 1823 .
Tin. The Permanent Court of Arbitra

In 1911 nominal outputs of tin as ore, con tion.
centrates and metal, were reported, valued This court, more popularly known as The
at $50,635. and coming from Alaska and Hague Tribunal, was constituted by virtue
Texas. In 1910, the output of tin valued at of the convention for the pacific regulation of
$23,447 was reported from Alaska, North international questions, concluded at The
Carolina, South Dakota, and Texas. 92 tons Hague, Julv 29, 1899. (Office, Prinsegracbt
of stream tin was dredged at Buck Creek, 71, The Hague.)
Alaska, in 1911. The imports in 1911 were Administrative Council.—President: The
valued at $43,340,394. Minister for Foreign Affairs for Holland
Members: The diplomatic representatives of
all the signatory powers accredited to The
Hague.
Members of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration.—Since the individuals themselves
are constantly changing by ill health or death,
we shall content ourselves by giving the
signatory powers alone, letting it suffice to say
that these powers appoint their most dis
tinguished men,are:
preferably lawyers, to the
position. They Austria • Hungary,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Ger
many, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy,
Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, Portugal, Rou-
rnania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden, and
Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.
Carnegie Peace Fund.
On December 14, 1910, Andrew Carnegie
transferred to 27 trustees a fund of $10,000.-
000 in 5 per cent, first mortgage bonds, the
revenue of which will be used to "hasten the
abolition of international war" and to
establish lasting world peace. The founda
tion is to be perpetual, and when the estab
TIN. lishment of universal peace is attained the
donor provides that the revenue shall be
A year's production. devoted to the banishment of the "next
, (in tons.) most degrading evil or evils."
COAL MINE ACCIDENTS IN NORTH AMERICAN MINES.
The loss of life in the production of anthra mine cars and locomotives, which accounted
cite and bituminous coal during 1912 involved for 23.93 per cent, of the total serious in
the loss of 2,360 lives in and about the coal juries. Of those slightly injured, 37.04 per
mines of the United States, as compared with cent were injured from falls of roof and coal
2,719 fatalities during 1911, a decrease of and 25.06 per cent by mine cars and loco
539, or 13.2 per cent. The fatality rate for motives.
1912 was 3.15 per 1,000 persona employed, as The accompanying profile shows graphic
against 3.73 for 1912, a decrease of 0.58 per ally the fluctuations in and gradual increase
1,000, or 15.5 per cent. of the death rate during the period 1886 to
The loss of life based on actual numbers 1912. The lowest rate of 2.23 per 1.000 in
was greatest in the Pennsylvania anthracite 1887 has never since been approached, with
region where 584 deaths occurred, followed the exception of 1897, when it dropped to
by the bituminous region of Pennsylvania 2.33. Sinco 1900, the rate has never been
with 437, West Virginia with 359. Illinois with below 3 per 1,000, and from this point od
159, Ohio with 133 and Alabama with 121; there has been a rapid and uniform increase.
alt others total 507.
Classified according to cause, the coal mine
accidents of the United States during 1912
may be divided as follows: Underground,
2,119, or 89.79 per cent.; in shafts, 54 or
2.29 per cent.; on the surface, 187, or 7.92 per
cent. Of the 2,119 killed underground, 1,151
were killed by falls of roof and coal; 3G2 by
mine cars and mine locomotives; 301 by gas
and coal dust explosions; 133 by explosives;
76 by electricity; and 96 by other causes not
stated. »«95 IMO
During the year 1911, 9,106 miners received
serious injuries and 22,228 received .slight T£AW
injuries as a result of accidents. As in the INCREASE IN FATALITY RATE
case of deaths, the larger part of the serious 1886-1912.
injuries (43.57 per cent) was due to falls of
roof and coal; the second largest cause was F. L. Hoffman in Coal Age.
COAL.
During the year 1910 there were 342,969,- During the year 1911 there were 172,585
220 short tons of bituminous coal and men employed in the anthracite coal mines of
73,623,227 short tons of Pennsylvania anthra Pennsylvania. They worked on an average
cite, or a total of 416,592,447 short tons of of 246 days out of the year. The average
eotl loaded at the mines for shipment ; production per man in 1911 was 524 short tons
12.286.851 short tons of bituminous and and the average daily tonnage per man was
2.020,572 short tons of anthracite, or 14,307,- 2.13 tons. In the bituminous fields there
423 tons in all sold to local trade or used by were 549,750 men employed during the year
employees; 9,667,621 tons of bituminous and 1911 and they worked on an average of 211
S.S4 1,437 tons of anthracite, or a total of days. The average production per man in
1*.50©,058 tons in all used at the mines for the bituminous mines was 738 tons and the
•team and heat; there were 52,187,450 short average daily tonnage per man was 3.5 tons.
toos of bituminous coal made into coke during During the year 1911 there were 3,553,999
thr year. Thus a total quantity of 417,111,- long tons of anthracite coal with a value of
112 short tons of bituminous coal and S18.093.285, and 13,878,754 long tons of
H.4*5.236 tons of anthracite coal were pro bituminous, valued at S34.499.989, exported
cured during the year. The total value of from the United States. The anthracite im
the coal produced was S629.557.021, of which ports amounted to 2,463 long tons, valued at
1459.231.719 was for the bituminous coal and S12.550 and the bituminous and shale im
tl'iO,275,302 for the Pennsylvania anthracite. ports to 1,234,998 long tons, valued at S3,-
The average price per ton of bituminous coal 004,797.
«"M 81.12 per ton and for Pennsylvania an- Since 1899, the United States has ranked
tSiracite SI .90 per ton The average num first in the coal producing nations of the world
ber of men employed in the mines was 725,030. and Great Britain has ranked second. In
In 1911 there were 418.920,169 tons of coal 1911 the United States produced 496,221,168
kaiied at the mines for shipment; 15,530,992 short tons of coal; Great Britain, 304,518,927
ton.* sold to local trade and used by em tons; Germany, 258,223,763 tons; Austria-
ployees; 19,552,840 tons used at the mines for Hungary, 53,626,639 tons; France, 43,375,550
steam and heat; and 42,217,167 made into tons; Russia and Finland, 25,570,053; and
coke; thus the total production of coal for the Belgium, 25,490,842. The grand total pro
year was 496,221,168 short tons, of which duction of coal in the world for 1911 amounted
amount 405,757,101 tons were bituminous to 1,303,763,496 tons.
cwl and 90,464,067 tons were Pennsylvania A summary of strikes in the coal mines of
anthracite. The total value, at an average the United States shows that there were dur
price of Sl-26 per ton, was S626.366.876. ing the year 1911, 35,513 men idle, in the
The average number of days the mines were bituminous mines, for an average of 27 days.
•ftiTe was 220 and the average number of In the anthracite region operations were con
ployeea 722,335. tinued without serious trouble.
PER CENT. OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINES OF NORTH

AMERICA DUE TO EACH CAUSE DURING A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
Fatal accidents.
Cause.
N'unilwr. Per cent
of total:
Fill of coal 2 722 m.a
F*l of roof, slat*, etc i, SM 31. S
Filing into shafts 3ii0 2.0
- il'ng Into stapes, manways, etc 125 .7
Mo* cut 2,214 12.0
Oatsde cars •r> 2. »>
Maun „ 3D
EipMoos:
DlBlOTRlS 14.0
Powder or dynamite l».S 5.3
Blast 7!>3 4.3
Other, not spectOeil 2"12 1.(1
I "naj machinery 332 1.8
Una 73 I
AtptyitaUon 271 15
EWracnttorf 103 1.0
Raucous 1, 1ID5 CO
Total 18,340 | 100.0
F. L. Hoffman in Bulletin of Bureau of Labor.
ACCIDENTS IN TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES

HIGH EXPLOSIVES. BLACK POWDER. OTHER EXPLOSIVES.
Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured.
1908 5 7 24 20 7 61
1909 6 3 4
1910 2 0 1
1911 3 1 2
Totals 5 10 32 23 8
RECAPITULATION.
Total Killed. Total Injured.
1908 3fi
1909 6
1910. 2
1911. 1
45 101
ACCIDENTS IN MANUFACTURE, STORAGE OR USE OF EXPLOSIVES
HIGH EXPLOSIVES. BLACK POWDER. OTHER EXPLOSIVES.
Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured.
1908 82 65 23 23 20 91
1909 122 84 17 25 10 41
1910 80 110 13 7 3 24
1911 53 25 40 31 3 7
Totals 337 284 93 86 36 163
RECAPITULATION.
Total Killed. Total Injured.
1908 1 25 179
1001) 1 1!) 150
1910. 141
1911 m 63
hid
Central Bureau of International the density and force of gravitation; it de
Geodesy Established Upon the votes its attention, furthermore, to researches
upon the mean level and variations in the sea-
Telegraphberg, Near Potsdam. level; to the examining into the refraction of
This central bureau has "xisted .since 18fifi. luminous rays by the atmosphere; finally, it
After the creation of the Prussian Geodetic is occupied with all theoretical and experi
Institute it was united with the latter in 1809. mental researches which contribute to the
The object of the Geodetic Institute is to examination of the surface and the geodesy
cultivate, geodesy by scientific researches, of the country.
to execute the astronomical and physical The Godetic Institute is placed under the
determinations which, joined with the immediate supervision of the Minister of
geodetic determinations, may serve in the Ecclesiastical Affairs, Public Instruction, and
exploration of the surface of the earth, more Medical Affairs of Prussia.
particularly within Prussian territory. The Academy of Sciences is the consulting
The labors of the institute for the present organ of the Minister in all the important
bear more particularly upon the astronomical affairs of the Institute. Conformably to the
determinations of the vertical in longitude conventions agreed upon between the con
and latitude, as well as upon astronomical tracting parties, the Institute performs the
<lata upon as many points of the geodetic functions of a Central Bureau for interna
system as possible; moreover, upon the de tional geodesy. The director of the bureau
termination of zenithal distances for con at the same time director of the Institute.—
venient point-, also upon the determination of Aimanach du Gotha.
FATAL -ACCIDENT RATE IN THE COAL MINES OF NORTH AMERICA DURING

A TEN - YEAR PERIOD , BY CAUSES .
Fatal accidents.
Causc . Rate per

Number. 10 ,000
employ .
ees.
Fall of coal. . . . . 2 ,722 4 . 99

Fall of rool, slate, etc . . .. 5 ,828 10 . 68
Falling into sbalts . . . 369
Talling into slopes, manways, etc . . . . . 125
Vine cars . . . . . . . . 2 , 204
Outside cars . . . . . . . . . .
Motors . . . . . . . . . . 05
Lxplosions:
Dust or gas . 2 . 571 4 . 71
Powder or dynamite 968 1 . 77
Blast . . . . . . . . . 793 1. 45
Otber, not specified 292
Viaing machinery . . 332
**
Molo . . 73
Asphyxiation . . . . 271 30
Electrocution . . . 193 35
Miscellaneous . . 1, 105 2 . 02
Total . . . . . . . 33 . 60
18, 346
TATAL ACCIDENT RATE PER 1 ,000 EMPLOYEES AND NUMBER OF LIVES LOST
PER MILLION TONS MINED IN NORTH AMERICA , BY STATES
AND PROVINCES , 1866 TO 1908 .
ต่งเร่ง่ล่ล่ล่ddeos
Fatal accidents.
Years Lives lost
Tons of coal Employees . per 1,000 ,000
State or Province . consid
ered . produced Per 1, 000 tons of coal
Number . em mined .
ployees .
Alabama. . . 142,592, 400 227 ,828 1 , 037 7 . 27

๙ded
Colorado 12, 307, 804 25 , 651 76 6 . 17

ร่ร่ค่
117 ,663, 271 188 , 054 1 , 074 9 . 13

611, 071, 223 1 , 030 , 800 2 , 407
146 , 490 , 472 245 , 115 547
109, 736 , 706 264, 400 573
1933 86 , 096 , 265 184 , 895 415
Keatacks. 112 , 218 , 992 218, 866 375
Maryland . 84 , 322 , 336 93, 269 165
13 , 081, 027 23, 356 68 5. 20
Vissouri 61. 005 , 829 151, 444 261 4 . 27
Koatan . . . . 24, 464, 869 37 , 557 138 5 . 64
New Mexico . . . . . . . 19, 243 ,519 29, 325 212 11. 02
North Dakota 320 , 742 631 6 . 34 12 . 47
467, 312,283 863,812 1, 845 2 . 14
Oklahoma . . . . 33,906, 783 90 , 774 460 5 . 07 13. 57
Transylvania :
Anthracite . . 1 ,782,024,124 4 , 344 , 074 14,625 3 . 37 8 . 21
Bituminous . . 1, 806 , 371, 376 2 , 729 . 155 6 , 919 2 .54 3 . 83
Tenantsee. . . . . .. 69 , 368 , 153 143 , 029 027 4 . 38 9 . 04
Washingtos .. . . . . 17 .754, 456 24 , 424 285 11. 67 16. 05
39, 231, 315 68 ,645 464 6 . 76 12. 14
West Virginia . . . 453 ,581,594 625 , 566 2 ,887 4. 62 6 . 36
Wyoming . . . . 26 , 140 , 782 29, 227 339 11. 60 12. 97
Total. . ... 6,235, 306, 431 | 11 ,639,897 | 35, 803 3 . 08 5 . 74
Bricksh Columbia 22, 106 , 271 68 , 698 497 7 . 23 22. 4

Nova Scotia .. 90 , 512, 879 236 , 998 720 3 .04 7 . 95
Tots .... .. .. . . . . . 112,619, 150 305 , 696 1, 217 3 . 98 10 . 81
Grand total . . .. .. 6, 347, 985,581 11,845,593 37,020 3 . 10 5 83
F . L . Hoffman in Bulletin of Bureau of Labor.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL COAL MINE DISASTERS

IN NORTH AMERICA .
Nameofmine,or locality, Lives Year Date . Nameofmine, or locality , Lives

Year . Date . and State . lost . and State . lost.
1869 Sept . . . . . . Avondale , Pa . . . . . . . . : 179 1902 July 10 . . . . Johnstown , Pa . .. 112

1873 Drummond,Nova Scotia 73 1902 July 16 . . . . Park City , Utah . .
1880 Richhill, Mo . . . . . 1902 Aug. 7 . . . . Bowen No. 3 mine
1880 Fort Pitt,Nova Scotia . . 1902 Sept. 15 Algoma, W . Va . . . .
1883 Feb . 16 . . . Braid wood , Ill . . . . . 1903 Jan . 23 . . Primero , Colo . . . . .
1883 Nov. 23 . . Kettle Creek , Pa . . . . . 1903 July 1 . . Hanna , Wyo . . . . . .
1884 Jan . 24 . . Crested Butte , Colo . . . .. 1903 Nov . 21 . Ferguson mine, Pa. ..
1884 Feb . 20 .. . West Leisenring , Pa . . 1904 Jan . 25 . . . . Harwick mine, Pa . . . .
1884 Mar. 13 . . Pocahontas mine, W . Va. 1904 A pr. 3 . . . Zeigler , ni. . . . . . . . . . . .
1884 Johnstown mine , Pe . . .. 1904 A pr . 23. Eleanors shalt, Pa . . .
1885 McBeam mine, Nova 1904 Dec . 1 . Diamond mine, Mo . . . .
Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 Jan . 4 . . . . . Bluefields, W . Va . . .
1890 May 15 . . . . Ashley mine, Pa . . . . . . . . 1905 Jan . 18 . Panther Creek , W . Va .
1890 June 16 . . . . Hill Farm mine, Pa . . . 1905 Feb . 20 . Virginia City , Ala . . . . .
1891 Jan . 27 . . . . Mammoth mine, Pa. . . .. 1905 Feb . 27 . . . . Welch , W , Va. . ..
1891 | Feb . 21 . . . . Spring Hill, Nova Scotia 1905 Mar. 18 - 19 . 1 Rush Run , W . Va . ..
1892 July 23 . . York Farm mine, Pa. .. . 1905 A pr. 3 . . . . . Zeigler, mi. . ..
1893 Jan . 10 . . . Como, Colo . . . . . . . 1906 Jan . 4 . Coaldale , W . Va . ..
1894 Feb . 13. .. Gayland , Pa . . . . 1906 Jan . 18 Detroit and Kanawha,
Feb . 18 . . . Vulcan mine , Colo . . . . . . W . Va
Mar. 23 . Berwind mine, Pa . . 1906 Feb . 8. . . Parrall mine, W . Va . . .
1896 June 28 . Twin Shaft mine, Pitts 1906 Mar. 22 Century , W . Va. .
ton , Pa . . . 1806 Apr. 21 Trinidad , Colo . . . .
1999 June 16 . . . Caledonia minc, Nova 1907 Jan . 23 . Primero, Colo . . .
Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 Jan . 26 Penco , mine, W . Va. . . .
1899 Dec. 10 . . . Carbonado mine, Wash . 1907 Jan . 29 Stuart, W . Va. . .
1899 Brazella mine , Pa. . . .
Dec . 23 . . . 1907 Feb . 4 . . Thomas mine, W . Va . .
1899 Dec. 23.. . . Sumner mine, Pa . . . . 1907 May 1 . . Whipple mine, W . Va . .
1899 North Carolina. . . 1907 Dec . 1 . Naomimine, Pa . .
1900 Mar . 6 . . . Red Ash mine, W . Va . . 1907 Dec . 6 . . Monongah No. 8 mine,
1900 May 1. . .. Schofield , Utah . W . Va.
1900 Nov . 2 Berry burg , W . Va. . . . 1907 Dec. 19 . . . . Darr mine, Pa . . . . . .
1901 | Feb . 15 . . . . Union mine No. 1908 Jan . 12 . . Lick Branch , W .
British Columbia. . . 1908 May l . . Mount Lookout, Pa
1901 Mar. 2 . .. Diamond mine, Wyo . . . . 1908 Aug. 26 Halley ville , Okla . . .
1901 | May 15 . . . . Chatham , W . Va. . . . . . 1908 Nov . 28 . . . Mariana mine, Pa . . .
1901 June 10 . . . . Port Royal mine, Pa. . .. . 1909 Jan . 10 . . Lieter mine, ni. . .
1901 Sept. 30 . . . Extension mine, British 1909 Nov. 13 . . . St. Paul mine, Cherry ,
Columbia . . . . . . . . . III.
1902 | Jan . 14 . . . . Milby and Dowe mine , 1900 Dec. 28 . . . . Lick Branch , W . Va.
Ind . T . . 1910 Jan . 31 . . . Primero , Colo
1902 Jan . 25 . . . . Lost Creek mine, Iowa. . , 1910 Feb . I. . . .. Drakesburg , K
1902 May 19 . . . . Fraterville, Tenn . . .. 1910 Apr. 20 . .. . Mulga , Ala . . . .
1902 May 22 .. . . Fernio mine, British
Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . .
1910 Apr. 21 . Amsterdam min
1910 May 5 . . . . . Palos , Ala . . . . .
F . L . Hoffman in Bulletin of Bureau oj Labor.
LATEST COAL MINE DISASTERS.
Year Date Name of Mine, or Lives Year. Date Name of mine , or Lives
locality and State lost locality and State lost
1910 Oct. 3 . . . Roslyn mine, Wash ... 1911 | Apr. 24 . Elk Garden , W . Va
1910 Oct. 8 . . . Stark ville , Colo . . . . . . 1911 July 13 . Sykesville , Pa . . . .
1910 Nov . 6 . . . Lawson mine , Wash . . 1911 Nov . 18 Bottom Creek mine,
1910 Nov . 8 . Victor American , Colo W . Va . . .. . . .. . . . .
1910 Nov . 2 5 . Providence, Ky . . . 1911 Dec. 9 . .. Cross Mountain mine ,
1910 Dec . 14 . | Leyden , Colo . . . Tenn . . . . . . . . . ..
1910 Dec, 31 Lick Fork mine , W . 1912 Mar . 20 . San Boise mine , Okla .
Va . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 1912 Mar. 26 . Jed , W . Va . . . . ....
1911 | Feb . 9 Cokedale mine , Colo . 7 1912 June 18 .. ! Hastings , Colo .
1911 Apr . 7 .. Prince -Pancoast mine , 1912 July 24 . . Superba mine. Pa . . 15
Pa . . . . . . . .. . . . 73 | 1912 Aug . 13. . Abernant, Ala .
1911 | Apr . 8 . Bander mine , Ala . . 128 i 1913 | May 19 . . Belle Valley , Ohio . . . 13
PRICE OF COAL.
vvvvvvvvvv
(Sources : Anthracite, for shipment beyond the Delaware Capes, American Iron and Steel Associa
tion ; bituminous, Saward ' s Coal Trade Journal. )
Calendar Anthra - Bitumi- Calendar Anthra- Bitumi- Calendar Anthra - | Bitumi

year . cite . nous. year. cite . nous, year. cite . nous.
digiciciciciciniai
Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
4 . 49 3 . 894 1874 . 4 . 55 4 . 50 1893 . 3 . 90 12. 40
cô
có
4 . 11 8 . 75 1875 . 4 . 39 4 . 35 1894 . 12. 25
3 . 87 4 . 28 1876 . 3 . 87 3 . 87 1895 12. 00
3 . 43 3. 70 1877 . 2 .59 3 . 15 1896 . 2 2. 28
3 . 25 3 . 63 1878 3. 22 2. 86 1897 . " 1. 80
XPS
3 . 40 3 .49 2 . 70 2. 79 1898 . 31. 60
3 . 39 3 . 44 1880 . 4 . 63 3 .75 1899 .
4 . 14 4 . 23 1881 . A. 3 .75 1900 . .
6 . 06 5 . 57 1882 3 . 50 1901.
6 . 84 1883 . 4. 64 2 . 90 1902 .
06
7 . 57 1884 4 . 42 2 . 50 1903 .
5 . 94 1885 . 4 . 10 2 . 25 1904 .
4 . 97 1886 4 . 00 2. 10 1905 .
4 . 71 1887 . 4. 05 3 . 45 1906 . . .
4 . 97 1888 4.21 12. 60 1907 . .
4 . 39 4 . 72 1889. . 4 .04 12.60 1908 . . . 2 . 70
4 . 46 4 .72 1890 . 3 . 921 12. 60 1909 . .
3 . 74 4 . 66 1891 . 3 . 85 12. 60 1910 . . . 60
4 . 27 4 . 84 1892 . 3 . 97 12. 50 1911 . . . 2 .
1 The price on board fixed at Baltimore by the Seaboard Coal Association .

* Price of soft-coal pool.
*Owing to unusual conditions in the coalmarket the association price for 1902 is not a correct guide
to the actual selling price , Clearfield coal selling as high as $ 7 at the mines and as high as $ 9 in
Ses York Harbor. Unsettled conditions lasted until Mar. 1 , 1903, or nearly so ; then , on Apr. 1, prices
were made $ 3 . 30 at Baltimore ; later on in the year this price was discounted from 10 to 15 per cent.
Shipments nominal. No sales made in 1909 , 1910 , of 1911.
Cumberland coal now includes thin seam " as well as " big vein ” coal, the former selling about
5 cents per ton lower than the latter.
Freight on " big vein " coal to Baltimore having been reduced 15 cents, $ 2 .60 in 1909 and sub
Sequent years is equivalent to 82 .75 in 1908 and previous years.
ALASKA
WYOMING 8 .300 sq.mi.
MONTANA 19.900 . sq.mi
* 7.200 sq.mi INDIANA
7 .290 sq .mi.
W . VIRGINIA
17 .000 39 .mi. UTAH
4 :580 sq.mi.
TEXAS
*7.300 sq.mi. KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
4 ,400 sq. m . . .
16 .670 sq.mi.
S .DAKOTA
2 .400 39.mi.
ILLINOIS IND. TERR . VIRGINIA
35,600 sq.mi. 14 .850 sq. mi. 2.120 sq.mi.
ARKANSAS
1. 730 39.mi .
PENNSYLVANIA WASHINGTON
14 ,680 sq .mi.
N . DAKOTA 1 .100 sq .mi.
O
35 .500 59 . mi N .CAROLINA
NEW MEXICO 800 59 .mi.
2
13 500 sq .mi.
MARYLAND
MISSOURI 510 sq mi:
OHIO
23.000 sq . m 12 ,660 sq.mil CALIFORNIA
280 39.mi.
COLORADO OREGON
TOWA 11.600 sq.mi 230 sq .mi.
20,000 sq.mi GEORGIA
MICHIGAN 170 sq . m
1 , 300 sq .mi.
KANSAS IDAHO
20.000 sq.mi. 140 sq.mi.
ALABAMA
3 , 430 59 .mi.
COAL RESERVES BY STATEŞ.

Coke. Petroleum Refining.

The total production of coke in 1912 The products of the petroleum-refining in
amounted to 43,983,599 short tons (11,115.164 dustry, statistics for which are presented be
tons from retort ovens), valued at $111,736,- low, aggregated $236,997,659 in value in 1909
696, and the average price paid per ton for as compared with $123,929,384 in 1899. the
the same period was $2.10. The average out increase during the decade being 91.2 per
put from the by-product ovens in 1912 was cent. This conforms closely with the in
2,3 33 short tons per oven and from the bee crease in the cost of crude petroleum used
hive ovens 48-* 3hort tons. The imports of which was 89.4 per cent. The crude petroleum
coke were valued at $488,398 in 1912 and the used increased in quantity from 52,011,005
exports 1.912,576 short tons) at $3,002,742. barrels of 42 gallons in 1899 to 120,775,439
The value and quantity of products ob barrels in 1909, or 132.2 per cent., and the
tained in the manufacture of coke in retort refined-oil products aggregated 40,290,985
ovens were aa follows: Gas, 54,491,248 barrels of 50 gallons in 1899 and 89.082,810
thousand cubic feet, valued at $4,650,517; barrels in 1909, an increase of 136.2 per cent,
tar, 94,306,583 gallons, valued at $2,310,900; for the decade. The total amount of crude
ammonia, sulphate or reduced to equivalent petroleum used for refining purposes was
sulphate, 95,275,545 pounds, valued at $3,- 120,775,439 barrels of 42 gallons each, valued
649,144; ammonia liquor, 5,502,403 gallons, at $152,307,040. The product* of the refining
valued at $735,120; anhydrous ammonia, process were as follows: Illuminating oils,
3,144,014 gallons, valued at $4,114,449; other 33,495,798 barrels (50 gallons), value,
by-products valued at $610,552, thus making $94,547,010; fuel oils (including gas oils),
the total value of the by-products of coke 34,034,577 barrels, value $36,462,883; lubri
$16,070,682. The value of the roke manu cating oils, 10.745,885 barrels, valued at
factured in retort ovens was $42,632,930 and $38,884,236: naphtha and gasoline (including
the total value of all the products obtained gas naphtha), 10,806,550 barrets, value
in the manufacture of coke by this process was $39,771,959; paraffin wax, 946.830 barrels,
$58,703,612. value $9,388,812; oil asphaltum, 233,328
short tons, value $2,724,752; residuum or tar,
Natural Gas. 1,787,008 barrels, value $2,215,623: greases
(lubricating, etc.), 138,302 barrels, value
The value of natural gas produced in 1911 $1,567,647; coke and black naphtha, value
was $74,127,534, as compared with $70,756,- $507,695; sludge acid, 133.215 short tons,
158 in 1910. No imports of natural gas were value $402,295; and all other products, value
reported for 191 1. Pennsylvania consumed $10,524,747.
more natural gas than any other state in the
Union, the amount being 154,475,376 thou
sand cubic feet, valued at $23,446,001; Ohio
ranked second with 112.123,029 thousand
cubic feet, valued at $22,792,270: Kansas
came next with 77,861,143 thousand cubic
feet, valued at $9,493,701, and West Virginia
fourth with 80,868.645 thousand cubic feet,
valued at $6,240,152. During the year 1911
there were 508,353.241 thousand cubic feet,
of natural gas consumed having a total value
of $74,127,534. The value of all the natural
gas produced in the United States for the
year 1911 was $74,127,534 and of the crude
petroleum. $134,044,752, thus making the
value of natural gas and crude petroleum,
$208,172,286. There were 28,428 productive
wells on Dec. 31, 1911.
Production and Value of Petro
leum. Well Records, and
Acreage.
In the year 1911 the total production of
petroleum in the United States amounted to
220,449,391 barrels, the total value being PETROLEUM.
$134,044,752, or an avernge price per barrel a tear's production
of $0,608. On January 1, 1910 there were (in thousands of gallons.)
149,402 productive wells in the United States,
and on Dec. 31, there were 152,687. The
average daily production (in barrels) per well Aluminum.
amounted to 3.8. The total acreage in wells The ennsumption of aluminum in 191 1 was
in the United States in 1911 amounted to 46,125,000 pounds, valued at $8,084,000, as
8,322,862. Imports for the year amounted against 7,150,000 pounds in 1900, 01,281
to $2,410,884 and exports to $105,922,.S4H. pounds in 1890 and 83 pounds in 1883. The
The total production of the world was 345,512, imports of al vi minum salts in 1911 were
185 barrels, of which the United States valued at $56,833, and the exports of manu
produced 63.8 per cent, or almost two-thirds. facturers of aluminum at $1,158,603.
WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM, 1907-1911, BY
COUNTRIES.
1911
Country. 1907 1908 1909 1910 Per

Rank. Barrels. Metric olcent
total
tons. produc
tion.
166,095,335 178,527,355 183,170, 874 209,557,248 1 220,449,391 29,393,252 63.80
61,850,734 62,186, 447 65, 970,350 70,336,574 2 66,183,691 9,066,259 19.16
1,000,000 3, 481,410 2,488,742 3,332,807 3 14,051,643 1,873,552 4.07
Dutch £ut Indie*.. . 9,982,597 10,283,357 11,041,852 11,030,620 4 12,172,949 1,670,668 3.52
8,118,207 8,252,157 9,327,278 9,723,806 5 11,101,878 1,544,072 3.21
8,455,841 12,612,295 14,932,799 12,673,688 ft 10,485,726 1,458,275 3.04
£• 4,344,162 5,047,038 6,676,517 6,137,990 7 6,451,203 897,184 1.87
2,010,639 2,070,145 1,889,563 1,930,661 8 1,658,903 221,187 .48
756,226 1,011,180 1,316,118 1,330,105 9 1,398,036 186,405 .40
756,631 1,009,278 1,018,837 1,032,522
rvui* ...v......... 788,872 10 995,764 140,000 .29
527,987 420,755 315,895 11 291,096 38,813 .08
ouw 59,875 50,966 42,388 42,388 12 «71,905 10,000 .02
« 30, 000 "30,000 0 30,000 «» 30, 000 0 200,000 26,667 .06
264,249,119 285,089,615 298,326,073 327,474,304 345,512,185 46,526,334 100. 00
« Estimated.
Quantity of Petroleum Produced was 82,438,096 barrels, valued at $67,016,928:

in, and Quantities and Value the production of natural cement amounted
to 821,231. valued at $367,222; and the pro
ok Petroleum Products Export duction of puzzolano cement amounted to
ed from,, the United States. 91,864 barrels, valued at $77,363.
From 1818 when the first natural cement
The total exports of petroleum from the was used, 300,000 barrels, up to the year 1890,
I ailed State* during the vear 1911 amounted when the maximum amount 9,868,179 bar
to 1,768.731.699 gallons, valued at $105,922,- rels was used, the consumption of natural
MR. The exports of mineral, crude (includ- cement constantly grew. Since 1899, how
1C< all natural oils, without regard to gravity) ever, the consumption has gradually de
Mb was 201,843,355 gallons, valued at creased, until in 1912 the production only
^■165,403; the exports of mineral, refined, or amounted to 821.231 barrels. The future of
aanufactured naphtha, benzine, gasoline, etc., natural cement depends entirely upon means
totaling 137,294,606 gallons was valued at of improvement in the manufacture of the
111,482.761; the exports of mineral,oilsrefined cement, whereby it may be brought nearer
°r manufactured illuminating was the specification for the high-grade Portland
1112.295.006 gallons, valued
ike exports of mineral, refined at $61,055,095;
or manu cement. The decline in the use of natural
factured lubricating oils (heavy paraffin, etc.), cement has been duo principally to the greater
amounting to 183,319,645 gallons was valued tensile strength of Portland cement.
During the year 1912 the domestic con
»t 123.337,126; and the exports of residuum sumption of Portland cement amounted to
[tar. pitch, and all other, from which the light 80,865,527 barrels, which figure is arrived at
^dies have been distilled) amounting to 133,- as follows: To the shipments, 85,012,556
K*J(B7 gallons was valued at $3,882,463. . barrels, add the imports, 68,503 barrels,
and subtract the exports, 4.215,532, leav
ing as the apparent consumption, 80,865,527
Cement. barrels.
The quantity of Portland, natural nnd
Pwzolano
•Mates cement
during 1912 produced in the barrels,
was 83,351,191 United
valued at $67,461,513. As compared with The total production of pig-iron for the
J*U, when the production was 79,547,958 year 1912 was 29,726,937 tons against
5*ntk valued at $66,705,136, the year 1912 23,649,547 tons in 1911. On June 30, 1912,
wowed an increase of 3,803,233 barrels, or there were 266 furnaces in blast and on
4•'So.377
/8 per rent in quantity, December 31 there were 313. The total
or 1.13 per cent inandvalue.
an increase of
In 1912 number of furnaces on December 31, 1912f
the quantity of Portland cement produced was 466.
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Clay Products. Slate.

The value of all clay products in 1011 was The production of slate in 1912 was valued
9162,236,181; the brick and tile products be at $6,043,318. The imports of slate for the
ing valued at $127,717,621 and the pottery at same period were valued at $14,768; the ex
$34,518,560. The various kinds of clay to ports were not reported separately from that
gether with their amount and value were as of other varieties of stone.
follows: Kaolin, 27,400 short tons, valued at
$221,045; paper clay, 99,265 short tons, Lime.
valued at $454,435; slip clay, 8,393 short tons,
valued at $16,770; ball clay, 65,072 short tons, The production of lime in 1912 was
valued at $220,710; fire clay, 1,526.921 short 3,529,462 short tons, valued at $13,970,114.
tons, valued at $2,112,827; stoneware clay, The average price per ton was $3.96. The
151.384 short tons, valued at $165,751; brick imports in 1912 amounted to 4,268 short tons,
clay, 142,020 short tons, valued at $123,900; valued at $48,153 and the exports amounted
miscellaneous, 162,243 short tons, valued at to 260,669 barrels, valued at $199,515.
$165,325.
The imports of pottery in 1911 amounted Stone.
to $10,638,616; the imports of brick, fire The value of all kinds of stone produced in
brick, tile, etc., were valued at $10,804,749. the United States in 1911 amounted to
The exports of brick in 1911 were valued at $76,906,698. The imports of marble and
$2,264,354, and the exports of pottery at stone were valued at $1,556,398 and the ex
$1,401,366. The imports of kaolin or china ports at $1 ,810, 1 82. The value of the
clay in 1911 were valued at $1,461,068, and granite produced in the United States during
the imports of other clays amounted to 1911 was $21,391,878; trap rock, $6,399,622;
$235,254. Bandstone, $7,730,868; bluestone, $1,876,473;
Sand and Gravel. limestone, $33,897,362; marble, $7,546,718.
During the year 1912 there were 1.465,386 Sulphur and Pyrite.
short tons of glass sand, valued at $1,430,471, The domestic production of sulphur in 1912
produced in the United States, 4,484,593 was 303,472 long tons, valued at $5,256,422. i
short tons of molding sand, valued at $2,718-, The production of pyrite in 1912 was 350.92S
398; 23,632,157 tons of building sand, valued long tons, valued at $1,334,259. The im
at $7,904,321; 1,397,667 tons of grinding and ports of sulphur amounted to 29,927 lone
polishing sand, valued at $607,750; 455,454 tons, valued at $583,974, and the exports to
tons of fire sand, valued at $318,742; 1 ,288.486 57.736, valued at $1,076,414. The imports of
tons of engine sand, valued at $428,928; pyrite for 1912 were valued at $3,841,683.
51 ,446 tons of furnace sand, valued at $27,258;
1,778,530 tons of paving sand, valued at
$670,680; other sands amounting to 3,986.288 Pigments.
tons, valued at $1,177,065; end 29.768.510 Barytes.—The production of crude barytes
tons of gravel, valued at $7,737,942. Thus in 191 1 was 38,445 short tons, valued a
the total quantity of sand and gravel pro $122,792. The imports of barytes were
duced in the United States during the year valued at $58,726 and the imports of barium
1912 amounted to 68,318,988 short tons, compounds at $398,213.
valued at $23,081,555. The imports of sand Mineral Paints.—The commercial pro
for the same period amounted to $141,690. duction of mineral paints in 1911 amounted to
143.350 short tons, valued at $7,842,583.
Salt and Bromine. This includes the natural mineral pigments,
The production of salt in the United States pigments made directly from ores, and chemic
(including Hawaii and Porto Rico) in 1912 ally manufactured pigments.
was 33,324,808 barrels, of 280 pounds each,
or 4,665,473 short tons, valued at $9,402,772. Asphalt.
The production of brine salt in the United During the year 1912 the total production
States, for the same period, by grades was as of asphalt and bituminous rock amounted to
follows: Table and Dairy, 3,961,450 barrels; 449,510 short tons, valued at $4,620,731 and
common fine, 6,021,052 barrels; common was divided into the following varieties ;
coarse, 2,753,375 barrels ; packers' , 751 ,55 1 Bituminous rock, 53,041 short tons, valued
barrels; coarse solar, 1,105,935 barrels; other at $152,675; refined bitumin. 22.852 short
grades. 231,063 barrels and brine, 11,408,623 tons, valued at $241,772; maltha, 474 short
barrels, making the total production of brine tons, valued $3,518; wurtsilite (elaterite).
salt 26,233,059 barrels, valued at $7,704,943. 8.452 Bhort tons, valued at$115,620; gilsonite,
The quantity of rock salt mined in the United 31,478 Bhort tons, valued at $573,069; oil
States during 1912 was 992,846 short tons, asphalt, 333,213 short tons, valued at $3,534.-
valued at $1,697,829. 077. The mports of asphalt in 1912 amounted
The imports of salt during the year to 218,328 short tons, valued at $921,145, and
amounted to 998,664 barrels, valued at the exports to 1,170,882 dhort tons.
$370,648 and the exports to 445,785 barrels,
valued at $418,525, leaving an excess of im Nickel.
ports over exports of 552,879 barrels. This
added to the domestic production makes the No production of nickel ore, as such, was
apparent consumption of salt for the year reported in the United States during 1911
33,877.687. but 445 tons of metallic nickel, valued at
The production of bromine in 1912 about $127,000, were saved as by-products.
amounted to 047,200 pounds, valued at The imports during 191 1 were valued at
$136,201. $4,050,030, and the exports at $8,283,777.
MAGNITUDE OF THE SALT INDUSTRY.

Salt in sea and on land.—Yearly production in the United States. 157.267,544 tons of
are annually poured into the sea. Of this amount, 77} per cent, is common salt.
L
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

Production of precious stones in the United States in 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910.
Value.
1907 1909 1910
, chalcedony, etc., 1650 $1,125 $750 $2,268 About 1,150 pounds; California, Col
moonstones, etc., onyx. orado. Montana, and \Vj-ominj.
Amethyst 850 210 190 No production reported.
Azurmalachite, malachite, etc. 250 5,450 2,000 550 475 pounds; Arizona and Nevada.
Benltolte 1,500 3,638 500 No production reported.
Beryl, aquamarine, blue, 6,435 7,485 1,660) "«,"545 About 30 pounds rough and selected
pink, etc.
Californlte o 25, 000 ol8,000 08, 000 1 ,500 pounds; California; not sold.
Catllnlte 25 No production reported.
Chiastolite 20
Chlorastrolite 2,400 o2,000 1,250 pounds; Michigan.
Chrysoeolla 150 600 300 No production reported.
Cbrysoprase a46,500 o48,225 0 84,800 o'9,"666 1 ,700 pounds; California.
Cyanitc 100 No production reported.
Diamond o2,800 o2,100 2,033 ol,400 208 stones; Arkansas and California.
Dlopside 120 No production reported.
Emerald ol,320 O300 '"0766 North Carolina.
Epidote 60 15 No production reported.
Feldspar, sunstone, amazon 1,110 2,850 o2,700 2,510 4,128 pounds; Colorado and Califor
stone, etc. nia.
Garnet, hyacinth, pyiope, 6,460 13,100 1,650 3,100 151 pounds; California, Arizona, and
almandlne, rhodolite. Colorado.
Gold quartz 1,000 1,010 1,000 Colorado and California.
Jasper 675 100 475 500 pounds; Colorado and California.
Opal 180 50 200 270 Nevada.
Peridot 1,300 1,300 300 No production reported.
Petrified wood 325
Phenaclte 25 X Colorado.
Prase 100 50 pounds; Oregon.
Pyrite 400 No production reported.
Quartz, rock crystal, smoky 2,580 3,595 2,689 l,3tS 1,753 pounds; Colorado, Maine, Ver
quartz, rutllated, etc. mont, California, and Texas.
Rose quartz 0,375 508 2,970 2,537 25,025 pounds; South Dakota and
California.
Rhodocrosite. 1 --o No production reported.
Rhodonite 1,250 125 o6,200 3,200 pounds; Montana ai
nla.
Ruby 2,000 No production reported.
Rutile.... 200 25 Do.
Sapphire. 1229,800 0 58,397 o44,998 52,983 1,062,000 carats; Montana and Indi
ana.
Smithsonlte 800 ol,200 300 No production reported.
Spodumene, kunzlte, hid- 14,500 o6,000 15,150 33,000 120 pounds; California.
denlte.
Thompsonlte 35 100 610 About 50 pounds; Michigan, Minne
sota, and New Jersey.
Topaz. 2,300 4,435 512 884 75 pounds; California, Colorado, and
Texas.
Tourmaline o 84, 120 0 90,000 |ol33,192 o 46, 500 1.548 pounds; CaUfomla and Maine.
Turquoise and matrix. 23,840 ol47,950 [ol79,273 o85,900 16,886 pounds; Nevada, New Mex
ico, Arizona, and Colorado.
Varlscite, amatrlce, utahllte. 7,500 14,250 35,938 o26,125 5,377 pounds; Utah and Nevada.
Miscellaneous gems 1,060 2,755 Datolite, obsidian, fossil coral, and
ornamental stones with trade
names.
Total 471,300 415,053 534,380 295,797
o Estimated or partly so.
Miscellaneous. leads all the states in the amount of water

Asbestos.—The asbestos commercially pro- used, using 2,037,258 gallons, or about one-
dueed in the United States in 1912 wa§ ob third of all the mineral waters used in the
tained from deposits in Georgia, and Ver manufacture of soft drinks in the United
mont, with small quantities from Idaho and States.
Wyoming. The total commercial produc The total imports of iron ore into the
tion in 1912 was 4,403 short tons, valued at United States in 1910 amounted to 2,591,031
$87,959. The imports for consumption were long tons and the quantity of iron ore ex
valued at $1,819,771 in 1912. ported from the United States in the same
Graphite.—The commercial production of year amounted to 644,875 long tons.
crystalline graphite in 1912 amounted to
3,543.771 pounds, valued at $187,689. The
production of amorphous graphite in 1912
Hi 673 nhort tons, valued at $19,344. The
production of artificial graphite was 12,896,-
347 pounds, valued at $830,193, the average
price per pound being $6.44. The imports
of graphite in 1912 were valued at $1,709,337.
Mica.—The total production of mica in CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TRANSVAAL ORAN<C F. STATE '
1912 was S45.4S3 pounds of sheet mica,
valued at $282,823, and 3.226 short tons of 2-1,137,166 £1.753,119 £ 1. 148,258
wan mica, valued at $49,073. The imports
of mica in 1912 were valued at $748,973.
Mineral waters.—The total production of
mineral waters in 1911 was 63,923,119 gal
lons, valued at $6,837,888. The imports of
nineral waters in 1911 amounted to $1,037,-
4&5.
Duringin the
•prings year 1911
the United Statesthere were sales
reporting 732 O O o
of mineral waters. They sold 63,923,1 19
eallons of mineral waters, valued at $6,837,- SERMAM S.W.ANUCA BRAZIL 5 RHODfSM BRlT.ffUIAKA
S8S. Each year has shown a growth in the i 1,058.437 £100.000 tlOt3SO £&,i03
production of what is known as " soft drinks. "
In all 6.595,757 gallons of water were used in DIAMOND PRODUCTION.
the manufacture of soft drinks. Wisconsin (in Pounds Sterling.)
THE NATIONAL I IlEAU OF MINES.

The Xational Bureau of Mines for the The act also transferred to the new Bureau
t'cited States was created by act of Congress of Mines the personnel and equipment of the
approved May 16, and effective July 1, 1910. technologic branch of the United States
The chief purpose of the bureau is to carry on Geological Survey. This personnel and
inquiries and investigations with the view of equipment were developed durine the preced
Waning loss of life and waste of resources in ing five years in connection with the investiga
'aiaing and metallurgical operations. It is tion of fuels and mine accidents, and the
to make investigations of the methods of new bureau is to continue similar investiga
raising, especially in relation to the safety tions.
of miners, the appliances best adapted to the Its chief Experimental Station is located at
; invention of mine accidents, the improve Pittsburgh, Pa. where the work in the labora
ment of mining conditions, the treatment of tories is supplemented by experiments con
mm and other mineral substancest as to the ducted in a small coal mine under the con
we of explosives and electricity in mining, ditions of actual mining. At this station it
and other inquiries and technologic in- also is conducting a number of investigations
v^tigations pertaining to mining, metal in connection with the use of explosives and
lurgical and quarry industries. The act electricity, and other mining problems.
f-stablisbing the bureau provides that no As a means of carrying on an educational
officer or employee
■-bail exercise of the
any right Bureau ofinMines
or authority con campaign in behalf of mine rescue and first
aid to the injured work, the Bureau of Mines
nection with the inspection or supervision has purchased and equipped with rescue
of•Ute;
minesunder
and metallurgical
the Constitution such any
plants in in apparatus, first aid and fire fighting devices,
seven cars of standard Pullman size, each
spection and supervision is within the province completely fitted with modern appliances.
of the State and is not germane to the duties These cars, one stationed in each of the im
of the Federal Government. portant coal fields or coal mining regions of the
The scope of the fuel investigations of this country, will visit all the important groups of
bureau conforms to the provisions of the Act coal mines where demonstrations and illustra
of Congress which provides for the analyzing tions of this work will be given.
and testing of coals, lignites, and other The law establishing the Bureau of Mines
mineral fuel substances belonging to or for became effective on July 1, 1910. On
the use of the United States. Several lines September 1st, Dr. J. A. Holmes, formerly
of inquiry are embodied in this plan, which Chief of the Technologic Branch of the
however, are too numerous to be men Geological Survey, was appointed Director of
tioned here. the new Bureau.
Copyright, Munn & Co.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ENORMOUS ENERGY EX
PENDED IN MANUFACTURES IN THE UNITED STATES.
The total steam power employed in manufactures in the United States In 1905 was 10.664. S60.
A single steam engine of this power would measure 400 feet by 255 feet on the base, and
would extend 735 feet Into the air, or 123 feet above the Singer building. To develop the
total electric horse-power of 1,138,208 would call for a generator with a 134-foot base, and
126 feet high. The total of 298,514 gas engine power would require an engine 350 feet long
by 80 feet high. Now the Woolwortb Building could be substituted for the Singer Building.
CHAPTER IV .
MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURES : A SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE

UNITED STATES AND NON -CONTIGUOUS TERRITORY, 1909 .
NUMBER OR AMOUNT.
Continental United Alaska Hawati Porto Rico

Total Sustes.
270 , 082 268 , 491 152 500 939

anber d atablishments . .. . . . 18 , 122
Perch engaged in manufactures 7 , 707 , 751 7 ,678, 578 3 , 479 7 , 572
135 1,074 1 , 478
Proprietors and firm members. . . . 275,952 273, 265
Salaried sployees . . . . . 792, 168 790, 267 245 694 1 , 062
6 , 639 , 931 6 , 615, 046 3 , 099 5 . 904 15 , 582
Wage carriers (average number 34 . 005
Primary horsepower . . . 18 , 760 , 686 18 , 680, 776 3 , 975 41, 930
$ 18 . 490 , 749 , 000 $ 18, 428 , 270, 000 $13, 060 , 000 $ 23 ,875 ,000 $ 25, 544, 000
Expectes 18, 525, 426 , 000 18, 453, 080 , 000 9 , 454 , 000 31, 753, 000 31. 139 . 000
4, 375, 634,000 365,613,000 2 , 328, 000 2, 795, 000 4 , 898 , 000
Services . .. . 1 , 259 , 000
Salaries . 940, 900, 000 938, 575, 000 380, 000 686, 000
Wages 3 , 434 , 734, 000 3 , 427, 038, 000 1 , 948, 000 2, 109, 000 3, 639, 000
Materiale 12, 194 ,019 , 000 12, 141, 791, 000 5 , 120 , 000 25,629, 000 21, 479, 000
Miscellaneous . . . 1, 955 , 773, 000 1, 945, 676 , 000 2, 006 , 000 3, 329, 000 4 , 762, 000
Vibe of products. . . 20 , 767 , 546 , 000 20, 672, 052, 000 11, 340, 000 47,404, 000 36, 750, 000
Value added by manufacture value of
prodects less cost of materiala ). . . . 8 ,573, 527,000 8, 530 , 261, 000 6, 220 , 000 21, 775, 000 15 , 271, 000
A SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

FOR SPECIFIED YEARS : 1909, 1904, 1889 ; AND THE PER CENT.
OF INCREASE .
NUMBER OR AMOUNT PER CENT OF INCESASE .
1909 1904 1999 1901- 1909 1899- 1904
Number of establishments .. .. . . .. . .. . 268, 491 216 , 180 207, 514 24. 2

M ots cagaged in manufactures . . . . . 7 , 678, 578 6 , 213,612 23. 6
Proprietors and firm members. . 273, 265 225 , 673 21. 1
Salaried employeee .. . . .. .. 790 , 267 619, 556 364, 120 52 . 1
Wage earner (average number) . . 6, 615, 046 6, 468 , 383 4 , 712 , 763 21. 0 18. 0
Primary borsepower . . . . . . . . 18, 680 , 776 13 , 487, 707 10 , 097 , 893 38. 5 83. 6
Capital. . .. . .. . $ 18, 428 , 270 , 000 $ 12, 675, 581, 000 $ 8 , 975, 256, 000 45 . 4 41. 2
Ecpecies . . . . 18 , 453, 080, 000 13, 138, 260 , 000 9 , 870, 425 , 000 40 . 5 33. 1
Services . 4, 365, 613, 000 3 , 184, 884, 000 2, 389, 132, 000 37. 1 33. 3
Bakaria , . . . 938, 575 , 000 574, 439, 000 380 , 771, 000 63. 4 50. 9
Wee . . 3, 427, 038 , 000 2 ,610 , 445, 000 2, 008, 361, 000 31. 3 30. 0
Materiale . .. . . 12, 141, 791, 000 8 , 500, 200, 000 6 , 575, 851, 000 42. 8 29. 3
Miscellaneous. . . 1, 945, 676, 000 1, 453, 168, 000 905, 442, 000 33. 9 60.
Value of products . . . . . . . 20 .672, 052, 000 14 , 793, 903, 000 11, 406 , 927 , 000 39. 7 29. 7
Value added by mapufacture ( value of prod .
acta lase cost of materials ). .. 8,530, 261, 000 6 , 293,695,000 4,831, 076, 000 35. 5 30. 3
97
: 909
CENSUS
EACH
AT
STATES
UNITED
THE
IN
MANUFACT
OF
–1CONDITION
(C849
ONTINENT
.)
ONLY
STATES
UNITED
Number Wage added

Value
of
estab earners of
Cost Value
of
.
Capital Wa
. ges .
materials .
products by
manufac
lish (average .
ture
.ments )
number
:
industries
neighborhood
band
and
Factories
of
(c
).1849
1850
ensus ,025
123 ,02$500
45
33 ,059
957 ,07$200
36
55 0,1$507 24
00
19
55 0,9$400 63
83
(consus
).1859
1860
of 140
,4 33 80,1 00 56
09 21,34611 800
,0378
79 61 00
,08085
62
31
06
001 257
,085400
,1849
increase
of
cent
.Per
1859
to .1
14 .4
89 .0
37 .0
60 .8
85 .0
85 .1
84
cvalue
(g1869
1870
).of
old
ensus ,148
252 ,051667
00
94 ,92096
53 400
,0620
67 00
42
90
85
0,83071960 95
10,31800
,1859
increase
of
cent
.Per
1869
to .6
79 .8
67 .6
56 8.63 .
093 .5
79 .3
63
(census
).1879
1880
of ,852
253 ,02790
73
00 ,52795
32 94754
0,900 00
69
,053,083379
24
00
96 72
55
0,79100
1879
.to 869
increase
1,cent
of
Per 0.7 7.64 033
. .8
52 .6
90 .5
74 .
441
of
(c ensus
).1889
1890 ,405
355 50,0 51
25
6 00 54,23551 ,021800
91
10 72
00
,03905179
6200
14 65
10
0,324 00
1889
.to879
1increase
,cent
of
Per .0
40 .8
133 .6
55 .5
99 .0
52 .5
74 .4
113
(census
).1899
1900
of ,151291 00
13
08,934 06
35,143 00
20
9,02338 01,13 00
67349
43
28 ,05600
56
21
,1889
increase
of
cent
.Per
1899
to .1
44 .4
50 24
.8 .7
22 2.3 7.
38 .3
34
,excluding
:Factories
industries
neighborhood
and
hand
(census
).1899
1900
of ,514
207 0,28956 75
00 ,74 63
12 0,32 00 08
61 .0,86500
75
51 400
,0911
06
27 ,04800
76
31
(census
).1904
1905
of ,121680 81
012,5600
75 35,46883 45
10
06,42 00 ,028500
08 14 00
03
,70993 ,066200
93
95
.to
1904
899
increase
,1cent
of
Per 4.2 .2
41 .0
16 0.
30 .3
29 .7
29 .3
30
(census
).1909
1910
of ,491
268 470
,0218
28
00 ,06646
15 ,03438
27
00 10041
,0712
91 ,020600
72
52 ,028500
30
61
1909
.to 904
increase
,1of
cent
Per .2
24 .4
45 .021 .3
31 .8
42 .7
39 .5
35
,1to899
increase
of
cent
.Per
1909 29
.4 .3
105 .4
40 .6
70 .8
84 .2
81 .6
76
.
MONTHS
BY
EMPLOYED
EARNERS
WAGE
OF
VARIATION
agreat
show
several
States
United
industries
principal
Among
times
various
at
employed
earners
wage
of
number
the
in
variation
.T04
the
5of
76
of
average
an
employ
industries
tile
and
tbrick
year
the
during
earners
1wage
number
b,9maximum
30
28
he
eing
he
an12
July
in
employed
number
minimum
;ti3the
9January
59
of
average
an
employ
industries
preserving
and
,canning
men
868
he
nd
810
a154
September
number
maximum
9being
;t19
January
in
minimum
3the
18
of
average
an
employ
,fertilizers
men
00
98
he
nd
aindustries
cake,cJuly
1March
;oi2the
number nd
n4il
ottonseed
minimum
in
reached
b3the964
10
eing
maximum
July
ice
November
51a
minimum
,ithe
number
;nn974in
reached
being
average
32maximum
0
17
tof
men
an
employ nd
34
he
71
aminimum
number
,reached
the 16
wasnd
inJuly
eing
272
b82maximum
14
he
taverage
employed
men
of
1manufactories
;in2eing
99January
of
average
an
employed
industries
stone
tartificial
1men
number
,b8maximum
inAugust
reached
57
he
84
47
4n56
minimum
:ithe
88January
of
average
an
employed
industries
hats
and
,tstraw
men
of
number
maximum
he
14
he
wn00
March
in
reached
being
men
4
11
employed
they
a
men
47
number
,iminimum
July
indus
beet
sugar
the
88
hen
nd
,a
November
in
the
number
1t72 nd
employees
of
8
.b
renched
eing
07
was
cmployed
men
maximum
609
he
average
tries
num
1
t
maximum
and
2 he
27
employees
wng
average
4,number
of
industries
the
molasses
i
sugar
,
; n
February
06
minimum
2
.
number
1,5
an12
average
of
employed
industries
and
vinegar
February
minimum
;t,i5the
a
November
reached
in he
nd
bcider eing
1n550
61
,7ber
LEADING MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1909 .
IN THE UNITED STATES
WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS .
Number
of estab
INDUSTRY . lish Per Per
Amount
ments . cent cent
Average dis ( expressed dis
number . in thou
Rank
Rank
tribu tribu
tion . sands).
tion .
.
All industries. . . .. . . . . . . .. 268,491 6,616,048 .. . . 100.0 $20,672,062
Slanghtering and meat packing .. ......... 1, 641 89, 728 16 1. 4 1, 370 , 568 6. 6
8. 0
Peundry and machine shop products .... ..... 13, 253 531,011 1, 228 , 475 5. 9
Lamber and timber products . . . . . . . . . . 40 ,671 695 , 019 10 . 5 1. 156 , 129
Irpa and steel, steel works and rolling mills.. .. 446 240 , 076 985 , 723
Teamdem
Tiour-mill and gristmill products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 , 691 39 , 453 883 ,584 4.3
voa
Printing and publishing .. 1 . 445 258 , 434 737 ,876
Cotton Roods, including cotton small wares . . . . 1 . 324 378 , 880 628 , 392
Chabing , men 's, including shirts . . 6 , 354 239 ,696 568, 077
Boots and shoes, including cut stock and find
918 198, 297 33, 702 2.5
Wolen,worsted,and felt goods,and wool hats . 168,722 2.6 435 , 97 2. 1
Tobacco manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 15 ,822 166 ,810 2. 5 416 ,695

Carsand general shop construction and repairs
by steam -railroad companies . . . 1, 145 282 , 174 4. 3 405 , 601 2
Bresd and other bakery products , . . . 23 , 926 100, 216 1. 5 396, 865
Iron and steel, blast furnaces.. 208 38 , 429 0.6 391, 429
Clothing , Women ' s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,558 153,743 2. 3 384,752
Smelting and refining , copper ... ....... 15,628 378,806 1. 8
Liquors , malt . . 54,579 374,730 1. 8
Leather, tanned , curried , and finished . 0. 9 327,874 1. 6
Bugar and molasses , not including beet sugar . . 0. 2 279 , 249
3 0. 3
Butter, cheese, and condensed milk . . 18 .
274, 558
hper and Food pulp .... 777 75 . 97 % 267. 6 1. 3
Automobiles, including bodies and parts....
refrigerators
113 75 , 72
Funiture and . .. .. .... . 3 , 155 128 , 452 1. 9 239, 887 1. 2
Petroleum , refining .. . ......: 147 13 , 929 0. 2 236 , 998 1. 1
1. 3
Electricalmachinery,apparatus,and supplies. 1 , 009
87 , 256 2 . 503 1. 1
Liquors, distilled . ...

on.
613 6 , 430 204, 699 1. 0

Hosiery and knit goods .. .. .... 1 , 374 129 , 275 200 , 144 1. 0
Copper , tin , and sheet- iron products . . . . . . 4 . 228 73 , 615 199 , 824 1. 0
Oooo
ik and silk goods , including throwaters . . 99 , 037 196 , 912

www
Smelting and refining , lead .. .. ... 0. 1 167, 406

lise, illuminating and heating .. . .. 37. 215 166 , 814
00
00
Curriages and wagons and materlals . 69 , 928 159, 893

Ceaning and preserving . . . . . . . 3 . 767 59 . 968 157 , 101
Brses and bronze products . . . . 1 , 021 40 ,618 149, 989
Vi, cottonseed , and cake . . . . . 817 17 , 071 147 , & 0. 7
Apicultural implemente . . . . 640

Patent medicines and compounds and drug
146, 329
to preparations . . . . 3 , 642
Confectionery . . . . . .
1 , 944
Palat and varnish . 791 14 , 24 124 , 889
Cara,steam -railroad , not including operations
of railroad companies . ... 110 123, 730
Chemicals . . . . .
349 23 . 714 117,689
Marble and stone wo.rk . . . . 4 , 964 65 . 603 1. 0 113,093
Leather goods . . . . 2, 375 0. 5 II
34 , 907 104 ,719
Al other industries . . 61, 887 1,648
0 . 441 249
4,561, 002
SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIES, BY STATES AND WAGE EARNERS: 1909.

WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS
Number
STATE .
Population of estab
lish Per Amount Per
mėnts. | Average cent
(expressed
cent
number . dis dis
Rank
Rank
tribu in thou tribu
tion . sands) . tion
.
United States. .. .. . . . . . .. 91,972, 266 268,491 6 ,615,046 . . . 100 .0 $20 ,672,062 .... 100.0
New York . . 9 , 113, 614 44, 935 1, 003, 981 1 15 . 2 3, 369, 490 16 . 3
Pennsylvania . 7 ,665 , 111 27 , 563 877,543 13 . 3 2 ,626 , 742 12. 7
ODON
Illinois . . . . . . . . 18 , 026 465 , 764
5 ,638 ,591 7 .0 1, 919, 277 9. 3
Massachusetts . . . .. 3, 366, 416 11, 684 584,559 8.8 1, 490 ,529
Ohio . . . 4 , 767, 121 15 , 138 446 , 934 6.8 1,437, 936
New Jersey . . . . 8 ,817
cici
2 ,537 ,167 326 ,223 1 , 145 ,529
ciao
Michigan . . . . . 2 ,810 , 173 9 , 159 231, 499 3.5 685, 109
Wisconsin . 2, 333, 860 9 , 721 2. 3
Indians . . .
182 ,583 590 , 306
Missouri . . . .
2 ,700 ,876 7 , 969 186 , 984 579 , 075
3 , 293 , 335 8 , 375 152, 993 574, 111
California . 2 , 377 ,549 7 ,659
Connecticut .
115 , 296 529,761
Minnesota . . 1, 114,756 4 , 251 210 ,792 3. 2 490 , 272
2 , 075 , 708 5 ,561 84, 767 1. 3 409 , 420
Kansas . . . . . 1, 690 , 949 3, 435 44 , 215 0 .7 325 , 104 1. 8
Maryland . . 1 , 295, 346 4 ,837 107, 921 315 ,669 1. 5
Rhode Island . 542, 610 1, 951 113,538 280, 344

Texas . . . 3 , 896 , 542 4,588 70 , 230 1. 1 272 , 896
Iowa . . . . . 2 , 224 , 771 5 ,528 61, 635 0. 9 259, 238
Louisiana . . 1, 656 , 388 2 ,516 223 , 949
Kentucky . . .
2, 289, 905 4 ,776 223 ,754
Washington . 1, 141, 990 3,674 69, 120 220 , 746
Virginia . . .
2 , 061,612 5 , 685 105 , 676 219 ,794
North Carolina 2 , 206 ,287 4 , 931 121 , 473 1. 8 216 , 656 1. 0
Georgia . . . . . 2,609, 121 4 ,792 104 , 588 1. 6 202, 863 1. 0
Nebraska . . . 1 , 192, 214 2 , 500 24,336 0 .4
199,019 1. 0
Tennessee . . 2 , 184 , 789 4 , 609 73 . 840 1. 1 180 , 217
Maine . . . . . 742 , 371 3 , 546 79 , 955 1. 2 176 , 029
New Hampshire . . .
ooooooo
430 , 572 1 , 961 78 , 658 1. 2 164,581
West Virginia . . 1 , 221 , 119 2 , 586 63, 893 161, 950
Alabama . . . . . . 72, 148
2 ,138 ,093 3 , 398 145, 962
Colorado. . 799 ,024 2,034 28 , 067
South Carolina . 1 , 515 , 400
130 ,044
1,854 73 , 046 113,236
Oregon . . . . 672, 765 2 ,246 28 , 750 93,005
Mississippi. . 1 ,797 , 114 2 ,598
Arkansas . .
50 , 384 80,555
1, 574,449 2 ,925 44, 982 0. 7 74 , 916
Montana . . . 376 , 053 677 0. 2
Florida . 752, 619 2 ,159
11,655
57, 473
73,S27902
Vermont . . . 355 , 956 1 , 958 33 ,788 3 . 310
Utah . 373 , 351 749 11, 785 asg
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . .
4
2
1 ,657 , 155 2, 310 13, 143

Delaware. . . 202, 322 726 21, 238 840
Arizona . . . .
EN
204 , 354 311 6 ,441 0 , 257

District of Columbia . 331, 069 518 7 , 707 0. 1 25, 289
Idaho . . . . . . . 325 , 594 725 0. 1
8 , 220 22 , 400 0, 1
North Dakola . . 577 , 056 752 10120
0. 1
2 ,789
South Dakota . . 583, 888 1,020 3 ,602 0. 1 17 , 870
Nevada S1 ,875 177
New Mexico . .. 2 , 257 11, 887 0 . 1
327 , 301 313 4 , 143 7, 898
Wyoming , 1 15 , 965 268 2 ,867 6 , 249
SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES, BY PRINCIPAL CITIES BY RANK :
1909.
WAGE VALUE OF
EARNERS. PRODUCTS
Number
of
Population . estab
lish Amount
ments . Average (expressed
Rank
Rank
number . in thou
sands) .
.
.
New York, N . Y .... ....... .... 4,766 ,883 , 938 554, 002 29 , 693
Chicago , Di. . . . . 2 , 185 , 283 9, 656 293 , 977 281, 171
Philadelphia , Pa ... ........ .. 1, 549 , 008 8 , 379 251, 884 746, 076
Bt. Louis , Mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 ,029 2 ,667 87, 371 328 , 495
Cleveland , Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 ,663 2 . 148 84 ,728 271, 961
Detroit, Mich ..... ...... .... 465,766 2 ,036 81, 011 252, 992
Plutsburgh , Pa . . . . 533, 905 1,659 67 , 474 243, 454
Boston , Mass .. . . . . . . . . 670 , 585 3, 155 69, 637 237, 457
Buitaio , N . Y .. 423,715 1,753 51, 412 18 , 804
marami
Vlwadkee, Wis.... 373, 857 1, 764 59 , 502 208 , 324
Vesak, N . J. ... 347 . 469 59. 955 202, 511

Cipinnati, Ohio ., 363, 591 60 , 192 194 , 516
Baltimore, Md ... 558, 485 71 . 444 186 , 978
Visseapolis , Minn ... 301, 408 26 ,962 165,405
Kansas City , Kans. . . . 82,331 12 , 294 164 , 081
San Francisco, Cal. . ..... ... 416 , 912 1,796 28, 244 133, 041
Jersey City , X . I . 267,779 745 25, 454 128, 775
Indianapolis , Ind . . 233 , 650 855 31, 815 126 , 522
Providence , R . I. 224 , 326 080 46 . 381 120 , 241
Rochester , N . Y . ... 218, 149 203 39, 108 112,676
Louisville, Ky .. . 223 , 928 903 27, 023 101, 284
Beuth Omaha , Nebr . . . . 26 , 259 6,306 92, 436
79, 066 115 10 , 498 81, 271
cungstown, Ohio..
Sorence , Mass . . . . . 85 . 892 162 30 ,542 79 . 993
New Orleans, La . . .. . 339, 075 848 17, 186 78 , 794
srcester, Mass . .. 145 , 986 580 28 ,221 77 , 148

Bayonne ,NJ. 55 , 545 97 73 , 641
Alo , Ohio . . . 69, 067 246 73 , 158
Perth Amboy , N . J . .. .. .. .. 32 , 121 80 73, 093
Lym , Masa ... w ... 89, 336 431 71, 503
Sterson , N . J . 125 , 600 702 32 . 0 69 , 584
Los Ángeles, Cal. . . 319 , 198 1 , 325 1 . 327 68 , 586
Bridgeport, Conn . 102 , 054 367 25 , 775 65 , 609
1 Rirer , Mass . . 119 , 295 288 37 , 139 64 , 146
Peoria , Ill . . 66 , 950 5 , 981
Toledo , Ohlo . . . 168 , 497 18, 878 61, 230
Omaha , Nebr . . . . . . . 124 , 096 4392 8 , 023 60 . 854
Dayton , Ohio . . . . . . . . 513 21,549 60 . 378
116 . 577
Lowell , Masa . . . . . . . . . . 106 , 294 320 32 ,575 60 . 271
9 . 334
Yeaters , N . Y . .. 79, 803 158 12,711
81. Panl, Minn . 214, 744 719 19, 339 58 . 990
Kansas City , Mo . .. 248, 381 902 14, 643 54, 704
Now Bedford , Mass . 96 , 652 207 26 , 566 53 , 238
Denver, Colo . . . 213 , 381 12, 058 51, 538
Reading , Pa .. ....... 482
96 , 071 24 , 145 51, 135
Xe: Haven , Conn .. . 133, 605 590 23 . 547 51, 071
Saatda, Wash . . 237, 194 751 11, 331 50 ,569
Waterbury , Conn . ... 73 , 141 169 20 , 170 50 , 350
Syracuse, N . Y ....... 137, 249 738 18 , 148 49 . 435
Camden, N . J . .. .... 94 ,538 365 16 , 527 49, 138
PERSONS
ENGAGED
MANUFAC
IN TURER
Proprieto
and
officials
. rs
,
total
of
cent
Per
IND
. USTRY
Total Wago
.
number SProprio
-alaried
Superin Clerks
. earners Wage
|tand
tendents
officials
ors (averago Proprie earners
.
Total number
). a verage
Clerks
tors
,and
firm
of
corpo
Land .
officials num
members
.m anagers
rations ).
ber
iGas
and
heati
., llumingnating , 07
051 2,986 277 990 ,71 19 ,81006 ,215
37 5.9 .221 .073
and
good
Hosiesry
.knit ,130
136 3,308 ,11 34 799 1,375 3,547 ,275
129 2.4 2.6 .9
94
steel
and
Iron
.furna
,blast ces ,061
43 1,119 48 262 809 3,513 ,429
38 2.6 8.2 .2
89
,smills
steel
Iron
work
rolli
.and
teelng
s ,7260
62 4,286 47 779 3,460 ,400
16 ,076
240 1.6 .36 ,1
92
.good
Leathser ,525
43 4,209 2,552 760 897 4,409 ,907
34 9.7 .1
10 .2
80
turried
cLeather
.,a
finished
anned
nd , 00
167 2,331 784 629 918 2,567 ,202
62 3.5 3.8 .7
92
,distilled
.Liquors 8,328 1,111 563 217 331 787 ,46 30 .313 49. .2
77
,malt
.Liquors .725
66 4,362 639 1,819 1,904 7,784 ,579
54 6.5 .7
11 .881
Lumber
and
timber
products
. ,989
784 ,165
68 ,825
48 6,616 ,724
12 ,805
21 ,019
695 8.7 2.8 .588
Marble
stone
work
.and 77
,275 8,453 0,6 26 867 1,560 3,219 ,603
65 .9
10 4.2 .9
84
ccake
Oil
.,aottonseed
nd ,273
21 2,167 110 576 1,481 2,035 0
, 71
17 .2
10 69. .2
80
.
varnish
and
Paint ,896
21 2,016 456 793 767 5,640 ,21440 9.2 .8
25 .065
.
pulp
wood
and
Paper ,473
81 ,22 98 250 773 1,275 3,197 ,97578 2.8 3.9 .3
93
medicines
Patent
compounds
and
pdruggists
'and
. reparations1
,
4101 5,647 8,2 02 1,427 ,41 18 ,559
12 ,82295 .713 .6
30 ,755
rPetroleum
., efining ,640
16 671 42 211 418 2,040 ,929
13 4.0 .3
12 .7
83
.
publishing
and
Printing ,466
388 ,332
49 ,424
30 7,265 ,643
11 ,700
80 ,434
258 .7
12 .8
20 .566
,including
goods
silk
and
Silk
throwsters ,2105
38 ,22 36 664 480 1,092 ,93 65 ,037
99 21. 3.8 .1
94
Slaughtering
and
packing
meat
. ,716
108 3,514 6
,1 59 731 1, 24 ,474
15 ,78928 .23 .2
14 .5
82
Smelting
and
c opper
.,refining ,832
16 275 53 215 929 ,628
15 1.6 .5 .8
92
,lead
refining
and
.Smelting 8,059 132 44 88 503 7,424 1.6 2.6 .1
92
Sugar
molasses
and
including
,n ot
sugar
.beet ,61558 789 204 140 445 1,343 ,526
13 5.0 8.6 4.
86
Tobacco
manufact
. ures ,637
197 ,012
21 ,61734 809 2,569 ,89 15 ,810
166 .610 .05 .4
84
wwool
Woolen
,a
goods
.felt
hats
orsted
nd ,176
175 3,192 732 782 61, 78 3,262 ,722
168 1.8 1.9 .3
96
.
industries
other
All |,31916
61 ,932
117 ,096
59 ,811
23 ,03525 ,988
149 ,41641
48 26. .78 .0
86
.
RAINFALL
OUR
OF
WEIGHT
AND
BULK
THE
itor
rainfall
stating
of
method
customary
the
with
only
isfamiliar
who
anyone
,fTo
learn
to
startling
somewhat
.9cis
43
that
instance
ubic
This
1896
year
during
Missouri
in
fell
rain
of
.miles
inches
41
about
was
rainfall
that
statement
the
than
impressive
more
decidedly
is
.4cubic
1296
year
same
In
,a
States
United
the
whole
over
fallen
have
to
computed
water
of
miles
is
rainfall
annual
average
thend
0
A
tons
water
of
most
that
fact
the
of
illustration
an
:vcubic
this
than
greater
somewhat
.13
,w
miles
6 iz 00
s
08
eighing
bt ut
drainage
of
medium
the
through
sea
reaches
never
rain
as
,ifalls
land
the
from
evaporated
is
of
discharge
the
that
shown
been
has
.Lespite
St
at
River
,dMississippi
alone
Missouri
State
the
over
rainfall
of
volume
than
greater
little
but
is
drained
area
enormous
the
ouis
by
above
river
the
point
.that
103
DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENSES IN PERCENTAGES FOR

THE LEADING INDUSTRIES 1909 .
PER CENT OF TOTAL EXPENSES

REPORTED .
INDUSTRY . Mis
Sala SKO
Mate - cellane
ries . rials . ous er
penses .
All industries . . 5.1 18 .6 65 .8 10.5
to
Oió
Agricultural implements . . . . .. 24. 3 51. 1 16 . 0
co
Automobiles, including bodies and parts . . . 23. 1 62. 5
Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings . 20 . 6 69. 6
Brass and bronze products . . . . . . . . 17 . 3 72 . 6
niso
Bread and other bakery products.. . . 17. 4 69. 9
csigo
Butter, cheese, and condensed milk . . . . 4.3 91. 0
Canning and preserving . . . . 13. 5 72. 0
Carriages and wagons and materials . 27. 0 58. 9
Cars and general shop construction and
steam - railroad companies . . . . 44 . 7 49 . 2
Cars , steam -railroad , not including operations of
railroad companies. . . 23. 0 66 . 7 6. 0
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 0 10 . 3
Clothing , men 's , including shirts . . . 5. 2 20. 7 57 . 9 16 . 2
Clothing , women 's . 6. 0 23. 0 61. 1 9. 9
Confectionery . . . 13. 1 67. 9 11. 4
Copper , tin , and sheet-iron products .. 22. 4 63. 7 8. 1
Cotton goods, including cotton small wares . . . 2.6 24 . 0 66 . 9

Electrical machinery , apparatus, and supplies. . 10 . 0 24 . 5 53. 8 11. 7
Flour-mill and gristmill products . . . . . 1. 5 2. 6 92 . 8 3. 1
Foundry and machine-shop products . . 8. 7 50. 1 11 . 4
7. 3 30 . 8 . 51. 0 10 . 9
Furniture and refrigerators . .
Gas, illuminating and heating . 10 . 9 18 . 4 46. 2 24 . 5
Hosiery and knit goods. . . . . . . . 4. 4 25 . 5 62. 7 7. 4
Iron ard steel, blast furnaces . . . . . 1. 8 6. 8 88. 4
18 . 3
Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mill 73. 9
Vio
Leather goods . . . . 19. 3 64. 6
Leather , tanned , curried , and finished 10. 5 81. 2 6. 1
Liquors , distilled . . . . 1. 6 18. 4 79 . 0
Liquors , malt . . . . . . . 13. 7 32 . 2 46 . 5
Lumber and timber products . . 32. 0 51. 0 12 . 2
Marble and stone work . . . 6. 7 44 . 8 39 . 4 9. 1
Oil , cottonseed , and cake. . . . . . 3. 4. 3 87. 7 4. 9

Paint and varnish . 9. 3 7. 4 71. 1 12. 2
Paper and wood pulp . . . . 4.0 17 . 2 69. 7 9. 1
Patentmedicines and compounds and druggists
preparations. . . . . . . . 14. 9 44. 1
Petroleum , refining . . . . . . . . 1. 8 89 . 6 4. 2
Printing and publishing. . . . . . . 16 . 7 26 . 6 32. 6
Silk and silk goods, including throwsters 4. 2 21. 8 60 . 8
Slaughtering and meal packing . . . . . 1. 5 91. 3
Smelting and refining , copper . . . . . . . 94. 4
Smelting and refining , lead . . . . 94. 8
Sugar and molasses , not including beet sugar. . 92. 6

Tobacco manufactures . . 4. 6 19 . 0 48. 4
Woolen , worsted , and felt goods, and wool hats. 18 . 7 72. 9
All other industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. 1 62 . 1 10. 5
I. ENGINES AND POWER.

In 1909 408,472 engines or motors, having total horse-power 1 ,749,03 1 ; all other
a total horsepower of 18,675.376, used pri rented engines or motors having a. total horse
mary power in the United States. Of this power of 123,639. At the end of the year 1909
number 209.163 were owned and 199,309 were there were 388,854 electric motors in the
rented. The owned engines or motors were United States, having a total horse-power of
-iivided according to power, as follows: Steam, 4,817,140. Of these 189.545, having a horse
153.525 with total horse-power of 14,199.339, power of 3,068,109, were run by current gen
ras. 34,356, total horee-power 751,186, water erated by establishment; and 199,309, having
wheels. 20.079, total horse-power 1,807,439. a total horse-power of 1,749,031, were run by
* ater motors, 1,203. total horse-power 15,449; rented power. Our comparison would be even
all other owned engines or motors having a more spectacular if figures for the year 1912
horse-power of 29,293. The rented engines could be obtained.
*cre divided as follows: Electric, 199,309,
II. MANUFACTURED FOOD PRODUCTS.

Slaughtering and Meat Packing. value, $8,327,095; amount received for
custom or contract work, $1,329,739; and all
The total cost of all the material used in tho other
*!aughtering and 'meat-packing business products, value, $93,170,064.
luring the year 1909. amounted to $1,202,- Canning and Preserving.
^-T.Tfvl. The cost of all the animals slaugh
tered was $960,725,581. The total number At the end of the year 1909 there were
■ f beeves killed was 8.114,860 and they were 3,707 canning and preserving establishments
Mined at $392,127,010; the total number of in the United States, having a total capital
ralvcs slaughtered was 2,504,728 and they of $119,207,000. The total cost of all ma
were valued at $25,030,014; the number of terials used in the establishments was $101.-
sheep slaughtered was 12,255,501, and their 823.000; the amount spent in these factories
value was $59,924,931; the number of hogs for wages was $19,082,000; the amount spent
sliuehtered amounted to 33.870,616 and their for salaries $7,864,000;. and the miscellaneous
value was $483,383,848; the goats slaughtered expenses were $12,718,000. The total value
numbered 33,224 and were valued at $121,230; of the products was $157,101,000, and the
tered the
was cost of all The
$138,548. otherdressed
animals slaugh
meat pur- value added by manufacture (products less
cost of materials) was $55,278,000. The total
fha<ed during the year 1909 was valued at number of salaried officials and clerks em
f.ft.409.2S6, and all the other materials pur ployed in the establishments numbered 7.7GO;
chased at $147,692,917. The products of the ana the average number of wage earners em
slaughtering and meat packing business for ployed during the year was 59,908. The pri
the vear were valued at $1,370,568,101 and mary horse-power of the establishments was
were divided as follows: Beef, 4,335,674,330 81.179.
pounds, value, $339,742,608; of which There were 32,752,469 cases of vegetables,
4,209,196,668 pounds, valued at $327,583,456, having a value of $51,508,914, canned during
•ere fresh, and 126,477,662 pounds, the year. The total value of the tomatoes
valued at $12,159,152, were salted or cured; canned during the year was $18,747,941; the
veal, 252.997,078 pounds, value, $25,058,880; value of the com, $10,332,130; of peas, $10,-
fresh mutton. 495.457,894, value, $50,735,116: 247,363; oftbeans, $6,013,098; of asparagus,
pork, 4,377.127,187, value, $486,845,161, of $1,975,775. There were 5,501,404 cases of
which 1,547,494,184 pounds, valued at fruits canned during the year 1909, and their
1158.714.862, were fresh; 952,130,557 pounds, total value was $12,938,474. The total value
valued at $95,959,048, were salted; of the peaches canned during the year was
7W.861.744 pounds, valued at $101,089,390, $3,753,698; of the apples, $1,K!)K,720; of the
were hams; 346,294,769 pounds, valued at apricots, $1,825,311; of the pears, $1,833,214;
*S3,225,458. were shoulders; and 741,345,933 of the berries, $1,754,927; of the cherries,
wunds, valued at $97,856,403, were bacons $1,019,013. During the same year there were
Tod sides; sausage, fresh or cured, value, 400,328,707 pounds of fruits, with a' total
J-VJ.564,582: all other fresh meat, 257,809.083 value of $19,840,395 driisl in the United
Pounds, value. $16,392,708; canned goods, States. Of this Uit.il $4,837,933 represented
1-'I,376.S37 pounds, value, $15,345,543; lard, the value of the raisins dried; $5,130,412 that
I.243.567,604 pounds, value, $134,396,587; of the prunes; $3,098,095 that of the apples;
tuUow or oleo stock, 202,844,139 pounds, $2,423,083 that of the peaches; $2,277,177
value, $13,499,659; oleo oil, 19,092,172 that of the apricots.
gallons, value, $16,475,726; other oils, During the ye ar 1909 there were 235,418,713
II.343,186 gallons, value, $6,350,745; oleo- pounds of fish and oysters, with a value of
'I'-irKiirine. 42,912,406 pounds, value. $17,573,311, canned in the United States.
*'i.%3.981; stearin, 54.957,997 pounds, value, There were 99,831,528 pounds of salmon, with
a value of $8,723,505, canned during the year;
K*7I,935: glue and gelatine, 27,930,0:15 90,094,284
l«un<Ls. value, $1,944,338; fertilizers and |Kiunds of sardines, with a value of
I'-rliluer materials, 302.130 tons, value, $4,931.831 ; 28,192,392 pounds of oysters, with
K726.818; hides, 9.500,138. value, $08,- a value of $2,443,101. There were 39.814,989
401.515; sheep pelts. 11,691.308, value, pounds of fish, having a value of $2,900,417,
SU.404.556; goat and kid skins, 33,359, smoked during the year 1909; and 128,539,299
value, $20,679; wool, 21,858,920 pounds, pounds of fish, having a value of $7,174,561.
salted during the year. 49,494 ,338 pounds of $ 22,371,457 . There were 626 ,089,489 pounds
cod . with a value of $ 3 .077 ,612, were salted of rice, valued at $ 20 ,685 ,982, produced in
during this period ; and 9,045 ,469 pounds of the United States , 477 ,589 ,004 of which ,
mackerel, with a value of $746 ,513. valued at $ 17 ,398,736 , were whole and
of which , valued at
148 , 500 , 485 pounds
RICE , CLEANING AND POLISHING . $ 3,287 , 246 , were broken . There was 29 ,821,
813 pounds of polish , valued at $ 362,052,
In 1909 there were 974 ,747,475 pounds of produced from rice during the year ; 91, 208,
rice treated , 970 ,873,740 of which were
domestic and 3 ,873,735 of which were of 529 pounds of bran , valued at $ 736 ,215 ;
foreign growth . The total value of the $ 166 ,147 worth of hulls and waste ; and
products derived therefrom amounted to | $ 421,061 worth of all other rice products.
992
SMOKEO HAM
IS
-332 : -
PURE SALT PORK
SEAF LAR
Copyright, Munn & Co.

THE MEATS WE EAT.
FLOUR AND GRIST MILL PRODUCTS.

1909 1904 1899
MATERIALS,
Total cost... .. . . . .. . . . ... . .. $767,576 ,479 $428,116 , 757

Grain ground or milled , bushels . . . . . 806 , 247 , 961 754,945,729 729 , 061,820
Wheat. 496 , 480, 314 494 , 095 , 083 471, 306 , 986
Corn . 209, 281, 237 178 , 217, 321 180 ,573 ,076
Rye . . . . 11,503, 969 11, 480 , 370 10 , 088 , 381
Buckwhe 7 , 156 , 062 6,531,305 5 ,490 , 156
Barley 24,509,770 18 ,628,552 10, 067, 348
Oats . . . 50 , 241 ,598 45 , 381, 009 47, 175 , 766
Other . . . . 7 ,075 , 011 612, 089 4 ,360, 107
PRODUCTS.
Totalvalue ..... 1 $883,584,405 2 $713,033, 395 $501,396 ,304
Wheat flour:
Barrels .. . 105 , 756 , 645 104 ,013, 278 99, 763 ,777
Value. . . . $550 , 116 , 254 $ 480 , 258, 514 $333, 997 ,686
White -
Barrels .. 105 , 321, 969 103 , 608 , 350
Value. $548 , 017,654 $478 , 484, 601
Graham
Barrels. .. . 434,676 404, 928
Value.. . . $ 2 , 098 ,600 $ 1, 773 , 913
Rye flour:
Barrels. . 1 ,532, 139 1 ,503 , 100 1, 443 ,339
Value . . . $ 6 , 383, 538 $ 5 ,892, 108 $ 4, 145,565
Buckwheat flour :
Pounds. . . . 176 , 081, 891 175 ,354, 062 143, 190, 724
Value. . . $ 4 ,663, 561 $ 4 , 379 , 359 $ 3 , 190 , 152
Barley meal :
Pounds. . . . 28 ,550 , 952 68, 508, 655 91, 275 ,646
Value. . . . $486, 000 $ 922, 884 $ 963,710
Corn meal and corn flour:
Barrels . . 21 , 552,737 23 ,624 ,693 27 , 838 ,811
Value . . . . . $ 66 , 941,095 $56 ,368 , 556 $52 , 167 ,739
Hominy and grits:
Pounds, 827 ,987,702 756, 861, 398 291, 726 , 145
Value . . . . $ 12 ,509 ,493 $ 8 , 455, 420 $ 2,567,084
Feed :
Tons (2 ,000 pounds).... . .. . 5 , 132, 369 3 , 456 , 786 3 , 993 , 080
Value . . . . . . $140 ,541, 915 $ 76, 096 , 127 $63, 011,421
Oftal:
Tons (2,000 pounds)..... . 4 , 104 , 042 4 , 468 ,626 3, 164, 408
Value . . . $89,814 ,427 $ 76, 105 , 532 $ 36, 679, 196
All other cereal products _ " breakfast
foods," oatmeal, rolled oats , etc.,
value . . . $4 ,720, 106 (3)
All other products , value . $7, 408 ,016 $4 ,554,895 $4 ,673 , 751
EQUIPMENT.
Pairs of rolls . . 76, 866 80 , 822 67 , 141
Runs of stone. . . 11, 185 10 , 609 10 , 939
Attrition mills . . . 981 ()
1 In addition , merchant- ground products, valued at $ 1,637 ,228 , were made by

establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those
covered by the industry designation . The items covered by this amount were
wheat flour, 105,477 barrels, valued at $614,952; corn meal, 32, 804 barrels, valued at
987 .507 : rve flour, 2 ,620 barrels , valued at $ 12 ,330 ; ſeed , 33 ,765 tons, valued at $ 907 . 165 :
and olſal, 627 tons, valued at $ 15, 274 ; and in addition , “ breakfast foods, " to the
value of $36 ,978 ,613 , were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manu .
facture of food preparations. See note to table on page 73, for custom ground
by-products. .
In addition , breakfast foods, to the value of $23, 904,952,were made by estab
lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of food preparations.
* Not reported separately .
Not reported .
SUGAR.
The total acreage of sugar beets planted in $1,129,905; beet pulp was valued at £795,9 :
the United States amounted to 415,964. Of and all other products were valued
these 29,459 were planted directly by the $258,949.
factory; 18,166 by tenants of the factory; The total value of all the sugar produced
368,339 on contract by others than tenants the United States during the year 1909 w
of the factory. There were 3.965,356 tons of $77,991,683, and of this $48,122,383 w
beets used in the industry. Of these 266,768 derived from the sugar-beet industry, ai
were grown directly by the factory; 163,843 $29,869,300 from the cane-sugar industi
tons by tenants of the factory; and 3,534,745 There were 828,540 tons of sugar produce
tons on contract by others than the tenants the total value of which was $72,033\302,
of the factory. The total value of the pro which amount 501.862 pounds, valued
duct* derived from the beets was $48,122,383. $45,937,629, were beet sugar, and 326.&J
Of this 496,807 tons of granulated sugar were pounds, valued at $26,095,673, were cai|
valued at $45,645,810; 4,875 tons of raw sugar. The total value of molasses, ran
sugar were valued at $291,819; 20,812,747 and all other products produced of ei'
gallons of molasses or syrup were valued at cane or beet was $5,958,381.
III. TEXTILES.
Rugs and Carpets. 2,473,103 dozen combinations, with
During the year 1909 there were 57,176,729 of $14,853,536; sweaters, cardigan j
etc., to the value of $22,430,817; and
square yards of carpets, with a value of and mittens
$48,475,889, manufactured in the United the productionto ofthethevalue of $7,296.
hosiery and knit
States. During the samo period there were of the United States there
24.042,152 square yards of rugs, valued at cards used; 736,774 spindles;were 2,681 sets
1 12.200 knitting
$18,490,449, woven in the United States. machines of all classes, and 43,885 sewing
machines of all classes.
Cordage axd Twine and Jute and
Linen Goods. Cotton Goods.
The total value of the cordage and_ twine of The total cost of the 2,335,344.906 pounds
and jute and linen goods produced in the of cotton material consumed in the production
cotton goods during the year 1909 was
United States during the year 1909 was $274,724,210.
$61,019,986. The total value of the ropo goods producedTin-from total value of the cotton
these materials was
and binder twine for the same year was $628,391,813, divided as follows:
133.930,306; of the twine not including s'liiaiv vanls of woven goods,6,348,508,593 valued at
binder, $8,934,352; of the yarns . for sale,
•456,089.401; 23,700,957 pounds of thread,
$5,434,037; of the 0,530,503 pounds of linen values!
thread used, $3,407,008; of the 69,311,288 of twine, at S2I1,510.269: nnd 13.715,771 pounds
square yards of gunny-bagging. $3,507,482; valued at $2,417,391. There
and of the 2,206,114 square yards of jute 27*425,608 producing spindles used du
carpets and rugs, $549,221. year, and 065.049 looms of all < "
Felt Goods.
The aggregate cost of the material required
in the production of the felt goods of the
United States during the year 1909 was
$6,907,206, and the total value of these
products for the same period was $11,852,626.
There were 3,764,468 square yards of felt
cloths, valued at $1,381,854, produced in that
year.
Hats, Fur-Felt and Wool-Felt.
The value of the 2,989,252 dozens of fur-
felt hats produced during the year 1909 was
$43,442,400, and the value of the 366,370 UNITED KINGDOM U.S. A GERMANY
dozen of fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the 54,000,000 24,000,000 9.000.000
rough for the same period was $2,703,738.
Tne total value of the 590.957 dozen wool-
felt hats produced in the United States during
the year 1909 was $3,646,787.
Hosiery and Knit Goods.
There were, during the year 1909, 62,825,-
069 dozen pair of Hosiery produced in the RUSSIA FRANCE lilDIA
United States and they were valued at
$68,721,825. During the same period there 8,000,000 6,000,000 5,800,000
were 25,337.779 dozen shirts and drawers CHIEF MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES.
produced, with a total value of $69,592,817; (Number of Spindles).
AREA OF RHODE ISLAND 3 872,000,000 SQUARE YARDI,

WOVEN COTTON GOODS PRODUCED IN THE UNITED
STATES IN ONE YEAR 5,070,028,520 SQUARE YARDS
REPRESENTED BY THE COTTON BOLL
RHODE
ISLAND
CONCURS
BLOUER 0919 220 MILLIABV W

BARS KASVANDS
direnen D SSASWE
kar 250MCA 20 SS
A CONTINUE AHOR A
TASD TENS EADORGLAD
Ny. So , 15 Misa u SADE.
WP001
NOIR
ROMERO
Copyright. Munn & Co.
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY , FROM COTTON BOLL

TO FINISHED PRODUCT.
Oilcloth and Linoleum. silk mixed jacquard; $11,353,242 from

The total value of the oilcloth and linoleum 19,693,393 yards of all piece-dyed broad s
produced in the United States during the year and $15,728,195 from the 40,044,433 yard
1909 was $26,253,796. The oilcloth, valued mixed piece-dyed broad silk* $4,767;
at SI 1.681,012, was divided as follows: from the 10.093,583 yards of velvet; $2. 1<
18,354,851 square yards of floor oilcloth, 768 from the 2.759.411 yards of plusfc
valued at $3,776,660; 17,338,440 square $382,820 from the 226.717 yards of tapest:
yards of enameled oilcloth, valued at $2,265,- and upholstery ; $32,744,S73 from nbbo
146: 61,168,777 square yards of table oil $1,350,850 laces, nets, veils, veiling, e
cloth, valued at $5,639,206. The total value $485,322 from embroideries; $824,527 fr
ol the linoleum produced in the United States fringes and gimps; $4,483,248 from bra
during the same period was $10,844,928. and bindings; $3,850,448 from trimmin
The value of the artificial leather produced $6,341,719 from the 1 .08.8,780 pounds
in the United States during the same period machinist twine; $4,179,355 from i
was $3,448,617. 747,246 pounds of sewing, embroidery', "w^
fringe and floss silks; $12,550,510 from 1
2,740,319 pounds oi organzine and tra
Silk and Silk Goods. and $2,104,066 fmm the 779.462 pounds
The total cost of the materials used in the spun silk. The value of all other products
production of the silk products of the United the silk and silk goods industries amounted
States was $107,766,916. There were 17,- $4,495,675; and the value of all the wo
472,204 pounds of raw silk, valued at $67,- done on materials for others amounted
787,037, required; 2,212,972 pounds of spun $8,364,350.
silk, valued at $4,848,789, used; 914,494
pounds of artificial silk, valued at $1,926,894; Woolen and Worsted Goods.
3,377,972 pounds of organzine and tram, The total cost of all the materials requin
valued at $14,679,719, purchased; $1,637,187 in the manufacture of all the woolen ai
dollars worth of fringe and floss, including worsted goods produced in the United Stat
waste, noils, etc. ; 14,111 ,878 pounds of cotton during the year 1909 amounted to $273,4&
and mercerized yarn, valued at $5,811,582; 570. This amount was divided as follow
610,588 pounds of woolen or worsted yarns, 474,755.366 pounds of wool in the condltit
valued at $765,989; 710.108 pounds of purchased, value $136,666,917, of whit
mohair yarn valued at $640,529; and 353,780 310,602,279 pounds were domestic wool, wii
pounds of all other kinds of yam, valued at a value of $85,018,238, and 164,153.0*
$456,597. Chemicals and dyestuffs, cost pounds were foreign wool, with a value I
$1,062,313; and all other materials used in $51,648,679; mohair, camel, alpaca an
the production of silk and silk goods cost vicuna hair, 7,805,422 pounds, vohw
$8,150,280. $2,399,123; cow and other animal hai
17,356,100 pounds, value $932,911; cottoi
20,024,061 pounds, value $2,515,409; tailor
1 / / clippings, rags, etc., 40,402,460 pounds, vafo
$2,856,966; shoddy, mungo and wool extra*
\ i % purchased, 21,454.187 pounds, value $3,058
214; waste and noils of wool, mohair, cam*
u □ hair, etc. , purchased, 26.4 73,3 1 1 pound!
CHINA L. J value $7,523,283; tops purchased, 20,828,24
13.5*5.000 ITALY pounds, value $14,614,527; woolen yarn
12.753.000 purchased. 931,222 pounds, value $558.27(
worsted yarns purchased, 59,148,771 pound;
value $56,033,701; merino yarns purchasec
t 1.971,709 pounds, value $318,456; cotto:
yams purchased, 39.169,388 pounds, valu
K $10,492,185; silk and spun silk vanu
A 1 -A * - 282,536 pounds, value $1,142,663; all othe
JAPAN ASM MINOR INDIA yarns, 1,040,735 pounds, value $40.73*1
12.725,000 3.051,000 2,630.000 (?) chemicals and dyestuffs, value $8,820.9-^
and all other materials, value $25,464,278.
The total value of all the products of th
& woolen and worsted goods manufactories wa
TONKINO TRANCE REST OF $419,743,521. This amount was derived fror
1,651.16} 1.360,000 WORLD the following products: All-wool woven goods
322,944,365 square yards, value $219,853.76"
SILK. wool cloths, doeskins, cassimeres, cheviots
a tear's production. etc., 40.843,979 square yards, value $29,
291,059; worsted coatings, serges and suitings
The products of the silk and silk goods 119,655,069 square yards, value $101,903,153
industry in the United States during the year woolen overcoatings, 14,697,770 square yards
1909 were valued at $1^6,911,667. Of this value $1 1,230,856; worsted overcoating
amount $107,881,146 were derived from the and cloakings, 654,404 square yards, valu<
manufacture of 185,707,316 yards of broad $821,688; wool dress goods, sackings, tricots,
silk, as follows: $53,282,704 from the manu etc., and opera and similar flannels, 29,099,-
facture of 81,934,158 yards of all silk, plain 956 square yards, value $16,385,498; worsted
and fancies; $14,207,861 from the 24,742,556 dress goods, c:ishmeres, serges, bunting, etc..
yards of silk mixed, plain and fancies; $9,835,- 105,801,349 square yards, value $54,030.37l>;
345 from the 13,249,090 yards of all silk jac- carriage cloths, 1.782.855 square yards, value
quard; $3,473,799 from the 6,043,686 yards of $947,862; flannels for underwear, 3,856,553
square yards, value $ 1,257,271; blankets , value $ 1,776 ,721 ; flannels for underwear,
5,137 ,903 square yards, value $ 3 ,228,797 ; 7 ,063,572 square yards, value $ 1,308,369 ;
borse blankets, 247,395 square yards, value blankets, 1,717,758 square yards, value
$ 185 ,430 ; woven shawls, 704 ,153 square $650 ,714 ; all other union , or cotton mixed ,
yards, value $ 104 ,583 ; and all other all -wool woven goods, 1 , 153 , 265 square yards, value
woven goods, 463,179 square yards, value $ 447. 934 ; all cotton -warp woven goods ,
$ 167 ,194 ; union, or cotton mixed , woven 210 ,346 ,081 square yards, value $62,265,854 ;
goods, 37 , 453, 351 square yards, value all upholstering goods and sundries , value
$ 14 ,327, 973 ; unions, tweeds, cheviots, cassi $ 1 ,986,330 ; all partially manufactured prod
meres, etc ., 18,917,478 square yards, value ucts for sale, value $ 115 ,032,285 ; all other
$ 1 ,780 ,854 ; overcoatings and cloakings , products, value $ 3,250,857. During the year
4 ,251,739 square yards, value $ 2 ,363, 381; there were 4 ,287,640 spindles, producing and
sackings, tricots, dress goods and opera and doubling and twisting ; also , 72,532 looms,
similar flannels, 4 ,319,539 square yards, | all classes.
IV . IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURES.
1909 . 1909
MATERIALS PRODUCTI - continued .

Total cost . $320 ,637 , 889 Pig iron , classified according to dispo
Lon ore: sition - Continued .
Tons . 48 , 353 , 677 Produced for sale
Cost . $ 187, 264 , 601 To ns . . . . .
Domestic 9,793, 595
Value . . . . . . . . . $ 148 , 443, 426
Tons . . 46 , 605,930
Cost . $ 177,589,789 Pig iron , classified by grades ( tons) :
Foreign Bessemer , (0 .04 to 0 .10 per cent
Tons . 1, 747, 747 in phosphorus) . . . . . . .
Cost . . . . . 10 , 147, 052
el cinder , scrap , etc.:
$ 9, 674, 812 Low phosphorus (below 0 .04 per
Tons . . . cent in phosphorus) . . . . . . . 248 , 720
1, 982 , 530 Basic . . . . . 7 ,741, 759
Cost. . $5 ,544 ,859 Foundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 , 539, 410
Flutes : Forge or mill . . . 586 , 685
Tons. 13 ,570 , 845 Malleable Bessemer . 934, 211
Cost . . . $ 12, 239 , 493 White , mottled , and miso
Pael, total cost : $ 105 , 994, 112 ous . . . 110 , 810
Coke Direct castings . . . 16 , 131
Tons (2,000 pounds)
Co
31,436 ,536 Ferro alloys.. . . . .. 326 , 970
st . $ 102, 134, 423 Spiegeleisen . . . .
Charcoal
142, 223
Ferromanganese . . . 82, 208
Bushels. . 38, 032 , 618 Ferrosilicon , including Besse
Cost . . . . $ 2 , 787 , 026 mer ferrosilicon ( 7 per cent
Anthracite coal or over in silicon ) and fer
Tons. . . . 265 , 401 102,539
Coat . rophosphorus.. . .
$ 904, 102
Bituminous coal 2 Pig iron , classified by method of delivery
Tons. 102, 833 or casting (tons) :
Cost . .
$ 168, 561 Delivered in molten condition . . . 12 , 197, 686
Sand cast . . . . . 7 ,655 , 568
All other materials, cost... . .. $ 9 , 594, 824 Machine cast. . . . . . 5 , 096 , 797
Chill cast . . . 685 , 566
PRODUCTS. Direct castings . . . 16, 181
Total value . . $391 ,429 ,283
Pig iron: EQUIPMENT
Tons. . 25 , 651,798
Value . . .
$ 387, 830,443 Furnaces in active establishments:
Al other products, value...... .. . ... . $ 3,598 , 840 Completed stacks at end ofyear
Number. . . .
Pigeron , classified accordingtofuelused: Daily capacity , tons . 101, 447
Bituminous , chiefly coke Active during the year
Tons . . . .. 24,608 ,572 Number . . . . 370
Value . . . $ 369, 684, 636
Anthracite coal and coke mixed
Daily capacity , tong. . . , 98 , 973
and anthracite alone In course of construction at end
of year
Tons. 670 ,991 Number . . . . . .
Value . $ 10 ,962 , 150
Charcoal Daily capacity , tons . . 4,100
Tons . 372, 235 Pig -casting machines , number . . . . . .
Value . . $7 , 183 , 657 Granulated slag píts:
104
Number . . . . . . . . . . 85
Pig tren , classified according to dispo Annual capacity , tons. . .
sition : 5 ,699,259
Produced for consumption in Gas engines operated with blast-fur
Works of company reporting nace gas :
Tons. . Number . . . . . 83
Value . . . 15 , 858, 203 Horsepower . . .
$239, 387,017 198, 040
IRON AND STEEL.

I'.MI'.I
I. MATERIALS. n. ritoDUCTS—continued.
Total COlt S6i7.J00.S66 Iron-
Iron :vnd steel : 1 Tons
Forfurnacea and hoi rolla— Value
Tons 30, MS, 755
$515,769,588 Bars and rods, Including merchant,
Pig Cost
iron and ferroalloys- shovel, finger, and horseshoe bars,
19.076.889 spike, chain, bolt, and nut rods,
Cost , •297,471,122 etc. (but not including wire rods,
Pig Iron- sheet and tin-plate bars, splice
Tons 18,712.304 bars, and bars for reenforced con
Cost (282,663,740 crete):
Ferroalloys—aplege 1 el s e n , Tons -■
ferromanganese, etc.— Value ,
Tons 364,685 B,ars for reenforced concrete:
Cost $14,807,382 Tons
Scrap, including old rails not In Value
tended for rerolling— Wire rods:
Tons 4.803,617 Tons
Cost blooms, billets, slabs, (72, 722,831 Value
Ingots,
muck and scrap bar, rerolling Plates and sheets, not including
rails, and sheet and tin-plate black plates or sheets for tinning,
bars— 0. 508. 249 nail and tack plates, tie-plates,
Tons
Cost (145,575,635 fishplates, or armor plates:
Rolledformt/or/uTther manufacture— Tons
Skelp— 176,717 Value ,
Tons Black plates, or sheets, for tinning:
(5,704,856
WireCost
rods- Tons
Value
Tons 146.425 Skelp, flue and pipe:
Cost (4,252,095 Tons
Iron ore: 835,338 Value
Tons (4,292.963 Hoops, bands, and cotton ties:
Cost Tons
All other materials, cost $127,480,754 Value
Nail and tack plates:
I PRODUCTS Tons
Value
Total value (985,722,534 Axles, car, locomotive, automobile,
Rolled, forged, and otherclasslfied prod wagon, carriage, etc., rolled or
ucts, steel and Iron: forged:
Tons 28,723,274 Tons
Value (863,342,711 Value
Rails- Armor plates, gun forgings, and ord
Tons 2,858,599 nance:
Value (81,128,295 Tons
Bessemer steel- Value
Tons 1,543,527 Blooms, billets, and slabs, pro
Value (44,727,515 duced for sale or for transfer to
Open-hearth steel, basic- other works of same company:
Tons 1,215,072 Tons _
Value (30,400,780 Value
Rerolled or renewed rails- Rolled forging blooms and billets
Tons 106,352 produced for sale or for transfer to
Value (2,683,017 other works ofsame company:
Rail fastenings (splice bars, tie- Tons
plates, fishplates, etc.)— Value
Tons 396.911 Sheet and tin-plate bars produced
Value (14,488,412 for sale or for transfer to other
works of same company:
Structural shapes, not including Tons
plates used for makiDg girders- Value
Tons 2,123,610 Muck and scrap bar produced for
Value $05,564,593 sale or for transfer to other works
Steel- of same company:
Tons 2.102,300 Tons
Value $64,853,400 Value ,
Open-hearth— 1 1.934.230 All other rolled steel or iron:
Tons Tons „.
Value $59,789,948 Value
Bessemer-
Tons 168.070
Value (5,063,518
IRON AND STEEL — Continued .
1909 1909
I . PRODUCTS - continued . I . MANUFACTURES FROM ROLLING- MILL

Rolled , forged , and other classified PRODUCTS.
products, steel and Iron - Continued . (Made in mill producing, value pre
lagots produced for sale or for trans viously included .)
fer to other works of same com
pady : Wire and wire products:
TODS.. .. . . 142, 745 Tons ( 2 ,000 pounds) . 1, 634, 855
Value . $3,593,726 Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PiDes TO $71,624,024
Direct steel castings : Pip eP andRTtub
ODS .es :
Tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504, 856 Wrought welded
Value . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38 ,862, 448 1, 314 , 771
All other forged steel and iron , not Value . . . . . $68 , 471,573
including remanufactures of roll Seamless, hot-rolled or drawn
ing-mill products : Tons . . . . . 54,273
Tons . . . . . . 365, 986 Value . $5, 650, 739
Válue . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18, 740 , 241 All other, including clinched , rivet
ed , etc . ,but not including cast:
A other products, value . . . 8122 ,379,823 Tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 , 561
Miscellaneous steel and iron prod . Value . . . . $ 986, 699
sets not rolled , including value Bolts , nuts , rivets, forged spikes,
added to iron and steel rolling washers , etc.:
mill products by furthermanufac Kegs (200 c 4 , 471, 985
ture , value . .. . . $ 86 , 534, 369 Value . . pounds)
ikes: . .. . $ 20,538,858
duce fo sale
Serap steel or iron producedd forr sale Cutnails and spikes:
er for transfer to other works of Kegs (100 pounds) . .. .... .. .. .. 1 , 009, 319
same company : Value. . . $ 2 , 218 , 207
Tops . . .
.
1 , 238 , 554
Value . . . . . $ 18, 163,624 Horse and mule shoes:
Kegs (200 pounds) . .. . . 996 , 383
All products other than steel and Value .. . .. $ 7, 202,897
iron , value . $ 17 ,681,830 Springs, car, furniture ,and all other, not
D . STEEL including wire springs: 6 , 191
Tons. .
Total production : Value . . . . . . $ 374,924
Tons . 6 23 , 473 , 718 Switches , frogs, crossings, etc.:
Value (included above)... ... ...... 8478 , 736 , 988 Tons. . . . .
Value . . . . . $2, 471,008
Ciscified according to procesa: Galvanized plates or sheets :
Tops . . . . . . . 431,658
Open -bearth
Tons. . 14 , 176 , 054 Value . . . . . $ 25, 912, 056
Value. . $292, 360, 129 Stamped ware :
Basic Tons . . 24 , 612
Tons . . . 13,210 ,419 Value. . . . . . . $ 2 ,296 ,707
Value. $ 262, 529,822 Shovels , spades , scoops, etc., value . . . . $540, 321
Acid
Tons. . 965,635 V . PRODUCTS SOLD FOR EXPORT .
Value. . $ 29 ,830,307 ( By establishments producing )
Bessemer
Tons . . . . 9 , 190, 291 867 ,646
Value. . $ 178 , 232 , 848 Total tons. . . .
Rails . . . .. . . . .. . . 317 , 455
IS
Crucible and Rail fastenings . .. . 20 , 118
Tons . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ,373 89 , 377
Value .. . . $ 8 , 144,011 Pipes and tubes . . .
Sheet and tin -plate bars 85, 123
Plates and sheets . 80 , 706
Classified according to form : Galvanized plates or shee 79, 246
Ingots 69, 764
Tons . . . . . .. 22 , 968 , 862 Structural shapes. .
$ 439 , 874, 540 Bars and rods. . 48 , 938
Value . Wire rods. . . . . . . . . . 18 ,738
Casting Blooms, billets , and slabs . 18 , 021
Tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504, 856 10 , 703
$38 , 862 , 448 Skelp . . . . . . . . . .
Value . .. . . . . . . . . . 29 , 457
Miscellaneous . . . . . .
Duples process- open -bearth steel partly
purified in Bessemer converters before VI. EQUIPMENT
finishing in open -hearth furnaces ( in
522,682 Steel planla: Daily capacity of steel lur
eded above ), tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . naces and converters, tons of steel,
double tum .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . 10S , 710
Alleged steels,nickel,tungsten, titanium , Open -bearth furnaces
ekreme, vanadium , etc. (included Number . . . . . 687
above ), tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 ,216 Daily capacity , tons of steel,
Classified according to process: double turn . . .. 61,601
Opeb-bearth . 100 , 335
Basic . 86 , 242 Pasic 549
14 , 093 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aeid . . .. . . Daily capacity, tons ofsteel,
Bessemer . . . . . 45 , 324
Crucible and miscellaneous . 12,557 double tum . .. 55, 273
Cassified according to forma : Acid 138
151, 300 Number . . . . . . .
ingots . . . . . Daily capacity, tons of steel,
Castings . . . . . . . 6,916 double turn . . . . . 6, 328
IRON AND STEEL—Continued. Production of Coke.
The total cost of the materials used in
production of coke, was $65,388,124. 1
coat of the coal charged into ovens, 1
vi. equipment, —continued. $59,354,937. The total value of the ci
produced, was $98,078,383; 39,315,065 ti
Converters, Bessemer or modified were valued at _$S9.965,4S3. Anions I
Bessemer- products obtained in the manufacture of a
Number 99 was gas, which measured in thousands
Dally capacity, tons of steel, cubic feet, amounted to 76,590,763 of wh
double turn 4.1,9X3 60,799,543 cubic feet (thousands) were ui
Crucible furnaces— in process or wasted and 15,791,220 cu
Number 257 feet (thousands) were sold at a value
Number of pots that can be used $2,609,211. 60,120,006 gallons of tar wi
at a neat 3,840 obtained having a value of $1,408,611:
Daily capacity, tons of steel, 840 1
double turn sulphate ammonia, or its equivalent
All other steel furnaces- sulphate, 123,111,197, valued at $3,227.31
Number 16 At the entl of the year 1909. the number
Daily capacity, tons of steel, ovens in use in the United States was 103.9S
double turn 292 I 201 had been abandoned during the year, ai
Metal mixers- 2,950 were building.
Number 59 1|
14,343
Capacity, tons
. mill*.- Daily capacity of rolled Coal seems to have been used for fuel 1
and iron, double turn, tons the ancient Britons, but the first prop
notice we have is that it was mined in Nei
castle 1233.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.
Total value . 1146,329,268 Drills-

Implements of cultivation 135,246,030 Corn 20. 137
' Seeders and planters •13,679,921 Disk 21,292
Harvesting implements 134,568, 131 Grain
Seed separators 111,030,412 AUother
All other products Seed
*48, 690, 082 Harvestingsowers.
Amount received for repair work $3,114,692 implements:
Grain cradles 22,635
Principal kind of implements, by number. Harvesters—
Bean 1,409
Implements of cultivation: Com 19. M
Cultivators- Grain 129,274
Beet Harvesters and I
8maU bined 543
Wheeled 435,429 Other 1.707
Cotton scrapers 20,180 nay carriers 45,064
Harrows- Hayforks, horee 43,675
Disk 193,000 Hay loaders 34,705
:• <
Spring-tooth 112,832 Ilayrakes. horse
Spike-tooth Haystackers 17,212
Listers. 44,840 Hay tedders 34.396
Plows— Mowers 359,264
Disk 22,132 Potato diggers, horse 25.633
Gang 91,686 Reapers 58,2*4
Shovel
Steam 254,737 SeedClover
separators:
hullers 437
Sulky or wheel 2,355 Com huskers 372
Walking 134,936 Corn huskers and shredders. . 1.240
Seeders and planters: 1,110,006 Corn shellers—
Seeders- Hand 74.223
Broadcast 38,007 Power 9.049
Combination 23,963 Fanning mills 33,805
Com planters- Thrashers—
Hand.. 96,465 Horsepower
Horse 122,780 Steam power 23,586
Cotton planters 79,271
Potato planters 23,092
The total cost of the materials used in the 660.210 pounds of glucose, including all
manufacture of Glucose and Starch was $36,- sirups, valued at $17,922,514 ; 159.060,478
898,771. The total value of the manufactured pounds grape sugar, vnlued at $3,620,816:
products was $48,799,31 1 ; 677.535,647 pounds 8,164.175 gallons corn oil, valued at
of starch were valued at $17,514,823; 769,- $2,802,763.
SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 115
TIN AND TERNE PLATE .
1909 . 1909
MATERIALS. PRODUCTS continued .

Total cost... $ 41, 889 ,434 Tin plates
es plates or sheets: Pounds . . . . .. . . 1, 123, 968, 875
Pounds . . . . . . 1, 321 , 071, 691 Value.. . . . .
. .. $38, 259, 885
Cost. . . $ 28, 981, 151 Terne plates
Produced by the establishment Pounds. 191, 344, 257
report ing: Value.. . . . $ 7, 555 , 261
Pound 1 , 291, 048 , 109 Other sheet iron or sheet steel tinned
$28, 245, 234 or terne-plated , taggers tin , etc .:
Pounds . . . . . . . 19 , 400 , 934
Pounds. 30 , 023 , 582 Value . . . . . . . . .
$520 , 465
Cost.. .. .
Sing metals :
$735 , 917
All other products , value. . . . . $ 1, 634, 034
Pennds. . 40 , 927, 759
Cost . . . . . . . . :: $ 9 , 670, 037 EQUIPMENT.
Tin , including tin contents of terne Tin or terne sets at end of year:
mixture purchased Completed
Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 , 077, 651 Number . . . ..
Cast . . . . . . . . . $ 9 , 235, 718 Usually employed on tin
Lesd , including lead contents plates. . . . . .
ternemixture purchased Usually employed on
Pounds. . . 9, 850 , 108 terne plates. . .. . . . . . .. .
5434, 319 113
Daily capacity , single turn ,
s condition purchased pounds . . . . . . 2, 795 , 972
Pigin Tin plates . . . .. . . . .. . . . 2, 055, 915
Pounds . . 28, 586, 267 Terne plates . .. . . .
Cost . . . . . . $ 8 , 490 , 794 740 , 057
Daily capacity as operated ,
Pig lesd whether on single , double,
Pounds .. 2 , 708 ,496 or triple turn , pounds. . . . . . . 7 ,016 , 293
Cost . . . . . . $ 117,656 Building, number. . . . . . .
Terpe mixture Black - plate department of establish
Pounds . . 9, 632, 996 menis making their black plates :
Cost. $ 1, 061, 587 Hot black -plate mills at end of
yenr
Lother materials , cost .. ... $ 3, 238 , 246 Completed
Number . . . . . . . 335
PRODUCTS . Annual capacity on triple
Total value .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. 1447,969,645 turn , long tons. . . . . . .1,042,088
and terne plates: Building
Number . . . . . . . .
Pounds . . . . . . 1 . 315 , 313, 132 20
Value. .. . . . . . 345, 815 , 146 Annual capacity on triple
turn , long tons . . . . . . 36, 600
Cold mills , completed , number.. . . 268
WIRE .
The value of the metal used in the production of wire . amounted to $ 115 ,655 .427 . while
total value of the products was $ 180,083,522. There were produced 2,471,858 tons of
and iron wire , having a value of $ 120 .585 .637. There were also produced 13 ,926 . 861
sof wire Dails and spikes , allowing 100 pounds to each keg, the total value being $ 27 ,575 ,774 .
we were also produced 28 , 125 tons of wire brads, tacks and staples , having a value of
124, 170. The quantity of barbed wire manufactured was 323,565 tons, valued at $ 13 ,881.517 :
e wire , fencing , and poultry netting, had a tonnage of 422 , 127 , valued at $21,419 , 170 ;
rope and strands had a tonnage of 45 , 303, the value being $ 6 ,683 ,771; other manu
stre of iron and steel wire, such as springs, bale ties, flat wire , etc ., weighed 129,945 tons,
cost $ 10 .856 , 154 .
There were produced in the United States in 1909, 154,231 tons of copper wire, valued
$ 47. 184 ,164 . The equipment consisted of 43,697 wire drawing blocks, having an annual
Keity of 3 .213,574 tons; 4 ,428 wire nail machines, having an annual capacity of 18,756 ,995
of 100 pounds each . There were 446 woven -wire fence machines, having an annual
acity , in tons, of 481 , 373 .
The total value of the steel and iron wire products, 1909, was $ 120 ,585 ,637 ; the wire
ka vere valued at $47.934,204 ; the wire departments of rolling mills produced 1,649,929
valued at $72,651,433.
PRODUCTION OF SOAP.
The total cost of the materials used in the ( 2,000 pounds) caustic soda , costing $ 2 ,212,
buiature of this product in the United 232 ; 121,016 tons ( 2 ,000 pounds) soda ash ,
tes in 1909 was $ 72 , 179,418 . Of tallow , costing $ 2,281,787.
sue , and other fats, 413 ,969,787 pounds
e consumed , costing $ 23,341,905 ; 11,856 , The total value of the soap products of the
gallons of cocoanut and palm -kernel oil, United States in 1909 was $ 111,357 ,777.
ting $ 5 ,875 ,294 ; 24 , 221 ,712 gallons cotton 1 , 736 ,740 ,466 pounds of hard soap were made,
doil, costing $ 9 ,718 , 988 ; 207 , 296 ,447 valued at $88,550 ,830 ; 44 .052,615 pounds of
unds of rosin , costing $ 4 , 362,412 ; 94 ,050 , 892 soft soap , valued at $943,676 ; 39,689,300
inds hoofs, costing $ 2 ,453,609; 52,172 tons 1 pounds of glycerin , valued at $5 ,713,558.
no SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
V. TRANSPORTATION.
Railroad Cabs. Shipbuilding, Including Boat
The total value of all railroad care con Building.
structed in all establishments throughout the The total value of work done on the dil
United States, in 1909, was S102.137.396. ferent classes of water craft, not in Govern
The value of the steam-railroad cars was mcnt establishments, the value of the repoi
$94,874,287: Of these for passenger servico work, and all other products of the snip
were built 1,819 cars, valued at $15,120,961; building industry, in 1909, was $73,360,315
for freight service, 96,648 care, valued at Work done during the year on vessels an*
$79,753,326. Of street-railroad cars, which boats, amounted to $42,310,925; ■»
were chieflv electric, there were built 2,772 5 gross tons and over, $37,718,018; _
cars, valued at $7,263,109. less than 5 gross tons, $4,592,907;
work, $26,678,643.
Steam-Railroad Cars. Bicycles, Motorcycles, and
The total value of the products of this in The total value of bicycles and
dustry in the United States, in 1909, was cycles,
$123,729,627. Of steam-railroad cars for the Suites and parte, manufactured in the L'n
passenger service there were constructed bicycles in were 1909, was $10,698,567. 168.
manufactured, valued
1,601 cars, valued at $13,829,607: of this
class there were built 216 baggage and ex $2,436,996;
their value
18,628 motorcycles
being $3,015,988.
press cars, valued at $1,105,779; 95 mail cars,
valued at $600,912; 957 passenger cars, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY.
valued at $7,209,425; the chair, dining and
buffet, parlor, sleeping, and all other cars,
amounted to 333, valued at $4,913,491. For
the freight service the number of cars con
structed, totaled 73,177, valued at $61,691,-
825; Of these there were 29,728 box cars,
valued at $23,982,446; 11,473 coal and coke,
valued at $9,419,655; 3,232 flat cars, valued
at $2,033,801; 900 fruit cars, valued at Total value.
$784,476 ; 90 furniture cars, valued at Automobiles. . 12*. 593
$70,515; 19,607 gondola or ore, valued at Gasoline.. 130.383
$18,128,186: 2,618 refrigerator cars, valued at Electric... 3.836
$2,747,957; 2,349 stock cars, valued at Steam 2 371
$1,586,008 ; 537 caboose, valued at $525,605;
2,643 other cars, valued at $2,413,176. There Passtnjtt r^(cZM(pleasure.fam
ily, and public conveyances). . 123.338
Gasoline
were also built 603 street-railroad cars, valued Electric 117.633
at $2,023,022: Of these 558 were passenger Steam 3.331
2,374
cars, valued at $1,903,317; 45 other cars, Buggies 4.552
valued at $120,605. Gasoline 4,314
Electric
Runabouts 268
Cars and General Shop Construc Gasoline 36.204
Electric 35.347
tion and Repairs by Steam Steamcars 4M
361
Railroad Companies. Touring
Gasoline 76.114
The cars and general shop construction and Electric 73,883
Steam 243
1,988
repairs made by the steam railroad companies Closed (limousine, cabs, eto.). . ■ 5.205
in 1909, reached a total of $405,600,727. The Gasoline 3.290
value of the car department was $199,768,939. Electric 1.915
The value of the cars built was $13,326,171: All other (omnibuses, sigh(-see
Of these there were 218 passenger cars, valued ing wagons, ambulances, pa
at $1,291,354; 13,972 freight cars, valued at trolGasoline
wagons, etc.) 1,233
$11,767,664; the number of all other cars Electric 7!>9
*»
manufactured was 359, valued at $267,153. Steam
Repairs to cars of all kinds amounted to Busineu vthieles (merchandise). 3,255is
$147,194,065. Gasoline 2, 7«1
Electric... 495
Cars, Street-Railroad. Steam
Delivery wagons
Gasoline 1.645 1.918,8
The total value of the products of this in
dustry in the United States, in 1909, was Electric
Steam 217 1.474 0!
$7,809,866. There were constructed 1.922 Trucks 3.165.51!
electric-railroad cars, valued at $4,602,435: Gasoline 1.090
Of these there were 1,323 closed cars, valued All Electric
other 276 2,3S4,T03
ISO,**
at $3,500,781; 369 combination cars, valued rcwollno 27
25 145.65S
at $704,309 ; 95open care, valued at $141,008; Electric. 2 140 65!
92 freight, express, and mail cars, valued at ' 5.0M
$179,293; of all other varieties, 43. valued Allandother
partsproducts, including bodies
'78,984,751
at $77,044. There were steam-railroad cars Amount received for custom work
built for freight service, 167, all and repairing 6.3I7.99S
valued at $111,813.
Carriages and Wagons and Cars and General Shop Construc

Materials. tion and Repairs by Street-
The total value of carriages and wagons and Railroad Companies.
materials manufactured in the United States, The cars and general shop construction and
in 1909, was $159,892,547. Of carriages repairs by street-railroad companies in 1900,
(family and pleasure) there were made
828.411, valued at $47,756,118; 587.685 reached a total value of $31,962,561. The
wagons, valued at $39,932,910, were manu value of the motive power and machinery de
factured; of these 154,631 were business partment, was $4,510,332. The value of the
wagons, their value being $16,440,816; repairs to motors, etc., was $4,004,336. The
429,952 farm wagons, valued at $22,615,875; value of the car department was $25,835.4<i3 .
the remainder, government, municipal, etc., The value of all the cars built was $626,752:
3,102, valued at $876,219. Of public con Of these there were 129 passenger c&rs.
veyances (cabs, hacks, hansoms, hotel coaches, valued at $498,709; 03 freight cars, valued at
omnibuses, etc.), 2,243 were manufactured, $59,102; of all other cars there were 51 built,
valued at $939,267; 100,899 sleighs and sleds, valued at $08,941.
valued at $2,065,850.
VI. CLAY AND STONE PRODUCTS.
which there was cast a total of 60,105,694
The total value of these products for the square
year 1909, was 8168,895,365. The value of feet wasfeet: of this amount 47,370,254 square
polished glass, valued at $12,204,875;
the brick and tile, terra-cotta, and fire-clay the remainder,
products, was $136,387,846; of common brick 205,690 square rough glass, made for sale,—
there were 9,787,671 thousand, valued at cathedral glass feet, there
valued at $37,431. Of
were 7,405,980 square
857,216,789; of fire brick, 838,167 thousand,
valued at $16,620,695; of the vitrified, feet, feet
valued at $569,848; 15,409,966 square
of skylight glass, valued at $788,726. The
paving, etc., 1,023,654 thousand, valued at
$11,269,586; front, including fancy colored value of the pressed and blown glass was
$27,398,445; Of this goods there was manu
and fancy or ornamental brick, 821,641 factured tabloware, 100 pieces, 1,286,056 sets;
thousand, valued at $9,886,292; the sand jellies, tumblers, and goblets, 11,687,036 dozen ;
time brick used had a value of $1,150,580;
the enameled brick were valued at $993,902; lamps,
dozen;
322,482 dozen; chimneys, 6,652,967
lantern globes, 952,620 dozen; globes
the value of the drain tile was $9,798,978; the
sewer pipe used was valued at $10,322,324; and other electrical goods, 11,738,798 dozen;
the value of the architectural terra-cotta was shades, globes, and other gas goods, 1,541,449
dozen; blown tumblers, stem ware, and bar
$6,251,625; the fireproofing, terra-cotta goods,
lumber and hollow building tile, or blocks, dozen; cut ware, dozen;
9,182,060 opal ware, 3,095.666
206,336 dozen. The value
was valued at $4,466,708; the value of the of the bottles and jars manufactured, was
tile, not drain, was $5,291,963; the value of $30,018,333. Of prescriptions, vials, and drug
the stove lining was $423,583; other material, gists' wares, 3.624,022 gross were made; 2,345,
valued at $2,694,821. The value of the 204 gross of beer, soda and mineral glassware;
pottery manufactured was $31,048,341. 1,887,344 gross of liquors and flasks; 440.3O2
Building Operations. gross milk jars; 1,124.485 gross fruit jars; of
In 1912 the total cost of buildings, accord battery ofjarspatent
and other electrical goods, 9,981
ing to reports of municipal authorities to the gross; and proprietary glassware,
Bureau of Statistics, was $683,506,372 against 1,237,175 gross; of
1.637,798 gross;
of
packers ana preservers,
demijohns ana carboys,
$702,143,950 in 1911, and $726,430,975 in 122.570 dozen.
1910. The total number of permits for 1911
was 192,978. Artificial Ice.
Cement. The total cost of the materials used in estatw
The total value of the cement product in lishments for the manufacture of ice, in 1909.
1909, for the United States, was $03,205,455. wasthere
$1,021,913. By the compressor system
were used 3,097,191 pounds of anhy
There were manufactured 60,089,715 barrels drous ammonia,
of cement, valued at $53,610,503; ol this absorption systemcosting $826,222. By the
there were used 369,093
64,991,431 barrels was Portland, valued at pounds of anhydrous
$5*5,858,354; 1,537,638 was natural, valued at $100,283. There were also used valued
ammonia, at
$652,756; 160,040 barrels puzzo.an, valued at pounds of aqua ammonia, valued at 1.670,698 $95,408.
$99,453. The value of all other products of The tofcil value of the ice products for the
this industry, was $9,594,892. year 1909 was $42,953,055. Of the ice itself
Glass. there was 12,647,949 tons (2,000 pounds each),
valued at $39,889,263: Of the can ice. 11,-
The total cost of the materials used in the 085,533; tons
671,547 (2,000 pounds), valued at S37.-
of the plate ice, 976,402 tons (2,000
manufacture of glass, in 1909, amounted to pounds), valued at $2,803,730.
$32,119,499, while the total value of these
products was $92,095,203 Of this amount the
value of building glass aggregated $26,308,438; The first permanent electric railway was
included under this head are 6,921,611 50-foot operated near Berlin in 1881, and the first
boxes of window glass, valued at $11,742,959: permanent elevated electric railway was
also included in this division is plate glass, of operated in Chicago 1895.
GENERALESERSLARI
SEESSSSSSSS
SEBESCHERAS
COOTE
SOOSSE
SEREBESS
tata
.alene
Esben
SERIUS
STYL
SEES
15
A
al
I
JOOO
7. 50C0.O00
NO0MI
CK
TEL
Hea
45000 SA 900,000
BACRRELSE
EMENT
BRICK
EN Bangalore
SUPORT
200.000
uppright, Munn & Co., Inc.
A MAMMOTH OFFICE BUILDING DISSECTED .
THE WHITEHALL BUILDING .
VII. LEATHER INDUSTRY .
1909
MATERIALS. PRODUCTS - continued .

Totalcost . . . . .. $ 248, 278,938 Leather - Continued .
Tanning. Sole - Continued .
Chrome
Hides 1 (all kinds) : Sides . . . .
Number . . . * 18, 360, 415
Cost . . . . . . $119,410 , 767 Value. . $ 1,634
Skins : 1 Upper, other than call or kip
Number . . 97,680, 571 skins, value. . . . . . $39.951
Cost . $75,647 ,790 Grain , satin , pebble, etc .
Call and kip (side leather)
Sides .
Nurber . . 19,732,638 Value. . . . . $ 24, 198
Cost . . . . . $31,790 ,572 Finished splits
Goat Number . . 8 , 134
Numbe 48, 077 ,664
Cost . $27,833, 214 Value. . . . . $7,410
Sheep Patent and enameled shoe
Number . 26 , 082, 060 Sides . . . . . . . . . 2,708
Cost . . . . . . . . . * Value . . . . . . $8.341
$ 12 , 231,618
All other Horsehides and coltskins
Number . . . . . . . 1,34
Number . . . . . . . . . 83,788, 209 Value. . . .
Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,792 ,386 e tanned a
$4,95
Call and kip skins, tanned and
Currying. finished ,
$ 9, 556,257 Number . . 19,022
Purchased rough leather used, cost. .. Value. $42,412
Sides Grain finished
Number . . . . . . . . . . 1,468 , 213
Cost . . . . $ 4, 967,781 Number 17,
Grains Value. . $ 39 ,98
Sides . . . . . . . . . . . 525 ,786 Flesh finished
Cost . . $ 1 , 201 , 842 Number . .
Value. . . . .
Splits Goatskins, tanned and finished
Number . . 2 , 043, 283
Cost . $ 1 , 442, 505 Number 47, 907
Value . . .
All other
Cost . . $ 1,944, 129 Black
Number.
$ 43,664 ,119 Value. . .
All other materials, cost.. ... . . . ... Colored
PRODUCTS. Number .
Value . . .
Total value . $ 327,874, 187 Sheepsking, tanned and finished
$ 306 ,476,720 Number . . . 19, 60
Leather , value . . . . .
Value. . . . $ 12,
Sold in rough , value . . . . $6 , 335 , 599
Sides Belting
828 ,887 Sides .
Number . ... Value
Value. . . $3,539,617
Grains Harness
Sides .
Sides . . . . 317 , 814
Value. . . . $718 , 562 Value. . . 24 . SU
Splits Carriage, automobile , and furni

Number . . 2 , 912, 964 ture
Value.. $ 2 , 077 , 420 Sides . . .
Value . . .
Sole, value . . $88 ,331,713
Hemlock Trunk , bag, and pocketbook ,
Sides . . . . 7 , 963, 728 value . . . . $8,19
Bookbinder ' s , va ie .
Value . . . . . . . $32 , 237 , 151
Oak Glove, value . . . . .
Sides . . 3 , 805, 861 All other , value . . . . . $11, 72
Value. . . . . $26, 083,793
Union All other products, value. . . . . .. . $8,6
Sides . 5 , 756 , 227 Work on materials for others . .
Value . . . . . . $ 28 , 375, 815
THE GREAT GLASS INDUSTRY OF THE U. S. AMOUNTING TO
892,000,000.
Boots and Shoes. Gloves and Mittens—Leather.

In 1909 there were produced in the United The total value of the manufactures in the
States 247,643,197 pairs of boots and shoes. United States, in 1909, was $23,630,598. Of
The classification of this product was as fol gloves, mittens, andgauntlets, there were man
lows,—Men's, 93.888,892; boys' and youths', ufactured 3,368,655 doien pairs, valued at
23,838,626; women's, 86,595,314; misses' and S22,525,861. Of these there were made for men
children's, 43,320,365. Of slippers there were 2,585,977 doien pairs, valued at $17,060,797;
manufactured 17,507,834 pairs, distributed as this included 921,259 dozen pairs lined gloves
follows,—Men's, boys' and youths', 4,802,841 and mittens, valued at $5,222,174: 1.664.71H
pairs; women's, misses', and children's, 12,- djzen pairs unlined, valued at $11,838,623
704,993. There were 15,000,721 pairs of in For women and children there were manu
fants' shoes and slippers manufactured, and of factured 782,678 dozen pairs, valued at $5.-
all other goods of this nature there were 465.064; this included 365,477 dozen pairs
4,865,429 pairs. lined gloves and mittens, valued at $1,718,19$
417,201
valuepairs
of allunlined,
The products of the essential-oil industry in valued ofatthis
$3,746,866.
The other products industry
1909 had a total value of $1,737,234. was $1,104,737.
VIII. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS.
The total value of chemicals and allied Salt.
Sroducts in the United States in 1909 was
117,688,887. The value of the acids was The total value of the salt products of the
111,926,389; sodas were valued at $21,417,982; United States in 1909 was $1 1,327,834. There
of potashes there were manufactured 1,866,570 were 29,933,060 barrels of salt, valued at
pounds, valued at $88,940; the value of the $8,3 1 1,729; 728,875 pounds of bromine, valued
alums manufactured was $2,578,842; coal-tar at $92,735; the value of alt other products was
products
of were valued
the cyanides at $2,675,327;
was $1,941,893; ma $2,923,370.
the value
bleaching
terials were valued at $1,635,046; chemical SALT, CLASSIFIED DY GRADE (BARRELS).
substances produced by the aid of electricity, Table and dairy 3,042.824
were valued at $17,968,277; 121,946,967 Common, fine 7,745,204
pounds of calcium carbide, were produced, Common, coarse 2,843,393
valued at $2,984,001; 11,802,076 pounds of Packers 385.802
anhydrous ammonia, valued at $2,503,315; of Coarse, solar 1,109,39*3
carbon dioxide, 47,238,267 pounds were pro Rock salt, mined 5.938.721
duced, valued at $2,317,808. Milling, other grades and brine 8,867,720
Dyestuffs and Extracts. PROCESS EMPLOYED
The total value of these products for the Total number of establishments. ... 124
year 1909 was $15,954,574. The 12.267,399 Number reporting:
pounds of artificial dyestuffs were valued at Solar 46
$3,462,436. Kettle 1
Grainer 50
Explosives. Open pan 11
The total cost of the materials used in the Vacuum pan 21
manufacture of explosives was $22,S11.548; Sec also Chapter on "Mines and Quarries. '
188.889 tons of nitrate of soda were used, Paint and Varnish.
valued at $7,892,336; 51,764,094 pounds of
mixed acids costing $1,512,626, were needed; In the manufacture of these products the
7,591,756 pounds of nitric acid, costing $541,- following materials were used,— 145,917 ton*
314; 22,501 tons of sulphuric acid, costing
$406,204; 17,389 tons of sulphur or brimstone, (2,000 pounds) of pig lead, costing $12,014,8511;
1.683,382 gallons alcohol, costing $920,086.
costing $367,866. The cost of all other ma 1,327,157 gallons of which was wood alcohol,
terials used was $12,091,202. The total value costing $693,362; 356,225 gallons grain alco
of the manufactured products was $40,139,- hol, costing $226,724.
061; the value of the 177.155,851 pounds of The total value of these products in 1901)
dynamite used was $18,699,746; 28,913,253 was $124,889,422. The value of the pigment*
>ounds of nitroglycerin, sold as such, $3,162,- was $16,985,588; 85.234.414 pounds of white
43.4; 9,339.087 twenty- five pound kegs of
bitting powder, valued at $9,608,265; ol per lead, dry, was valued at $3,921,803. The value
missible explosive* 9,607,448 pounds valued of paints in oil was $56,763,296; 246,567.570
at $863,209; 12.862.700 pounds of gunpowder, 234.411.white
pounds lead in oil, were valued at $15.-
The value of varnishes and japans
valued at $1,736,427; 7,464,825 pounds of was $31,262,535.
other explosives, valued at $3,913,787. The included, was $3.The value of fillers, all kimis
126.271; of these 1.159,560
value of all other products was $2,155,793. gallons of liquid fillers were valued at $823,063.
Fertilizers. Turpentine and Rosin.
The total cost of the materials used in the The total value of the turpentine and rosin
making of fertilizers in 1909 was $69,521,920. industry for 1909 was $25,295,017; the 28.-
The total value of the products was $103.- 988,954 gallons
960.213. 5.240.164 pounds of fertilizers, valued $12,654,228; the of3,263.857
turpentine were valued at
barrels (280 pound*
at $92,369,631. each), of rosin, were valued at $12,576,721.
COATJTNO STATIONS OF EUROPE AND AFRICA.

IX . ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY .
PRODUCT . 1909 PRODUCT. 1909
Total value . . 1 $243, 965,093 Primary batteries , including value

Dynamos : of parts and supplies:
Number . .
Number . . . . . . 16 , 791
Value . . . . . 34,333,531
Kilowatt capacity . . . . 1 , 405 , 950 $5, 934, 261
Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,081,048 Arc lamps :
Dynamotors, motor generators, boost Number . . . 123, 985
ers, rotary converters, and double Value . . . $1,706,959
current generators . . . . . . . $ 3, 154,733 Searchlights, projectors,and focusing
Transformers . . . . .
Switchboards, panel boards,and cut
$8 , 801,019 lamps . . . . . $935,874
Incandescent lamps. . . . . $ 15,714, 800
out cabinets . . . $5, 971, 804 Carbon filament. . . . $ 6 , 157,006
Motors : Tungsten .
Total number . . . . . . 504 , 030 clower,
Gem , tantalum , glowe and
r and
$6, 241, 133
Horsepower . . . . . . . 2 ,733, 418
Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,087 ,482 vacuum and vapor lamps . . . . .
Decorativeand miniature lamps ,
82,715,991
For power
Number . . . . . . . 243 , 423 X -ray bulbs , vacuum tubes,
Horsepower. . .
Value . . .
1 . 683 , 677 etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $600, 619
$ 18, 306 ,451 Sockets , receptacles, bases, etc . . . . . 84,521,729
For automobiles
Number . . . .. . 2 ,796 Electric lighting fixtures ofall kinds . $6, 123, 283
Horsepower . . 12 , 471 Telegraph apparatus. .
Telephone apparatus . . . . . .
$1, 957, 432
Value . . . . . . . . . $ 294 , 152 $ 14, 259 , 357
For fans Insulated wires and cables . . . . $ 51,624 , 737
Number 199 , 113 Electric conduits . . . . 85,088, 264
Horsepower . . 178 , 033 Annunciators--domestic
office . . . . . .
, hotel, and
Value . . . . . . . . . $ 2,450 ,739 $235 ,567
For elevators Electric clocks and timemechanisms.
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$ 352, 513
Number . . 4 , 988 $ 1, 001, 719
Horsepower .. 63, 585 Lightning arresters . . . . $940 , 171
Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . $ 1, 188,653 Rheostats and resistances . . $ 2,674, 963
For railways, and miscellaneous Festing , cooking , and welding apps .
ratuss .. .. . . . . . . . . . .
nou $ 1,003, 038
services, including value of Electric fatirons . . . . . . . . .
.
parts and supplies - 8951,074
Number . . . . . 53,710 Electric measuring instruments . . . . $7 , 800, 010
Horsepower . . . . . . 795 , 652 Electrical therapeutic apparatus . . . . . $1, 107, 858
Magneto - ignition apparatus , sparks,
$ 9, 847, 487 coils , etc . . . $6,092, 343
Storage batteries, including value of
parts and supplies : Electric switches,signals, and attach
Weight of plates in pounds. . . . . . 23, 119, 331 ments . . . . . $5, 371 , 843
Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4 ,678 , 209 Circuit fittings of all kinds..... .. . $ 1,080, 287
PNILO.27 103 All other products, value . . .. .. .. .. $ 39,091,708
M
DOM 9
TOON
IZ TUWS
FINE ARTS & 0319CS
BUSINESS 227
227 iss
GENERAL MORE AGRICULTURE 240
CYCLOP BED
DOMESTIC RURAL PHILOSSY
| EDUCATION 300
FH has
NEW 428 MISTORY 442 PHILOSOPHY 014
544 MEDICINE YENE . EDUCATION

MEDICINE MYGTNE 5277
603 DESCRITIC , SE54AM .TVTL . HISTORY,
NW 385 GEOGRAPHY + TRAYEL 595
AT LA
BEOGRADKY CIREBONNE
SCIENCE 624
PHYSICAL • MATE SCIENCE
NEW 614 SOCIOLOGY .RCONOMICS 653
POLITICAL
MSW 426 LAW 682
SOCIAL SCIENCE POETRY+DAMA
DOETRY DRAMA 685
USEFUL ANT .
NEW 647 BIOGRAPHY GENEALOGY 698 THEOLOGY RELIGION
APPLIED SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENG'RS JUVELLE
TWINILE
FICTION
REN 399 REUGION + THEOLOGY 012
kw 2001 ANERAL LITERATURE .EAY 0 13
LITERATURE ChiLetto Wars
W 239 1024
ww so FICTION
Charts Prepared by F , E . Woodward , Washington , D . C .

ANALYSIS OF BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910-1911.
X . PAPER AND PULP .

1909 1909
MATERIALS . PRODUCTS - continued .

$165,442,341 Wrapping paper - Continued .
Total cost ... . .. .. Bogus or wood manila , all grades ,
foto Food
Wood pulp,, cost..
purchased :
*$33, 772 ,475 Tons . .
Value . . . .
Tons ... . . . . 1. 241 , 914 All other
Cost . . .. . . $43, 861, 357 Tons . . . . 179 , 855
Ground Value. . . . . . . $ 10, 202,035
Toas. .. . 452 ,849 Boards:
Cost . . . . $9,487 ,508 Wood pulp
Soda fiber Tons . . 71, 036
Toas . .. . . . 134 , 626 Value . . . $2,639,496
Cost . . . . $6, 862, 864 Straw
Sulphite fiber " Tons . 171. 789
Tons . .. . . 626,029 Value . . $3,750,851
Cost . .. $27 , 184,726 News
Other chemical fiber
Tons. 8 . 410
Tons . . . .
Value . . . 82,273,606
Cost . $328 ,259 All other
Tons . .
Rag , including cotton, flex waste 514,208
sad sweepings : Value. . . . . $17,639, 768
TORS . . . . . . . . 357 , 470 Other pe per products :
Cast. . $ 10 ,721,559 Tissues
Old and waste paper: Tons . 77,745
Tons . . . . . 933 , 882 Value . . . . $8,553, 654
Cost . . . . $13,691 ,120 Blotting
Wanila stock, including jute bagging, Tons . . . . .
ope , Waste , threads , etc . : Value , . . . $1,188,197
Tons . . . 117 , 080 Building roofing, asbestos , and
Cost . . . . $3,560,033 sheathing
Tons . . . . . 225 , 824
Toa . 303.137 Value . . . . . $9 , 251, 368
Cost.. . . $1,460,282 Hanging
Tons . : 92, 158
All other materials, cost..... ... ... . $ 58, 375,515 Value . . . . . . . . 54 , 431, 514
Miscellaneous - -
PRODUCTS . Tons . . . . . . . . . . 96 , 577
Value . . . . . $6 ,869 , 169
Totalvalue .. 18267,666 ,964 Wood pulp made for sale or for con
News paper , sumption in mills other than where
In rolls for printing produced :
Tons. . 1,091,017 Ground
Value. . . . . . 842 , 807, 064 Tons . . . 310 , 747
la sheets for printing Value . . $5, 649, 466
Tons . . . . . . . . . Soda fiber
Value. ..
84,537
84, 048, 496 Tons . . . . 155, 844
Book paper : Value $ 6 ,572 , 152
BookTons Sulphite fiber
. .. . . . . . . 575 , 616 Tons . . . . . 444, 255
Value. .. . . . . 542 ,846 ,674 Value . . . . . . . $ 17 , 955 , 748
Costed
Tons. 95, 213 All other products, value.
value . . . . . . . $4, 738,549
Valne. . . . . $9, 413,961
Plate, lithograph, map, wood . Wood pulp .
cut, etc . Quantity produced ( including that
Tons. .. 6 . 498
Value. . used in mills where manufac
Cover
$ 565 ,352 tured ), total tons . . . .. 2 , 495 , 523
Ground , tong . . . . . . . 1, 179 , 266
Tons . .. . 17, 578 298 , 626
Value. . . . . Sods fiber, tons . . .
$1,982,853 Sulphite fiber, tons .. . 1,017 ,631
Cardboard , bristol board , card mid
des, tickets, etc .
Tons. . . . . . . EQUIPMENT.
51 , 449
Value. $3,352,151 Paper machines :
Fine paper. Total number 1 , 480
Writing Capacity , yearly , tons . . . . . . . 5 , 293, 397
Tons. . . Fourdrinier
Value . . . . . 169, 125 804
All other
$ 24, 966, 102 Number . . . . . .
10 , 508
Capacity per 24 hours , tons . .
Tons. 29, 088 Cylinder
676
Value . . . . . 54 ,110 ,536 Number . . .
Wrapping paper : Capacity per 24 hours , tons. . 6 , 316
kanila (rope, jute , tag , etc.) Pulp :
Tons.. . . . . .
Value. . . . . . .
73,731 Grinders , number . . 1,435
542
86,989, 436 Digesters, total number .
Heavy (mill wrappers, etc.) Sulphite fiber , number . 348
Tons . .. 108 , 561 Soda fiber, number 194
Vuue . . . . . . Capacity , yearly , tons of pulp . 3 , 406 , 621
Straw H4 ,380 , 794 1, 809 , 685
Ground , tons . . . . .
Tons . 32, 988 Sulphite, tons . 1 , 250 , 983
Value . . . 344, 953
$870,419 Soda, tons . . . . . .
12G SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Copyright, Munn &. Co.

THE CIVILIZED WORLD'S CONSUMPTION OF PAPER PRESENTED
IN GRAPHICAL FORM.
PUBLICATIONS.
PRODUCT. 1909 PRODUCT 1909
Total Talde . . . . . $ 737,876 ,087 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

Publications
Newspapers and periodicals . . . . Continued .
$ 337,596 , 288
Subscriptions and sales . . $ 135 , 063 , 043 By character - Continued .
Advertising . . . . . . . . $ 202 , 533, 245
Newspapers . . $ 232, 993 , 094 Commerce, finance , insurance,
Subscriptionsand sales. .. $84, 438, 702 railroads, etc .
Advert ising . . . . . $ 148 , 554 , 392 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Periodicals . . $ 104,603 , 194 Aggregate circulation . . .. . .. . 1,411,738
Subscriptions and sales...
Advertising . . .
$ 50 , 624, 341 Trade journals generally
$ 53 , 978, 853 Number . . . 685
Read y print
outsid
s,patent insides and
ee . . . . .. .
Aggregate circulation . . . . . . . . 3, 572, 441
$2,293 ,077 General literature , including
Books and pamphlets monthly and quarterly maga .
Pablished, or printed and zines
publisbed ... 362, 930 , 394 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Printed
others . for
. ...
publication by Aggregate circulation . . . 31, 322,035
$ 10 , 209,509 Medicine and surgery
Sheet musicand booksofmusic Number . . . . . 197
Pubushed or printed and
published . . . .. Aggregate circulation . . . 931,584
$ 5,510, 698 Law
Printe d for publication by
others. . . Number . . . . . 56
$ 1,000, 966
Irod
wieuctsfor
rs:
sale and in execution of Aggregate circulation . . . .
Science and mechanics
151,346
Job priating . . . . $ 207, 940 , 227 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Boo k bindin and blank bo, okans .. FratAggregate
Electrotyping , engravin
$ 50 , 552, 808 circulation ..
efum borgainizations 1, 421, 955
Ethograpbigng .. . g d Fraternal er ie cir
$47, 956, 979 419
All other products . .. $ 11, 885 , 141 Aggregate circulation . . . 6, 982,235
NEFEPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. Education and history
Number . . . . . . 202
22, 141
Aggregate circulation . . . 1,879,383
pregate circulation Society , art,music , fashions,etc .
deriod of issue: 164,463,040 Number . . . . . . . 164
Dally (exclusive of Sunday) Aggregate circulation . . . 13,445 ,661
Number ... 2 ,600 College and school periodicals
Aggregate circulation ... 24,211,977 Number . . . . . . 271
Sanday Aggregate circulation . . . 330, 705
Number .. . . . . Miscellaneous
Aggregate circulation . . . . . 520
Semiweekly and triweekly 13,347 ,282 Number . . . . . 139
Nomber .
Aggregate circulation .. 1, 087, 937
708
WeekAgg
ly
regate circulation .. 2,648, 308 By language:
Number English
Agregate circulation . . . .
15, 097 Number . 20, 744
Maatby- 40 ,822 ,965 Aggregate circulation . . . 155 ,432, 243
Number . . . Foreign ( including foreign and
2 ,491 English -
Agg
All ot r ate circulation . . . . . ..
hereg 63,280,635 Number . . . . . 1,397
Sumber Aggregate circulation . . . . . . 9,030 ,797
Aggregate circulation . . . French
20,151,973 Number . . 39
Ly character: Aggregate circulation .. . 446, 739
News,polities,
Lap2
and family read German
Number . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Sumber.. . 17 . 698 Aggregate circulation . . . . 4 , 434, 146
RossAggregate creulation . ... . . 61,074, 990 Italian
Number . . . . Number . . . 104
Aggregate circulation . 1, 251 Aggregate circulation . . . . 500,475
Apreultural, horticultural, dairy , 29,523 ,777 Scandinavian
stock raising , etc . Number . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Number . . .,
316 Aggregate circulation . . . . 1 , 118, 601
Slavonica
Aggregate circulation . .. . . . . . 11,327,253 Number . . . . . 169
Aggregate circulation .. . 917,649
All other
The earliest advertisement in England was Number . . . . . 232
found in " Perfect Occurrences of Every Aggregate circulation . . . . 1,613, 187
Daie " 1647 .
PUBLICATIONS BY STATES.
Showing the number of newspapers and periodicals of all issues published in the United States ,
Territories , and Dominion or Canada , the number of towas to which Uewspapers are pab .
published
lished , and the number of towns which are county seats .
chichar
Towns
,Pupers
which
Towns
Miscellaneous
are
No
No
.of
is
.of
ISSUES.
. ightly
.-MSonthly
County
Seats
.so erly
-Weekly
-Bonthly
emi
.Semi
-Weekly
Monthly
Fortn
,(Suce
,
Quart
Total
STATES ,TERRITORIES AND
.Bi
.Tri
. y
-all
CANADIAN PROVINCES.
Weekl
. ily
.
Da
NEW ENGLAND STATES
Connecticut....... . 158
3333
00
M i ne .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Massachusetts ... .. . .. .. . ..
. 135
New Hampshire 114
Ta
Rhode Island ........
a
Vermont .. . .. .. ... .. ...
- -
101
496 73 624 770 716 7898 84
NEW YORK .
New York ... 504 61 207 7 46 1031 10 42 591 15 40 5 1994
MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES
Delaware 19 28
District of Columbia .. .
Rico
Maryland ...... .. 112 163
New Jersey ... . ... . . . 275
ON
Pennsylvania .......
299999999
839 1399
to
SOUTHERN STATES, 690 48 12766 19334 12 2047
Alabama .. 136 191
Arkansas .. . . . 167 235
Florida .. . . . . .. . . . ** * * * * * * 157
100
Georgia . ... .. .. 203 257
-
Kentucky . . . .. ... . 155 216
Louisiana . . . 108
Mississippi
170
145 201
North Carolina 164 20:3
South Carolina .... 113
Tennessee .. . . .. 146
0 22
Texas
613 S16 TV21
Virginia ... ... .. .. .. . .. .
252 19
136 173 92
West Virginia . .. . . . . . 93 174
MIDDLE WESTERN STATES . 2251 8 50 131:35T
150
Illinois . . 650 102 175 36 1056 279
Iodiana .. . .. .. ... . 352 525
Michigan .. .. .. .. 395 23 530
Ohio . .. .. . .. .. . . . 417 44 720
Wisconsin .. .. . . 849 71 os 16 538
WESTERN STATES. 21631 il 647 1 42 3369 14 313135
Colorado ...... 193 7
low & . * * *** 778
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota . . . .. 632
637 743
Missouri. .. .. ... ... 733
Montana
Nebraska .. .. .. . 160 133
400 543
New Mexico 75 100
North Dakota . ..
119
268 334 553
Oklahoma .. . . ... .. 391 507 646
South Dakota .......... 312 408 445
Wyoming ............. 66 80
PACIFIC SLOPE STATES , 3752 16 52879 55 357 10 14 T 6301
Arizona .. . . . 34 46
California . .. 340 540
Idaho . 134
109 157
Nevada . .....
16
Oregon ........ 285
Utah .
09
Washington .... 218 301 $93
OUTLYING TERRITORIES . 931 218 | 276 68 150316
Alaska ........
Hawaii ..
Philippines .... .. . ... .. ...
Porto Rico .. . .. . . . . .
CANADIAN PROVINCES
Alberta ... .
00
Il-
99 118
British Columbia .. 72
Manitoba .. .. .. .
Saskatchewan .. . . . . 104
153
Yukon . .. . ... . .
Now Brunswick .. .. .. ..
09
Nova Scotia .. . .
Ontario
Prince Edward Island 15
Quebec .. .
152
Newfoundland ... 18
7146 1053 7221 27 1528
Ayer's Newspaper Annual.
129
INTERNATIONAL BOOK PRODUCTION.

TABLE OF BOOK PRODUCTION OF LEADING COUNTRIES — 1901-1910 ,
1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
25,331 26 ,906 27,606 28 ,378 28, 886 28 ,703 30,073 30 ,317 31,051 31 ,281
13,053 12,199 12, 264 12, 139 12 ,416 10 ,898 10 ,785 11,073 13 , 185 12 ,615
wat Britain . . . . 6 ,044 7 , 381 8 , 381 8 ,334 8 ,252 8,603 9,914 9 ,821 10,725 10,804
6 ,822 7 ,040 6,918 6 ,833 6 ,788
nitzerland . . . . . 1,766 1,655 2 ,452 2 ,739 3 . 316 3,249 3,085 4 ,256 4 ,390 4,290
2 ,837 2,917 3,005 3 ,403 3 ,290 3 ,346 3 ,408 3 ,258 3 ,652 3 ,777
2 ,613 2 ,499 2 ,639 2 ,734 2 ,624 2 ,410 2,763 2 ,697 | 2,588
ited States . . . . 8 , 141 7 ,833 7 ,865 8 , 291 | 8 , 122 7,139 9,620 9 ,254 10 ,901 13 ,470
Publishers ' Weekly.
RECORD OF AMERICAN BOOK PRODUCTION FOR 1912
FOR 1912 FOR 1911
New New
Publica By Origin Publica By Origin
American
tions
American
tions
Authors
Authors
EW noa
Editions
Editions
| English
and Other
American
Author English
New
New
and Other
Books
ISTERNATIONAL
Books
Foreign Foreign
American
unAmerican
New
wwwn
Authors
Imported
.val
New
Authors
:
CLASSIFICATION
Manuf
AManuf
Total
Total
N con
Talosophy . . . 321 305 29 334

Religion and Theology . 916 879 38 917
867 653
Sociology and Economics 614 391 559
862 629 53 675 682
Foscation . . . . . . . . . 254 300

Philology . . . , 294 180 192
Science , . . . . .
Applied Science, Technology, 674
Engineering . . . . . .. 706
Medicine, Hygiene. . . . . . 495 5 .27
Agriculture . . . 305 240
Domestic Economy . . . . . . . . . 110 95
Besiness . . 210 227
Fine Arts . 243 196
pode
Music . . . . . 93 86
Games , Sports , Amusements , 132 IO3
General Literature, Essays . . 524 919
Poetry and Drama. . . 685

Fiction .. . IOIO 999 1024
Juvenile Publications.. . 546 725 734
History . . . . . 524 425 442
.
Geography and Travel . . . 071 71190 504 598
thography, Genealogy . . . . . . . -554 27|| 331 581 433 36 226 695
General Cyclopædias, General
Works, Bibliographies, Mis
cellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 _ 4 _ 29 _ 107|| 222
105 2 22 212 6 261 244
e
Total................... ||10,135768||7975|504|2424 |10,903||10,440 7838183771|2269| 11,123

Publishers' Weekly .
Naefeundland
STATISTICSRELATIVE TO NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATE
Territories
Outlying
Adanci
Puerto
Terrideries
.&ouchera
Stara
ddle
Slater
Unitesd
Slope
England
Western
Staten
.and
State
Middle
Water
Staire
and
.
New
Canada
Tbial
.States
States
for
.
York
Na
.
Mad
.
TOWN AND POUNTY FLATL
No. of Towns ID vbich Papers are 1913 1912 1913 1912 113 112 113 112 เทร 1913 1912
published 15
No. of Town which are Counts SEISTI
.
W WETAPA
Tri- Weekly
Bem -Weekly
Weekly
Fortnigbuy .
*. .
Semi- lonthly
Monthly
B -Monthly
Quarterly
Miscellation
Total of all incea 20170711921149518161909 1 1907 119 112226 15088 SA
E|-
Decoes NOTE
Ayer 's Newspaper Annual.
Book PRODUCTION OF LEADING COUN Book PRODUCTION OF LEADING

TRIES , 1910 , BY CLASSES . COUNTRIES .
tGrea
any Britain
France United
Siates
Country Year. Books. Year. Perial
Algeria . . . . . . . . . 1908
Argentine Republic . . 1900
Fiction . . . . .. 2833 1152 1797
Law . . . . . . 248 386 678 Australia 1903
Religion . .. . . . . . 1064 888 943 Austria 1901 2 ,050 1910
2510 Belgium ..
Education . . . . . . . . ... 4852 659 1160 523 • 1910 2 ,588 1910
Essays, Miscellany . 142 2042 Brazil . . . 1902
4815 272
Juvenile Publications. 1010 Bulgaria 1897
Sociology . . . .. . . . . ., 816 1413 784 Canada . . . 1893 450 1910
3125
Poetry and Drama . . 590 1028 752 Cape of Good Hope . 1 900
Science . . . . . . . 1750 417 Ceylon . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 422
Chili . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891 400 1896
History . . . . . . 860 1718 565
Biography. . . . 1254 645 China . . . 1907
Medicine . . . . . . . 1981 398 1230 544 Costa Rica 1903
Description aod Trav 1480 394 599 Denmark 1910 3 . 303 1910
Fine Arts . . . . . . . 2039 328 365 Egypt . . . 1898 160 1902
Applied Science . . . . . . 2082 852 Finland 1909
Philosophy . . . . 668 168
265 France . . . 1910 11,266 1 gos
Household Science . . . 19 Germany . 1910 31,281 1910
Agriculture. . . .
1030 282 332 Great Brita 1910 10 ,804 1907
Sports, Games . . . 145 Greece 1895
Wit and Humor. 49 Haiti . . . 1903
Philology . . . . . . . 1884 Hawaii . . 1908
Military Science . . . 662
Holland 1910 3 ,777 1908
GeneralWorks. . 1094 1206 142 Hungary 1898 1 .600 1904
Iceland 1003 1003
India ... 1895 8 ,000 1899
Ireland 1932 180 1903
Printing was originally practiced by the Italy .. . . 1910 6 ,788 1007
Chinese in very early times; the origin of the Japan ... 1909 34 ,730 1 000
present system seems to be very doubtful. Luxemburg 1910 97 1908
The first metal plate from which impressions 1892
on paper were taken seems to have been
Mexico
Norway .. 1904 682 1003
executed in 1452 . It was a pax ormetal plate Paraguay . 190 $
used in the Roman Catholic service . Early Persia . 1802
books containing engravings reproduced from Portugal 1894
metal plates are the " Kalendar ' dated 1465 , Roumania 1901 1 ,740 190 )
and the “ Monte Santo de Dio ." 1477 . The Russia . . . 1910 29 .057 1910
first engraver proper who seems to have done Servia . . . 1897
nothing but engrave was Antonio Raimondi Spain . . . . 1902 1 .400 1900
( 1488 - 1530 ). Sweden . . . . 1904 1 , 474 1906
Switzerland . . 1910 4 , 290 1909
The first steam turbine was built in 1894 Turkey . . . . . . . . . 1890 900 1909
by the Hon . C . A . Parsons of Newcastle -on United States . . . . . . 1910 13.470 1910
Tyne ; the first Atlantic passage turbine Uruguay .......... 110 1906
Venezuela . .. .. 1908
steamer was launched in 1901.
XI. MINOR INDUSTRIES.

Gas , ILLUMINATING AND HEATING . $ 166 ,814 ,371: 150,835,793 cubic feet (thou
sands) of gas were produced , having a value
The total cost of the materials used in the of $ 138 ,615 ,309; 19 ,985 ,253 cubic feet ( thou
anufacture of this product in the year 1909 sands) straight coal, valued at $ 18 ,065 ,841 ;
s $ 52 . 427 , 844 ; 4 , 940 ,598 tons of coal cost 25 , 186 cubic feet ( thousands) of acetylene ,
5 , 304, 832 ; 579 , 657 , 152 gallons of oil cost valued at $ 361,348 ; 82 ,049.683 bushels of coke
$17.345 ,750 ; 591,919 tons coke, costing $ 2, were produced , valued at $ 5 ,723 , 215 ; 92 , 152,
57 ,706 ; all other materials cost $ 16 , 109,556 . 938 gallons of tar, valued at $ 1 ,875 ,549 ; the
The total value of these products in 1909 was | value of all other products was $ 13,556 ,908 .
SOS
OS
RSS
pright, Munn & Co.

THE MAGNITUDE OF THE GAS INDUSTRY.
A Week' s Supply of Gas. Fuel for 23 Million Horse-Power Hours. The Gas
Holder contains 2 , 163, 207 ,368 Cubic Feet .
LAUNDRIES IN 1909. pianos for or with piayer attachment, value

5 , 186
at $ 9 ,275 , 001; 8 ,741 grand pianos , valued a
Number of establishments . . . . . . $ 4 ,038,669. There were 10 ,898 player attach
Capital invested . . . . . . . $68 ,935 ,000
Cost of materials used . . . 17 ,696 ,000 ments made separate from pianos , valued s
Salaries and wages , total
$ 1 ,474,630 . The whole number of organs mad
53,007 ,747 was 65 ,335 , valued at $ 5 ,309,016 : Of thes
Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ,180 , 769
Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . there were 1, 224 pipe organs , valued at $ 2
44 ,826 ,978
Miscellaneous expenses . . . . . . 14 ,483,497 713,587 ; 64,111 reed organs , valued at $2
595 , 429. The value of other parts and ms
terials manufactured , was $ 20 ,417 ,762 ; th
Value of products, or amount value of all other products was $ 3 ,086 ,911,
received for work done . . $ 104 ,680 ,086
PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS . PHONOGRAPHS AND GRAPHOPHONES,
In 1909 , the total value of the pianos and The total value of the phonographs, grapbd
organs, and materials, in establishments espe phones , and records manufactured in 1904
cially designed for their manufacture through throughout the United States , was $ 11,725
out the United States , amounted to $89,789, 996 . There were 344 ,681 phonographs an
544. The whole number ofpianosmanufactured graphophones made, valued at $ 5 , 406 ,684
was 374 , 154, valued at $59,501,225 : Of these 27,183,959 records and blanks, valued at $ 5
there were 365 ,413 upright pianos, valued at 007, 104 ; all other products were valued .
$ 55 . 462,556 : 330 ,918 pianos without player $ 1 ,312 , 208 . Since 1909 the products hav
attachment, valued at $ 46 ,187 ,555 ; 34,495 vastly increased in quantity and value.
TABLE OF HEIGHT AND WEIGHT AT VARYING AGES.
Based upon an Analysis of 74,162 accepted Male Applicants for Lile Insurance, as reported to
The Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors, 1897.
AGES, 18 - 24 25 - 29 30 -34 38 - 39 ] 40 - 44 50 - 3 + 1 55 - 59
100 107 IOS 106 107 107 107
5 feet O inches 120 128 131
SO 161 161
157 197
98 10 ! 103 10 $ 107 109 109 109 IOT
122 126 129 136 134
146 ISI SS 163 163 163
99 102 JOS 106 110 110 Ito Ito
128 131 138 137
149 154 197 166 166
TOS 105 I13 ! 12
127 136 139 141

132 157 167 169 169 169 IO
10
105 116 116 I
131 135 143 144

157 172 173 174 174
107 113
118 119 119
134 141 146 149 149
161 169 172 175 176 15
TI ITS 120 171 123

145 190 151 153 153 153
174 170 I& O 184 184 091
114 172 1 24 125

142 147 150 192 15
136 158 158
170 & c 187
117 121 123 126 178 129 1 .30

146 151 15 157 160 161 163 163
175 181 TOS 188 192 193 196 190
120 124 ) 127 130 132 144 114
ISO 35 Iso 162 165 166 168
180 186 191 194 198 199
123 127 131 134 136 137 138 135
134 159 164 167 170 171 173 174
OS 191 197 204 206
205
177 , 131 IJS 138 140 142
159 164 169 173 175 178
191 197 203 308 210 272 214
132 136 143 146
165 175 179 180 183
108 204 210 215 216 218
136 142 145 148 149 151 150 191

170 177 18 $ 186 189 188 18
204 212 217 223 337
141 147 Igo 155 157 135 IS

153
184 192 194 196 194 194
230 276 230 235
15 161
145 156 162 163
181 195 200 203 201 193
212 334 240 244 345 241
SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES : BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, 1909.

Source: Reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor. The
figures for some industries do not represent the total value of the products, because _ import
ant establishments that manufacture the same class of products may be included in other
industries. [Primary horse-power includes power generated^ in manufacturing establishments
plus electric and other power rented from outside sources; it does not include electric power
fierterated by primary units of the establishments reporting.)
Persons Primary Value of
INDUSTRY. Engaged. Horse- Products
Power.
Agricultural implements 60.229 100.601 $146,329,000
Artificial flowers and feathers and plumes 11,583 334 23,981.000
Artificial stone 15.202 12.185 18.596,000
Artists' materials 865 1,028 2,340,000
Automobiles, including bodies and parts. 85,359 75,550 249,202,000
Avnings, tents and sails 5.747 2,022 14,499.000
axle crease 334 492 1,481,000
Babbitt metal and solder 1.491 2.293 19.768,000
Bags, other than paper 8,838 6,855 54,882,000
Bags, paper 3,683 3.885 15,698.000
Baking powders and yeast 3,531 3,335 20,775.000
Baskets, and rattan and willow ware 5.419 7,196 5,095,000
Beet sugar 8.3H9 57.202 48,122 000
Belting and hose, leather. 4.370 5,438 23,692,000
Belting and hose, woven and rubber 7.304 6,319 24,729,000
Bwvcles, motor cycles and parts 5,017 5,932 10,699,000
Billiard tables and materials 1,776 2,642 5,878,000
Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations 4,407 3,977 14,679,000
Bluing 545 242 1,074,000
Bine, carbon and lampblack 302 1,023 1,093.000
Boots and shoes, including cut stock und findings 215,923 90,302 180,060,000
Boots and shoes, rubber 18,899 25,903 49,721.000
Boxes, cigar 6,852 0,049 8,491,000
Boxes, fancy and paper 43,508 23,323 54,450,000
Brass and bronze products 45,441 100,120 149.989,000
Bread and other bakery products 144,322 65,298 396,865,000
Brick and tile 85,764 341,169 92,770,000
Brooms and brushes «.% 15,143 8,800 29,120,000
Butter, cheese and condensed milk 31,500 101,349 274,558,000
Butter, reworking 418 1,471 8,200,000
Buttons 18,004 12,831 22,708,000
Calcium lights 26 53 52,000
Candles 649 799 .3,130,000
Canning and preserving 71.972 81,179 157,101,000
Cird cutting and designing 702 269 1,031,000
Carpets and rugs, other than rag 34,706 38.553 71. 188,000
Carpets, rag 2,688 2,651 2,508,000
Carriages and sleds, children's. . 5,769 5,281 8.805,000
Carriages and wagons and materials 82,944 126,032 159,893,000
Cars and general shop construction and repairs by
steam-railroad companies 301,273 293,361 405,601,000
Cars and general shop construction and repairs by
street-railroad companies 23,699 35,794 31,963,000
Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of
railroad companies 47,094 97,797 123,730,000
Cars, street-railroad, not including operations of
railroad companies 4,005 15,161 7,810,000
Cash registers and calculating machines 9,249 6,944 23,708,000
Cement 29,551 371.799 63,205,000
C'harcpal'. . . . 731 165 872,000
Chemicals 27,791 208,604 117,689,000
China decorating 430 18 786,000
Cuucolate.and cocoa products 3,404 10,593 22.390, 000
Clocks and watches, including cases and materials 25,439 14,957 35.197,000
Cloth, sponging and refinishing 1,107 704 1,544.000
Clothing, horse 1,830 1,454 4,135.000
Ctithing. men's, including shirts 271,437 42,725 568,077,000
Clothing, men's, buttonholes 1.031 176 781,000
C lothing, women's 179,021 22,294 384,752,000
Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding. ..... 13,516 22.234 110,533.000
Coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods. . . 11.448 16,490 24,526,000
Coke 31,226 62,602 95,097.000
Confectionery | 54.854 35,870 134,796,000
SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES : BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, 1909 . — Continued

Primary
INDUSTRY . Persons Horse Value of
Engaged . Power. Products
Cooperage and wooden goods, not elsewhere specified 29 ,717 65 , 108 60,248. 000
Copper, tin and sheet- iron products . . . 86 , 934 62,366 199, 824 ,000
Cordage and twine, jute and linen goods. 27 .214 78 ,549 61,020 ,000
Cordials and syrups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,638 1 , 154 9 ,662,000
Cork , cutting . .. .. . . . . . 3 ,376 3 ,746 5 ,940 ,000
Corsets . . . . 19 .611 4,581 33 ,257,000
Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. . . 387 .771 1,296 ,517 628 ,392,000
Crucibles . . . 398 816 1. 849.000
Cutlery and tools, not elsewhere specified . . . . . . 37 , 161 68 ,294 53,266,000
Dairymen 's, poulterers ', and apiarists ' supplies. . 6 ,431 6 ,898 15 , 463,000
Dentists ' materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 982 865 10 .836 .000
Drug grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1 . 152 3 , 322 6 ,007 ,000
Dyeing and finishing textiles. .. . . 47 ,303 107 .746 83,556 ,000
Dyestuffs and extracts. ... .. . 3 ,015 22,213 15 ,955.000
Electrical machinery , apparatus and supplies. 105 ,600 158,768 221,309,000
Electroplating . ... . . . . . . . 3 ,558 4 ,461 4 ,510 ,000
Emery and other abrasive wheels . . . 2 ,446 4 ,005 6 ,711,000
Enameling and japanning . .. . 2 ,418 1 .695 3 ,316 ,000
Engravers' materials . 189 549 921.000
Engraving and dyesinking . . .. . . . . . . . 1 .782 768 2 , 250 ,000
g, wood . ..
Engravines 480 39 711,000
Explosiv . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. 7 ,058 28 ,601 40 ,140,000
Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified . . .
Fertilizers 14 , 194 8 , 310 22.632.000
.. .. .. . . . 21.950 64,711 103,960,000
Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 ,521 7,383 5 .691, 000
Firearms and ammunition . ... 16 ,042 17 ,840 34. 112 .000
Fire extinguishers, chemical... 300 215 754.000
Fireworks. .. . . . . . 1,567 517 2 , 269,000
Flags , banners, regalia , society badges and emblems 4 ,522 1 , 173 8 , 114 .000
Flavoring extracts ., . . .. . 8 ,828 .000
Flax and hemp, dressed . .. .. 2 ,634 1 ,060
216 1. 147 467 ,000
Four-mill and gristmill products .. . . . .
preparations 66 ,054 853 ,584 883 ,584,000
Food .....
20 . 965 55 , 166 125 ,331,000
Foundry and machine-shop products . 615 ,485 869 ,305 1, 228 ,425 ,000
Foundry supplies . ... . 710 4 , 995 2 , 298 ,000
Fuel, manufactured . . . . . . . . 112 1 ,290 311,000
Fur goods . . . . . .
Furnishing goods, men 's . . . 16 , 152 2 , 120 55 , 938 ,000
Furniture and refrigerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 , 935 12, 116 87 ,710 ,000
Furs, dressed . . . . . 144 , 140 221,451 239 .886 ,000
Galvanizing . .. . . 1,472 2 , 103 2 . 391,000
Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and reflectors 1 ,689 1 .367 7 .338 .000
Gas, illuminating and heating . . . . 22, 906 15 ,862 45,057, 000
Glass . . . . . . . . . . 51,007 128,350 166 ,814 .000
Glass, cutting , staining, and ornamenting . . . 72 ,573 128 ,532 92 ,095 ,000
Gloves and mittens, leather. .. 11,090 4 ,897 16 , 101,000
Glucose and starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ,950 2,889 23 ,631.000)
Glue . . . . . . 5 , 827 28 ,257 45 ,799 ,000
Gold and silver, leaf and foil. 3 ,840 15 .596
259
13 ,718,000
Gold and silver, reducing and refining 1 ,553 2,630,000
the ore . . . . . . . : : : : 690 1,735 23,612 ,000
Graphite and graphite refining . 262 1,472 1 . 140 ,000
Grease and tallow . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 ,504 14 ,613 23 ,419 , 000
Grindstones . . . . . 1 .485 5 .700 1 ,688 .000
Haircloth . . . . . . 621 995 2 , 230 .000
Hairwork . . . . . . 4 ,383 218 5 , 135 , 000
Hammocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 157 578,000
Hand stamps and stencils and brands . . 2 ,539 903 3 ,673 .000
Hat and cap materials . . . 2 ,618 2 ,922 8, 236 ,000
Hats and caps , other than felt , straw , and wool. . . 7 ,609 990 13 ,689 ,000
Hats, fur felt . 27,091 19 , 245 47,865 ,000
Hats , straw . . . . . . . 9 ,704 3 ,482 21,424 ,00€
R
Hones and whetstones . . . . 173 677 268 , 00€
Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills 360 1 .045 1,015 ,000
Hosiery and knit goods . . . 136 , 130 103 .709 200, 143 ,00%
House- furnishing goods, not elsewhere specified . . . 5 ,916 9 ,328 18 ,509, 00
Ice, manufactured . . . . 21. 107 317 ,789 42,953 ,000
Ink , printing . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .854 5 ,857 8,865 ,000
Ink , writing . . . . . . 824 169 2 ,505 ,00
Instruments , professional and scientific . . 6 , 175 4 ,856 10 ,504 ,00%
UMMARY OF MANUFACTURES : BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, 1909. --Continued .

Primary
INDUSTRY. Persons Horse Value of
Engaged . Power . Products .
mon and steel, blast furnaces . . 43 ,061 1 , 173 ,422 391.429.000

non and steel, steel works and rolling mills . . . . 260, 762 2 , 100 , 978 985 ,723 ,000
ma and steel, bolts , nuts, washers, and rivets, not
made in steel works or rolling mills . . . 12,395 22 ,113 24,485 ,000
ron and steel, doors and shutters . . . . . . . . . . . 1,816 1 ,997 3 ,006 ,000
ron and steel forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 , 193 27,803 20 ,293 .000
mon and steel, nails and spikes, cut and wrought,
including wire nails, not made in steel works or
rolling mills . . . . . . . . . 3 ,239 7 ,723 8 ,192,000
non and steel pipe, wrought. . . . . . 7 ,309 20 ,656 30 ,886 ,000
elry . .. . 36 . 992 11, 204 80 ,350 ,000
ewelry and instrument cases. . 2 ,441 527 3 , 116 ,000
Kaolin and ground earths . . . . . 2 , 351 20 .920 4 ,681,000
bels and tags . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,880 1 ,589 4 ,670 ,000
apidary work . . . . . . 886 679 9 , 173 ,000
ard, refined , not made in slaughtering and meat
paeking establishments . 515 723 10 ,326 , 000
Lasts . . . . . . 2 ,029 3 ,386 4 , 159.000
. . . .
ad, bar, pipe, and sheet. . 1 ,044 3 , 179 9 , 145, 000
sther goods . 43,525 28 ,148 104,719 , 000
ther, tanned , curried and finished 67 , 100 148 , 140 327, 874 , 000
Ime .. distilled ... . . 15 ,659 27 ,671 17 , 952,000
8 ,328 46 , 120 204 ,699,000
quors , malt . . .. . . . 66 ,725 347 .726 374 ,730 .000
Liquors , vinous . . . . . 2 .726 6 ,771 13 ,121,000
scomotives , not made by railroad companies 16 ,945 35 , 102 31,582,000
poking-glass and picture frames . . 7 ,470 5 ,330 13 ,475 ,000
Lumber and timber products . . . . 784 , 989 2 .840 ,082 1 , 156 , 129 ,000
2 , 237 26 .441 38, 252. 000
Larble and stone work . . . . . . 77 ,275 187 ,686 113 ,093 ,000
Latches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,220 6 , 224 11. 353 ,000
Lats and matting . . . . . . 1 ,040 1 .433 2 .432 .000
Lattresses and spring beds . 14 , 109 17 .689 35 ,783,000
linery and lace goods. . . . 46 , 301 7 ,918 85 , 894 , 000
lineral and soda waters . . . . 22, 060 19 ,392 43 ,508 ,000
Tirrors . . . . . . . . . 3 ,509 3 ,862 9 ,571, 000
dels and patterns , not including paper patterns , 5 ,450 5 ,486 8 ,868 ,000
Loving pictures . . . . . . 718 486 4 ,206 ,000
Moriage and paste . . . . . 901 2 , 335 4 ,918 .000
usical instruments and materials not specified . . . 2 , 269 1 ,423 3 ,228,000
est a
Musical instruments , pianos and organs , and
41.623
materiais . . . . . h 41,882 89,790 , 000
Needles, pins and ools and eyes . . .
nd hook 4 ,978 4 ,542 6 .694 ,000
Dalum .. .. . . 129 289 338 ,000
Dil, castor . . . . 70 385 905 .000
Dal, cotton seed and cake . . . . . 21, 273 192, 342 147 ,868 ,000
Dilssential . . . 408 1 , 218 1,737 ,000
Di , linseed . . . . . . . . . . 1 .753 13 ,211 36 .739 ,000
Dil not eksewhere specified . . . . 3 , 144 5 ,772 30 ,865 ,000
Dileloth and linoleum . . . 5 ,557 16 , 125 23, 339, 000
leomargarine . . . . . . . . . 773 2 ,408 8 , 148,000
Optical goods . 7, 809 5 ,725 11,735 ,000
Paint and varnish 21, 896 56 , 162 124 ,889,000
Papes and wood pulp . . . . . 81, 473 1 ,304, 255 267 ,657 ,000
Paper goods, not elsewhere specified . 22,385 27 ,067 55 , 171,000
Paper patterns. . . . . . . 1 ,755 751 2 ,611,000
Palest medicines and compounds and druggists
preparations . . . . . . . . . . . 41. 101 25 ,659 141,942,000
Paving materials . . . 1 .731 5 ,757 6 , 229.000
Fss , gradin , roasting , cleaning and shelling 2 , 827 9 ,737 ,000
Pencant
2 , 177
ilss lead g
, .. . 4 ,513 3 ,448 7 ,379 ,000
1 .820 569 4 ,739,000
Fats,fountain , stylog. rap
Peas, steel. . . . . . . hic and gold .
.. . .. 755 244 577 ,000
Petroleum , refining . . . . . 16 ,640 90 , 268 236 ,998,000
Phonographs and graphophones . . . . 5 , 928 6 , 371 11,726 ,000
Photographie apparatus and materials . 6 ,596 8 ,637 22,561,000
Photo - engraving. . . . . . . . . . 7 , 277 2 ,638 11.624 ,000
Pigas, tobacco . . . . . 3 ,090 1 ,506 5 ,312 .000
Posnti
terng -cotlis
terrapub
y, and andg . .fire-cla
ta hin y products 61, 022 110 ,017 76 , 119 .000
Pri .. 388 , 466 297 .763 737 . 876 .000
SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES : BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, 1909 . – Continued.

Primary
INDUSTRY. Persons Horse Value of
Engaged . Power. Products.
Pulp K good
TUI 000 s.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 3 , 125 1 ,770 ,000
Pumps, not including steam pumps . . . 2 .623 4 , 214 5 , 583.000
Rice, cleaning and polishing . . . 1 .777 19,519 22,371,000
Roofing materials , . . . . 3 .530 9 ,431 19, 204.000
Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified . 31,284 79, 062 128 , 436 ,000
Rules, ivory and wood . . . . . 127 167 144 ,000
Safes and vaults . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,060 5 ,546 8 ,491,000
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,580 27 , 263 11,328 000
Sand and emery paper and cloth ... ... 779 3 , 351 4 , 358 ,000
Saws . . . .
i 5 ,757 11,852 11, 536 ,000
Scales and balances . . . . 4 , 275 6 , 183 8 ,786 .000
Screws,machine ... . 1 .863 3 ,319 3 ,014 ,000
Screws, wood . . . 3 .758 5 .618 6 , 199.000
Sewing machines, cases and attachments . . . 20 ,556 19 .426 28 , 262.000
Shipbuilding, including boatbuilding . . 44,949 88 ,063 73 ,360 ,000
Shoddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 320 13 .820 7 ,446 , 000
Show cases . . . . . : : : : 3 ,943 4,746 7 . 167,000
Signs and advertising novelties. . . 7 . 277 3 ,790 13 .546 .000
Silk and silk goods, including throwsters .. 105 , 238 97 . 947 196 . 912 ,000
Silverware and plated ware. . . 18 ,774 15 . 183 12, 229. 000
Slaughtering and meat packing . . 108 ,716 208 ,707 1 . 370 ,568,000
Smelting and refining , copper . . . . 16 ,832 158 , 126 378 ,806 ,000
Smelting and refining, lead ... 8 ,059 26 , 954 167 , 406 ,000
Smelting and refining, zinc . .. 7 , 156 21 ,457 34 , 206 , 000
Smelting and refining, not from the ore . 2 .596 10 .705 28 .072.000
Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ,393 28 , 360 111,358 ,000
Soda -water apparatus. . . . 2 ,399 2 ,894 6 , 556 ,000
Sporting and athletic goods . 5 . 993 3 , 243 11.052.000
Springs, steel, car and carriage . . 3 ,573 7 ,349 9 .005.000
Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified 7 ,938 6 ,842 16 ,647.000
Statuary and art goods . . . . . . . . . 2 , 172 462 3 ,442 ,000
Steam packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 968 11. 129 12 . 160 .000
Stereotyping and electrotyping . . . 3 ,661 4 .076 6 , 384,000
Stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves 42,921 45 ,524 78 ,853.000
Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar 15 ,658 160 ,603 279 249 ,000
Sulphuric, nitric and mixed acids. . . . . 2 ,582 6 ,494 9 , 881. 000
Surgical appliances and artificial limbs . 5 ,805 5 ,752 12 ,399.000
Tin plate and terneplate . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,846 8 , 154 47, 970 .000
Tin foil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 1 ,699 3 ,419 ,000
Tobacco manufactures . . . 197 ,637 28 ,514 416 .695 .000
Toys and games . . . . . . . . . 6 ,072 5 , 323 8 , 264 ,000
Turpentine and resin . . . . 44 .524 4 , 129 25, 295,000
Type-founding and printing materials 2 ,597 1. 948 4 ,703,000
Typewriters and supplies . 12 , 101 6 , 845 19 .719,000
Umbrellas and canes . . 6 ,505 2 ,413 15 .864,000
Upholstering materials . . . . . . 4 ,777 17 ,456 13 , 054,000
Vault lights and ventilators . . 453 234 957.000
Vinegar and cider . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,073 16 ,681 8 ,448,000
Wall paper . . . . 4 ,746 5 .680 14 ,449,000
Wall plaster . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,624 25 ,892 12 ,804 ,00X1
Washing machines and clothes wringers 2 , 294 3,351 - 5 .825 ,000
Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 129 4 , 286 11,398,
Wheelbarrows. . . . 775 1 ,486 1 .525 .000
W hips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,946 1 ,321 3 ,949 ,000
Windmills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,742 3 , 301 6 .677.000
Window shades and fixtures . . . 4 .770 5 , 737 18 ,571,000
Wire . . . . . . . 19 ,945 71. 959 84,486 ,00
Wirework , including wire rope and cable . 14 , 994 20 . 131 41.938,000
Wood distillation , not including turpentine and resin 3 , 095 9 , 854 9 ,737,000
Wood carpet. . . . . . . . 221 269 490 , 00% )
Wood preserving . . . . . . 2 ,875 10 .647 14 .699 ,000
Wood , turned and carved . . . . . . 16 ,243 48 ,447 22 . 199 ,00% )
Wood pulling . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 1 . 366 5 , 181,000
Wool scouring . . . . . . . . . 1 , 262 6 ,785 3 ,289,000
Woolen , worsted , and felt goods, and wool hats.. . 175 , 176 362, 209 435 .979 ,000)
All other industries* .. . . 132 136 390 ,000
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17,678,578 | 18 ,680 ,776 $ 20 ,672,052,000
Includes the following industries : Millstones ; ordnance and accessories; pulp , from
fibre other than wood ; straw goods, not elsewhere specified : and whalebone cutting .
CHAPTER V .
COMMERCE
N
AADA L .
QUEENSTOWN OO
LIVEREGOLA
LOGO
KOSTOL N
CW VAAK
ACI
OCE
E
A
F
VALPARAISO
CAPETOWA
VEMOSTRES ampeonat o
PRINCIPAL TRADE ROUTES ON THE ITLANTIC OCEAN .
AREA OF THE LARGEST LAKES.

Square Square
Nil es. Miles .
Caspian Sea (85 feet below the level of Lake Tsad ( Afr. ) . . 9 ,800
the Black Sea ) . . . . . 169,890 Lake Erie ( N , Am . ) . . . . . . . 9 ,650
Lake Superior (N . Am .). .. 32,430 Lake Winnipeg ( N . Am .) . . . 9 , 270
Victoria Nyanza (Afr . ) . . . . 28 , 960 Great Slave Lake ( N . Am . ) . 8 , 110
Lake Aral (As.).. ... . 26 .260 Great Bear Lake ( N . Am .) . . . . . 8 , 110
Lake Huron (N . Am .) . . .. 23,940 Lake Balkash (As.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 110
Lake Michigan (N . Am .).. 23,940 Lake Ontario ( N . Am . ) . . 7,720
Tanganyika (Afr. ) . . . . . . . 13,740 Lake Ladoga ( Russia ) . . . . 6 . 950
leke Baikal (As.). .. . 13 , 130 Maracaibo Lake . . . . . 6 ,490
Sying (Afr. ) . . . . . . . . . , 10 ,230 | Great Salt Lake (N . Am .). .. . . . . . . . . 5 ,600
137
138
AND
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
COMMERCIAL
WORLD
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
.
commerce
1.Foreign
Population Popula
Co 1911
in
on
or per
tion
. untry .Aros avail
.latest square Imports
of United
from
Imports of
Exports to
Exports
date
.able .
mile .
Year United
.merchandise Stat
. es .merchandise Sta
. tes
m.Sg
iles Doll
. ars .Dollars Per
cent
. .
Dollars .
Dollars .Per
cent
.Argentina 39
1, 96 72
0,7100 6.30 1911 0,9353
72
00 0,55000
21 .
314 ,0313
33300 ,023
45000 7.5
:
Australasia
Australia
2Commonwealth
3,.of ,52974
81 02
,04600 .51 5 1911 0,8325
97
00 0,73700 06 .
611 0370
,800 53 ,07 00
03 1.9
Zealand
,.?New 7,104 51 0,1 6300 10
.15 1911 0,19520
00 ,018 00
86 .68 ,092
60002 ,02100
15 2.3
-Hungary
.Austria 0,261
33 06
0,51
100 .7195
8 1911 0,9647
0017 0,85800
21 19. ,0488
00
74 011
,800
66
iHerze
Bosnia
and
Austria
( ncluding
).
govina 6,.196 35 0,26320 000 222
.68
1911
.
Hungary ,46125
27 ,082086
00 .5166
2
1911
5.
Belgium ,31173 ,07400 90 .5658
8
1911 0,4832
00
06 0,86500
95 7.6 0682
,400
18 ,021
90099
,elgiaon
BKong 1,913
27 0,2000 .9210
1911 ,039 00
86 ,0217
00 3.2 ,010
43200
?.Bolivia ,1708
95 68
,02200 3.20
1911 ,02357 00 0,83 97
00 .916 ,032
60039 ,0277
00 8.
.Brazil 4,3216 91 115
0,21 00 1911
6.23 ,07256 00
71 0,8$2800
54 .211 ,0324
90020 ,0115
70031 .6
35
0
5,1Bulga ria 37
,199 29
0,4300 116
1910
3. 7 ,023430
00 165
,000 .5 ,024
90007 ,0216
00
Canada 29
6,3765 05
0,7200 1.93
1912
11 0,4521 48
00 ,03356 00
54 .
463 ,0290
22400 ,0102
00
41 .2
35
Ameri
Centr
:
States can
al
Rica
.Costa ,61891 0,388
00 .720
|16911 0,838
00 0,400
93 .
346 ,08 00
90 ,04900
02 1.
55
.Guatemala ,24890 31
0,2 00 1911
42
.06 0,56 00
14 0,62 9600 .
441 010
,900 82 03,200 97 .030
Honduras 46
,250 0,566
00 12
.23
1912
12 0,13 78
00 ,032 93
00 .
375 ,03 67
00 ,02730 00 .0
89
.Nicaragua 49
,532 0,600
00 12
.11
1910 0,82 00
64 85
5,0100 .
355 04,500 56 ,01500 57 .2
34
1
.Panama 32
,350 0,387
00 .911
5
1911 0,89 00
97 0,15 23
00 .
851 ,02800
63 ,02576 00 .090
.
Salvador 8,170 07
0,1700 1911
208
.94 0,25 00
84 ,091 25 00 .
436 ,08400
06 ,02900 25 .8
34
3.Chile ,4292 20 15
0,3400 11
.68
1911 0,3127
00
81 0,71576
00 .
412 ,0123
80084 ,019
60009 .815
.China 1,4277
70 42
0,336
00 .578
7
1911 0,8306
00
12 0,52664
00 78. 0245
,500 38 ,022
10002 9.0
.
Colombia 2,435
78 32
0,5 00 11
.56
1911 ,011809
00 0,295
20
00 .
828 ,022
37600 ,0$9800
94 .2
44
.Cuba
,15 45
,831 0,2 20
00 48
.39
19
1912 0,9118 00
37 04,62
00
29 .
552 0146
,600 76 0122
,800 47 .8
83
Denmark ,5
1586 57
0,2700 184
3. 4
1911 ,0180 00
74 0,1700
02 09. ,0143
82100 ,0860
00
.Ecuador 6,118
27 0,1500
00 12
.64
1910 0,8 00 18 0,22 00
53 .
128 ,013
60057 ,04 00
87 29
9.
Egypt
,15 8353
, 99 287
,011 00 29 4. 0
1911 ,05134
00
84 0,51 00
90 21. 0141
,300
65 ,010
238 00 .27
Sudan 0,950
00 0,260000 2.74
1911 0,21100
40 11
,000 ,0680006 ,0240
00 .53
.
France 1,207
29 02
,039
600 191
.19
1911 0,71500 56
05 ,05159
85
00 .
310 ,081 00
34
72 ,073
278 00 6.3
.
Algeria
6,343
29 0,8564
00 16
.19
1911 ,02110
96
00 0,1 00
68 .01 ,098
30053 ,0534
00 .5
Tunis
. 6,61
33 0,1920
00 29
.85
1911 0,42300
35 ,0506
00 2. ,027
70027 03. 00
Indo
French
C
- hina 2,256
53 0,16
90090 66
.30
1911 0,93600
31 ,0473
00 1,3 523
,000
colonies
,n.e3French 34
1,3395 150
,025
00 7.84
1911 0,9610091 03, 00
71 .75 060,,048100
451000 0734
,00
German
.Empire 7,208
94 20
0,6400 310
.90
1911
50
00
0,72309 0,310
700
83 00
,041919
28 0,152
200
81
,0M140
00 .73
310 1011 ,000
271 , 00
024 00 ,000
735
Union
Cust an
Germoms ,70
%300 6
.134 1010 800
,030 70
, ,01 22
20 90093
,013 0,800
30 84 ,000
813 ,02700
02 2,000 34
colo
Ger nies
man ,62484 ,02 00 7. 9
100 1910 800
,01854 ,000
1813
.,9 ce
1Gree ,03500 1911 ,097 48 00 0,•8
600
56 .7
83
0
. 72
11 ,925 0,17
100
64 3.8 0300
34
,719 0,50
500
67
88
,01773 355
,0314
00 3
6.177 1912 82
00
0,8419
B, ritia sh
Indi
88
,6110 00
06,3487 3. 8
313 1911 34
00
0,1654 0,80
100
40 .3
12 0125
00
,425 00
0,17
715 .2
11
Italy ,000
279 3.35 1910 00
,30160 0,2 00 00
40,105
.)Eritrea
(Massaua 62
,182 1
excluding
b ut
Pescadores
iJapan
,( ncluding 0400
,255 45 00
0,40
444 12
00
0,6220 0,70
900
79 ,2
32
).
Sakhalin
and ,0147
90 500
,051
17 9. 0
312 1911 .8
15
Formosa 4 1911 00
,052640 ,000
883 3. ,213
032 00 ,29000
01 9.3
.
Formosa ,839
13 ,03300
94 ,2245
) ea ( orosen
KCh ,103
84 ,01436
00 3
1.167 1911 ,0900
26 36 ,21000
22 91
,09300 ,000
475 15.
Liberi a ,83634 01,500 .71909

402 48
0,1 00 ,000
75 7.2 ,000
355 •284
. 90065
,090 049
, 00
11 .9
53 0411
00
,148 0,111
600
08
,Mexico ,323
767 116
,015
00 .716
1912
190
Moroc 5109
, 91 ,05 00
00 29
.41911 8 0196
00
,18 ,000
139 ,135
016 00 ,000
146
. co 74
00 0,132
800
97 48
,081 00
90 ,042
200
47 9.3
.Notherlands ,171
13 06, 0022 2
1911
.2457 0,8930 14.3
214
,
Indie s ,154
778 900
,03757 .71910
48 8 800
,0138 08 0,2 0090 1.5 900
,0181 44 07, 00
04 9.3
East
Dutch 14
0,44 00 ,01400 .7
33 ,04 00
45 ,13000
42 33
2.
Ameri
2.in ca s
possession
Dutch ,282
50 ,000
148 1910
2.94 89
,675
124 ,02392
00 .11911
19 9 0600
10
,125 00
,83004 6. 300
,077
67 ,68000
03 8.
.Norway 00
,60306 ,000
9171 2.7 ,04700 ,000
36 .8
,722
97 ,000
800 8.111911
9
.Paraguay 09,500 00 .96912
-114 0800
99
,41 ,000
54 .1 900
,030 18 ,000
471 1.5
Persia
.
,1635
35
,321
653 ,04600
10 5
6.71911 000
06
,31 ,6000
78 ,6
19 ,119
036 00 0,10
200
02 .2
28
.
Peru
Madeira
Azores
and
).Portugal ,499
35 ,05400
23 .76
152 1911 0,67400 05 ,.25000
91 3.5 200
,837 42 ,•55000
62 .9
14
(including 0,2700
09 .58 400
,028
48 ,000
222
to.
coloni
Portu es
guese ,1808
07 ,08500
80 .53
10 -9
1903 80700
,031 .8
,715
50 ,07 00
87 .74
139 1910 ,079 00
75 ,000
3524 900
,0118 85 ,000
991
).Roumania .87 1911 0,2598 06
00 0,52
700
82 8. 0577
00
,819 0,6800
36 21.
.kussia 78,308
61 109
,0166
00 19
,249
114 ,03115
00 .59
21 1911 00
,078550 00
,.27020 3.2 200
,061
77 00
,$1069
.
Finland 00
,60950 00
0,4120 .359 ,01100
05 0,5700
61
,000
28 ,000
708 2.259 1911
in
.
Domingo
Santo
.
Servia ,650
18 ,02900
57 .55
158 1911 0200
77
,22 ,000
412 1.9 565
,022
00 0697
, 00
2,8
.Siam ,0105
00 ,07 00 .90 u1912
35 0300
54
,27 ,OCO
599 .2 600
,031
53 ,03800
,794
194 600
,019
11 .6s
100 1911 00
82
0,178 00
0,23
202 .0
13 0779
00
,174 ,010
330 00
?,.Spain .17 0900
98
,179 00
0,14
116 7.8 88
00
0,8158 ,6000
52
214
.Sweden ,920
172 ,05500
62 32 1910
,91555 53
0,73 00 .23
235 1911 0855
00
,347 ,014
40091 4.2 600
,0242 61 ,027
400
50 .3
11
.
Switzerland 51. ,09589
00 04,30044
).Samos
(including
Turkey ,51 00
53 300
,024 67 .56
21 1911
27 0,2183 73
00 0,2700 91 .64
3, 27 ,000
314 .40
103 1910 25
,03800 0,1500 ,03200
38 ,000
73 2.3
.
28
Crete 00
62
0,170 63
0,13
700 .18 206
,0267
00 0,2 00
34 .8
Africa
of
South
.Union ,184
473 05,973
00 .62
12 1911
,3121
16 366
,045 00 .94
373 1911 00
,093 87
09 00
0,597
125 .0
18 72
00
,20909 00
,0135
42 6.1
.
Kingdom
United 0352
00
,471 0947
00
,443 0,43
200
03
n.cs,British
colonies ,22 92
71 500
,041
00 .27
18 1910 72
0,30
500 6.5 9.7
,Alaska
H awaii
(including
States
United
).Porto
Rico
and ,53657
27 ,827
096 00 .69
1912
16
26 65
,160200
53 20
,210300
70
,0115
26 ,0840060 165
1912
.573 50
0,55400 0,20
600
04 300
,050
20 0,21
500
18 .8
42
!Islands
Philippine
,435
63 152
,061
00 .37912
|1335
.
Rico
Porto 0600
38
,46 00
0,5953 800
,043
77 ,0150089 .63
8,30
.Uruguay ,172
72 ,01100
78 .31911
162 8.12
.
Venezuela 9393
, 76 ,02700
14 6.97
1912
16 0300
96
,20 ,62000
36 ,025
730 32
.600 00
,83068 .5
32
,14965
37 ,051688
00
29 .15
33 98
0,118
500
70 00
0,12351
88 0,716
900
36 84
,21357
55
.Total
comm
the
of
,eTotal erce
ofxclusive 43
0,91600
16 ,012300 88
51 0,471400
.116
66
4 ,2.91384
55
57 9.2
the
Unite
.Statesd
139
-Continued
World
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
AND
.COMMERCIAL
140
.
railways
of
Length .
Telegraphs orders
Foreign
postal
and
money
Domestic
of
Miles ,
sent
orders ,
sent
Post or
Miles
Cou mail
: ntry .
offices postal service
of
Miles of
Miles .
routes .
performed
.
Date ,
Miles .
Date .
line
.
Nunber ,
Value .
Number .
Value
,
wire
.
Dollars .
Dollars
.Argentina 1911 ,620
19 1910 ,905
37 ,330
100 2,995 ,372
45 867
,217
49 ,864
238 ,95286
64 ,473
23 ,822
391
:Australasia
Aus
of
Commonwealth
tralia
. 1911 ,012
18 1910 ,14400 7 25
,896 34 ,242
132 ,93562
60 ,17304 886
,337
13 ,33878
06 ,705
622 10
.
Zealand
New 1111912 2,827 1911 ,316
11 212
,337
1322 ,314
413 ,09639
57 ,343
156 ,32 62
13
H
Austr iary
.- unga 1911 028
, 38
Bos
(i
Austria
ncluding
nia
Herzekov
.)and ina 1910 ,723
31 ,203
154 ,21072 ,201
144 987
,583
88 ,583
231 50 618
,2308
55 ,85783
57 , 60
966 46
Hun
. gary 1910 ,576
15 ,654
89 6,152 ,96374 983
,251
39 404
,021
04 881
,2227
28 ,34572
49 000
,253
71
.Belgiun 1912 5,303 1912 4,965 ,382
27 1,658
22 ,65 14 301
,268
19 70
23,417 474
,679
51 ,629
747 ,317
81020
,Belgian
.Kongo 1912 770 1912 1,367 66 ,919
13 , 72
6887 891 ,002
26 ,54 67 ,310
146
Bo
. livia 1911 635 1909 3,111 1,4 53 200
.Brazil 1911 ,71300 1909 ,199
36 ,17324 ,246
333
Bulgaria
. 1911 1,198 1911 4,052 9,457 2,220 4.1534 ,8516031 ,323
412 216 86
,038164
08
25
62
94
.Canada 16
1911 ,400
25 1911 ,312
42
34 ,546
173 ,859
3513 065
,252
74 ,3353701
54 252053 56
,431 59
68
33
97
23
2
:
States
American
Central
.Costa
Rica 1911 1911 1,514 199
Guatemalo
. 1911 422 1911 8,3 28 311
Honduras
. 1910 106 1910 3.220 264
Nicaragua 1910 171 1910
*3,637 135
Panama
. 1912 202 96
.
Salvador 1910 97 1911 2,673 96 1,848 ,601
36
Ch
. ile 1911 3,61909
06 ,62401 1,13204 28
7, 52 ,57418
64 ,32564
66 ,5926
01 ,284
146 ,248
850
.China 1911 04
5,41910 ,327
29 161
, 66 2*6, 01 ,1*2595
01
.Colombia 1911 621
1909 ,676
10
.Cuba 1910 2,123 1910 ,05 65 1,6 84 487 5,32924 2545
,838
28
Denmark 1911 2,1194 2
101 2,265 8,052 1,574 6,437 .89,703
15 ,24323
00 ,04883
03 ,882
242 ,93168
59
.Ecuador 1910 350
1912 3,318 81
.
Egypt 1911 30
3,61911 ,604
278 ,759
23 ,72101 86, 99 ,26057
55 ,279
819 844
,021
73 ,9151 34 ,03154
38
.Free 1911 1910
,231
23 ,5113 83 ,140
429 ,016
14 91
,9368 830
,3332
58 409
,2GO
64 107
,5619
24 ,21917
14 637
,02062
Algeria 1911 42
2,11910 9,444 , 39
624 661 ,08104
42 ,12 59
80 825
,37564 738
, 92 ,7547 51
Tunis
. 1911 1,080 1911 2,831 ,21081 419 5,182 ,42789
61 ,528860 ,04 07
47 17
,9227 ,62770
47
-China
Indo
.French 1911 1,186 1911 ,78 38 18
8, 05 315 20
,840 ,66888
66 ,802
174 ,34074
35 ,69929 ,32050
51
colonies
,n.French
e 1912 1,7190
3181 ,556
16 ,82197 617 ,717
37 ,86 15
86 ,433
120 ,03904
31 ,60929 ,92125
14
Empiro
German
. 1012 ,63954 1911 142
0
, 20 550
, 63 90
5
, 341 ,2230180
89800
01
40
42 650 57
72
8,451043
.
colonies
German 1911 82, 82 1909 6,089 189 469
12207
,34095 (**)
Greece
. 1911 1.000 1910 0
,5 52 01, 82 2,57 207
,83222 38
16 98
$6,4483
1,78
.
Haiti 1011 84 1910 124 80 ,o162m
,BIndia 1911 832
, 39 11
1911 ,9207
37 6,1967 ,0158
48 0116
20
,00 76
80
4,0*1224
370
81 7,03*1430201482
.Italy
Eritros
,i1ncluding
912 10
,84071 1910 ,6434
55 ,4182
05 111
, 24 ,742a 062
,678
17 3,496
2,02439
0301
64 47,1476
,37475
77
Pescadore
Japan
i( ncluding s
excluding
but
1911
11
.)Formosn 3,8 85 1011
11 ,5«2395 ,6104
64 7237
, 17 ,87060 ,177
001 87 95
17
,517
9116
041
35 .7328
21
,71451
Formora
. .11911
1 291 11
1911 1,613 .82 43 135
K(Chosen
orea 1912
11 767 11
1912 3,451 8,451 465 ,62167 ,74880 00 174
79,4500
67
42 1,925
,738
35
Lux
. emburg 1911 326 1011 436 1,281 124 ,7100
54 81
Mex ico ,42252 ,458252 02
28 56
08,1399
459
62
. 1912 ,11603 1911 ,446 37 842
, 58 ,25547 ,522
89329 0,26
1528 01
22
72 93,4131
050 35
00
.Netherlands 1911 2,010 1911 4,728 23
,529 6
21, 11 9,966 ,321
07182 635 51
2,76181
10
79
Dutch
Indies
.East 1910 11, 95 7 49
,486 ,03949
73
1910 9,430 13
,968 71, 03 ,31645
21 ,67176
12 8,67509
000 57
42 73
66
,4889
503
Dutch
possessions
.America 1910 117 4,751 189
, 76 ,7253
,053
10
90
.Norway 1911 1,917 1911 6,843 ,11328 43, 96 ,16571 ,31215
18 ,6817
94 ,312
47366 63
62,289
,212
26
Paraguay
. 1911 1911 ,42 85 385
.
Persia 1910 1910 6,630 9,737 7,456 ,81552
65
.
Peru 1,650 282 850
1911 1911 7,950 714 ,4966
87
34
,668 5,274 ,59474
.Portugal 1911 1,798 1908 5,795 ,41384 04, 44 ,32033 112
,375 07 ,510
47
8767
350
62 ,651
08
Portuguese ,0499
68
.colonies 1010 ,01 02 1910 5,841 7,143 773 ,82642 ,6280779 1661
,4268
828 ,52975 408
,068
.Roumanis 1912 2,293 1911 4.549 ,912
50 92, 79 ,66497 ,017
25510 91
,01659
51313
75 ,2389
43 64,253 03
Russig
. 1911 46 ,038 1910 ,6126
4659 ,7443
95 715
, 01 ,8209
91 ,492
20368
.Finland ,651039
777 10
81
29
63 663
,799 ,110
836 42
1911 2, 38 )(67 12, 38
San
Dom
. toingo 1911 175 1911 1,269 81
Serv
. ia 1911 590 1911 ,72 03 5,150 51, 29 2,107 ,3835
50 ,5466
61 80 ,54862 9**7,4113
Siam
.
2,7057
1911 677 1911 4,627 ,66 04 179 ,94 54 ,0474
88 4,796 ,9310
86 2,424 ,42937
.Spain 1911 9,199 1911 ,42641 58
,056 65, 74 37
,091
.Sweden 1911 8,682 1910 ,02020 04, 56 ,44003 ,228
35864 ,67304
14 ,967
79058 ,7386
32 03,504
62
.Switzerland 1911 3,176 1911 ,22 21 16
,316 24, 30 7,153 ,420
10266 36, 07
49
Turkey
,9119
13491 ,71603
10 ,715
63036
. 1910 4,138 1910 28
,251 ,64783 929 ,92938 ,95551
92 ,048
1 9891 15
618
,995 63
Crete 16
,64368 ,4156
33
,. 1909 229 2
08 ,21940
80 ,319587
71 7,328
Sou
of
.Afri
Unith
on
ca 1911 8.092 ,91420 102
,54900
1911 , 33
954 52, 87 ,2484
07 ,712
997 81
Uni
Kin gdom
. ted 1911 ,42317 1911
11 61
60
.296 0,5039
1295 224
, 45
British ,7139
30932 ,8438
57096 852
,760 ,514
78688
s,n.ecolonies 1911 86, 28 1911 32, 92
States
.United 1911
16 254
,75132 1912 ,9220
5328 3,21517 58
753
, 29 ,4436
70 ,2578
16765 ,284
51239
.
Islan
Phili ds
ppine 0583
,304 37 ,94 55
41 ,097
62560
16
1912 1912
643 4,803 6,687 557 ,25501

92
Rico
.Porto 16
1912 340
,91873
32
1912 090 1,400 (5)8
Uruguay
. 1911 1,601 1910 4,849 0
21, 31
.Venezuela 1911 575 1911 4,721 2* 84
.Total ,9065
64 6,31 65
94 98
5,6393 7313
,76 37
93
7),4219385
41
8 70
96
5,69682
158
92
05 136
,075
46 5470
,065
03
141
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
AND
COMMERCIAL
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
-Continued
WORLD
.OF
142
Revenue
.
expenditure
and ,
Debt
Country .
Funded ncluding
foating
i,Unfunded
interest
,etc
bearing
.non in
Total Rates Interest
.
Year Revenue
. Expendi Year
. United of
in other
and
.4
ture States annual
.terest
Currency Amount
. Currency
. Amount
. .
currency charg
. es
Dollars
. Dollars
. Doll
. ars .
ct
Per Dollars
.
1912 Pesos
,gold 47 594
04, 00
.
Argentins 1912 0825
,140
00 40088
0,134 ppe s
soer
., ap 30018
,024 ,0670
40028 50028
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Canada 117
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74 1911 Dollars
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Nicaragua
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Chile 1911 0,2-7200
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China 1912 0200
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Colombia 1912 11
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Cuba 1911 ,01-4164
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Denmark -12
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44 1912 .USdollars 700
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63
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2 ,0261
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3Rupoes 900
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74 ,091392
48
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Italy 1911
6Lire
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1912
3
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77
00 0,31078
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65 Lire ,053777
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. 0,7120071
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Japan 1912
0288
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37
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05 800
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.
Formosa ,02272
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3 0,18000
.)Chosen
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,026
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40
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31912
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Liberia
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483 200
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51
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31
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1912 ,041 00
56
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.
Indies
Dutch
East 877
00
1912
0,19106
00
53
4
possessions
Dutch 32
00
56
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,027,0321912
in.America 500
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31
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Norway 1911
32
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4-31910
1Kroner
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Paraguay ,0351912
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64 0,400 1912 405
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Pesos
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Peru
. ,016
8,01626
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26
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81912
s1911
.Lbs
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sterling ,01500
52 253
,026
00 ,000
542
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61
s ob 1
.
Portugal 88161912
,085 63
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Milreis
. 00
302 0500
35
,807 .
Milreis ,300
0968 24 900
,037
99
.
colonies
Portugues e 00912
,666
31910
12
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45
1
.Roumapia 096
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51912
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90
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23
34 ,029461
00 500
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.
Russia 661
621913 1912
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37
59
52
Rubles 0,68900
41 45
04
0,94600 400
,0207
97
.Finland Francs
0,5*3941911
191011
43
.3200 ,0178 29
00 300
,034 60 ,01 3500
.
Domingo
Banto 354
60
00
481911
,0A806
1912
.00
Dollars 646
,01400 600
,014
46 01,800 44
Servia
. 5425
21912
,0625
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,0663
17 ,0128
00
78 ,06269
00
tobob o
Siam
. 349
,01-201523
100
1911
80
00
2 1911 sterling
.Lbs ,02 00
83 ,100
010 35 ,0456 00
.Spain 1912
5Pesetas
202
55
,02511911
87
31
10
. 00 ,079407
25
00 ,061891 15
00 ,07300
74
.
Sweden 1911
41913
,070 Kronor
. 00
91 400
,0537
26 ,0144 00
30 ,08100 30
.Switzerland 1912
9Francs
617
,018
. 00 03
40 700
,0116 Francs ,05600
51 600
,023 14 ,0130084
.
Turkey 1912
2-.Lbs
1134
,0152
T98urkish
300
62 , 00
0126
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Africa
.of
South
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.Lbs 41912
78
-11910 399
70
0000581
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,0110 00 Lbs
s. terling ,05950
00 100
,0566 29 800
,015 62
.Kingdom
United 1912
71911
,08555900
-1.d00 268
42
00
90 o 306
,0685 00 .do ,500
039 00 ,023500 70
27 200
,0119
29
D.es,Br
colonies 1910
455100
92
,056
6-1.d00 117
03 o 200
,038 59 100
,0186 90 ,06556
00
.States
United -1200
2%91911
965
,055
74
92
49 1912 .
Dollars 700
,0963
77 Doll
. ars 700
,063
98 ,051 00 27
75 ,600
022 16
Isla nds ne
. ippi ,1851911
015
-.1912 04
93
00
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2o ,125
016 00 125
,016 00 ,000
713
tsbos tusb pobco
Phil
Uru
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671912
,034
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.02 00
76
2 800
,013158 300
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41 ,08500
93
.Venezuela -13
1912 133
,01000 1911 Bolivares
. 400
,0195
89 Boli
. vares ,02300
19 700
,037
29 ,01200
75
.
Total ,076(111518774140043 ,07413600
01 ,071600
86
63
143
.CWORLD
-OF
THE
COUNTRI
PRINCIP
STATISTI
FINANCI
AND d
ES
AL
CS
AL
ontinueCIAL
COMMER
144
.capita
Per .Railroads .Telegraph
Post
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Length
Length
per
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line
of
.01000 1,000 .0inhablt
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Debt .
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Dollar .
Dolidts .
Dollars .|Dollata .
Miles Miles
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427 .2
17 .9
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17
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Australia
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.187 1
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371 8
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26 .0
27 .7
16 .0
350 .7
21
Austria
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109
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153 8.2 .2
29
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13 .73 2.3 3.0 .1
22
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Franc
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89 .0292 219. 2 212
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150 7.
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17 .21
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36 8.7 .2
15 .3
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.
.-China
French
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colonies
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Mexico
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21 .9
14 .730 1.9
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Netherlands .58
154 .14
181 .4139 .82
14 .67
77 2.53 3. .6
152 7.9 .1
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.
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America
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5. 0 .42 .2
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ncluding
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.5178 .850 .7
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colonies
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.
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11 .79
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41 2.48 .2
45 4.6 .3
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27 21. 5 5. 7.6 26
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.Finland .53
27 .67
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.
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irici -
.Spain 9.08 8.91 .33

10 9.55 .59
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32 .57
28 .67
12 .67
12 .90
26 1.46 .6
15 .2
50 .5
11 .0
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92 .66
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198 5.9 .6
43 .2
11
.
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19
Crote
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,n.03
colonies
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.
States
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6 .1 2
.6
26 .3
70 .1
23 .6
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.
Islands
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.
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12
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. 5
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17 .01
145
The
worstand
code
only
sin
perial
,atrade
nd Governmen
notincluded
stores
,bimports
areut
inPostal
figures
calendar t
,you
w herwotato
ufor
1910
yearnless
other
.Aexports
re
population
and
feudatory
include
States
stated
wise
Bottom
incode
species
and commerce
of
P* lasses
include
with
trade
.Japan »Calendar
1911
146
Tay included
not
Commits .year
exclu through
of mports
offices
post
included
Bot
figures
*Fin igures
fiscal
for
ending
,1year
30
June
Is 908
i
tracie
Min commerce Includes
lines
.cable
Tow ers
total
include
imports
exports
sed commerce
of
Piguses
include
imports
exports
and
for
Year
35
Mar
.,13ending
1
912
1907
.for E.Governmen
Tto xports
otal
nclude
»F"iAmerica
igures t
sinctada
Imports
for
consumption “f0883
or
00
".orders Includes
37
length
inthe
line
of
.Sudan
returns
Original
Curacao
for
show
not
do
trade
total
*Included
domestic
with
.money
orders
grund
in
ofres
titels
population
,and by
,a
countries
of nd
figures
the
with
trade
*PUnited
States
for
data
Mar ostal
ending
year
3
1
,
. 910
1
1 e
m s
marchandis
includes
only
.E x e have
taken
been
United
from
returns
States
combined
and
Includes
10
miles
.47
Eritrea
in
Stade
Town with
Surinam
show
to
reports
trade
Includes
United
the
of
1,041
miles
74
.inEritrea
not
in
included
commerce
of
.figures Slates
the
Dwith
possessions
utch
America
".in «Including
miles
507
and
line
erOneturnat
ports
from
United
the ending miles
646
of
in
wire
2Y
"0ear
.Mar Japanese
,Sakhalin
nd
into
fromSV
insports
United
the
t,States
aSAhe transit
nclude
figures
trade
Macao
.Fof
- ncluded
Japan
&Iof
,with igures
for trade
United
with
9)a(sStates
note
calen
the re
4Pee
for
data
June
ending
1year
,30911
ostal 1.912
restito
foreign
and
bullion
.cofns dar
.year
1908 of
local
of
milesxclusive
1,6*E32
.railways
ending
1 1ear
y.,2Mar r commerce
of
Figures
include
Bangkok
of
trade
Includes
4only
#sending
,July
31 eo d ,arpolice
266ailway
lines
.privatend
ending
127Year
Mar
Included
17
T
official
Russia
with
com
of 3he
.figures
Comments
AC
Zone
.notanal
included merce
include
not
do
,actobacco
igars
cigarettes
im Postal
48
for
data
Feb
ending
Vins
commerce
of
total
include .,12year
8nd
911
and
imports
do ported
exported
or
control
under
Postal
45
Imperial
the
of
for
data
Tobacco
Aug
ending
,1.3year
910
1
motion ,oRégie
wine
r
exported
salt
and
under
Includes
10
the
of
control
.telephones
commerce
of
gold
Include
bullion
silver
,and Public
Debt
Exclusive
31
.TAdministrat
hese
railway
of
amounted
to
(4mileage
inAlaska
)amiles 04nd ion
minin
,in 58
$1Imports
2and
81
.,0exports
5400
)#Yading
,Tone ),(1Hawaii
a miles
mileage
76nd
switching
of
and
ter
of
withigures
trade
States
United
are
the
for
F»companies
.minal
of
in
areeW ve
,tvs uchu
figures
which he year
been calendar
,n1908
data
later
ADhaving
oata
published
Western
for
Telegraph
oUnion
.Co nly
ed
the
true
I.Chinese
1910
inn
trade
this
amounted commerce
of
dataigures
include
bullion
>Fostal
wPand
specie
United
the
.04,3e616
rta
16
1100
xports
ma14
00 for
are
States
fiscal
tho
articles
Governmen
.for t 1912
,dyear
Porto
forata
included
with
Trhide
United
the
not
Bustes
separately
,stated F>.Rico
commerce
of
are igures
special
of
those
,itrade nclud
Budget
64
unless
law
.otherwise
stated
ciuded
trat
otal
,"Twith
America ing
,b
bullion
.notut
coin Actual
65
revenue
expenditure
,and
Estimates
36
submitted
legislature
the
.to
.
AND
IMPORT
EXPOR S
TS
The
domestic
exports
of
United
the EXPORTS
GRAND
IMPORTS
AND
BY Turning
exports
,tto
he
figures
of
COUNTRI
.AND
DIVISIONES
S the
value
merchan
of
out
sent dise
Staten
the
for
second
time
crossed the
United
States
show
larger
totals
billion
two
dollar
the
the
at
mark Imports
valued
Europe
from
were the
exports
practically
in
to
all
im
fiscal
1912
end
the
,tyear
total
ofhe year
fiscal
the
million
81912
in
at portant
and
world
countries
the
of
to
domesti
merchan
value
the
of odise 1912
pre
the
in
million
a.the
Europe
of
divisions
grand
all
, ogainst
T768
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENC
being
exporte19
28
1w,$28370
hile d North
Amer
rom
fiscal
year
fceding
;the
total
the
for
year
was
1912
E
exporte
merchan
foreign
the ddise 1912
dollars
million
,1in
3ica 34
4194
gainst
a08
atshowed
,50$3of
m otal
02
481
aking f1911
million
;in
1911
30542
against
trom
North
America
,5o1044
3 22
exports
,$2 04
total
of
the
2grand in illion
dollars
1912
gainst
457
America
million
South
,am215
409
$1,6amounte
,to .I53
mports d preceding
against
million
18242
the
in million
in
the
;precedin
tyear
o g
BOOK .
204
,034
the
in
immedia
preced tely ;from
,year
2Asia
million
2512
against South
1America
32
a,million
gainst
the
foreign earlier
21342
in
million
year
;the 11911
in
tmillion
109
,;o1712
Asia
m
year
total
aking
,ing million
,a
85gainst
T
357
commerc
8.,5
$3ex43
he 30
amillion
Oceania
,3gainst
612
from in
pre
the
87 e million
year
,ceding
t7Oceania
; o2
of
cess
exports
over
imports
was in21
2from
Africa
;million
,1911
and 1911
66
against
Africa
,t;million
ino
8551
4
a
,$5
0 57
gainst
75
94
22
94 million
in
fiscal
the
year
1912
,amillion
1912
mil
,24gainst
.in
2312
$11911
,20and
1910
.in 88
90
37 27
million
the
in
preceding
year
,in
the
prior
.|lion
In
E
La
raur
-st ge
de
ng
oc ean W
Bruke
eic
-53
.Lwmg
min -Se
H
O mi
2
-: 14
kopia
ll ua tonio
Zannwag
1 e
ami
mito
limit
La
wa ngsi
hu c gesFMillion
.2
- innish
Centr
d ricaal
-)Mengobnan
.mil
.:-50 gieges
Lor
Norwegian Swedish Esthonian Lang Berbe r
,Tuareg
9
.- 0million
English manchu Aanguage
. lllil
vc Wax the
of Wokoj
Dutch Pulto Di
dee
Tarhem
1
, 0
Tarlarid Somali
F olata
,Fam350
S
., uah
His eli
hme nt
Flemish Helentets aTubio
- bissinian
Lang c
c) laviuage Cauc
)(8 asian
-RGrae
Lang co
omanuage
ic s
S: s .M guages
Lan Isola uages
:Langted
: .132
million mill
10
B
:
.Lan
-Drav unda
antu ion
gida
mi
Trll
amion Polish :-39L0asque
M.B
albanian
ang
Trench found .
Mil
50
Rumanian
4 BEM Russian 019
007
the
of
Lang
BICzechi
Slovak
t enian Lith
C
K uani
affir
,( eltic
Origi s an
nal
(UM tana rese
,v isth Betshuans
Languages
.
mil
943 Telinga Zulu
Spanish Sete
seniz Greek
New JKoreo
- apanese
Serre La
Creation malyo :- ng
2),Iranic Ya
-P
or
,Per
olBu
sia
ynlg
es
n a
ian 57
A
Fm,-L unguuges
d) arsi
fgh un 3. ian
Oce
r:Lan ani
g c Japanese
yil 16
M' .35
Million Vill
m
.\M! in
Armenian
Pertagena nurdish
omit Slovanice ,dayar
Million
.:-h63 wendic
Languages
Indic
,tushmirian Million
360 JKOoMrea
n
,
Panchabi
Hindu .eic
hafir
mil
30 Polyne
)M
Papu a ,Ianamite
,(Hindustani Bengali Camb
, odia
.
Mil
50 Barmanic Ton kin ese
)Urdu Moetc
.nosyllabic
million
140 Asia
Lang
E)(m tic es
-:.(10Mast
m ylıg
mill
707 ion
mi
,S Tiberary
dhi
1ssama T). inl
ahrati 6(si
.
WORLD
THE
OF
LANGUAGES
147
FOREIGN CARRYING TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1821 -1912.

Total imports and exports.
In cars and
By sea .
Year Per cent
other land carried in
vehicles. American
In American In foreign Total. vessels.
vessels. vessels.
1821 . . $ 113, 201,462 $ 14 ,358 ,235 $ 127 ,559,697 88.1

1830 . . 129,918 ,458 14 ,447 .970 144 ,366 ,428
1840 . . 198 ,424 ,609 40 . 802.856 239, 227 , 465
1850 . . 239, 272, 084 90 ,764 ,954 330 ,037 ,038
1860 . . 507 , 247,757 255 ,040 ,793 762 ,288 .550 66 . 5
1870 . . 352 . 969 ,401 638,927 ,488 991,896 ,889 35.6
1880 . . $ 20 , 981,393 258 , 346 ,577 | 1 ,224 , 265 , 434 11,482 ,612 ,011 17 . 4
1890 . . 73,571, 263 202 ,451,086 | 1 ,371, 116 ,744 | 1 ,573 .567. 830 12 .9
1900 . . 154 .895 .650 195 , 084 , 192 | 1 ,894,444 ,424 2 ,089,528 ,616
1910 . . 319, 132,528 260 ,837, 147 2 ,721, 962,475 2 , 982.799,622
1911 . . 365.903 , 334 280 , 206 ,464 | 2 . 930 ,436 ,506 | 3 . 210 .642 , 970
1912 . . . . . . 426 ,116 ,920 322 ,451,565 3 ,431,470 ,423
Comparison of the area of all states of the world in English square miles.
Austria German EUROPE - 3,952,846 square miles.
Russia Hungary Empire Franca Spain Sweden Norway Great
2 ,217,929 261,035 208,780 207 .054 101.963 172,876 Britain Italy Turkey Rumania
124,130 121.510 110 .659 65 .350
square miles IAH H 50 , 790
severo minas nema
115 .903 AHW 125.430
Bo 19,702 Switzer. Denmark Nether
O O O O
Liechten
S . Martina
Bulgaria Pogugal Greece Seguia tang 15,582 lands Belgium Montenegro Crete Luxemburg Andorra
38,080 35,490 25,014 18,650 15,976 with Iceland
65,33 8 12,648 11,373 8,630 3,366 098 175
Russian ASIA = 16 ,905 ,821 square miles.
Dominions. French Possessions
China and Dependencies
Siberia, Turkestan, Persla Possess .
Annem , Tonking .
Cochenina
Khiva and Bokhara with its
British Aslatic
6 ,536 ,728 Dependencies Possessions Turkey 628.000 584,610 Cambodia and LEON Afghanistan
310 , 176
square miles 4 , 277,170 Ondia ete ) 693, 780
1.928 ,002
11.573 790
Siam Japan Philippine ts . Korea Nepal and Egypt Arabia German
Possessions
(Unit Seat of Amer ) ( RO ) Portug
Oman Bhutan (Sinar Peninsula Possess C aucho
N 240,000 175,540 ( 127,853 O 86,000 82,000 74,000 22,780 8 ,972
AFRICA = 11,952,211 square miles. AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA
French = 3 ,458,542
Possessions
British Egypt German Belgian Portug . British square mises.
Colonies Possess Congo
Possessions Possess Possessions Dutch German
and Protectorates 377,2201
KSahara and Sudan Colonies with Angl
o Possess Possas
4,421,934 nd Protectorated $ 31,460 909 , 654 3 ,190 ,168 151,789
793.980
square miles 2 ,206 ,181 1, 357,220 squaro mies
Abyssinia Tripolls Ital.Possess Span Polar reglen Cnhabited Possess of

432 432 398,900 Morocco Protetoral
24 . Dan. Possessions French theUnit. Stat independ
219 .000 Possess Uberla
185 . 230 86 ,020 40 ,000
Greenland Possess of America Ocear .
46 ,740 8 .744 6 ,449 232
0
AMERICA 15 ,485 ,535 square miſes.

British Argentine Northh America
ica 8 ,0 que
United Repubic
Sout Amer 9.03s
Possessions States Mexico
Perv
(Canada etc ) Brazil 1135,840 Bolivia Colombia Venezuea
(with 761. 095 695.733
4 ,009, 001 Porto Rico ) 3,293,000 605.400 470.000 3903 976
square miles 3 ,568,649 square miles
(tereot 460000 square miles
in the arctisco
Chile
emala Du tch Rep. Dom 10 .204
292 580 Paraguay Ecuador Uruguay Nic
ra guaa G Guatente Dutch French
171 204 116 . 000 72210 49200 atemala Possess. Honduras Cuba Possess Panama Costa Rica Danish
48 . 290 46 .463 46 .250 44 200 35 022 31,500 18 .400 Salvador POSSES
• 7 ,2254 139
9
INDIA
zainst 16 %
ding year .
CEYLON
A
BADE WITH
179,834,462
248 ,020,398
83 million in
YEAR 'S
In
THE
#11; to Hawaii, 24 %
TERRITORIES
1910 .
TEA .
lbs.)
JAPAN
UNITED STATES.
60 , 455, 913
PRODUCTION ,
OF THE
CHINA
Bion in 1910 , and 894 million in 1909.
214 ,683 ,333

(EXPORTS ONLY)
JAVA
dlon , against 34 %4 million in 1911; from
4 million in 1912, against 3472 million in
the preceding year ; from Porto Rico, 4284

The merchandise
p-contiguous territories continued to ex
territories of the Cnited States 103 million

Bount than ever before. The value of the
14 million dollars in 1912,against 14 million

NON -CONTIGUOUS
rritories was : To Alaska, 1942 million dol
2003 territories shows in most cases larger
-912, against 10742 million in 1911, 108

million , against 19 % million in the pre
antiguous territories 141 million dollars in

merchandise shipped to the non -contigu
This makes the total value of the merchandise

and, the figures of 1912 showing a larger
Bapped to the United States from its non

tering the United States from its non -con
erehandise forwarded to the non -contiguous
The trade of the United States with its
tema Alaska the value of such shipments was

stals in 1912 than in the preceding years.
19, against 16 million in 1911 : to Porto Rico ,
million , against 22
Elhon in 1911 ; to the Philippine Islands,
bars in 1912 , against 92 % million in 1911,
ed from the Philippine Islands, 2142 million ,

This makes the total value of
azu , 55 million , against 41 million in 1911 ;
million in the preceding year.
26 ,127 , 110
:VNFALUE
IMPORTED
OMERCHANDISE
CENT
PER
,IAND
VALUE
.'TOTAL
YEARS
SPECIFIED
.
GROUPS
GREAT
BY
1911
To
1821
Foodstuffs
crude
in materials
for
Foodstuffs
Crude
or
partly Manufactures
for Total
wholly
manufac
in
use
manufac further
in
use ready
Manufactures .
Miscellaneous
Year food
,a
condition
nd .
value
.
animals :
tured manufacturing .for
consumption
ended .
turing
.
30
June alue
PVValue
er
.ct .
Value .
ct
Per .
Value .
ct
Per .
Value .
ct
Per
.
Value .
ct
Per
.
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars ,
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars
.
1821 6041
,6 81 .111 5 1,9
7.36506
19
10
8 4
83
20
14 4 79
,0 64 4
7. 8 , 98
30
9 00 .86
56 ,709
556 1.02 534
54
,8 20
1830
. 7374
,2 82 .77
11 9684215
,9 .36714 25
53
71
92 45,186 52 8.22 737
35
,8 34 .97
56 ,563
582 9
. 3 756
,962 20
1840
. 273
15
,3 21 .54
15 .7
11 ,815
1,211 5
.445
15 1
88
45
10
6 396
,11156 .5116 300
44
,0 05 45
.0 9 0
630
, 94 .64 206
98
,7 58
1850 ,011
18
6 59 310
.8 ,721
46.123,211 776 66
11
5765 2663
,1 52 .08
15 399
95
,4 12 .93
54 ,1845 74 .49 173
,5 26
09
.
.1860 726
35
,8 43 .11
10 37
,0 4
10
7
253
15. 673 8
22
67
71 695
23
,3 13 6.67 890
,6199
78 .52
56 ,13519
36 10
.0 619
,1353
16
1870
. 938
53
,8 81 .38
12 12
.122 20
96
.0,553 22
18818
53
61 ,506
354 45 .51
12 047
173
,8 34 .69
39 ,85034
24 1.16 ,908
443558
1880
. 297
100
,0 40 .01
15 16
,2118|19
8
131.7716 4
25
17
9
61 716
110
,5 79 .59
16 505
,4196
87 .43
29 352
10
,9 03 1.54 946
667
,7 54
1890
. 442
128
,1 80 .28
16 .6
170
2
,0
3 37
133
850
1632
9
31 6
.212 980
116
,0 24 .81
14 ,685
230
5 81 .23
29 9,225
3 51 1.17 310
789
,409
1900 916
,297
93 .52
11 ,01276
.31332
|32
.6 52
41
27
0
5574
5 245
134
,0 22 .79
15 3 41
, 26
1203 .90
23 5407
,9 79 .64 984
,1849
41
.
.
1910 ,776
144
.6 36 9.30 ,7566
211 181370
36
.6,5 7
666
72 138
285
,3 73 3
18
.1 ,767
3367 23 23
.6 2 412
11
,7 71 .74 ,491547
56
30
.
1911 ,194
181
8 03 .87
11 0,13|511
172
,5 40
62
611
.206
01 43.83 .785
289
,6 52 .84
18 .480
,1361
22 .67
23 454
13
,769 ,121505
26
27
1912 830
,2280
58 913
.3 ,911
10565
6196.800 686
08 41 784
,1298
39 .77
17 018
,9360
63 7.218 068
,917
61 ,921.684
64
65
.
149
SPECIFIED
MANUFACTURI
IN
USE
FOR
ARTICLES
CRUDE
PRINCIPAL
OF
STATES
UNITED
THE
INTO
IMPORTS
, 870
.–1YEARS
912
manufactu
.)for
in
use
imported
materials
crudo
value
the
of
three
-embrace
about
fgroups
hoso ring
[Tourths
ten
India
rub
Fi
, bers ,gutta
.ber and
Furs ,
Chemicals ,
Wood ,
inbars
Tin
ENDING
YEARS ,raw
.Silk ,and Hides
and ,fur
skins ,and
drugs ool
| aw
.,rW ,
Cotton .upmanu
30 unmanu percha .
skins .
aw ,etc
.blocks
JUNE .factured substitutes .
undressed .
dyes .
factured
.
for
.Dollars Dollars
.Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars .
Dollars .|
Dollars Dollars
.Dollars Doll
. ars
.
IS0 ,160023 34
,6
017
8 69
8 ,239
11 2 69
),2 1ST
,211 ,613 573
,1331
670
31 1,929
.
15 4,203 ,40,អ375
90 362
,018 ,73 ,11
T21 0
,211
591 51895
,8
40888 ,322 12
.. 9392
,8 8 9
890237
,61309 002
,90 22,196
77 9662
,17 ,
2372 ,
91 2,879 ,16276
2
1. 302
,112
98 9,o
256
912s
312 2,3863
4 1,22 ,512
027 *8879
,9 2 អ,7,356081 ,42836
.
S90 7,410 67
1 ,8
111 4
3231
821
67 ,82186
81 22,113
8 8,15
169
4 284
,015
83 ,742
,71389
92
28 98
4 ,9៤809
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. 2805
,721 0
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0194761
81 72,9359 2822
,1 6 087
5
,18 ,231
318 72 825
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884 ,7971
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8.,3
090
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3359
s 850
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18 3,2429 612
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08 ,63,1 17
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S 371
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,19
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358
S. 13
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1980
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381 480
,321 I
.. ,03118 |Gi 93
,07 ,16746 4 007
,910
2 3
8,277 ,66zSs 62A
010
,7
T880
660 3178
,123
0. 3090
,2539 80អ08A70
,346 882
,183
67 ,6710
13 67
1,28
882 068
,339
72 ,12
31
89s319 ,91098
32
,o 2 398
,3 ,8it
i,S0lii
9l9 3,ads 9ii
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31 3
,2as,Sll
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it
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8,00ម,6903 ,1|T70 P,323 ,0243400 ,692338 ,714
11
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87
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O
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,163879
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18
,3 ,3580
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,226
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32 ,T103
86112 3
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,812 sS98
,2 9,32426 ,1220 316
15
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.ol 0,122 T,៣០៩
១|19 ,090
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9i
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,16
69 T6
,102 398
,117
39 ,229|22 0428
|,333 262681
,111i11 298
,120
11
.
SPEED
OF
COMPARISON
In
one
sec
. In
one
.sec
In
seo
.one
.Sna |o.1I…-sncean
teamer ,
yde
10 .
Swall ow _yds
Pedestrian
. T
.I,• Skor .
Sound .360
Horse
walking
. .
train
Luggage .13 rin
loading
Breech • 7, 0
quickly
walking
“Pederlan
.…68soun ១ .
ball
Cannon 9. 0
•
. •••
Horse
trotting
. .Parliamentary
traln at
axi
Its
on
ear
the
ofvo
Re th
s lution
Orntle Carri
pigeo n equator
the • 9
breeze
. EST
.LEWEer !.1
ro
thsu
th
eart nm
eun
evo d tion
hlu
.
Crncing
Velocipede
Reof9
Pallo
Horsenine *- -. I
A SINGLE DREDGE LOAD WOULD FILL FOUR

TRAINS EACH LONG
4 MILE
PANAMA FORCE
35,000 MEN
ESTIMATED TOTAL EXCAVATION FROM PANAMA CANAL MATERIAL EXCAVATED FROM THE AMBROSI
20 MILLION CUBIC YARDS CHANNEL 70 MILLION CUBIC YARDS
WORD
AMBROSE FORCE
236 MEN 2000FT
125 37. AMBROSE CHANNEL
ORDEN EXTENT OF THE AMBROSE CHANNEL

IFCUT THROUGH NEW YORK
27, 000 ,000 TONS OF SHIPPING PASSES ANNUALLY THROUGH AMBROSE

AND 10 ,000 ,000 TONS WILL PASS THROUGH PANAMA
NA
Copyright, 1913, Munn & Co., Inc.

The Ambrose Channel is one-third the size of the Panama Canal; it has been excavated
with one hundred and fifteenth of the number of men ; it is now 'accommodating more shipping
than will the Panama Canal in many years to come.
THE AMBROSE CHANNEL AS MEASURED BY THE PANAMA
CANAL
MILESTONES OF MARITIME PROGRESS .
1833 - Sails to wooden paddles . 1879 — Iron to steel hulls .
1813 – Wood to iron hulls. 1889Simple to twin - screw .
1850 -- Paddles to screw - propellers. 1906 — Triple -expansion to turbine engines .
1856 - Simple to compound engines , 1907 — Quadruple - screw propellers ,
BYEARS
MERCHANDISE
OF
EXPORTS
DOMESTIC
,YIMPORTS
CLASSES
AND
ARTICLES
PRINCIPAL
ENDING
, 912
30
.–1JUNE
906
152
.
EXPORTS .
IMPORTS
Order 1912 1912

Order
of of
magni .
ARTICLES magni ARTICLES
,tude cent
Per ,tude .
Value
cent
Per
,
1911
.
Value .
1912 .
total
of
.
total
of
.Dollars .Dollars
849
,2565
71 .07
26 Coff
. ee 826
,5117
43 1.7 3
u nmanufactured
C.,1 otton 579
,0115
15 .96 9
,manufactures
steel
and
.Iron
of 154
,2268 62 .312 6 .Sugar
276
,8156 60 7.20 Indi
rub
gutt
-pand
.,cerch
rudber
aaoa , 01
910241 6.23
.
products
dairy
and
Meat Hid
ski
,oand
skin
fur
.than
ther
ns
es
s 427
,3102
76 2.6 0
.
Breadstuffs 979
,7123 15 5.71
of 082
,711784 5.39 dyes
dChe
.,arugs
ndmicals 029
,692
25 ,56
manufactures
Copper
. nd
,a ,572
669 41 .24 1
.
oils
Mineral 400
,1112 72 .158 .Silk
,unmanufactured
of
manufactures 786
,196 82 4.46 .,mCott
of
anuon
factures 152
,765
85 93. 4
Wood
. nd
,a ,eof
. tc
vmFibeegetfac 59
,6
of ,76056 72 82. 0 anursabletures 869
43
manufactures
Leather
. nd
,a ,531
152
02
.
Coal 650
,752 48 2.43 Woo
,a
.man
ofndufa d ctures
m
Cotton
. anufactures
,of 769
,550
11 32. 4 bars
in
.,opTin
bto igs
locks 298
,146 14
of
manufactures
Tobacco
. nd
,a 305
,048
42 2.23 11 nut
.and
Fruists 369
,245 77
ctc
.,eCars
arriages 603
,342
33 .91 6 othe
and
prec
.ston
Diamon
ious
es
r ds ,297
741 59
.
implements
Agricultural
13 605
,035
40 1.64 Toba
,a
.man
olnd ufa
ccoctures ,33776
89
Saem gà 9 MH
.
nuts
and
Fruits
14 938
,630
63 1.43 .Art
works 095
,536
02
-cake
oil
and
cake
Oil
meal ,228
728 05 1.30 m. anu
Cop
,of per
factures 837
,535
43
.Vegetable
oil ,92608
31 1.24 u
v,. tc
eget
eFibe nuf
nmarsable
actured ,462
834 66
.
stores
Naval 787
,926
54 1.23 .,uWoo
nmalnufactured 042
,333
78
medicines
yes
nd
.,arugs
dChemicals ,117
225 .16 .Oils ,348
631 02
ojciccininiaisiaisiais
450
,019 58 ,m
.Silk
ofanufactures 264
,327
04 .61 5
of
manufactures
Paper
. nd
,a .90 20 stee
and
,aIron
.man
ofnd ufa 1.61
Animals
,. 487
,915
47 7. 1 l ctures ,656
026 76
. ,949
414 75 .69 ,aFur
.man
ofndsufactures ,227
825 72 1.56
skins
fur
and
Furs 672
,125
41 1.55
.
purposes
scientific
for
Instruments 502
,813 26 See
. ds
,and
rubber
.India
of
manufactures 818
,912 22 ,59 u
Cott
,. nmaon
nufactured 217
,520
81 1,22
Fertilizers
. 808
,910 73 6. 0 ,awSpir
mal
.liqu
ine
nd its
tors
s 305
,619
34 11. 7
vtc
.,meFibers
of
egetable
anufactures ,59898
28 .46 .Vegetables 573
,818
44 ,11 2
,49 45 46 4. 4 .Breadstuffs ,564
718
29 1.2
.
goods
Photographic grow
Arti Stat
Uni
tc
,t.oethe es
th
fhe ted
of
manufactures
Brass
.,and ,98842
80 4
.1 cles
matte
nd
.oxide
,aickel
nNickel 68,749
75 4. 0 .
retumed 532
,218 01 1.2
Fish
. ,98638 40 .39 .
Tea ,207
118 41 .11 0
,98250
07 3.0 3 ,and
.Paper
of
manufactures 300
,817 49 1.05
molasses
Sugar
.,a
confectionery
nd of
manufactures 166
,716 06 .98
.
effects
personal
and
Household 48,270 30 Leather
. nd
,a
.
wax
paraffin
and
Paraffin ,48186
23 .37 orrude
cCocoa
.,acacao
of
shells
nd 958
,515 31 .96
polors
.,acPaints
varnishes
igments
nd ,87072
17 .33
,manufactures
.Wool
of 919
,614 12
,green
.Coffee 66,864 68 Fish
. 617
,314
53 .88
gtc
,eCrease
.scraps
rease ,06632 79 .
products
dairy
and
Meat 760
,513 74
Fertilizers
. 029
,710
46 6
.1
.Vegetables ,16518
44 69,999 97 6. 0
,5058
50 china
ware
.,a
stone
nd
Eartben
.
Explosives bonnets
,aHats
.hoods
for
materials
nd ,49686
64 3
.9
.
Soap 04,536 23 ,10382
63 5. 7
.Coke ,12991
38 P
mnd
oro
.,aCopper
ropulus
atte
,82 98
02 An
. imal. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,87580
55
.
Seeds a
ma
co
,ofnd
Me
m mp
et
ta os
nnal
ls
fait
ctio
articles
other
All 193
,2101
01 B.4 C es
urns
05,96467 .30
328
,8170
19 .00
100 art
ot
Al
. lhe
ielres 538
,6170
03 .31
10
.
Total
Total ,021653
34
64 .00
100
PRINCIPAL PORTS OF THE WORLD : FOREIGN COMMERCE DURING

THE LATEST YEAR FOR WHICH DATA ARE AVAILABLE .
[Sourcos: Official reports of the respective countries.)
Country and port. Year. Imports. Exports . Totalcommerce.
EUROPE .
United Kingdom : Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
London .. 1911 1 , 119, 238, 957 672,618 ,68 1 , 791, 857 ,641
Liverpool. . . 1911 778, 229 , 287 859, 051, 189 1 ,637 , 280 , 476
Hall . 1911 199 , 926 , 677 147, 799,722 347, 726 , 399
Manchester 3 1911 158, 175 ,626 105 , 313, 585 263 , 489, 211
Southampton . 1911 101, 052, 736 128 , 728, 445 229, 781, 181
Glasgow 1911 76 , 068 , 987 153 ,318, 323 229, 387 , 310
Harwich . . 1911 109, 192,590 38, 221, 199 147, 413, 789
Grimsby 1911 65, 912 , 484 98, 540, 279 164, 452, 763
Leith . . . 1911 73, 261, 366 35 , 393, 539 108, 654 , 905
Type port 1911 47,616 ,717 50 . 083, 799 97 , 700 ,516
Cardiff 1911 29, 280, 621 61,648, 009 90, 928 ,630
Bristol . . 1911 75 , 710 , 603 19, 548 , 419 95, 259, 022
Bellast. 1911 39,620 ,551 6 , 250 , 986
Germany:
45, 871,537
Hamburg 1911 962,925 ,352 711, 261, 824 1 ,674, 187, 176
Bremen . . . . . 1911 323 , 090 ,469 178, 056 , 071
Belgium : Antwerp . .
501, 146 , 540
1911 594,472 ,069 527 , 182, 730 1,121,654,799
France :
Marseille . . . . 1911 363,669, 100 314 , 762, 200 678 , 431, 300
Havre . . . . . . . * 1911 316 , 944 , 400 214 , 152, 200 531, 096, 600
Dunkirk
WIDU .. .. . . . . . . . . . 1911 182, SOS , 600 30 , 280, 200 213 , 088, 800
Bordeaux . . . . . 1911 95 , 918, 900 92, 404 , 200 188,323, 100
Italy : Genos . . . . . . 1910 174,837,600 86, 249,414 261, 087 ,014
Austria - Dungary :
Trieste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911
Fiume . . . . . . . . . .
141, 795 , 166 124 710. 102 266 , 505 , 268
1910 25 , 387, 000 28, 439, 500 53 ,826,500
Russia :
St . Petersburg . . 1910 77,154 ,500 58, 783, 218 135 , 937 ,718
Rigs . . . . . . . . . . 1910 46 ,575, 482 91, 715, 878 138 , 291, 360
Odessa . . . . . 1910 28 , 562, 305 41, 390 , 953 69 , 953 , 258
Reval . 1910 34, 086.511 12, 899 , 359 46, 985 , 870
Novorossisk . . 1910 5 , 684 , 472 35, 522 . 800 41, 207, 272
Vladivostok . 1910 24 ,664,556 896 , 292 25 ,560, 848
Spain ;
Harcelong . . . . 1910 57, 688, 833 26 , 774 , 964 84 , 463, 797
Bilbao . . . . . . .. 1910 15 , 561, 498 10, 901, 903 25, 463, 401
AMERICA.
United States: -
New York . . . . 1912 976 , 744 , 320 817, 945 , 803
New Orleans. . . 1912
1,793,690 ,123
75 , 089 , 887 149 , 160 , 910 224 , 250,797
Galveston . . . 1912 4 , 309, 758 218 , 146 ,097 222, 455 , 855
Bostons 1912 129, 293,016 69, 692 , 171 198, 985 , 187
Philadelphia 1912 85 , 038 , 185 69, 069 , 730 154, 107 . 915
Baltimore. . . . 1912 26 , 438 , 400 92 , 210 . 877 118, 649. 277
San Francisco . 1912 59, 235, 471 49 , 249, 734 108 , 485 , 205
Savannah . . 1912 5 , 129, 979 104, 286 , 925 109, 416 , 904
Puget Sound . 1912 39, 011, 250 63, 745 ,572 102, 756 . 822
Canada : Montreal 1 . 1912 138, 291, 851 74 , 944, 869 213, 236 , 720
Mexico :
Tampico . . . . . . 1912 19 , 037, 493 46 . 192, 692 65, 230, 185
Vera Cruz. . . . . . 1912 36 , 309, 552 43.614 ,581 79, 924, 133
Cuba : Habang .. 1911 71, 219, 293 43 . 996 . 135 115 , 215 , 428
Argentina : Buenos Aires . . 1932 304, 131,043 175, 405 , 198 479, 536 , 241
Santos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 160 .589. 521
64, 353. 972 224 . 943,493
Rio Janeiro . 1910 87, 237 , 063 38 ,066 ,876 125 , 325, 939
Chile :
Valparaiso . 1911 59, 377, 274 5 , 547, 320 64 ,924 . 594
Iquique . . . . 1911 10 , 209 , 782 23, 669. 957 33 , 879 ,739
Uruguay : Mon 1911 43 , 587, 073 31,430 ,794 75 ,017 , 867
I Calendar years unless otherwise specified by nolo .

2 Including Queenborough ,
2 Including Runcorn .
*Tyne ports comprise Newcastle, North Shields, and South Shields.
6 Years ended Juno 30 .
6 Including Charlestown .
1 Years ended Mar. 31.
PRINCIPAL PORTS OF THE WORLD : VESSEL TONNAGE MOVEMENT IN

THE FOREIGN TRADE, DURING THE LATEST YEAR FOR WHICH
DATA ARE AVAILABLE .
(Sources: Officłalreports of the respective countries.)
Country and Year ! Entered . Cleared . Country and Year. Entered . Cleared.
port . port.
EUROPE . AMERICA - contd .

Great Britain : Net tons. Niltons. United States Md tons. Net tong.
Cardill . . . . 1911 5 ,520 , 126 8 , 328 , 017 Continued .
Hull . . . . . . . 1911 3 . 534, 964 3 , 185, 290 Puget Sound . . . 1912 2 ,498. 150 2.857.SIS
Liverpool . 1911 7 , 987 , 719 6 , 880, 271 San Francisco . . 1912 928, 289 1 . 151. 942
London . 1911 11, 973, 249 9 , 001. 974 I Canada : ?
Tyne ports . . 1911 5 , 954, 498 6 , 842, 199 Montreal. . . . 1912 1. 702, 690 1.683.261
Glasgow . . . . . 1911 2 , 116 , 512 3 , 418 , 771 || Vancouver . .. 1912 1 , 884, 846 1 , 874. 363
Malta -Valetta 1912 4 , 119 , 221 4 , 121, 599 Victoria . . . . 1912 1, 874, 102 1 ,745,799
Gibraltar . . . 1911 5, 903,529 5 , 800 , 634 | Mexico ; 1,8
Germany : Vera Cruz . . 1911 925 , 086 788,024
Hamburg . . . 1911 11, 830 . 919 11, 945 , 239 Tampico ,. . . 1911 551,698 762. 135
Bremen . . . . . 1911 1, 455 , 487 1 . + 37 , 371 | Argentina: Bue
Bremerhaven . . . 1911 1 ,696 , 538 1, 608, 388 nos Aires . . . 1908 5, 981, 477 5 , 079, 863
Denmark : Copen Brazil:
hagen . . . . . 1910 3 , 135 , 006 3 ,239,021 Santos . . . . . 1911 3 , 440 . SSO 3. 310 . 414
France ; Rio de Janeiro. . 1911 4 .541 . 820 3. 696. 907
Havre . . . . . 1910 4 . 028 , 057 4 , 138 , 172 Cuba : Habana . . 1911 3 , 117, 313 3, 121, 372
Cherbourg . . 1910 4 , 034. 061 4 , 031, 007
Bordeaux . . . 1910 2 , 062. 188 2, 194, 755 ASIA .
Boulogne . . . . 1910 2.523, 146 2 ,510 , 454
Marseüle . . . . 1910 8 . 161. 344 8 . 186 , 315 British India :
Austrie : Trieste . . . 1911 2, 031. 995 2 .021. 034 Bombay . . . . . 1911 1, 829 , 997 1.652,871
Belgium : Antwerp 1911 13 , 330 , 699 13, 325 , 781 Calcutta .. . . . . 1911 2 , 059, 652 1 , 741, 638
Netherlands: Rot British Colonies :
terdam . . . . . . . . . . 1911 11, 052 , 186 10. 800 .490 Hongkong Vic
Italy : toris 8 . . . . 1911 10 . 246 , 622 10, 243. 898
Genoa . . . . . . 1910 1 . 562, 082 4 , 025 , 097 Singapore ? ! . 1911 7 , 737 , 785 7 , 717. 91
Naples . 1910 3 , 303, 898 3 , 296 , 836 Colombo . . 1911 7 , 074 , 152 7 , 073 . 170
Greece : Piræus . . . 1910 3, 778, 371 3 . 776 , 056 Aden 2 ,9 . . .. 1912 3 , 594 , SSS 3 .592. 154
Portugal; Lisbon . . 1910 4 , 739 , 383 4 , 635 , 966 China : Shanghai 10 1911 9, 170 , 309 9, 429,996
Russis : Japan :
Cronstadt- St. Yokohama. . . 1911 3 ,645 , 162 3 .448. 773
Petersburg . . 1910 1 , 897, 517 1, 894, 816 Nagasaki. . . 1911 2 , 418, 310 2, 382, 144
Odessa . . . . . 1910 1. 413 , 157 1 . 354, 952 Kobe . . . . . . 1911 5 , 6-40 , 946 5 .539. 847
Riga . 1910 1 , 683, 826 1, 744, 846 Moji. . . . . . 1911 4 , 036 , 431 4, 113 ,472
Taganrog . . 1910 1 , 189 , 742 1, 190 , 894
Vladivostok 1910 895 , 417 826, 250 AFRICA .
Spain :
Barcelona . . . . . . 1910 2 , 464, 111 1 .615 . 045 Egypt: Alexan
Bilbao (Vizcaya ) 1910 2, 148 , 256 1 , 609, 378 dria . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 3, 443 ,705 3.414,966
Turkey : Constan Union of South
tinople . . . . . . . . . . 1912 $ 20 , 171,065 Africa :
Cape Town . . . . . 1911 2,195 , 902 1,952.023
AMERICA . Port Natal. . . . . 1911 3 , 078 , 7.15 3, 133, 359
United States: OCEANIA .
New York . . . . . 1912 13,673 ,765 13,519,138
Boston and Australia : 11
Charlestown 1912 2 , 948. 244 1. 872, 493 Melbourne . 1911 550. 259 372 , 216
Philadelphia . . . 1912 2 , 700 , 193 2 , 187, 108 Sydney . . . . . . 1911 991. 706 944 . 972
Baltimore . . . . . . . 1912 1 , 192 ,037 1 . 459 , 406 Fremantle . . . 1911 802, 860 607. 842
Galveston . . . . . . 1912 1 . 025 257 1 . 319 , 347 Adelaide . . . 1911 581, 355
New Orleans. . . 1912 2 , 214 , 681 2 , 360, 013
1 Calendar years unless otherwise specified by note .

? Year ended Mar. 31.
3 Totalmovement ofshipping. excluding sailing and small cousting vessels. Separate data for entrences
and clearances not available . Year ended Feb . 29 .
1 Year ended June jo .
5 Gross tons.
. Excluding Chinese junks engaged in the forcign trade.
Dollars
Million
Amoudt
201
Serture
in
1600 19lbCentury
8
The accompanying chart shows graphically
the world 's production of gold , from the dis
covery of America to the close of the year
1911. The horizontal divisions of the chart
measure the lapse of time by ten -year periods .
The vertical divisions represent the value of
the production in American money, each divi
sion representing ten million dollars. The pro
duction of silver until its demonetization in
1873 is also shown , superimposed on the gold
production ,
Semonetized
Silver
Isilver
ITOO 18th century
Total Gold and Silver

Money in theWord in
1492
LOO 176 Century
434,000 ,000
( $ 170 ,000 ,000 )
BILVER
THE WORLD ' S PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER .

NOTES TO PRECEDING PAGE - Continued .
7 Erduding warships, transports , yachts , native craft and steam and sailing vessels under 50 tons, but
Including vessels engaged in intersettlement trade.
Exclading the tonnage of vessels that callod for the purpose of coaling and for orders only .
Including nativo craft .
Torna of vessels ontered and cleared at the maritime customs.
11 Figures of direct entrances and clearances from and to places outside the Commonwealth .
PRINCIPAL PORTS OF THE WORLD : FOREIGN COMMERCE DURING THE LATEST

YEAR FOR WHICH DATA ARE AVAILABLE - Continued .
Country and port. Year. Imports. Exports. Total commerce.
ASIA . Dollars. Dollars. Dollars .

China : Shanghai . . . . . 1911 137,571, 828 104, 414 , 266 241 , 986 , 094
Japan :
Yokohama. . . 1911 87,439,734 112,673,238 200 . 112 . 972
Kobe . . . . 1911 127,605 , 203 59, 288, 935 186 , 894, 138
British Colonies :
Singapore 2. . 1911 148 ,556, 452 120 , 944, 052 269, 500 , 504
Calcutta 3, 4 . . 1911 157 . 482. 211 252, 646 ,619 410 , 123. 800
Bombay 3, . . 1911 153. 590 , 789 204 , 509 . 066 358, 099,855
AFRICA .
Egypt: Alexandria . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1911 107,698 , 158 138,477, 779 146, 175,937

OCEANIA .
Australia : 5
Sydney . . 1911 128. 352, 288 149 , 380, 512 277 , 732,810
Melbourne . . . 1911 87, 158 , 450
104, 682, 907 191, 841, 357
1 Direct foreign trade , exclusive of reexports .

2 Exclusive of intersettlement trade.
3 Years ended Mar . 31.
Merchandise only , exclusive of Govornment stores.
& Exclusive ofinterstate commerce .
BRAZIL ECUADOR ST. THOMAS TRINIDAD

34,270 31. JA ( W . AFRICA) 23 . 260
FRANCE ITALY SPAIN 30 , 094
1,331, 900,000 840,890 ,000 418 ,616,000
o
T
GAL
HO
ALGERIA AUSTRIA PORTUGAL GERMANY

181. 031, 000 HUNGARY 113, 300 , 000 68.991.000 BRIT. W . AFRICA VENEZUELA S . DOMINGO GRENAD
174 , 282,000 22 ,830 17, 160 15 ,057 6462
WINE. COCOA.
(inkuNews.
(in gallons.)
ONE YEAR ' S PRODUCTION .
(in tons.)
GOLD : VALCES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AND ANNUAL Excess OF
IMPORTS OR EXPORTS, 1862 to 1912.1
Year Exports . Excess of -

eoded Imports .
June Exports over Imports over
Domestic.? | Foreign. Total. imports . exports.
Dollars . Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.

31. 044 .651 4 , 395 , 252 13 , 907 ,011
1870 . . . . 28 ,580 ,609 5 ,055 , 353 33,635,962 12 .056 . 950 | 21,579,012
IW . .
199 . . .
1 .775 ,039 1 ,863,986 3 ,639 ,025 80 .758,396 1 . .
77,119,37i
13 ,403,632 3 , 870 .859 17 , 274 ,491 12,943, 342 4 , 331, 149
1900. . . . 46 .693,893 1 ,572.866 48 , 266 ,759 44 ,573 , 184 3 ,693,575
1910 . . . . 114 ,569,714 3 ,993 ,501 118 ,563 ,215 43, 339,905 175 ,223 ,310
1911. . . . 21,810 ,820 698 ,833 22,509 ,653 73 ,607 ,013 ***51,097,360
1912.. . . 53,495 ,479 3 ,832,869 57 ,328 ,348 48 ,936 ,500 8 ,391,848
The figures relate to coin and bullion only prior to 1895 ; subsequently they include ore also .
Gold and silver cannot be separately stated in domestic exports prior to 1864, but it is
probable that the greater portion of the exports was gold , under which head the silver in question
is included .
BRITISH UILES 121,390 SQ. M RUSSIA IN EUROPE 1. 236 .743 SQM

BRITISH EMPIRE 11,908.378 RUSSIAN ENPIRE 8,647,657
CHINESE ENPIRE BRITISH EMPIRE RUSSIAN ENP. UNITED STATES

433 .559 , 090 394,924 ,905 152 ,009, 300 & POSSESSIONS
CHERA PROPER BRITISH ISLes RUSSIA IN EUROPE 100, 164 , 059
497,253 , 030 45, 216 , 741 HII, 279 ,500 UNITED STATES
91, 272 , 266 FRANCE 207, 054 CHINA 1,532, 420 SM , UNITED STATES
WITH POSSESSIONS CHINESE EMPIRE 2 .970.230 SQ.M .
0959
4 ,383,180 SQM . 4 ,277, 170 S . M . WITH POSSESSIONS

3 ,699 , 130 SQ. M
24947
(
,7
2
44 NCIJA
,90JA29
610030
00
00
69
61
810
5747
910
61
34
96619
33
86
557594
7,317
.317
.618
,2
27
,149
.0
,0
,2
,3
10
5
18
. 32
64
,2
,0
,9GERMAN
9,018
PORTUGUESE
TURKEY 65,350 GERMANY BELGIUM PORTUGAL

CE
,3TURKISH
JAPANESE
POSSESSIONS
EMPIAI
TURKISN ENDIRE 208 . 780 11. 373 35 ,490

,FRA
TRAN
EMPIRE
PORTUGAL
EMPIRE
1565, 020 SU G . EMPIRE WITH CONGO PORTUGUESE

82
24
GERMANY
023
HOLLAND
1.236 ,600 321, 027

SPANISH
838 , 442
00
77
00
2
262
414
.
BELGIAN
BELGIUM
35
38
ITALIAN
67
14791
,4
TURKEY
,40
DUTCM
,5
ITALY
SPAIN
JAPAN
NOLLAND ITALY SPAIN JAPAN DENMARK

12 .648 110 , 6 .59 194.783 147,655 16 , 592
DUTCH ITALIAN SPANISN JAPANESE DANISM
795 ,311 329, 159 275 . 363 261, 540 102 .230
HOME AND COLONIAL POPULATIONS AND AREAS OF THE

WORLD ' S EMPIRES.
PRICES OF THE LEADING ARTICLES OF GRAIN, GROCERIES AN

PROVISIONS IN NEW YORK MARKET.
[Sources: Coffee, Mr. Louis Seligsberg, New York ; Sugar. Messrs. Wlllett A Gray; other figures,
Henry Heinzer, statistician, New York Produce Exchange]
redNo.W2,heat,bwuispernhtel.r, mNo.Corn,2.ixed, mOats,
No.2,ixed, prime
Lard,
contract, Beef,
emxperetsra, barPork,mperes , Tparperlimoew, Coffee. Susrar.
bupershel. bupershel. poperund. B
lair
to
r a z i l , p r
per
i m e , Java,
pound.
per = ■0
bar el. pound. *it i
Calendar
year. rel. II Is ■
pound.' -"II Ik I
.15 ji
K°-sl =i
Dolts. Cent). Cents. Cent*. Dolls. Dolls. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cenlt. CenU 0m
1891 1.094 70.4 46.0 6.59 8.35 11.38 4.81 17.80 16.40 24.50 3.92 4.47 4
1892 .908 54.0 36.3 7.69 6. 86 11.62 4.62 15.83 14.43 26.37 3.32 4.21 4.
1693 .739 49.9 85. 9 10.84 8.17 18.35 5.44 18.82 17.42 24.23 8.69 4.72 4.
1894 .611 60.9 37.2 7:75 8.16 14. 13 4.81 17.81 16.41 23.25 3.21 4.00 4.
1895 .669 47.7 28.9 6.50 8.09 11.91 4.33 17. SO 15.80 26.60 3.23 4.00 4.
1890 .781 34.0 23.3 4.67 7.51 8.95 8.44 15.05 12.15 23.44 3.62 4.41 4.1
1897 .954 31.9 23.2 4.42 7.71 8.86 8.31 11.96 9.80 24.00 3.66 4. 38 4.1
1898 .952 37.6 29.7 6.53 9.16 9.82 3.66 8.00 6.80 24.00 4.24 4.84 4.1
1899 .794 41.3 30.7 5.67 9.26 9.35 4.54 7.45 6.26 24.00 4.42 4.80 4.'
1900 .804 45.3 27.3 7.05 9.73 12.48 4.84 9.60 8.30 22.00 4.-57 6.12 5.3
1901 .803 56.7 36.6 8.87 9.32 15.62 6.25 8.60 7.38 17.00 4.05 4.85 5 C
1902 .836 68.4 44.9 10.59 11.75 17.94 B 31 6.75 5.65 16.00 3.54 4.27 J .
1903 .853 57.2 41.1 8.81 9.03 16.50 6.06 6.75 5.60 15.75 3.72 48 1
1904 1.107 69.4 42.0 7.32 8.82 14.01 4.60 8.80 7.70 15.00 3.97 4. 4. 62 ^ 7
1905 1.028 59.8 85.0 7. 44 10.02 14.43 4.50 9.15 8.25 16.00 4.28 5.11
1906 .865 56.0 38. 0 8.S8 8.85 17.55 5.31 9.25 8.10 14.60 8.69 4.37 5.1 4.!
1907 .963 64.0 49.6 9.20 9.83 17.61
1.04; 78.6 54.5 9.08 13.20 15.93 6.25 8.85 6.60 16.60 8.76
5.50 7.85 6.25 18.50 4.07 4.45
190X 4. f
1909 1.263 76.7 61.4 11.68 11.09 21.34 6.00 8.75 7.85 18.00 4.00 4.56 4.1 4.76 4.
1910 1.118 66.8 12. 52 14.64 23.72 7.26 10.15 9.60 18.00 4.19 4.77 LI
1911 .963 71.1 « 45. 7 9.11 12.92 19.12 6.60 14.35 13.25 18.75 4.45S 5.145 6.1
1912. 1.091 (*) 66.4 10.51 15.60 19.33 6. 13 16. CO 14.45 18.75 4.162 4.801 5.0
1 No. 3, Exchange standard. 'No. 2 white oats. »N«
ESTIMATED STOCK OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE UNITED STATES

At the end of the fiscal year June 30, 1912, against $647,371,030 in 1900, $463,211.91
the population of the United States was in 1890, $148,522,678 in 1880, and $6,149.30
95.650.OO0, against 76,891,000 in 1900, in 1873. The amount of gold per capita i
62,622,250 in 1890, 50,155,783 in 1880, and the United States at the end of the fiscaJ yea
41,677,000 in 1873. The total stock of gold June 30, 1912, was $18.95, against $13.45 i
coin and bullion in 1912 was $1,812,856,241 1900, $11.10 in 1890, $7.01 in 1880. an.
against $1,034,439,264 in 1900, $695,563,029 $3.23 in 1873. At the end of this same perio
in 1890, $351,841,206 in 1880, and $135,000,- the supply of silver per capita was $7.72
000 in 1873. The total stock of silver coin against $8.42 in 1900, $7.39 in 1890, $2.9*3 v
and bullion in 1912 amounted to $741,184,095 1880, and $0.15 in 1873.
RESOURCES AND LIABILITIES OF NATIONAL BANKS IN 1912.

The resources of the 7,397 National Banks banks, 48.5 millions; clearing-house ex
in the United States on September 4, 1912, changes 296.0 millions; due from United
which amounted to a grand total of 10,963.4 States Treasurer 41.9 millions; other resources
million dollars, were derived from the follow
ing sources: Loans and discounts, including 56.0 millions.
Their liabilities for the same period,
overdrafts, 6,061.0 million dollars; bonds for totaling 10,963.4 million dollars, were M
circulation 724.0 millions; other United
States bonds and other bonds for deposits follows: Capital stock 1,046.0 millions; sur
plus fund 701.0 millions; undivided profits
78.7 millions; bonds, securities, etc., 1,039.9 242.7 millions; national bank circulation
millions; due from banks and reserve agents 713.8 millions;
1,453.0 millions; real estate, banking house, individual deposits 5,891.6
etc., 268.5 millions; specie, 713.4 millions; millions; due to banks and reserve agent*
legal-tender notes 182.5 millions; bills of other 2,177.4 millions; other liabilities 190.0 mil!;-
Relative Prices of Commodities, 1890 to 1911, by Groups

Relative Price in 1890 to 1899—100
Cloths Fuel Metals Lumber House
Year or Farm Food, and and and Im and Furnish- Miscel
Month Products etc. Clothing Lighting plements Building ng Goods laneous
Material
1390 110.0 112.4 1 13.5 104.7 119.2 111.0 111 1 110.3
1581 121.5 115.7 III 3 102.7 111.7 108^4 110.2 109.4
IW 111.7 103.6 109.0 101.1 106.0 102.8 100.5 106.2
ism 107.9 110.2 107.2 100.0 100.7 101.9 104.9 105.9
l«H 9S.9 99.8 96.1 92.4 90.7 96.3 100.1 99.8
1W5 93.3 94.6 92.7 98.1 92.0 94.1 96 5 94.5
1W« 78.3 83.8 91.3 104 3 93.7 93.4 94.0 91.4
1597 85.2 87.7 91.1 96.4 86.6 90.4 89.8 92.1
1898 »t.l 94.4 93.4 99.4 86.4 96.8 92.0 92.4
189» 100 0 98.3 96.7 105.0 114.7 105.8 96.1 97.7
1900 109.5 104 2 106 8 120.9 120.5 115.7 106.1 109.8
1901 116.9 105.9 101.0 119.5 111.9 116.7 110.9 107.4
1903 130 5 111.3 102.0 134.3 117.2 118.8 112 2 114.1
1908 118.8 107.1 106.6 149 3 117.6 121.4 113 0 113.6
1904 128.2 107.2 109.8 133.6 109.6 122.7 111 7 111.7
1905 124.2 108.7 112 0 128.8 122.6 127.7 109.1 112.8
i9oe 123.6 112 6 120 0 131.9 135 2 140.1 111.0 121 1
1907 137.1 117.8 126 7 135 0 143.4 146.9 118.5 127.1
1908 133.1 120.6 116.9 130.8 125 4 133 1 114.0 119.9
I90» 453.1 124.7 110.6 129.3 124.8 138.4 111.7 125 9
mo 164.6 128.7 123 7 125.4 128? 153.3 111.6 133.1
162 0 131.3 119.6 122.4 119.4 151.9 111.1 131.3
ALTY AND SURETY INSURANCE Gold and Silver Currency and
BUSINESS IN 1911. Total Money in the Treasury
The Dusiness of Companies doing a miscel and in Circulation.
laneous insurance business in the United At the close of the fiscal year 1912 the gold
States during the year 1911 was divided as in the United States was divided as follows:
follows: Automobile business, $2,676,767 Coin and bullion in the Treasury $264,028,-
received from premiums, $1,129,193 paid for 646, and in circulation $610,724,154; certifi
loviaes; burglary, $2,850,344 received from cates in circulation $943,435,618. Thus the
p remiums, $1,110,978 paid for losses; credit, total amount of gold coin, bullion and certifi
$1,752,582 received from premiums, $1,056,- cates in the United States was $1,818,188,418.
133 paid for losses: fidelity and surety, The silver of the United States, for the same
$10,958,051 received from premiums, $4,980,- year, was divided as follows: Standard dollars
4.30 paid for losses; health, $7,101,666 re in the Treasury $25,785,046, and in circula
ceived from premiums, $3,314,301 paid for tion $70,339,574; certificates in circulation
looses; liability. $35,201,753 received from $469,224,400; subsidiary coin in the Treasury
premiums, $20,341,029 paid for losses; $25,554,007 und in circulation $145,034,198.
personal accident, $27,351,620 received from Thus the total standard dollars and certifi
premiums, $11,837,347 paid for losses; plate cates in the Treasury and in circulation
slam. $3,960,546 received from premiums. amounted to $565,349,020, and the amount
$1,714,236 paid for losses; steam boiler, of subsidiary coin to $170,588,205.
$2,246,225 received from premiums, $282,338
paid for losses; sprinkler business, $178,016 Aggregate Savings Deposits of
received from premiums, $73,438 paid for Savings Banks, Number of De
I jsses; flywheel, $184,514 received from
premiums, $75,704 paid for losses; live stock, positors, and Average Amount
$572,564 received from premiums, $267,315 Due to Each Depositor: Year
paid for losses; workmen's collective, $711,726 Ended June 30, 1912.
received from premiums, $306,433 paid for
losses. Courtesy Spectator Ins. Year Book. At the end of the fiscal year 1912 there were
1,922 Savings Banks in the United States.
The first fire insurance company in the (This includes only mutual and stock savings
United States was established in Boston, Mass. banks transacting chiefly a savings bank
by the Sun Insurance Company (English) in business) and thev had depositors to the
1728. The first fire insurance policy was issued number of 10,010,304. The total amount of
in Hartford, Conn., 1794. First accident in the deposits for the year was $4,451,818,522-
surance company established at Hartford, 88 or an average deposit to each depositor of
Conn.. 1863. $444.72. - -
PRICES OF THE LEADING ARTICLES OF GRAIN , GROCERIES AN
PROVISIONS IN NEW YORK MARKET.
[Sources: Coffee, Mr. Louis Seligsberg, New York ; Sugar, Messrs. Willett & Gray ; other figures,
contract
.2,rWheat
Henry Heinzer, statistician, New York Produce Exchangc.)
prime
rime
,pTallow
bushel
mess
Nixed
.winter
Nixed
xtra
,pBeef
,Lard
egs
,pPork
eer
Corn
bar
standard
,centrifu
o
,.2mOats
er
Ned
mer
Coffee. Suger,
changé
. hel
,per
. hel
pound
prime
pound
Brazil
stand
,.2m
pound
pound
,per
.Java
barrel
bus
A,Soft
,fair
bus
per
,per
per
x
,per
pound
Raw
No
.ard
.gals
. d
per
,per
to
poun
.7,E
per
.
.1 ound
rel
Calendar
.
year,
p
Noin
agorna
Dolls. Cents. Cents . Cents. | Dolls. Dolls. Cente . Conts. Cents . Cente . Cente. Cents. O
osoC
1891 . 1. 094 70 . 4 46 . 0 6 . 59 8 . 36 11. 38 4 . 81 17 . 80 | 16 . 40 98123214 21
1892 . . 908 54 . 0 36 . 3 17. 69 6 . 86 11. 52 4 . 62 15. 83
1893 . 739 49 . 9 35 . 9 18 . 35 5 . 44 | 18 . 82 17. 42 4 . 72
1891. . 50 . 9 37. 2 8 . 16 14. 13 4 . 81 17 . 81 | 16 . 41 4 . 00
1895 . 47. 7 28 . 9 8 . 09 11. 91 4 . 33 | 17. 80 15 . 80 4 . 00
1896 . 84 . 0 7 .51 8. 95 15 . 05
1897 . 31. 9 23 . 2 7 . 71 8 . 85 11.
4 . 38
1898 37 . 6 29 .7 9 . 16 9 . 82 8 . 56 & 00
4 . 84
1899 41. 3 80 . 7 9 . 26 9 . 85 42 4 . 80
1900 . . 804 45 . 3 27. 3 9 .73 12. 48 5 . 12
1901. 803 56 . 7 36 . 6 9 . 32 15. 62 1 . 5 . 25 8 . 60 14. 856
1902. . 836 68 . 4 44. 9 11. 75 17 . 94 6 81 6 . 75 4 . 27
rios
1903 . . 863 57 . 2 41. 1 9 . 03 16 . 50 6 . 75 4 . 49
osSc
‫ܧ‬
‫ܗܗܩ‬
Wid
1904. 1 . 107 59. 4 42. 0 8 . 82 14 .01 8 . 80 15 .00
1905 . 1 . 028 59 . 3 35 . 0 10 .02 14 . 43 4 . 50 9 . 15 15 . 00 5 . 11
4
.
1906 . . . . 865 56. 0 38 . 0 8 . 85 17. 55 5 . 31 9. 25 14 .50
1907 . . . . . 963 64. 0 49 . 6 9. 20 9 . 83 17 . 61 6 . 25 8 . 85 16 . 50 8 . 76
1908 . . 1 . 041 78 . 6 54. 5 9 . 08 13 . 20 5 . 50 7 . 85 6 . 25 18 . 50 4. 07
1909 . 1. 263 76 . 7 61. 4 11. 68 11. 09 6 . 00 8 . 75 18. 00 4 . 00 4 . 56
1910 . 1. 118 66 . 8 12. 52 14 . 64 7 . 25 9. 60 18 . 00 4 . 19
1911 . . . . 963 71 . 1 % 45 . 7 9. 11 12. 92 19. 12 6 . 50 14 .85 13. 25 18. 75 4 . 453 5 . 145 6 .
1912 . . . 1 . 091 56. 4 10 .51 80 6 . 13 15. 60 14 . 45 18.75 4 . 162 4. 891 5.
1 No. 3, Exchange standard . ? No. 2 wbite oats, a Nominal.
ESTIMATED STOCK OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE UNITED STATE

At the end of the fiscal year June 30, 1912, against $647,371,030 in 1900 , $463,211,9
the population of the United States was in 1890 , $ 148,522,678 in 1880 , and $6 , 149,
95 ,656 , 000 , against 76 ,891,000 in 1900 , in 1873. The amount of gold per capita
62,622, 250 in 1890 , 50 , 155 ,783 in 1880, and the United States at the end of the fiscal y
41.677, 000 in 1873 . The total stock of gold June 30 , 1912 , was $ 18 .95 , against $ 13 .45
coin and bullion in 1912 was $ 1 ,812,856 ,241 1900 , $ 11. 10 in 1890 , $ 7 .01 in 1880 ,
against $ 1,034 ,439, 264 in 1900 , $695 ,563 ,029 $ 3 .23 in 1873 . At the end of this same per
in 1890 , $ 351,841, 206 in 1880 , and $ 135 ,000 , the supply of silver per capita was $ 7
000 in 1873 . The total stock of silver coin against $ 8 .42 in 1900 , $ 7 .39 in 1890 , $ 2 .00
and bullion in 1912 amounted to $ 741, 184 ,095 1880 , and $ 0 . 15 in 1873 .
RESOURCES AND LIABILITIES OF NATIONAL BANKS IN 1912.

The resources of the 7 ,397 National Banks banks, 48 .5 millions; clearing-house
in the United States on September 4 , 1912 , changes 296 .0 millions; due from l'ni
which amounted to a grand total of 10 , 963. 4 States Treasurer 41.9 millions ; other resour
million dollars, were derived from the follow 56 . 0 millions.
ing sources : Loans and discounts , including Their liabilities for the same peri
overdrafts, 6 , 061.0 million dollars ; bonds for totaling 10 , 963. 4 million dollars , were
circulation 724 . 0 millions ; other United
States bonds and other bonds for deposits follows: Capital stock 1 ,046 . 0 millions; 5
78 .7 millions ; bonds, securities, etc., 1 ,039. 9 plus fund 701.0 millions; undivided prod
millions ; due from banks and reserve agents 242.7 millions; national bank circulat
1,453.0268.5
millions; real specie
estate,, banking house , 713.8 millions; individual deposits 5 ,89
etc., millions; 713.4 millions; millions: due to banks and reserve aged
legal- tender notes 182 .5 millions ; bills of other | 2 . 177 . 4 millions : other liabilities 190 . 0 million
RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1911, BY GROUPS
Relative Price in 1890 to 1899-- 100
Cloths Fuel Metals Lumber House

Year or | Farm Food , and 1 and and Im and Furnish - Miscel
Nonth Products etc . Lighting plements Building ing Goods laneous
Material
1890 .. . . 110 . 0 112 . 4 113 .5 104 . 7 119 . 2 111 ,0 111 . 1 110 . 3

1991, 121. 5 115 . 7 111 . 3 102 . 7 111 . 7 108 . 4 110 . 2 109 .4
111 . 7 103 . 6 109 .0 101. 1 106 . 0 102 . 8 106 . 5 106 . 2
107 . 9 110 . 2 107 . 2 100 . 0 100 . 7 101. 9 104 . 9 105 . 9
95 . 9 99 . 8 96 . 1 92 . 4 90 . 7 96 . 3 100 . 1 99. 8
93. 3 94 . 6 92. 7 98 . 1 92 . 0 94 . 1 96 . 5 94 . 5
1596 .. .. 78 . 3 83. 8 91. 3 104 . 3 93 . 7 93 . 4 94 . 0 91. 4
85 . 2 87 . 7 91. 1 96 . 4 86 . 6 90 . 4 89 . 8 92 . 1
96 . 1 94 . 4 93 . 4 95 . 4 86 . 4 96 . 8 92 . 0 92 . 4
100 . 0 98 . 3 96 . 7 105 . 0 114 . 7 105 . 8 95 . 1 97 . 7
109 . 5 104 . 2 106 . 8 120 . 9 120 . 5 115 . 7 106 . 1 109 . 8
1901 116 . 9 105 . 9 101 . 0 119 . 5 111 . 9 116 . 7 110 . 9 107 . 4
130 . 5 111. 3 102 . 0 134 . 3 117 . 2 118 .8 112 . 2 114 . 1
1903 . 118 . 8 107 . 1 106 . 6 149. 3 117 . 6 121 .4 113 . 0 113 . 6
1904 126 . 2 107 . 2 109 . 8 132 . 6 109 . 6 122 . 7 111. 7 111. 7
1905 124 .21 108. 7 112 . 0 128 . 8 122.5 127 . 7 109 . 1 112 . 8
1906. 123 . 6 112 . 6 120 . 0 131. 9 135 . 2 140 . 1 111. 0 121 . 1
137 . 1 117 . 8 126 . 7 135 . 0 143 . 4 146 . 9 118 .5 127 . 1
133. 1 120 . 6 116 . 9 130 . 8 125 .4 133 . 1 114 . 0 119 . 9
453 . 1 124 . 7 119 . 6 129 . 3 124 . 8 138 . 4 111. 7 125 . 9
1910 . .. . . 164 .6 128 . 7 123 . 7 125 . 4 128 .5 153 . 2 111 . 6 133 . 1
1911.. . . . 162. 0 131. 3 119 . 6 122 . 4 119 . 4 151. 9 111 .11 131 . 2
CASUALTY AND SURETY INSURANCE GOLD AND SILVER CURRENCY AND

BUSINESS IN 1911. TOTAL MONEY IN THE TREASURY
The business of Companies doing a miscel AND IN CIRCULATION .
laneous insurance business in the United At the close of the fiscal year 1912 the gold
States during the year 1911 was divided as in the United States was divided as follows:
Lollows: Automobile business. $ 2 .676 . 767 Coin and bullion in the Treasury $ 264 ,028 ,
tobeived from premiums, $ 1, 129,193 paid for 646 , and in circulation $610 .724 , 154 ; certifi
Kongas; burglary , $ 2 ,850,344 received from cates in circulation $ 943 .435 .618 . Thus the
premnius, $ 1,110 , 978 paid for losses; credit, total amount of gold coin , bullion and certifi
1,752,582 received from premiums, $ 1,056 , cates in the United States was $ 1 ,818 , 188 ,418 .
133 paid for losses ; fidelity and surety , The silver of the United States, for the same
116.958,051 received from premiums, $4 ,980 , year, was divided as follows: Standard dollars
< paid for losses; health , $ 7 , 101,666 re in the Treasury $ 25 , 785 ,046 , and in circula
reived from premiums, $ 3 ,314 ,301 paid for tion $ 70 ,339,574 ; certificate , in circulation
uses; liability . $35 , 201,753 received from $ 469 ,224 ,400 ; subsidiary coin in the Treasury
pratums, $ 20 . 341,029 paid for losses ; $ 25 ,554 ,007 and in circulation $ 145 ,034 , 198.
personal accident. $ 27 ,351,626 received from Thus the total standard dollars and certifi
premiums, $ 11,837,347 paid for losses; plate cates in the Treasury and in circulation
1189, $ 3 , 960 ,546 received from premiums, amounted to $ 565 , 349,020 , and the amount
91714, 236 paid for losses ; steam boiler , of subsidiary coin to $ 170, 588, 205 .
32.246 ,225 received from premiums, $282 , 338
paid for losses ; sprinkler business, $ 178 ,016 AGGREGATE SAVINGS DEPOSITS or
received from premiums, $73,438 paid for SAVINGS BANKS , NUMBER OF DE
Les flywheel, $ 184 ,514 received from
ureuiums, $ 75 ,704 paid for losses: live stock , POSITORS , AND AVERAGE AMOUNT
$972.564 received from premiums, $ 267 ,315 DUE TO EACH DEPOSITOR : YEAR
paul for losses ; workmen ' s collective, $711,726
Feroved from premiums, $ 306 ,433 paid for ENDED JUNE 30 , 1912 .
local Courtesy Spectator Ins. Year Book . At the end of the fiscal year 1912 there were
1. 922 Savings Banks in the United States.
The first fire insurance company in the ( This includes only mutual and stock savings
nited States was established in Boston , Mass . banks transacting chiefly a savings bank
by the Sun Insurance Company (English ) in business ) and they had depositors to the
12 . The first hire insurance policy was issued number of 10 ,010 ,304 . The total amount of
in Hartiord , Conn ., 1794. First accident in the deposits for the year was $ 4 ,451,818 ,522.
surance company established at Hartford , 88 or an average deposit to each depositor of
Conn 1863
., . $ 444 .72 .
LG
RE
EN
LA
ND
VILAN
A
I
PA
NT
AASA RE
V
E!
ON
SL
SO
CHICAS NEW YORK

SAN FRANCISCO UNITED T A
ME
LOS
LC
SAN
O
DOLEANS
GULF ON
MEXICO
PRANAMA CANAL
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM NORTH AMERICA .
HIGHEST AND LOWEST CONTINENTAL ALTITUDES.

In order to compare the elevations in the United States with those in foreign countries the follow
list is given , but many of the figures must be considered as approximate only :
HIGHEST POINT. LOWEST POINT.
ELSYATION
NAME (TEET).
North America. . . . Mount McKinley, Alaska . . . . . . . 20, 300 Death Valley , California . . .
South America . Mount Aconcagua, Chile- Argentina . 23,080 Sea level . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Europe . . Mont Blanc, France. .. . . .. . 15,789 Caspian Sea, Russia .. . .
Asia . . .. . . . Mount Everest, India-China . . .. . . . 29, 002 Dead Sea, Palestine .. . . . .
Africa . . . . . Kibo Peak, German East Africa . . . . 19, 320 Desert of Babars - - - -
Australia Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales 7,328 Lake Torrens, South Australia -
U . S . Geological Survey
*QESEBAL
Moses
or
sua TREASUGY
&PIaHAN ULKOULATION
IN
MONEY
UNITATA TH
TENNENT
1, 913
.July 1, 013
.August 1, 913
.July 1, 913
August 1,.913
July 1,018
August 1,August
914 1,879
.January
Treasury
bullion
768
coin 00
ncludiug
).$1,8in(iGold ,08173
84
99 776
,68174
25 8908
79
6,998 ,60$ 00
16
13 77040
3,8608 250
,8896
62
.
Cortiſoateso
Gold ,180
.478
94 665
,791
91 7,6100849
32 ,461060
00
14 118
8,940
89 189
,221
80
.
Dollara
Silver
Standard 620
,0865
18 62033
0,665 ,69059
91 ,59 89
90 076
,372
61 131
,472
73 608 37
,7|70 ,78 21
90
360
,813
08 290
,813
83 ,1470
89
92 517
,1470
78 747
3,472
27 ,360
413
.
Silver
Subsidiary 410
,3175
71 56482
6,175 765
,520
11 174
20
,5 19 799
,6184
05 445
,1155
08 149
,145
878 982
67
,6 01
.
1890
of
Notes
Treasury ,02600
60 45
,26000 3,219 4,361 ,72681
56 ,62 40
39 98
,28427
.
Notes
States
United 616
346
,0 81 61631
0,346 ,38710
57 ,28053
57 906
,7337
23 663
,7338
23 13983 211
,5C310
88
2,338
.
Notes
Bank
National 106
,2753
67 29193
1,759 885
,942
95 490
,148
02 801
710
.091 ,1702
993
60 ,3314
98
39
.
Total ,033712
18
79 22
3,8795
49 ,0347
05
53 926
,2305
37 3 36
30
,1823
26
71
91
073 72
7,53286
98 266
,7816
21
Population
continenta
United
of
States
11
at
ceAugust
97
;0
capita
per
.4,9 stimated
913
irculation
00
34
478 l
money
Government
money
credit
Ato of
atatement
inhis
the
held
axsets
as
Treasury
include
not
does
public
of
deposits
Depositaries
Bank
National
in
the
States
United
ofmounting
aT.1,28$5Treasurer
734
51
7
afull
For
sce
assets
statement
.of
Debt
Public
outstanding
of
redemption
For
certificates
the
amount
in
equivalent
exact
an
Treasury
the
held
of
kinds
,a
included
not
is
asnd
beld
money
of
account
the
in
Government
assets
.appropriate
Currency
June ncludes
00
,ACertificates
ct
01$3eI.8 390
872
LIABILITIES
RESOURCES
,S
SAVINGS
OF
TATE
AND
AND
BANKS
PRIVATE
COMPANIES
TRUST
LOAN
THE
FOR
YEAR
,1912
30
JUNE
.ENDED
1,922
The
Banks
Savings
end
the
at
States
United
the
in
resources
had
1912
year
fiscal
of
to
amounting
liabilities
and
of
total
grand
F6
3
13
period
same
and
resources
had
Banks
24926
$3the
to 90
22
23
or
3
81
liabilities
amounting
8State
;.7 97
70
1
tPrivate
1,0he
91
year
that
for
amount
the
to
liabilities
and
resources
$ 96
of
;a.39Banks
1,4the40
97
nd
2
Companies
Trust
and
Loan10
liabilities
total
had
amounting
resources
$51707
2,34to
.and
44
82
OF
PEOPLE
RACE
DISTINCTIVE
NO
western
in
Basques
Spain
France
of
Pyrenees
0The
,p60
ahedescendants
the
of robably
00
bout
Iberians
old
remnants
and
;tDravidians
Hindustan
in
millions
60
about
t
Deccan
the
presumed
w
India
of
race he
nd
primitive
K
the
atc ith
Gondas
Tribes
.poors
;,eT elugas
ola
amils
Arctic
the
of
inhabitants
the
America
North
and
Asia
regions
Y
Kamtchadales
E
T
,A ukagirs
leutians
chooktchees
skimo
Hottentots
.;the
Bushmen
(Kntc
Gand
;t.)ieN oraza
ricqua
amaqua
Africa
apsouthwest
Gipsies
eculiar
he
nomadic
the
over
scattered
,tribe
Europe
of
whole
.
Africa
and
Asia
west
163
1911
—M
1913
AY
JAN
SYSTEM
SAVINGS
POSTAL
THE
OF
TRANSACTIONS
OF
.SUMMARY
164
POffice
Department
.):(Sost
ource
of
Number .
stamps
and
cards
Savings
at
offices Balance
to re
cash
Net Ba
on lance
.
MONTH close
of .
Deposits With of
credit |Converted
Outstand close
to
ceipts in
deposit
.
month drawals
. depositors
. .
Sold close
into
at
ing .
month
of .banks
Deposits
.of
month
.
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars .Dollars .Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars
Janu
. ary 48 61
,8 05 1,704 ,101
60 .40
980 .00
429 .40
551 ,6052
.460
Febr
. uary 48 ,758
81 7,990 ,869
133 .50
822 .00
402 .90
971 ,9022
.9134 ,88
110
.3 44
Marc
. h 48 ,701
80 12
,6 09 201
,9 61 .80
652 .00
498 0
7.1,126 .0
,2
203
0 87 ,8778
191
.9
.
April 48 ,646
82 ,11665 ,442
268 .3398 0 .0338
0 0.1,187 0 . 14
,8
269
0 0 ,52
264
.3 08
93 ,505
154 ,016
28 ,931
394 .10
735 .00
581 .11,3041 ,4040
.1396 , 077
.9381
.May
June
. 400 316
,7 14 ,500
34 ,145
677 1,236
.6 0 .00
690 .1,87087 ,310
679
.4 0 ,6070
.9571
1,000 ,817
578 ,907
73 1155
,0 82 .92,9011 1,8051
.0 6
.2,948 0 1189
,3
.7 84
3 ,390
973
.7 3
..July ,6 18 184
8
. 19 ,82154
72 .37,6089 3,936
.00 .96,7001 2184
,5
.9142 .5,11 037
35
.August 1,280 1175
.September 1 73
,9 ,4 38
2185 ,645
282 4,075
647 ,80
12
.7 91 .0
6,7
0 20 6
.120
,873 40668
.6,7 95 .7,029718
93
.October 3,148 37
,29818 ,304
473 6461
,2 40 216
17
.5 0 ,330
11
.0 0 .118
,7060 6499
,3
.865
4 54439
.2,7 13
.November 4,185 4,9 11
2 76 .763
671 ,98674 79 ,139
18
.4 0 ,8044
.012 .0
5
,0
24 55 ,28749
.414
4 8 47
,8
.026
8
.December 5,185 ,8 19
2972 ,170
985 , 76
10
.6 14 ,4029
.214 ,7025
.014 7.23
, 059 0736
.7,211
73 96201
.5,368
.
1912
January
. 6,167 7 03
1,3 09 12
7 72
,985
638
07 ,7093
.217 ,8059
.013 .927
,8073 .1
8
12
,5
2 973
1140
34
70
21
February
. 6,666 0
9 51
,3 32 14
,3 60
1457
66
11 ,5087
.016 ,2013
.014 930
,2. 047 14
,3
.0
08 91
1
490
14
2 64
2
17
March
. 7,163 0
,4 52
3 65 ,013,70 58
78
18
1| 640 17
03
., 086 0315
., 56
0 .932
,2077 ,115
.6
851 1645 51
4
39
8
13
April
. 7,866 980
,2563 32
766
29
,915,4|112 ,0093
.815 ,9068
.013 7
.33
,4003 6
,2
.8
5648
17
(184 86
91
25
88
May
. 8,865 72
,2903 23
59
801580
18
,3 09 ,4094
.313 ,8087
.012 0.34
, 011 1
,0
.(69 2
85
19811
7 45
92
1
June
. 9,907 61
,26946 ,8
16071
204
2037
84 ,6066
.712 ,60
12
.0 57 7.34
,0020 ,0
51.(43 42
2
220886
75
02
8
July
. 11
,0 37 3,296 71 1 95
4
,7
21
9 36
85
71 ,8093
.812 ,756
12
.0 0 5.34
,1058 .3
2
20
8,0 22
5497
86
69
18
1
.
August ,111
12 60
,93536 7
22
,4
2 45
5 17
28
63 ,8055
.416 . 36
,8
13
0 0 .937
,1077 9
21
,1
.4 79
3
0729
23
15 29
73
.
September ,134
12 323
,37 33 24
8 01
,1,31956
60
12 ,70
12
.8 87 ,9099
.011 7.37
,9066 7,123
4.8 82
24725
87
49
October
. 12
1
, 30 475
,33 49 55
25
,6
2094 19
11
57 . 098
,7
313 ,70
12
.0 38 .039
, 027 4,324
002
9.225646
15
90
.
November ,166
12 9 85
,63 16 20
,5165
27 89
22
77 ,4027
.913 ,8050
.012 9.39
,6004 4
26
,3
0
.92778661
7
28
45
December ,177
12 ,03296 50 15
,12302814
57
59 ,4005
.511 ,5005
.013 4.37
,5005 6
.3
,9 3
44
41
287
2
126
61
51
..
.
1913
,174
12 ,4 51
3637 32
233 843
,|15 62
67 ,0. 055
816 ,7002
.013 2.39
,8059 5,31.128
2430 49
90
7891
13
January
.
February
. ,167
12 ,441
35 60 ,330 26
0,31925
66
59 ,8028
.613 ,5. 017
012 8.41
1070 6
.7,329
83006822
07
69
1
March
. ,160
12 62
,3714 ,6
243172
264
76
15 ,5096
.814 ,4007
.014 .641
3060 4,830
.9331 39
12
0634
57
.April ,158
12 4
6 51
,3 58 73
54
,725,332
112
61 ,175
13
.6 0 ,9083
.012 2,41
5053 .0
31
,5
4 5
14
7416
932
80
31
May
. ,158
12 86
,32593 0 57
62
,3|527378
09 , 066
.911 ,6043
.012 1.40
,8077 7,831
.10 71
66192
33 13
43
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
Ocean Marine Insurance. The first savings banks in the United States
Twenty-nine marino insurance companies were established at Boston and Philadelphia
porting to the New York State Insurance in 1816 and in New York in 1819. The postal
apartment had on January 1, 1913 assets savings bank system was established by an
' $37,742,590. Burplus of $17,634,538, and Act of Congress June 25, 1910, and on Jan. 3,
remimns earned in preceding year $15,849,- 1911 one city in each state was selected for
82, losses incurred $8,496,570, risks written
> policy holders $12,226,276,614. the opening of the first postal savings banks.
166 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . :
NOTABLE CONFLAGRATIONS IN THE WORLD'S HISTORY.

From “ The Insurance Year Book ," reprinted by permission of “ The Spectator Company,
New York and Chicago.
Even before man began to congregate and build cities , there existed the danger of prairi
and forest fires ; but these, except in a minor way , were not especially destructive of othe
property . When cities had been built and many thousands of people came to be housed withi
a small area , the danger of fire and its capacity for doing harm to men and their property wet
greatly augmented ; and as cities increased in size, the fire hazard and the accumulated value
subject to destruction were both correspondingly multiplied . During the last four thousan
years many cities have been swept by fire, some of them several times ; and some have bee
practically obliterated . Below will be found a list, compiled from various sources, of som
of the more important fires of history , comprising those most notable because of the values a
lives destroyed , or for some peculiar reason :
Year . Location , Year. Location . Year. Location .

B.C . A. D. A . D .
1897 Sodom and Gomorrah 1123 Lincoln 1737 Moscow
1400 Jerusalem 1130 Rochester 1737 Jaroslaw
1141 Ephesus 1135 London 1738 Martinique
586 Jerusalem 1137 York 1742 Smyrna
480 Plataea 1137 Bath 1744 Brest
497 Athens 1140 Nottingham 1745 Constantinople
390 Rome 1171 Canterbury 1748 Moscow
241 Rome 1171 Cairo 1749 Constantinople
215 Rome 1189 Carlisle 1750 Constantinople
212 Rome 1190 Dublin 1750 Moscow
146 Corinth 1203 Constantinople 1751 Constantinople
50 Rome 1204 Doncaster 1752 Moscow
48 Alexandria 1215 Bruges 1753 Smyrna
13- 14 Rome 1283 Dublin 1753 Archangel
12 Rome 1292 Carlisle 1756 Berghen
A. D . 1299 Westminster 1756 Constantinople
59 Lyons 1321 Geneva 1768 Savannah
64 Rome 1327 Munich 1759 Salonica
70 Jerusalem 1333 Geneva 1760 Boston
80 Rome 1349 Newcastle -upon - Tyne 1764 Königsberg
154 Rome 1385 Edinburgh 1765 Belgrade
154 Antioch 1388 Dunkirk 1769 Konigsberg
188 Rome 1401 Edinburgh 1769 Constantinople
197 Lyons 1405 Berne 1769 St. John ' s
260 Bordeaux 1405 Brussels 1771 Constantinople
273 Alexandria 1430 Geneva 1771 St. Petersburg
393 Constantinople 1471 Chester 1772 Smyrna
465 Constantinople 1491 Dresden 1773 Moscow
532 Constantinople 1507 Norwich 1775 Limehouse
558 Paris 1512 Brest 1775 St. George
640 Alexandria 1542 Edinburgh 1776 St. Kitts
667 Rochester 1544 Edinburgh 1776 New York
741 York Minster 1570 Moscow 1777 New Orleans
781 Constantinople 1576 Antwerp 1778 Charleston
798 London 1612 Cork 1778 New York
802 - 7 Constantinople 1631 Magdeburg 1778 Constantinople
807 Peterborough 1633 Constantinople 1780 St. Petersburg
893 London 1656 Jeddo 1780 St. Petersburg
917 Cordova 1666 London 1782 Constantinople
978 Cork 1667 Archangel 1782 Constantinople
982 London 1675 Northampton 1784 Port -au - Prince
1004 Norwich 1676 Southwark 1784 Brest
1010 Northampton 1682 Wapping, London 1784 Constantinople
1013 Cork 1689 Prague 1784 Rokitzan . Bohemia
1069 York 1692 Salem 1790 Carlscrona
1086 London 1694 Warwick 1791 Constantinople
1087 London 1694 Dieppe 1792 Constantinople
1092 London 1700 Charleston 1793 Archange)
1102 Winchester 1702 Bergen 1794 Copenhagen
1106 Venice 1728 ('openhagen 1794 Wapping . London
1113 Mons 1729 Constantinople 1795 Copenhagen
1113 Worcester 1731 Baireuth 1795 Constantinople
1116 Bath 1736 Peasmore 1796 Smyrna
1118 Nantes 1737 Panama 1796 Barbados
Year , Location . Year. Location . Year. Location .
A. D . A . D. A. D.
279 Baltimore 1862 St. Petersburg 1897 London
1797 Seutari 1862 Marseilles 1897 Paris
1738 Wilmington 1862 Constantinople 1898 Nijni-Novgorod
1799 Pery 1863 Monastir 1899 Philadelphia
1199 Constantinople 1864 Georgetown 1900 Hoboken
1799 Manila 1864 Hankow 1900 Bayonne
1809 Liverpool 1865 Port -au - Prince 1900 Ottawa- Hull, Canada
1863 Bombay 1865 New York 1901 Jacksonville
1906 St. Thomas 1865 Constantinople 1901 Antwerp
18 Spanish T'n , Trinidad 1865 Manila 1901 Montreal
I $ 11 Smyrna 1866 London 1902 Paterson
: 1812 Moscow 1866 Portland , Me. 1902 Waterbury
784 Rangoon 1866 Quebec 1904 Baltimore
5415 Constantinople 1866 Yokahama 1904 Aesland , Norway
1417 Pt. Louis , Mauritius 1868 Charleston , S. C. 1904 Toronto
1418 Coostantinople 1868 Albany, N . Y . 1904 Halifax
1509 Canton 1869 Philadelphia 1904 Rochester
1690 Savannah , Ga . 1870 Constantinople 1905 New Orleans
1839 Paris 1870 Pera , Turkey 1906 San Francisco
139 Port -au -Prince 1870 Sam -Sun , Turkey 1906 Valparaiso , Chile
10 Paramaribo 1870 Chicago 1906 Wellington , N . Z .
i la Canton 1871 Chicago 1907 Iquique, Chile
2824 Cairo 1872 Constantinople 1907 Hakodate , Japan
1995 New Brunswick 1872 Boston 1907 Kingston , Jamaica
TO St. John ' s , N. F. 1873 Alexandra Palace , Lon 1908 Chelsea , Mass.
10% Coastantinople don 1908 Noda Soy, Japan
3 Abo , Finland 1873 Havana 1908 Niigata , Japan
* Constantinople 1874 Constantinople 1908 Chisholm , Minn .
41 Bristol 1874 Pimlico , London 1908 Port -au - Prince, Hayti
! 1 St. Thomas, W . I. 1874 Chicago 1908 Paris, France
* * * Manila 1875 Oshkosh 1908 El Oro , Mexico
10. Constantinople 1875 Virginia City 1908 Rostov-on - Don , Russia
1834 Houses of Parliament, 1875 Iquique 1909 Acapulco , Mexico
London 1876 St. John ' s 1909 Osaka, Japan
R $ New York 1876 Soderhamn, Sweden 1909 Valdivia , Chile
3 Constantinople 1876 Quebec 1909 London , England
1881 Surat 1876 St. Hyacinth 1910 Campbellton, N . B .
IST St. Petersburg 1877 St. John, N . B . 1910 Wajima, Japan
167 Naples 1877 Pittsburgh 1910 Brussels , Belgium
2108 Charlestown 1879 Irkutsk , Siberia 1910 U. S. and Canada for
New York 1873 New York est fires
1841 Smyrna 1879 Boston 1911 Santiago , Chile
220 Hamburg 1882 Kingston , Jamaica 1911 Aux Cayes , Hayti
R Liverpool 1882 Leadville , Colorado 1911 Tokio , Japan
845 Quebec 1882 Wood Street , London 1911 Yamagata , Japan
144 Snyrna 1883 Vienna 1911 Bangor , Me.
145 New York 1884 Bayswater, London 1911 N . Y ., " Triangle "
1946 St. John ' s , N . F . 1885 Aspinwall
1911 Albany , N . Y .
1848 Albany 1887 Paris
248 Orel, Russia 1887 Exeter, England 1911 Kirin , Manchuria
1848 Constantinople 1888 Sundsvall 1911 Constantinople
146 Albany, N . Y . 1889 Seattle 1911 Hankow , China
1249 St. Louis 1889 New York 1911 Nanking , China
1861 San Francisco 1889 Spokane 1912 Peking , China
2053 Sontreal 1889 Boston 1912 Osaka , Japan
1862 Sacramento City 1889 Lynn 1912 N. Y ., " Equitable "
13 Constantinople 1890 Fort de France , 1912 Valdivia , Chile
1654 Gatesbead Martinique 1912 Tien - Tsin , China
13 Astrakan 1890 Sydney 1912 Pao Ting Fu , China
& Valparaiso 1892 New Orleans 1912 Tokio , Japan
165 Auckland 1892 New Orleans 1912 Damascus, Syria
1893 Key West 1892 Tokio 1912 Constantinople
105 St. Louis 1892 Milwaukee
4659 Constantinople 1913 Castellon , Spain
1892 St. John ' s , N . F . 1912 Chorlu , Turkey
The Barba does
1 - 1 Mendoza, S. A . 1893 Boston 1912 Adrianople , Turkey
155 Limoges 1894 Shanghai 1912 Houston , Texas
18 ) London 1894 Canton , China 1913 Tokio, Japan
1061 Charleston 1896 Guayaquil 1913 Numadza , Japan
* Enschede, Holland 1897 Melbourne 1913 Scutari , Turkey
16 Troy 1897 London 1913 Adrianople , Turkey
05.
168
VBA
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PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM EUROPE .

SERANEAN
IT E RR V 11 AYRAL
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AFRICA SAGTE TISA
FIRES, URBAN AND RURAL, IN THE UNITED STATES: NUMBER ,

LOSS ON BUILDINGS AND CONTENTS , BY KINDS OF
BUILDINGS, AND LOSS PER CAPITA ,
CALENDAR YEAR 1907.
(Source: Report of the Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.)
Urban . Rural. Total.
tre loss :
Brick ,etc., buildings Dollars . Dollars. Dollars.
Buildings . . . . 19, 816 , 474 11, 276 , 213 31, 092, 687
Contents . . . . . 29 , 092, 270 8 , 240 , 310 37,332,580
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 908, 744 19 ,516 ,523 68, 425, 267
rame buildings
Buildings . . . . 47, 707 , 056 78 , 064, 207
Contents . . . . .
27,827,151 40, 767 , 847 68 ,595 ,235
Total . . . 58 , 184 ,539 88, 474 , 903 146 , 659,442
Baildings . . . 50 , 173, 625 58 , 983, 269 109, 156 , 894

· Contents . . . . 56 , 919,658 49 ,008 , 157 105 , 927 ,815
Grand total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 107, 093 ,283 107,991 ,426 215 ,084 ,709
lenber of fires:
! Io briek , etc . , buildings. .. . . . . . . . . . . 25 , 297 10,843 36 , 140
i lo frame buildings . . . . . . . 80 , 109 49, 008 129 117
Total.. 105,406 59, 851 165, 257

Lesper eapita . .. . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 2 .54 2.49 2. 51
FIRES IN THE UNITED STATES: POPULATION . LOSS AND PER CAPITA

LOSS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, CALENDAR YEAR 1907.
(Source : Report of theGeologicalSurvey , Department of the Interior.)
Fire loss
Geographic division. Total popu - Total fire Per
lation . loss .
capita ,
Earth Atlantic : Dollar s

Maine, New Hampshire , Vermont, Massachusetts , Rhode Is Dollars. s o
land , Connecticut, New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania . ..)
rath Atlantic:
23,779,013 59, 447,532
Delaware, Maryland , District of Columbia , Virginia , West Vir
ginia , North Carolina, South Carolina , Georgia , Florida . . 11, 574, 988 25 ,349 ,223 2. 19
arth Central :
Oblo, Indiana , Illinois,Michigan, Wisconsin ,Minnesota, Iowa ,
Missouri, North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas . .
leath Central:
29 ,026 ,645 68,793, 148 2.37
Kentucky,Tenne ssee,Alabama,Mississippi,Louisiana, Texas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas . . . . 16 , 368,558 59, 908, 922 3.66
Montana , Wyoming , Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , Utah ,
Nevada, Idaho , Washington , Oregon , and Callfornia . . . . 4, 783, 557 12,676 , 426 2. 65
TOTAL WATER SURFACE .

Fathoms Depth .
Sq. Miles. Max . | Average .
The Pacific Ocean . . . . . ... 67 ,570 ,000 5 ,350 2 , 100
* Atlantic Ocean . . . 34 ,700 . 000 4 .730 1 .800
* Indian Ocean . . . . 3 ,830 2 ,000
Arctic Sea . . . . . .
21 p . c . 28 , 900 ,000
3 p. c. 4 ,470 ,000 2 ,650 1, 500
Antarctic Sea . . 4 p . c . 1 5 ,610 ,000 3 . 130 1 ,600
AXXCAL FIRE LOSSES IN THE CNITED STATES FOR THIRTY -EIGHT YEARS ,
1875-1912
From “ The Insurance Year Book, " reprinted by permission of " The Specator Company,"
New York and Chicago .
Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate

Year. Property Insurance Year . Property Insurance
Loss . Loss . Loss . Loss
1875 . . $ 78 . 102 . 285 $ 39 .327 .400 1894 . . $ 140 . 006 ,484 $ 89.57 4,699
1876 . . 64 ,630 .600 34 , 374 , 500 1895 . . 142 . 110 . 233 84 ,689,030
1877 . . 68 . 265 .800 37 ,398 .900 1896 . . 118 , 737 ,420 73 .903.800
1878 . . . 64 ,315 , 900 36 ,575 . 900 1897 . . 116 , 354 ,575 66 .722, 145
1879 . . 77 .703 .700 44 ,464 .700 1898 . 130 ,593, 905 73 .796 ,080
1880 . . 74 .643, 400 12 ,525 .000 1899 . . . 153 .597 , 830 92 ,683 .715
1881. 81. 280 .900 4 .641. 900 1900 . . 160 . 929 ,805 95 ,403 .650
1882 84 .505 .024 48 ,875 . 131 | 1901. 165 ,817 .810 100 .798 ,645
1883 . . 100 . 149 .228 54 .808 .664 1902 . . . . . 161 .488 . 355 94 .775 .045
1884 . . 110 ,008 .611 60 ,679,818 1903 145 . 302. 155 * 104 . 000 .000
1885 . . 102 ,818 ,796 57 , 430 ,709 1904 . +229 . 198 .050 * 144 .000 .000
1886 .. 104 . 924 ,750 60 .506 ,564 1905 . 0165 , 221.650 * 116 . 000 .009
1887 .. 120 . 283 ,055 69 ,659 .508 1906 . 1518 ,611.800 * 292.000 .000
1888 .. 110 .885 .665 63. 965 .724 1907 t215 ,084 ,709 127 . 000 .000
1889 .. 123 .046 .833 73 .679.465 1908 . . . 1217 .885 .850 * 157 . 000 . 000
1890 108 .993 .792 65.015 .465 1909 188 . 705 . 150 * 143 .000 .000
1891 . . 143 .764 . 967 90 ,576 .918 1910 . . + 214 .003 .300 * 175 . 000 .000
1892 . . 151,516 ,098 93,511.936 1911 . 1217 . 004 ,575 * 190 .000 .000
1893 . . 167 ,544 .370 105 , 994 ,577 1912 . + 206 , 438 ,900 * 194 .000 . 000
Totals.. $ 5 ,543,654,695 $3 ,539,359.583

Figures for years prior to 1904 are from Chronicle Fire Tables .
* Estimated by publishers of the Insurance Year Book .
From National Board Tables .
FINANCIAL STANDING OF LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES.

The combined aggregates of the Financial / of admitted assets and $21,988,858 of assete
Standing, etc ., of the 224 principal insurance not admitted , were as follows: Real estate
companies show that the capital stock in 1912 owned , $ 127 .684 ,405 ; bond and mortgage
was $ 44 , 329 ,379 . The principal sources of loans , $ 1 , 197 .781,579 ; bonds owned , $ 1 ,493,
506 , 968 ; stocks owned , $81,677 , 178 ; collateral
income of these companies for the same period loans, $ 15 , 191,616 ; premium notes and loans,
were as follows: New premiums, $70 , 382, 387 ; $ 539 ,245 ,042 : cash in office and bank , $ 50 ,
renewed premiums, $ 395 ,627, 108 ; received for 017.640 ; net deferred and unpaid premiuins,
annuities, $ 6 ,053 ,215 ; dividends, interest , etc . .
$ 42,606 ,061 : all other assets , $ 49 ,948 ,958 .
$ 156 , 288 . 333 ; received for rents, $ 7 ,027 .280 : The liabilities of these same companies
and all other receipts , $ 20 ,015 ,381 ; thus mak amounting to $ 3 , 168 , 194,661 were divided 23
ing the total income, $655 ,393,704 . The ex follows : Reserve , $ 2 ,988 ,642.224 ; losses and
penditures of these same companies for the claims not paid , $ 16 , 987,072 ; claims re
same period were as follows: Paid for death sisted , $ 1 ,689 , 163: dividends unpaid . $87 , 202,
losses , $ 151, 176 ,491; paid for matured en 774 : all other liabilities , $ 73,673 ,428 . The
dowments, $52,607 ,566 ; annuities paid , total surplus paid to policyholders ( including
$ 7 , 287,767 ; paid for surrendered , lapsed and capital) amounted to $ 429 , 464 ,786 .
purchased policies , $ 77 , 219 , 329 ; dividends to The policy account of these companies was
policyholders , $ 78 , 716 , 564 ; dividends to as follows: New business actually paid for
stockholders, $ 1 ,573,517 ; commissions, sala $ 2 , 240 ,434 ,665 ; whole life policies in force
ries and traveling expenses of agents , $61, $ 10 , 163,447 ,058 ; endowment policies in force
693, 343 ; medical fees, salaries and other $ 3 , 260 , 245 , 355 ; all other policies in force
charges of employees, $ 19 . 854, 072; and all $ 2 , 132 , 208 .758 ; total insurance in force
other expenditures , $ 33,219 ,833 ; thus making $ 15 .555 , 901, 171 : total industrial busineg
the total expenditures of the companies , written , $ 842,041, 252 ; total industrial busi
$483, 348,282. The excess of the incomes over ness in force , $ 3 ,708,892,514 .
the expenditures for the year 1912 amounted From the " Insurance Year Book ; " e
to $ 172,045 , 422 . printed by permission of " The Spectator Comi
The assets amounting to $ 3 ,597 ,659,447 | pany, " New York and Chicago.
At the end of the calendar year 1911 ther The first steam fire engine was invented by
were 6 ,113 Building and Loan Associations Braithwaite , 1829 ; Ericsson , in New York
in the United States having assets to the produced a similar one in 1840 . They wery
muin of $ 1 ,040 , 307 ,713 and a membership of l not generally used until 1860 . Fire engine
2 , 355 ,066 .
driven by motor power first used in 1905 .
FIRE, MARINE AND CASUALTY INSURANCE .

FIRE AND MARINE CASUALTY AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE IN THE
UNITED STATES IN 1890, AND FROM 1895 TO 1910 TOTAL INCOME
OF COMPANIES AND PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS.
Data from Insurance Year Book , published by permission o The Spectator Company ,
New York and Chicago.
Fire and Marine Insurance .
Stock and Mutual Companies.

Calendar Year .
Number Payments to Policy Holders.
of Total Income
Companies. Losses. Dividends. Total.
1800 . . 580 $ 157 ,857 , 983 $ 75 ,334 ,517 $ 5 ,433 ,495 $ 80 .768 ,012
1895 . . 555 176 , 300 . 042 89 .673.663 7 .705 , 363 97, 379,026
1896 . 541 172,945 ,625 83 , 355 ,538 6 ,547 .922 89. 903 .460
1897 . 530 176 .751, 124 79 ,440 ,595 7 ,724 ,657 87 . 165 . 252
1898 . 504 178 .320 ,21790 ,051,512 7 , 923 , 170 97 , 974 .682
484 184 , 142, 217 ) 106 ,726 ,658 7 ,892,714 114 ,619, 372
1900 . 493 198 ,312,577 108 , 307 , 171 8 ,446 ,110 116 , 753, 281
1901 . 482 216 ,452 ,381 112,008 , 998 9 ,011, 926 121,020 . 924
1902 . 489 239 ,468 . 206 113 , 147,727 10 , 184 , 285 123 ,302,012
1903 . 526 258 , 340 ,036 112,817 , 3571 11,559 .470 124 ,376 .827
515 278 , 340 ,036 151,264 , 900 12.855 , 153 164 , 120 ,053
1905 . 575 293, 224 ,649 125 , 074 ,600 14 , 379, 174 139, 453 .774
1906 597 350 . 285 ,740 276 .795 ,627 15 ,412 . 212 292 , 207 ,839
1907 . . 618 338 , 232,409 145 ,597 , 362 16 ,223 , 261 161,820 ,623
1908 . 598 334 ,490 ,040 165 ,489 ,578 17 .808 .367 183 , 297 . 945
1909 598 360 ,545 , 341 154 , 430 ,781 19.091,596 173,522, 377
1910 . 597 381,545 ,814 166 ,789,763 20 .709 . 261 187 ,499 ,024
1911 . 593 388 ,462, 193 183 ,476 ,741 18 ,771, 959 202 , 248 , 700
1912 595 406 , 336 , 104 188 , 081,546 17 . 841, 956 205 . 923 ,502
Lloyd ' s and Interinsurance

Associations. Total.
Calendar
Year . Number Losses Number Payments
Total Total
of Asso Income. Paid . of Com Income. to Policy
ciations. panies. Holders .
1990 . 580 $ 157 ,857. 983 $ 80 ,768,012

1895 , 583 176 . 300 ,042 97 . 379,026
ISOG . 541 172.945 .625 89, 903,460
1897 530 176 ,751,124 87, 165 , 252
1898 504 178 .320 . 217 97 . 974 ,682
484 184 , 142 ,217 114 ,619, 372
1900 493 198 . 312 ,577 116 .753 , 281
120L. 482 216 ,452 .381 121.020 .92
1902 . 489 239 ,468, 206 123 .332 .012
1903 . 37 $ 2 , 972,800 $ 1 ,057 , 238 563 261,431,401 125 ,431.065
1904 35 2 , 888 , 366 1 ,538 ,505 550 281. 228 , 402 165 .658 ,558
1905 . 37 3 .337 ,939 1 ,371,417 612 296 .562,588 140 .825 .191
1906 . 35 3 .637 ,2541 ,441, 353 632 353. 922.994 293,649 , 192
1907 36 4 . 298 .6401 .616 .001 654 342, 531, 049 163 .436 .624
1908 . 38 4 ,579 ,875 1 . 865 ,181 636 339,068 ,915 185 , 163,126
1909 38 4 ,719 ,072 1 .938 ,834 636 365 , 264 .413 175 .461. 211
1910 . 31 4 , 111,214 1 ,644. 002 628 385 . 6 .57 .028 189, 143 .026
1911 . . . 4 ,504 ,793 1 ,440 , 809 621 392 , 966 ,986 203,689 ,509
1912 .. 4 ,424 , 249 1 ,991 ,618 621 410 .760 , 353 207 .915 , 120
Cuba' s exports of sugar cane and its products were valued in 1910 at $ 101.500 , 000 —
70 .28 per cent. of the total export.
172 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOR .
CORPORATIONS, JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES OR ASSOCIATIONS, ANI

LNSURANCE COMPANIES : YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1912 .
At the end of the fiscal year ended June cultural implements, and other articles manu
30 , 1912 , a report based on 32.347 financial factured wholly or in part from metal, wood
and commerrial companies and corporations, or other material : manufacturers or refiners
including banks, banking associations, trust sugar, molasses . syrups , or otber produrti
companies , puaranty and surety companies , ice or refrigerating companies ; slaughter
title insurance companies, building associa house , tannery , packing , or canning COM
tions Gf for profit ) , and insurance companies panies , have s capital stock of $ 27 . 288,587
not sperially esempt, showed that the amount 679 . 17 : an indebtedness, bonded and other
of the capital stock of these companies totaled wise amounting to $ 3 .525 .627 . 890 .64 ; and
$ 2 ,885 .662,955 46 ; that the amount of bonded total income of $ 1 . 309 .819. 271.81. This re
and other indebtedness was $ 621. 183. 231. 34 : port was based on the 92 ,737 returns received
and that the net income amounted to 3451, The 62 . 270 reports received from the mer
092.434 .84 . For the same period , the public ser cantile class , including all dealers (not other
vice , such as railroad , steamboat, ferryboat and wise classed as producers or manufacturers
stageline companies , pipe - line , gas and electric in coal, lumber, grain , produce , and all goods
light companies , transportation and storage wares, and merchandise , show a capital stoc
companies, telegraph and telephone com of $ 3 ,584 , 309 ,070 . 14 ; an indebtedness, bonde
panies, basing the figures on the 24 ,924 re and otherwise , of $ 2 .092 ,664 ,389 .92 ; and
ports received , had a capital stock of $ 19 .320 , net income of $ 363 , 306 , 165 .42. The last , o
116 .964 . 23 ; an indebtedness, bonded and miscellaneous class, such as architects, con
otherwise of $ 17 ,531 ,492. 251. 26 ; and 3 net tractors, hotels, the theatres, or other com
income of $ 806 ,324 , 299 .38 . The third class . panies or associations not otherwise classed
industrial and manufacturing, such as mining, had a capital stock of $ 6 ,988 ,462 , 356. 42; at
Turnber and coke companies ; rolling mills ; indebtedness , bonded and otherwise amount
foundry and machine shope ; sawmills ; flour, ing to $ 3 ,392,570 , 198 .24 ; and a net income a
woolen , cotton , and other mills ; manufac- $ 277 , 165 ,076 .67 . This report was based on
turers of cars, automobiles, elevators, agri- 75,674 returns received .
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Table Showing Rate of Income on Stocks Quick Method for Calculating Interest
Where the Time is for Days Only
123MHEEFT
Purchased at the following Prices (Par Value Being $ 100 and Rule - To find the interest on any given sum for any number of
Bearing Interest at the Following Rates
baltiply the principal by the sumber of days, and divide as follow
5 % . divide by 72; at 6 % , divide by 60 ; at 7 % , divide by 52. 4
dívide by 45 ; at 9 % , divide by 40.
Pald 5% 6% 7% 8% 0% 10 %
Table of Days for Computing Interest
To Find the Number of Days from any Day of any one Me
๒๖-
180 11 .25 to the same Day of may other Month

10 . 11 . 11
9
9 . 47 10 . 52
Marcb
April
108 9 . 52
Sept
June
July
May
110 7 . 27
Oct
3 . 63 8 . 18
Jan
9 . 09
Nov
Feb
From
116
.
3 . 47 8 .69
ny
.
.
.
120 3 . 83 6 . 66 8 . 33
125 20 6 . 40 7 .2 8. To January 365 334 308 275 245 214 184 183 123
బలులులు
120 3 . 17 6 . 34 7 .93
జబలు
127 3 . 14 3 . 93 6 . 29 7 . 08 7 .87 February 31 365 337 306 276 245 215 184 153 123
128 6 . 25 7 . 0% 7 . 81
కుల
129 6 . 20 6 . 07 7.75 March . . . 89 28 365 334 304 273 243 912 181 151
130 6 . 18 6 . 92 7 . 69
131 6 . 10 6 . 87 7 .63 April. . . 365 335 304 274 243 212 18
132 6 . 06 6 .81 7.87
133 6 . 01 6 . 76 7 .51 May.. . . 365 si 04 273 242 212 181
134 5 . 97 6 .71 7.40
185 5 . 92 6 .68 7 . 40 June .. . 31 365 335 204 273 245
120 5 . 89 6 . 81 7 . 38
137 3 .63 8.83 6 . 66 7. 29 July .. . .. 181 150 122 91 30 365 834 303 278
139 6 . 79 6 . 52 7 . 24
130
140
5 . 76 0 . 47 7 . 19
August 212 181 183 132 031 31 365 234 504 273
5 . 71 6 . 42 7 . 14
101 5 . 67 6 . 38 7 . 00 Septem 'r 243 212 184 153 123 31 385, 20
5 . 63 6 . 33 7 . 04
143 5 . 80 6 . 20 6 . 09 October... 273 242 214 183 180 122 42 611 30 300
140 13 17 8 . 56 8 .94
6 .25 Nove'ber 304
304 273
148 6 . 20 6 . 89 245 214 184 183 123 123 02 61 31 ans
140 342 6 . 10 6 . 84
147 6 . 12 6 . 80 Dece"ber 334 303 214 183 153 122 al so
148
100
6 .08 6 . 78
6 . 71
180 6 . 66 N .B . -- Ia leap year, il the last day of February Comes between
185 one day to the number in the table.
160
8 .80 6 . 45
6 . 26 EXAMPLE. - How many days from May 10th to Sept. 13th ? From
103 0 . 08
170 8. above table we get 123; add 3 far diferenc between 10 and 13, AN
8 . 88 ret L20, the number of dayt required.
COMPARATIVE NON-PARTICIPATING PREMIUM RATES OF AMERICAN LIFE INSURANCE

COMPANIES. 1860. 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910—WHOLE LIFE PLAN*
AVERAGE PREMIUM RATES PER 11,000 INSURANCE.
.860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1910.

A*e. Num Num Num Num Num Num
ber of Average ber of Average ber ol Aver ber of Aver ber of Aver ber of Average
Com Rate. Com Rate. Com age Com age Com age Com Rate.
panies. panies. panies. Rate., panies. Rate. panies. Rate. panies.
20 6 $15.27 26 213.57 $14.61 5 $14.38 50 $15.23

21 6 15.68 28 13.88 4 14.81 5 14.72 76 15.65
22 6 16.11 28 14.19 4 15.07 5 15.08 76 16.00
23 6 16.58 28 14.49 4 15.28 5 15.45 76 16.37
24 6 17.03 28 14.80 4 15.62 5 15.85 76 16.75
25 6 17.55 29 15.20 '4 titlM 4 15.93 6 16.27 76 17.16
M 6 18.08 29 15.63 4 16.04 4 16.36 5 16.72 76 17.58
27 6 18.63 29 16.08 4 16.46 4 16.79 5 17.17 76 18.03
28 6 19.19 29 16.65 4 16.91 4 17.26 5 17.66 78 18.49
29 6 19.76 29 17.06 4 17.37 4 17.74 5 18.17 76 19.00
30 6 20.29 29 17.52 4 17.87 4 18.26 5 18.70 76 19.51
31 I 20.87 29 18.02 4 18.38 4 18.81 5 19.27 76 20.07
32 6 21.48 29 18.59 4 18.94 4 19.38 5 19.87 76 20.64
33 6 22.13 29 19.16 4 19.51 4 19.97 6 20.50 76 21.26
34 6 22.81 29 19.79 4 20.15 4 20.62 5 21.17 76 21.90
35 6 23.53 29 20.44 4 20.81 4 21.30 6 21.88 76 22.59
36 6 24.30 29 21.14 4 21.51 4 22.02 5 22.62 76 23.31
37 6 25.07 29 21.86 4 22.23 4 22.78 5 23.41 76 24.07
38 6 25.93 29 22.64 4 23.03 4 23.60 5 24.25 76 24.88
39 6 26.83 29 23.46 4 23.85 4 24.45 S 25.14 76 25.74
40 6 27.75 29 24.33 4 24.76 4 25.38 5 26.09 76 26.65
41 6 28.70 29 25.24 4 25.71 4 26.35 5 27.09 76 27.62
42 6 29.64 '20 26.20 4 26.72 4 27.37 5 28.17 76 28.64
43 6 30.66 29 27.21 4 27.79 4 28.46 6 29.31 76 29.74
44 6 31.74 29 28.30 4 28.94 4 29.64 6 30.53 76 30.91
45 6 32.89 29 29.46 4 30.16 4 30.89 5 31.83 76 32.14
46 6 34.12 29 30.70 4 31.46 4 32.21 5 33.20 76 33.46
47 6 35.43 29 32.19 4 32.86 4 33.63 5 34.66 76 34.87
48 6 36.87 29 33.41 4 34.34 4 35.11 5 36.22 76 36.37
49 6 38.46 29 34.98 4 35.94 4 36.74 5 37.86 76 37.97
50 6 40.20 29 36.63 4. 37.65 4 38.48 5 39.62 76 39.69
51 6 42.09 29 38.45 4 39.46 4 40.28 5 41. 4S 76 41.49
52 6 44.10 29 40.35 4 41.38 4 42.22 5 43 46 76 43.43
53 6 46.25 29 42.38 4 43.45 4 44.32 5 45.57 76 45.49
54 t 48.59 29 44.55 4 45.68 4 46.53 5 47.81 76 47.69
55 • 51.12 29 46.88 4 48.10 4 48.92 5 50.20 76 50.04
56 5 54.29 27 49.37 4 50.72 4 51.49 5 52.74 75 52.53
67 6 57.14 27 52.39 4 53.54 4 54.27 5 55.45 75 55.22
58 6 60.18 27 54.88 4 56.54 4 57 21 5 58.34 75 58 08
59 6 63.29 27 57.85 4 59.75 4 60.36 5 61.42 75 61 16
60 5 66.19 27 60.92 4 63.18 4 63.73 5 64.71 75 64.44
* The premium rates for 1860 and 1870 are compiled from the Reports of the New York Insurance De
partment of 1861 and 1869, respectively. The rates for 1880 and 1890 are compiled from the Spectator
Year Books of 1881 and 1891, and the rates for 1900 and 1910 are from the Spectator Handy Guides for
AREA OF THE LARGEST ISLANDS OF THE EARTH.

Sq. Miles. Sq. Miles. Sq. Miles. Sq. Miles.
Greenland 837,760 Great Britain...88.000 Luzon 40.930 Haiti 29,810
New Guinea. . .303,500 Hondo. 87.490 Iceland 39,756 Sakhalin 29.114
Borneo 284.840 Celebes.. 71,471) Mindanao 37. ISO Tasmania 28,216
Madagascar 228,600
Sumatra 161,610 Java. . . . 49,030 Yezo 36.300 Cevlon 25.330
Cuba . . . 46,000 Novaya Zcmlya.35,520 Kuishiu 16,840
New Zealand....104,400 Newfoundi and 40,200 Ireland 32,530 Formosa 13,460
174 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
ORDINARY AND INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE IN FORCE BY STATES, DECEMBER 31, 1910 ..
Insur
Total Ordinary Industrial Total ance in
State. Population Insurance in Insurance in Insurance in Force per
1910 . Force. Force. Force. Capita .
Alabama.. . . 2, 138 ,093 $ 160 , 000 , 997 • $ 8 ,953, 990 $ 168 , 954 , 987 $ 79
Arizona 204 , 354 17, 706 , 369 17 , 706 , 369 87
Arkansas . . . 1 .574 , 449 91, 092 , 866 2 , 927, 661 94 , 020 , 527 60
California . . . . 2 , 377 ,549 391 , 875 , 291) 40, 040 , 942 431, 916 , 233 182
Colorado . . . . . 799 , 024 131, 533, 563 8 , 216 , 272 139 , 749, 835 175
Connecticut. . . 1, 114 , 756 168 , 463, 959 84, 541, 832 253 , 005 , 791 227
Delaware . 202, 322 24 , 247, 892 17 , 225 , 939 41, 473 , 831 205
District ofColumbia 331, 069 79 , 258 , 009 33 , 152, 206 112 ,410 , 215 340
Florida . . . 752 ,619 79, 091, 347 79 , 091, 347 105
Georgia . . . 2 ,609, 121 282 ,704,932 24 ,019, 716 306 ,724 ,648 118
Idaho . . .. . 325 ,594 27 , 892,642 27 ,892, 642 86
Illinois . . . . 5 ,638 , 591 1,007,271, 561 103 ,774 ,012 1, 111 , 045 ,573 197
Indiana . . . 2 ,700 , 876 321, 111 ,088 95 , 803,745 416 , 914 , 833 154
low 2,224 ,771 221, 095 , 9101 16 , 620 , 410 226 , 031, 9731 102
Kansas . . . . 1 , 690 , 949 146 , 186 , 246 19, 962 ,756 166 , 149. 002 98
Kentucky... 2 , 289 , 905 223 , 247, 521 63, 297, 260 286 , 544 , 781 125
Louisiana . . 1. 656 , 388 149, 288 , 555 29 , 971, 837 ) 179, 260 ,392 108
Maine . . . . . . . 742, 371 97 , 241,628 16 , 509,020 113 , 750 , 648 153
Maryland. .. 1 , 295 , 346 177 , 268,672 95 , 915 ,434 273 , 184 , 106 211
Massachusetts. 3 , 366 , 416 635 ,619 , 342 257 , 300 , 837 892, 920 , 179 265
Michigan . . 2 , 810 , 173 304 , 015 , 961 47, 802, 235 351, 818 , 196 125
Minnesota . . 2 , 075 , 708 240 , 918 , 006 16 ,825 , 506 257 , 743 , 512 124
Mississippi. . . 1 , 797 , 114 116 , 706 , 215 116 , 706 , 215
Missouri. . . . 3 , 293 , 335 423, 090 , 516 122 .423 , 104 545 ,513 ,620 166
Montana . . . . . 376 , 053 54 , 149, 564 1 , 765 , 045 55 , 914 , 609 149
Nebraska 1 , 192, 214 124 , 556 , 740 7 ,452, 286 132 ,009 ,026 111
Nevada .. . . 81 , 875 11 . 983, 559 11, 983 ,559 146
New Hampshire 430 , 572 53 , 151, 854 14 ,359,926 67,511 , 780 157
New Jersey . . . . 2 , 537 , 167 394 , 358 , 783 278, 891 , 717 673, 250 , 500 265
New Mexico ... 327 , 301 22 , 159 , 552 22 , 159, 552 68
New York . . . . . . . 9 . 113 ,614 1,859 ,488,827 705, 260,714 2 ,564, 749,541 281
North Carolina . . . 2 , 206 , 287 156, 137 , 868 9,079,925 165 , 217 ,793 15
North Dakota . 577 ,056 55 , 203 , 241 55 , 203, 241 96
Ohio . . . . . 4 , 767, 121 691, 213 ,034 197,072,487 888,285,521 186
Oregon. . . . . . .. 672, 765 76 , 010 , 451 3,611, 500 79 , 621, 951 118
Pennsylvania . . 7 , 665 , 111 1, 241 ,865 , 748 465 , 104 ,712 706 , 970 , 460 223
Rhode Island . 542,610 85 , 064,017 52 .623 . 684 137,687, 701 254
South Carolina, 1,515 ,400 114 , 622 , 829 15 , 116 ,654 129,739, 483 86
South Dakots 583,888 63 , 579 ,694 63, 579 ,694 109
Tennessee . 2, 184, 789 171,632, 371 37 ,495 , 347 209, 127 ,718 96
Texas. . . . . . 3 , 896 , 542 262, 708 , 661 976 , 536 263,685 , 197 68
Utah . 373 , 351 42 ,606 ,638 4 , 334 ,810 46 , 941,448 126
Vermont. . . 355 , 956 57, 606 , 582 7 ,044 , 595 64 ,651, 177 182
Virginia . . . .. . 2 , 061, 612 180 , 205 , 741 39 , 269, 190 219 ,474 , 931 106
Washington . . . 1 , 141, 990 126 , 583 , 116 8 , 802, 412 135 , 385 ,528 119
West Virginis . . . 1 . 221, 119 94 , 853, 455 14 , 561, 149 109 , 414 , 604 90
Wisconsin 224 , 237 , 069 259. 825 , 952 111
2 , 333 , 860 35,588,883
Wyoming. . . 145, 965 16 , 871, 048 16 , 871, 048 116
• Compiled from Spectator Year Book , 1911, p. 366 . F . L . Hofman
HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD ,

(Exceeding 20 ,000 feet.)
Mountain . Feet.' Mountain, Feet. Mountain . Feet. Mountain . Feet.
Asia - Mt.Everest .29,002 Nanda Devi.. . 25,600 Anconhuma. . 21,490 Tupungota . . . 20 ,286
Godwin -Austen . 28 ,278 Mustagata.... 24 ,400 Sorata . .. . . . . 21,470 Cacaca . . . . . . . 20 ,250
Kunchinginga....28 ,156 : Chumalari... . 23 ,946 Ilampu .. . . . . 21,490 Hains .. . . . . . 20 , 171
Gusherbrum .. . . . 26 , 378
Dhawalagiri . . . . 26 .826 South America Huandoy . .. . . 21,089 San Jose . . . . 20 .02 )
Sajama . . . . . 21. 047 Misti... . . . . . . 20 .013
Masherbrum .. . . 25 ,600, Aconcagua . . . 22,860 Illimani.... . . . 21,030
Kakapushi. . . . . 25,560 Mercedario . . . 22,315 Paniri.. . . . . ..20.735 North America
Kutha Kangir .. 24,740 ) Huascan .. . . . 22,051| Chimborazo... 20 ,498 McKinley .. . 20 .290
N
A
LOGO
E
CK
AR
AB
!
-0.CEAW
H
2
R
SCA
AGA
MAD
N.
4
N D
Il
1
le bye 20 30 40 50
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM AFRICA .
Miles .
length of the Meri
Equator. . ..
dian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 .900
5 24 . 858
Tropic . . . . . . . 22, 853
Polar Circle . . 9 ,940
the Great Axis (diameter of the Equator) 7 . 926
Little Axis (diameter through the Poles ) 7 ,400
+ Parallel Degree on the Equator . . . . . 69 . 2
in the Tropics . . . . . . . 63 . 5
in the Polar Circle . . . . . . . . . . 27 . 7
4 at the Pole . . . . . . . ..
The solid contents of the Globe amounts to 260, 000 , 000 , 000 cubic miles .
COS e>» W§8§S8 .002 .004 .010

CopperNCiociknesl Ap roximatein
and EquivalentMoney.
S.
U. w 8 9 9 5 o $
and
Souor S2orou
thins;. Half Penny. Penny.
£ Far- 5c. 10c. lc. 2c. Sc. 10c20c! O. oow
8
Sliver Ap roximateinEquivalentMoney.
Coins U.S. .06 121. .243 .486 .608 973. 1.216 .020 .040 .100 .201 .402 1.005
S •fill $
and
Florin 2s.or i
Crown 6d.2s.or Crown
5s.or
£ 3d. 6d. Is. 4s. gs'ss
— ^>
2.43 4.866
Coins Ap roximatein
Gold EquivalentU.
Money.
S. S M Q»9Q0 m $ $
-i m » °. °.
and
Half Sov'gn 10s.= Sov'gn 20s.= 8c 400 Francs. 10 20 d
3 —n -§
- « O
_
fa a
COP5 tOCO MCO Wd U5CO CCO CN"3 ifi© 9.65 19.30 96.50 193.0
Notes Ap roximatein
Bank EquivalentMoney.
S.U. s
and CN S) Jlj 00
Francs. 50 100 500 1.000 Francs. 20 50 100 500 1,000 Gulden. 10 25 40 5060 100 200 300 500 1,000
Vinalue
S.
U.
Standard MonetaryandUnit, Ap roximate
Gold. Gold. Pound Sterlin$g:4.8661 Gold. Gold. Gold.
$Fr0a,n1c9:3 $Fr0a,n1c9:3 Gulden:
$0,402
BRITAIN.
GREAT NETHERLANDS.
COUNTRY. THAOBNLEY. E LGIUM.
FRANCE. (HOL AND.)
FC1100ernat—nimce.s FC1100ernat—nicme.s
PF14aenny.r—things S1Penceh12il=ing. G1
Ccnte
u100
ld-e.n.
Note,page
(See
25.)
S£1.20hi-l ings
.002 .005 .012 .024 .002 .004 .020 .040 .0 96 .0193 .0386 .0482
f S
a Q sec
S- i a £ > ■ cop er, nickel. bronze, nickel. cop er. nickel.
a'5« V
USE <^ lp.2p. 10 lh. 2h. lOh. 20h. Sc. 10c. 20c 25c.
il
Coins Ap roximateinEquivalentU.
Silver S.Money. .119 .238.476 .714 1.19 n © »o
s °v*.°.r-i . ™ *
anil
s 0U l1ira. l2ira. l5ira. hV
aSSBSS O -'Na5 £
M
00 « 1.62 2.03 3.24 4.06 .965 1.93 3.86 1.34 2.68 5.36 2.24
. s.s» S S S
.9 3i §
lOkr.or 20kr.or Kroner. 5 10 20 Ducat.
■as o o f5l 8fl. lOfl. .^•o o o
1.19 4.76 1 .90 23.80 238.0 2.03 4.06 10.15 20.30 203.0 .965 1.93 9.65 19.30 96.50 193.0 0.268 1.34 268 13.40 26.80 134.0 268.0
Notes Ap roximateEinquivalentMoney.
Bank S.
U. s $
and
Kronen. 10 20 50 100 1,000
1 "Sggg
a 3 ri
Ap roximateinU.S.Value
Standard MonetaryUnit,
and Krone:
203
SO. 268Krone:
JO.
Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold.
$0,238
Mark: 193
$0.
Lira:
DAND
SNEWOEMRADWREAKYN.,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Y
NTH
CCU TMAOBNUE:Y
GERMANY. MP1001fark.en=ige LC1100eira.nte—simi
KH1001relo=ner.s ITALY.
Ore100K1ro=ne.
.COUNT
EUROP
OF EAN
NCY
CURRERIES
176
Standard
Copper
and
Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Sliver Coins
Nickel
.COUNTRY
,Unit
a nd and and and and
Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate
U.S
in
Valu e in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent
.
TABL
MONE EY US.Money U.SMoney U.SMoney
.Gold .USMoney
.BRITAIN
GREAT 3
.d 0
.6
.Gold 3.2432 .
6d 1
. 21 Far
enny
.=1P4Farthings 10
.64865 Half Is
. .243 .thing .005
20 .3973 'gn
Sov 2.433 Florin
50 3 25
.243 .=10s ..486
2s
or Half
Pound 100 5
6.486 Crown .Penny
hilling
.-1S12
Pence 6
.or08
2sd
:Sterling 200 .3 73
|90 Sov
'g n
4.8$ 661 500 5
2.2433 .=20s 4.866 .49 973 Pe
. nny .02
1
=£.20
Shillings 1,000 0
5.4866 .or
58
216
Crown
.11
.Gold .Francs Fran

. cs $ Sou
or
.FRANCE .
50 .00964
50 6
.9 5 .
50c .0964
100 3
.190 .97 .
1f 1
. 93
0.1$Franc
: 93 500 5
.960 1.93 2. 1 .386 or
2Sou
ranc
.=1F100
Centimes 3.86 9 .10c .0193
)25 age
.,pNote
(See 1,000 0
0.193 20 . 65
.Francs .Francs
.PELGIUM .Gold 20 8.3 6 .0964 .Ic .0019
6
.9 5 10 1.93 1. 93 2
.c .0038
50
100 3 0
.19 .386 .
5c .0096
0.1$Franc
: 93 500 .5960 20 3.86 .965 .10c .0193
ranc
.=1F100
Centimes .
20c . 386
0
1,000 0
0.193
.Gulden .Gulden .copper
10 0
.4 2
.NETHERLANDS . ld
Go 25 .0105
.020
.0 8
1640 2.01 5. c
).(HOLLAND 0. 40
0
1.20 .10c
60 1.242 .125c 00 0
, 02
0
2.40
100 10 |4.02 5
. 00 201 . 04
0
G1-. uld
Cen
130 taen 4$0.: 02 en
Guld .0
80
4
200 ul
.4.1G02 .240 .010
0
.6120
300 Gul
24 05
..011
0
.500
|2001
L'ILEVISA LII . A
Standard and
Copper
CCUNTRY Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Silver Nickel
Coins
,and
Unit and and and and
TABLE
MONEY U.S
in
Value Equivalent
in Equivalent
in in
Equivalent Equivalent
in
.
Gold .USMoney U.SMoney .USMoney U.SMoney
.
Marks .
Marks .
copper
o.p50r .lp 0
. 02
.
GERMANY .
Gold 1.19 .
im .119 .
2p .005
20 .74 6 10 2.38 im
. . 38
2
50 911
.0 .
2m 4
. 76 .
nickel
=1Mark
Pfennige
.100 :$0.238
Mark 100 .80
23 20 4.76 7
3m
.| 14 0
. 12
1,000 .00
238 1.1
5m9 10 .024
-HUNGARY
.AUSTRIA .
Gold .Kronen .
bronze
Go
10 2.03 1.62 1kr

.o r .
ih 0
. 02
20 .04 6 |1r
.o 0kr .
fi 203 .2h . 04
0
50 .15
10 5 f. 2.03 .18 . 06
4
=1Krone
Hellers
.100 :$0.203
Krone 100 .30
20 .
SA 3.24 .
5kr 1.015 .
nickel
1,000 .00
203 ,or
20kr .
10h .020
.
101 4.06 .
20h 0
. 40
.
Lire .
Lire .
copper
IT
. ALY .
Gold .965 965 .1lira 1
. 93 .
5c .0096
10 1.93 .10c .0193
50 9.65 .91 3 .2l|ira .386 .
nickel
=1Lira
Centesimi
.100 :$0.193
Lira 100 .30
19 .
20c .0386
500 960
.5 20 3.86 |5l.ira .965 2
. 5c .0482
1,000 .00
193
.
Kroner .
Kroner .
Ore bro
. nze
.
Ore
DENMA
.AND
S RK
, WEDEN
NORWA Y .
Gold 0.268 14
.3 10
1.34 10 2.68 0
. 025
10 28
.6 20 5.36 50 12 0. 05
50 .40
13 .125
CAN
=1Krone
Üre
.100 :$0.268
Krone 100 .80
26 2. 4 Kron
. er
500 134
.0 0 .
Ducat 2
. 49
1,000 .00
268 4
. 99
177
.-CCOUNT
EUROP
OF
CURRE d
ontinueRIES
EAN
NCY
178
Standard and
Copper
.COUNTRY Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Silver Coins
Nickel
a
, nd
Unit and and and and
U.SValue
in in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent
.TABLE
MONEY U.SMoney .s,U oney
M
.Gold U.S oney
M U.S oney
M
.Rubles .Rubles Kope

. cks .copper
0
. 25 Kopecks
5.515 5
2. 7 10 .05
.RUSSIA .Gold 3 71
or
1.545 0
. 76
5 mpl
5I2.1) 75 83. 6 20 1. 0 .0075
10 10
5.15 15. 5 25 .125 .015
25 15
or
.81275 50 25 .0375
uble
.=1R100 15
0.5$:Ruble .1I
7255mpl 7
7. 2 100 5
.0
Kopecks 50
100 4 0
.51 .Ruble
500 5 0
.257
.Peseta 'n
Doubl .Peseta .bronze
-
.SPAIN .Gold 1-16 .90 5

1.90
3.83 .174
25 4 25
.8 7.75 .348
eseta
.=1P100
Centimos 9
0.1$:Peseta 50 9. 5
6 .5150 Cent
. imo
.00175
1
100 3 0
.19 Peset
. a
500 5
.960 9
. 65 Centimo 0. 035
1,000 .0 0
193 10 1.93 50 0
. 87 .00875
Ou
20 3.86
25 4.825
same
.names
the
coins
also
bearing
,iof
France
that
as
same
is
SWITZE
system
monetary
—Ttshe RLAND
coins
silver
Greek
and
Belgian
Spieces
gold
Servian
,ABand
IR,S.—Fwiss
panish
talian
ussian
ustrian
wiss
elgian
RANCE
NOTE
low
of
silver
Italian
not
,b
also
are ut
current
pieces
Italian
Lire
.F ive
France
in
current
are
.in
France
circulate
not
do
countries
foreign
of
coins
Copper
money
any
.bad
-D o
take
not
CAUTION by
change
cabmen
in
tourist
offered
frequentl
worth re
,avalue
metaltheir
only
nd
France
uncurren
are
which
coins
following
The yt
F
of
value
the
below
coins
silver
.such
and os
rench
iz
,vreject
5received
change
silver
examine
will
to
well
do
T.
:othersourists
denomina
.of
Sregardles
coins
silver
Papal
and
outh
American
a nd
,Spanish
prior
1803
minted
to stion
179
VI
VR
MAPAN
AB
T
ti
JO
HI
LI
I
PPP
N
PI
A
D
NE
LUN
N
DVAN
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM ASIA .
VENEZUELA
Lutes 68,900,000 BRAZIL
2,414 ,500 ,000
WEST COAST
BRAZIL OF AFRICA
PHAITI
34,900 14 , 800 Li 59,800,000
DUTCH EINDIES
101,800 , 000
EXICO FURTHER INDIA CONGO & MEXICO

56 ,000,000
8,000 & E . INDIES SUDAN GUATEMALA
6 ,800 6 , 000 1 , 000,000
LIVIA PERU CEYLON 7 SALYADOR COLOMBIA

900 2700 & INDIA L 85,000,000 70 ,000 , 000
1,430
RUBBER . COFFEE .
A YEAR 'S PRODUCTION . ONE YEAR 'S PRODUCTION.
( in tons.) (in lbs. )
1,913
July
COINS
FOREIGN
OF
.VALUE
180
lo
Value Valne
la
COUNTRY ,
standard
Legal of
terms COUNTRY .
standard
Legal .
unit
Monetary of
terns
.
unit
Monetary U.S U.S
.
money .
money
Republic
Argentino Gol
- d -Peso .90$ 647 .
Denmark Gold Cr
-. own .268
Ecuador
.- -Gold -Sucro 4. 87
Austr
H
- ungaiary Gold Crown 203 -
Egypt Gold (100
)-Pound
piasters 4.943
Belgi
. um Gold
silver
.and Franc 2193
Finland Gold Mark .193
.
Bolivia Gold -
Boliviano 3. 89 Fra
- nce silver
and
Gold Franc 1. 93
1
Brazil
. Gold Milreis 6. 46 Emp
Gerire
man Gold
- Mark .238
.Brit
Great ain Gold Pound
sterling
- 4.8665
.Gold
Aus
in
Colonies
British .
sterling
Pound 4.8665 Gre
- ece silver
and
Gold -
Drachma .193
1
.
Africa
and
tralasia .Haiti Gold .
Gourde .965
Gold 1.000
1
Canada
. .
Dollar
.States
Aruer
:Central (British
)India Gold Rupee 3). 244
Costa
Rica
. Gold Colon
- 4. 65 -
Italy .
silver
and
Gold Lira
- .193
.
Japan Gold Yen 4
. 98
-
Honduras
British -
Gold .
Dollar 0.1 00 Liberia Gold .Dollar 1.000
.-
Guatemala
-Honduras Silver Pe 4. 36
Me
. xico Gold -Peso 4. 98
Nicaragua - so Netherlands Gold .Florin 4
. 02
1
Salva
- dor .Newfoundland Gold- - --
Dolla
- r 1.014
.
Chile .
Gold -- -- Pes
- o .365 No
- rway Gold
- -Crown 2
. 68
1
Pa
- nama -
Gold Balboa .01 00
!
-Anoy
:715 -Paraguay -
Silver Peso
. .436
.Canton .713 .Persia silver
and
Gold Kran
. 1. 704
Ch
- eeloo .683
Ch
Ki
- in
nng .698
-Peru Gold Libra 4.8665
Fu
- chau .661
Haikwa .727 Islande
Philippine Gold Peso 5
. 00
n -
Portugal Gold Milreis 1.080
).(Custom
Hankow
- 6
. 69
Ch Kiaochow 6. 92 -
Roumanie Gold Le
. u 193
. ina Silver .
Tael -
Gold Ru
Nankin .707 Russia - blo .515
Niuchwang 6. 70 Domingo
Santo -
Gold .Dollar 1.000
Ningpo
.- 6. 87 .
Servia Gold
- Dinar .193
Peking .697 .Siam Gold
. .Tical .3708
..
Shanghai .653 -
Spain silver
and
Gold Pe
. sets 1. 93
Swatow .660
Takau
- 7. 10 .
Settlements
Straits Gold .Dollar .5677
Tientsin
. 1692 Sweden Gold Orown .268
Dollar
. .
Yuan .520 Switzerland Gold Franc .193
H
(- ongkong .470 .
Turkey Gold .Plaster .044
Dol
. lar British
- 4
. 70 Uruguay Gold Peso ,01 34
Mexican 473 Venezuela Gold .
Bolivar 193
Gold Dollar 1.000
Colombia
HIGHEST AND LOWEST ALTITUDES IN UNITED STATES.

TICIIRT POINT. WWEST POINT.
APPROR
STATE MATI MZAN
NI KLESAR NAN ELEVATION ELEVATION
Alabus Chenla Mountain 2, 407 Ginll of Mexico . . . Sea level 500

Alessa MonntMekinley . . 20, 300 Pacific Ocean . . . Sea level
Arisons San Francisco l'eak 12,611 Colorado River. . .. . 100 4 , 100
Blue Mountain . . . 2. 800
Arlangs MagazineMountain Huachita River 650
Californis Mount Whitney - - 14, 501 Death Valley . - - 276
2,900
MontMassive 14, 402
Colorado (Mount Elbert 11, 402 Arkansas River.. . . . . .. 3, 350 6,800
Connecticut Bear Mountain 2, 305 Long Island Sound - Sea level 500
Delaware . . . Centerville 440 Atlantic Ocean -- - - Sea level 60
District of Columbia . . Tenley -- - - 420 Potomac River - Sea level 150
Florida... . . Mount Pleasant 301 Atlantic Ocean Sea level 100
Georgia Brastown Ball 4, 768 . . . Jo . . . . Sea level 600
Mount Jumullong Mangler 1, 274 Pacific Ocean Ser level
Mauna Kea 13, 523 . do . . . . Salevel
Idaho Ilyodman Peak . . . 12,078 Snake River 720 5 , 000
Ilinois Charles Mound 1, 241 Mississippi River 279 600
Indiana Carlos .. . .. 1, 210 Ohio River -- - - 316 700
Primghar . . . 1 , 800 Mingissippi River 477 1, 100
On west boundary . 4 , 135 Verdigris River. . 700 2, 000
Keatorky Big Black Mountain 4 , 100 Mississippi River . . . .. . 257 750
Northwest part of county 400 Gull ofMexico - . . Sea level 100
Mount Katahdin 5 , 200 Atlantic Ocean Sea level 600
Maryland Backbone Mountain 3, 340 . -. .- do Sea level 350
chosette MountGreylock 3, 505 - - . .do Sea lerel 500
Michigan . Porcapine Mountains . . 2 ,023 Lake Erie 573 900
Winnesota Mesabi Range - - - - - 1, 920 Lake Superior 602 1, 200
Mississippi Holly Springs -- - - 600 Gulf of Mexico Bea level 300
Taum Sauk Mountain 1 , 750 St Francis River - - - - 210 800
Montana Granite Peak -- - 12, 850 Kootenai River 1, 500 3, 400
Kebraska Southwest part of county .... 5, 350 Southeast corner of State 825 2, 600
Senada Wheeler Penk 13 , 058 Colorado River 470 5 , 500
New Hampshire Mount Washington . . .. . .. 6, 243 Atlantic () - -- -- - - - Sen level 1, 000
Sex Jersey High Point 1, 909 Atlantic Ocean - - -- Sea level 250
New Mexico North Truchas leak 13, 306 Red Blufi 2, 876 5 , 700
New York Mount Marcy . . . . . 5 , 344 Atlantic Ocean -- - - Sea level 900
Borth Carolina Mount Mitchell 6 , 711 Tud o - - Sea level 700
Sorth Dakota Summit of county . 3 , 500 Pembina 1, 900
Near Mansfield 1, 479 Ohio River 425 850
Oxlabows - - West end of county 4 , 750 Red River 300 1, 300
Mount Hool 11,225 Pacific Ocean Sea level 3, 300
Pearylvania Blue Knob -- - 3, 136 Delaware River. Sea level 1, 100
Philippine Islands. Mount Apo - 9, 610 Pacific Ocean . . . Sea level
Parts Bico . . . Loquillo Mountains .. ... 3,532 Atlantic Ocean . . . sea level
Rhode Island Durlee Hill - -- - - - 805 Atlantic Ocean Sea level 200
Beeth Carolina Sassafras Montntain - - 3,548 - - - do -- - - sea level 350
Eeath Dakota Harney Peak . .. 7 , 242 - Big Stone Lakr . . .. . 962 2, 200
Thensee MountGuyot. . . 6 , 636 Mississippi River 182 900
El Capitan - - - 9 ,020 Gull ofMexico . . Sea level 1, 700
Uu Kinga Peaks -- -- -- 13, 998 Beaverdam Creek - 2, 000 6, 100
Vermont MountMansfield Lake Champlain . 95 1, 000
Virginia Mount Rogers 5 , 719 Atlantic Ocean . . . . Sea level 950
Mount Rainier 14, 363 - Pacific Ocean . . . Sea level 1,700
West Virginia Spruce knob 4 ,860 - Potomac River - 240 1, 500
Rib Hill - 1, 940 Lake Michigan . . . 582 1, 050
yoning - Gannett Peak - 13, 785 Belle Fourche River 3, 100 6 , 700
Taited States (exclusive MountWhitney -- 14,501 Death Valley . d
276
el)
2, 500
of Alaska ),
U . S . Geological Survey .
Customs and Internal Revenue *00I« J»d

ajuiunsui
Collected on Distilled Spirits,
Wines, Malt Liquors and Tobac "001$
co with Total National Revenue -spunod 02
and Percentage. renorjippv uovH
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1012,
the total national ordinary receipts from all 3 § o % 35 °« ^ 3s S 3?
sources amounted to $691,778,465, and the
total internal revenue and customs receipts O 3 C: O © © O © © © '
from alcoholic beverages and tobacco and
the manufactures of same amounted to $332,- CO f*? - TP ?C CO ^J" »o <o»o
497,000, or in other words, the receipts from oooooooocc
alcoholic beverages and tobacco was 48.06 -ZT XZ 0) CO ro CV*J< CO W ^ ^ O «C
per cent, of the total revenue of the United
States. ^?5S-jC30^^©©§
The customs revenue from alcoholic bever
ages, amounting to $16,765,000 was divided ro ?o ^» t so
as follows: From malt liquors, $2,014,000; r. -
from wine, $5,809,000; from distilled spirits, g*coP<eoc^coVro *o
$8,942,000. The customs revenue from to OOQOCOQ © © C
bacco and the manufactures of same amounted
to $25,572,000. The internal revenue from NMN?5 <M CO* co CO »Q
alcoholic beverages, exclusive of license duties, -■o -j*© o © —'
o -o
©©<ft ©~©~©
*x«
which for the manufacture of malt liquors
and distilled spirits amounted to $484,000,
and for the sale of malt liquors and distilled
spirits to $7,134,000, totaling $212,142,000,
was divided as follows: From malt liquors,
$62,108,000; and from distilled spirits, $149,-
934.000. The internal revenue from tobacco
amounted to $70,590,000. Thus for the year
the total internal revenue and customs re
ceipts from alcoholic beverages amounted to
$236,335,000, and from tobacco and the
manufacture of same $96,162,000.
Domestic Express Rates.
It is impossible in the space allotted to the
subject to give an accurate idea of domestic
express rates. However, the matter will be
greatly simplified if the rates based on a zone
system, as advocated by the Interstate Com
merce Commission, are put into effect. The in
troduction of the Parcels Post has caused a ma
terial reduction in the present rates and tariffs.
Foreign Express Rates.
The following is a tariff of all rates for
express packages. It should be remembered
that rates of this kind arc subject to change
without notice, and they are published solely
in the interests of the shipper. These rates
inav l»e considered to be maximum. Thus we
find another company offering shippings to
Italy as low as 40 cents a single pound to
Genoa, 60 cents to Rome, and 65 cents to
other railway stations. Also a rate of 30
cents a pound to Paris and 25 cents a pound
for .shipments to Ix>ndon. via Southampton.
The rates on say a hundred pounds do not
vary in quite the same ratio. It Is believed
that with this tariff of rates the intending
traveler can make his arrangement** as to ship
ping packages of guide books, etc., rather
more intelligently than without it. Rates to
South Africa, North Africa, Asia, India, Japan,
Australia, the West Indies, Porto Rico, Cen
tral America and South America are not in
cluded, as these rates vary so radically that it
is impossible to get any accurate idea of what
the shipment would actually cost without the
Hit" Sll
•uhlication of a more extensive tabic than
^ public
*Vace will permit.
AL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM AUSTRALASIA.

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PUBLICATION OF CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
The International Union for the Publication languages, viz., English, French, German,
of Customs Tariffs was founded by an inter Italian, and Spanish. The bureau has its seat
national convention, July 5, 1890, and con at Brussels, and is under the direct control of
cluded between fifty-two states and semi-inde the Government of Belgium. The members of
pendent colonies. The object of the union is the bureau are delegates from the principal
to publish as promptJy and as correctly as countries whose language is used in the publi
possible all the tariffs of the world in five cations.
Monttary systems and approximate stocks ofmoney, in the

of gold.
Monetary
standard Monetary unit. In banks
and public In circula
tion.
Thousands. Thousands. Thousands.

United States Gold.. Hollar.. 94,800 1,429,800 369,800
Austria-Hungary . . ...do.. Crown. 49,400 265,700 90,600
Belgium ...do. Franc. . 7,300 36,500
British Empire:
Australia ...do.. Pound sterling... 4,400 207,800 14,600
Canada ...do.. Dollar 6,200 138,200
United King ...do.. Pound sterling.. . 45,000 1 375,000 335,800
dom.
India ...do.. Pound sterling and
rupee.
South Africa.. ..do... Pound sterling. 7,800 50,400 15,000
Straits Settle ..do... Dollar 1,600 6,800
ments.1
Bulgaria ....do.. Lev 4,000 7,700
Cuba ....do.. Peseta 2,100
Denmark ....do.. Crown 2,700 19,800 18,500
Egypt ....do . Piaster 11,300 8,200 174,500
Finland ....do.. Markkna. . 2,000 6,900 3,700
France ....do.. Franc 39,300 635,000
•205,700 565,000
Germany ....do.. Mark 64,900
Greece ....do.. Drachma.. 2,600 2,600 1,900
Haiti ....do. Gourde 1,600 1,300 2,100
Italy ....do. Lira 33,900 288,500
Japan ....do. Yen 62,200 117,000 16,900
Mexico ....do. Peso 15,000 31,200
Netherlands ....do. Florin 6,900 56,400 19,200
Norway ...do. Crown 2,400 16,200 4,600
Portugal ....do. Milreis.... 6,400 6,600 8,000
Roumanla ....do. Lei 6,800 30,600 2,100
Russia ....do. Ruble 160,100 611,700 334.600
Servta ....do. Dinar 2,800 6,600
Slam ....do.. Tlcal 7,000 100
South American
Slates:
Argentina .do., Peso 7,000 248,300
Bolivia .do., Boliviano. 2,300 7,800
Braill .do., Milreis 20,500 116,500
Chile .do., Peso 3,500 600
Colombia .do. Dollar 4,300
Ecuador .do.. Sucre 1,600 3,300 2,100
Guiana-
British.... do., Pound sterling. 300 100
Dutch do.. Florin 100 200
French •••■5° Franc 100 100
Paraguay 1 *> Peso 800 l'i,2O0
Peru do... Sol 4,500 8,300 3,900
Uruguay do... Peso 1,100 15,200
Veneiuela do... Bolivar 2,600 600 2,600
Spain do... Peseta 19,700 74,900 13.1,2110
Sweden ...do... Crown 5,400 22,800 3,200
Switzerland ...do... Franc 3,300 31,000 34,700
Turkey ...do... Piaster 24,000 14,900 127,600
Central American Silver". Peso 6,300 1,300 100
States.
Total. 1,040,600 5,167,600
Notx.—The blank spaces In this table signify that no satisfactory Information is available.
< Estimates for the United Kingdom prior lo that for 1910 were for coin only; these figures include
1100,000,000 for bullion In the Bank of England; also (12,200,009 gold belonging to Indian gold-standard
■ This is the amount in the currency reserves. Fred. T. Atkinson, accountant general of India, in 1908,
estimated the active rupee circulation at 2,040,000,000 rupees; small silver coin at 140,000,000 rupees.
* Includes Straits Settlements, the Malay States, and Jonore.
4 This estimate is based upon a calculation made by Messrs. P. Arminjon and B. Michel in 1908, who
. estimated the stock of gold In the country at from 33,000,000 to 41,000.000 Egyptian pounds. The mean
per capita, in the principal countries of the world, Dec. 31, 1911.
Stock of silver. Per capita.
Uncovered
Limited paper.
Fall tender. tender. Gold. Paper. Total.
I*a«leadi. Thousand*. Thoutandt. Thousand*.

568,300 167,600 736,900 764,600 81898 17.76 18.07 (34.81
Nit 122.M0 122,900 197,600 7.21 2.49 4.00 13.70
8,700 2,400 11,100 139,000 6.00 1.JU 19.04 26.66
Nil. 10,000 10,000 60.64 127 52.81
Nil. 7,700 7,700 79,100 22.29 1.24 12.76 36.29
Nil. 116,800 116,800 115,200 15.80 2.69 2.66 20.96
97. 400 45,000 142,400 46,400 .14 .16 .78
Nil. 20,000 20,000 8.38 2.56 10.94
Nil. 19,000 19,000 7,600 4.28 11.88 20.81
NO. 4,800 4,800 9,900 1.93 1.20 2.47 5.60
NIL 6,000 6,000 20.00 2.38 22.38
Nil. 7,900 7,900 17,300 14.19 2.92 6.41 23.52
Nil. 14,300 14,300 6, MM 16.17 1.26 .58 18.01
NU. 500 600 14,900 3.66 .17 5.13 8.96
347.400 63,700 411,100 246,900 30.53 10.46 6.26 47.25
NIL 253,600 263,600 276,100 3.16 3.90 4.24 11.30
NU. 3,000 3,000 27,600 I.N 1.15 10.62 13.46
1,000 1,500 2,500 8,200 2.26 1.67 8.47 9.40
22,700 l,4O0 24,100 182,300 8.51 .71 5.38 14.60
NIL 64,200 64,200 101,700 2.57 1.23 1.95 6.66
S2.000 4,000 66,000 61,200 2.08 3.73 3.41 9.22
NIL 29,000 29,000 64,700 12.81 4.92 10.97 28.70
Nil. 3,700 3,700 8,700 8.67 1.54 3.62 13.83
NU. 33,100 33,100 69,900 2.69 6.18 12.94 21.76
Nil. 12,000 12,600 43,200 4.81 1.85 6.35 18.01
NU. 78,800 78,800 5.91 .49 6.40
Nil. 1,300 1,300 4,900 2.32 .46 1.71 4.88
NU. 62,200 52,200 2,100 .01 7.40 .80 7.77
Nil. 9,400 9,400 '692,200 35.47 1.84 98.89 135.70
Nil. 700 700 2,000 3.39 .30 .87 4.66
Nil. 25,000 26,000 '77,900 5,68 1.22 3.80 10.70
Nil. 8,500 8,600 19,000
•10,000 .14 2.43 5.43 8.00
Nil. 2.33 2.33
Nil. 1,300 1,300 1,700 .87 1.13 5.60
NIL 490 490 100 .33 1.84 .33 2.00
Nil. 300 300 300 2.00 3.00 3.00 8.00
NU. 100 100 600 1.00 1.00 6.00 8.00
Nil. 42,900 19.00 72.63
Nil. 2,400 2,400 2.71 .63 3.24
NU. 4,300 4,300 8,000 13.82 3.90 7.28 25.00
Nil. 10,800 10,800 800 1.19 4. 15 .81 5.65
NU. 266,800 256,800 76,000 10.82 13.04 3.85 27.71
Nil. 8,600 8,600 34,700 4.81 1.69 6.43 12.83
Nil. 13,500 13,500 27,900 19.91 4.09 8.45 32.45
Nil. 26,400 28,400 5.93 1.10 7.03
Nil. 9,200 9,200 89,900 .20 1.74 16.96 18.96
1,097,500 ,523,700 2,621,200 3,007,500
of these figures was adopted in this table last year. Since their estimate was made the net imports or
told Into Egypt to Dec. 31, 1911, have amounted to 828,919,061, but as there is said to be a considerable
absorption of gold for ornaments, no change. In the estimate of the monetary stock has been made.
' Estimate of A. De Fovffle, 1909.
The* German
coinage war fundsince
of gold andtheimperial Bank ofof Germany.
establishment the Empire,Nolessdefinite information
recoinage, amounts asto to81,125,023,299,
other holdings.
but
the exports are unknown, and there has been an industrial consumption.
'■ Gold conversion value.
This amount has been reduced to a gold basis; that Is, 100 pesos equal 1 United States gold dollar.
• Except Costa Kica and British Honduras (gold-standard countries).
Monetary systemsand approximate stocks of money, in the aggregale and

Btock of gold.
Countries. Monetary
standard . Monetary unit . Population . In banks
and public In circula Total.
tion .
treasuries.
Thousands. Thousands. Thousands. Thousands

1 United States . . . . . . Gold . . . . Dollar . . . . .. 94 , 800 1 , 429, 800 369 , 800 1, 799 , 600
Austria - Hungary . . . . . . . do . . . . Crown . . 49, 400 265, 700 90 , 600 356 , 300
Belgium . . . . . .do . . Franc. . . 7 , 300 36 , 500
British Empire:
Australia . .. . . do . .. Pound sterling . . . . 4 , 400 207, 800 14,600 222, 400
Canada . . . .. . do . Dollar. 6 , 200 138 , 200
United King . . . do . . Pound sterling .. .. 45, 000 1 375,000 | 335,800 7710,800
dom .
India . . . . . . . . . . . . .do . ... Pound sterling and 295, 000 44, 600
rupее.
South Africa . .. . . .do . Pound sterling .. . 7,800 50, 400 15, 000 400
Straits Settle . do . Dollar . . . . . . 1,600 6 , 800 . . . . ..
ments .
11 Bulgatis . . do . Lev . . . . 4 , 000 7 ,700
12 Cuba . . . do . Peseta . . 2 , 100 42, 000
Denmark . . do . Crown . . 2 , 700 19 , 800 18, 500 28, 300
14 Egypt .. . . do . Piaster .. 11 , 300 8 , 200 174 , 500 182 ,700
15 Finland . . . .do . . Markkaa . 2 , 900 6 , 900 3 ,700 10, 60
16 France . . . . . . do . . . . Franc . 39, 300 636 , 000 565,000 1, 200, 000
Germany . do . Mark . . .. . . 4 , 900 6 205 , 700
Greece . . do . Drachma. 600 2, 500 1, 900
19 Haiti. .do . Gourde . 500 1, 300 2,100 3
Italy . . . do . Lira . . . . . 288 ,500
21 Japan . .do .. Yen . 40 117 ,000 16,900 ) 133,
Mexico . . . .do . Peso . 000 31 ,200
23 Netherlands
Norway . .
. .do. . .. Florin
do . . Crown .
5 . 900
2 . 400
56, 400
16, 200
19,200
4 , 600
500
Portugal . . . . do .. . . Milreis . 6, 500 8 , 000
Roumania . do . Lei 30 , 600 2 ,100
Russia . . . . . do . Ruble . 611,700 334, 600
Servis . do . Dinar 6 , 500
Siam . . . . . .do . . . Tical .. 100
South American
States :
Argentina . . do ... Peso . . . . 7 , 000 248 , 300
32 Bolivia . . .. . . . . . . . do .. . . Boliviano . . . 2 , 300 7, 800
Brazil. . . . . . do . . . . Milreis . 1 . 500 116 ,500
Chile . 1. . . . do . . . . Peso . 1. 500
500
Colombia . . .. . .do. . .. Dollar . .
Ecuador
Guiang
. . . .do . . . . Sucre . VO
3,300
British . Pound sterling . 300 100
Dutch . . Florin .. 100 200
French . . . . .do .. . . Franc. 100 100
Paraguay . . do . . . . Peso 800 15, 200
Peru . . . . . do . . . . Sol. .. 4 , 500 8, 300
Uruguay .do .. Peso 1, 100 15 , 200
Venezuela . do . . . . Bolivar 2 ,600 600 2,500
Spain . . . . . . . .do . . . Peseta . 19, 700 74,900 138 , 200 213 , 100
46 Sweden . . do . . . . Crown . . 5 , 400 22,800 3, 200 26 , 000
47 Switzerland . . . do . . . . Franc . . 3 , 300 31, 000 34, 700 65 , 700
48 Turkey . . . . . . . do . Piaster. . 24 , 000 14 , 900 127, 500 142 , 400
0 1 . 40
49 Central American Silver . .. Peso . . .. 5 , 300 1, 300 10
States.
Total. . . .. 1 , 040 ,600 5, 167 , 600
NOTE . - The blank spaces in this table signify that no satisfactory information is available .
1 Estimates for the United Kingdom prior to that for 1910 were fot coin only ; these figures include
$100 , 000, 000 for bullion in the Bank of England ; also $ 12,200 , 000 gold belonging to Indian gold -standard
reserve .
This is the amount in the currency reserves. Fred . J. Atkinson , accountant general of India , in 1908,
estimated the active rupee circulation at 2 ,040 ,000 ,000 rupees; small silver coin at 140 ,000 ,000 rupees.
3 Includes Straits Settlements, the Malay States, and Johore.
• This estimate is based upon a calculation made by Messrs . P . Arminjon and B . Michel in 1908 , who
estimated the stock of gold in the country at from 33,000,000 to 41, 000 ,000 Egyptian pounds. The mean
per capita, in the principal countries of the world, Dec. 31, 1911.
Stock of silver. Per capita.
Uncovered
paper .
Limited Total. Gold . Silver . Paper. Total.
Full tender . tender .
Thousands. Thousands. Thousands. Thousands.

568,N300 167 , 600 735 , 900 764 , 500 $ 18. 98 $ 7 . 76 $ 8 . 07 $ 34. 81
il 122, 900 122, 900 107 , 600 7. 21 2 . 49 4 . 00 13 . 70
11, 100 139 , 000 5 . 00 1. 32 19. 04 25 . 56
8 , 700 2 , 400
10,000 50 . 54 2 . 27 52. 81
Nil. 10 , 000
NIL. 7,700 79 , 100 22 .29 1. 2 12.76 36 . 29
Nil. 116 , 500 116, 800 115, 200 15 . 80 2 . 59 20 . 95
97 , 400 45 , 000 142 ,400 45,400 . 14 . 48 . 16 . 78
NIL . 20 , 000 8 . 38 2 . 56 10 . 94
Ni 19,000 7 , 500 4 . 25 11. 8 20 . 81
4 . 800 4, 800 9, 900 1.93 1 . 20 2. 5 . 60

. 000 5,000 20. 00 2 .38 22 . 38
NIL . 900 7 , 900 17 , 300 14. 19 2 .92 23 . 52
Nil 300 , 300 6 , 600 16 . 17 1.26 18 . 01
Nil . 500 500 14 , 900 3 . 66 . 17 8 . 96
347 , 400
70
411, 100 245 , 900 30 .53 10 .46 6 . 26 47 . 25
Nil 600 253,600
20
276, 100 3 . 16 3 . 90 4 . 24 11. 30
N 3 , 000
0 27 , 600 1 .69 1. 15 10 .62 13 . 46
1 . 000 80 8 , 200 2. 26 1.67 5 .47 9 . 40
22 . 700 400 24,100 182 , 300 8 .51 .71 5 . 38 14 . 60
NIL , 6 20
4, 0 101, 700 2.57 1. 23 1 . 95 5 . 55
52 , 000 56 , 000 51 , 200 2 . 08 3 .73 3 . 41 9 . 22
Nil . 29 , 000 64, 700 12. 81 4 . 92 10. 97 28 . 70
3 , 700 8 ,700 69 1 .54 3 . 62 13 . 83
Nil. 3 , 70
NI 33 , 10 33 , 100 69 , 900 2 . 69 6 .13 12 . 94 21. 76
Nil . 12 , 64 12 ,600 43, 200 4.81 1 . 85 6 . 35 18 . 01
Nil 78 , 80 78, 800 5 . 91 . 49 6 . 40
Nil. 1, 300 4, 900 2.32 4 . 53
2 . 2 52,200 2, 100 . 01 . 30
Nil
Nil 9 , 400 9, 400 7 692, 200 35 . 47 1 .34 98 .89 135 . 70

700 700 2,000 3.39 . 30 . 87 4 . 56
XYS
25 , 000 25 ,000 777, 900 5, 68 1 . 22 3 . 80 10 . 70

Nil .
Nil. 8 , 500 8 ,500 19, 000 14
Nil. 810, 000
Nil. 1, 300 1, 700 3.60 1. 13
400 400 100 1 . 34
ND . 300 300 2 . 00 3 . 00 3 . 00 00
100 100 600 1. 00 1 . 00 6 . 00 8 . 00
NII.
Nil. 42, 900 19. 00 53. 63 72 . 63
NU 2 , 400 2 .71 3 . 24
NI .
4 , 300 8, 000 13. 82 3 . 90 25 . 00
0 . 800 800 1 . 19 4. 15 5 . 65
Nil . 258 , 800 76, 000 10 . 82 13. 04 27 . 71
NIL 8 , 600 8 . 600 34, 700 4 . 81 1 . 59 6 . 43 12. 83
Nil. 13 . 500 27 , 900 19. 91 4 . 09 8 . 45 32 . 45
Nil. 26 , 400 5 . 93 1 . 10 7 . 03
26 , 400
NIL . 9 , 200 9, 200 89, 900 . 26 1.74 16 . 96 18. 96
NIL
1 , 523 , 700 2, 621, 200 3 , 567, 500

1,097 , 500
of these figures was ado pted table last year. e r mate was
dopted in this table
in this last year. Since thei esti
Sinc
their estimate was made the net imports of
ad into Egypt to Dee . 31
31 ,. 1911
1911,, have
have amounted
amounted to
to $ 28,919 ,061, but as there is said to be 3 considerable
absorption of gold for ornaments , no change in the
Estimate o A . De Fovile, 1909 .
German war fund and Ind Imperial
Imperial Bank
Bank of Germ
of Germany. No definite information as to other holdings.
The coinage of gold since
ce the
the establishment
establishment of
of the
the Empire , less recoinage , amounts to $ 1 , 125 ,023, 299, but
be exports are unknown , and there has
. and there has been
been an
an industrial consumption.
1 Gold conversion
This amount hasvalue
been . reduced
reduced to
to 8a gold basic ; that is, 100 pesos equal
gold basis i United States gold dolor.
Eccept Costa Rics anda British
British Honduras
Honduras (gold -standard countries) .
INTEREST TABLES.
STAPLE INTEREST.
days
days
6 ays
ACROSTICO
.8days
,d5 ays
.1year
d.3 ays
.7days
.4days
,9days
.2daya
.3mos
.4mos
2. os
.6mon
6mos
20
10
d1. ay
ONQORACCOON
.
.d
.1mo
Time,
RE
Amt.
ANNO
AUN SNN
COCA
COCONNNNNN
COAC
ccer
3
TA
09
16000
-6.600
CNCO
ONO
$ 5 . . . ..
DONN
'NNN
$ 10 . . .
COCO
JC00-AEToco
CON
NN
ISIC 200200009.0
-104
co
2
00
ర- ాజులు
$ 25 . . . .
ons
aera
RACOON
Aరానేలుు
20960
cce
28జ
NA
$ 50 . . 181 10
CON
83 / 1. 0 1 . 251
COD
NON
1 . 00 1 . 25 1 . 501
1. 171 1 .46 1. 751
E
$ 100 1. 001 1 . 331 2.000 4.0

NNN
1. 25 l 1 .671 2. 50 3 .
NOORA
01
COS
1.80 2 .00 2 .50 3 .001 60

SASS
2 .331 3 . 5017
2 .93
GURO
581
SSMEO
$ 20 671 1 . 33 2 .001 2 .66 3 .33] 4 .00 &

పలా
83 / 1.67 2 .50 3 . 33 4 .175 . 00 10 .0

-
33 67 | 1 .00 2.00 3 . 00 4 .001 5 .00 6 . 00 12.0

09
83
39 781 1.17 2 .33 3 .50 4 .671 5 .83 ] 7.00 140

SES
$ 300 . . . 66 ] 1 . 001 2 . 001 3 . 001 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 .00 ! 120

831 1. 251 2 .50 3 . 75 / 5 . 00 6 .25 7 .50 151
501 1 . 00 1 . 50 3 .00 4 . 501 6 .001 7.50 9. 00 18.
53 68 1. 171 1.75 3.50 5 .25 7. 00 8 . 75 10.50 21.6
లుజు
$ 500 . . . 1 501 56 1.11 1.66 3 .33 5 .00 6 . 661 8 . 33 10. 001 90 .0

69 1 . 39 2 . 08 4. 17 6 . 25 8 .33 ! 10 . 42 12 . 50
83 1 .67 2 .50 5 .00 7 . 500 10 . 000 12.501 15 . 00 302
68178188197 1 .941 2 . 9215. 831 8 . 751 11 . 871 14 .58 1 . 501 33 .
$ 1 ,000 55 66 78 89 | 1.00 1. 11 2. 22 3 . 33 6 .67| 10. 00 13. 33] 16 .66 ) 20 . 00 40. 0
691 83 97 1 . 11 1 . 25 1 . 39 2 . 781 4 . 17 ) .33 ) 12 . 50 16 . 67 20 . 831 25 . 00 50 .
83 | 1 .00 1 . 17 1 .33 1 . 50 1 . 67 3 . 33 / 5 . 000 10 . 00 15 . 000 20 . 00 25 . 00 30 . 00 en
1391 78 97| 1 . 17 1. 361.86 |1. 75 1.94 3 .89 5 .83 ] 11.67 | 17 . 301 23 .33 | 29 . 17 ] 35 . 00 70 .0
In order to and the amount of Interest at 1 1- 2 , 2 1 -2 , 31- 2 per cent , etc ., divide the amount gives
twice the interest (1. e ., 3, 5 , 7 per cent , etc.) by 2 .
COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE NO. 1.

SHOWING THE RATE AT WHICH $ 1 WILL INCREASE WHEN AT COMPOUND INTEREST.
Years 3% 4% 5% 7% Years, 3% 6%
1 . 0300 1 .0400 1 .0500 ) 1 . 0600 ) 1.0700 1,8842 ) 1.6304 ) 1. 7103 ) 1 .8953 2104
1 .06091 1 . 08181 1 . 1025 1 . 12381 1 . 1449 1.42581 1. 60101 1 .7959 2.0122 223
1 .0927 ) 1 . 1249 ) 1 . 1676 ) 1 . 19101 1. 2250 1.4685 ) 1 .6650 1 .8856 ) 21329
1.1255 1. 1699 1. 2155 1 .2624 1 . 3108 1 .51261 1 . 73161 1 .97991 2. 2609
1. 1592 1. 2166 1. 2763 1.3382 1 4025 1 .5580 1.8009 2 .0789 2 .3965 2 . 75
1.19401 1. 2653 ) 1. 3401 1.4185 1 .5007 1 ,8047) 1.8730 ) 2 . 1828 ) 2 .3403 293
1. 2299) 1.3159 1 .4071 1.5036 ) 1.6058 1. 65281 1 .04801 2 . 29261 2 .6928 / 3 . 153
1 . 2668 1. 3686 1.4774 | 1 58381 1.7182 18 1 .7034 2.0258 2.4060 2. 8513 8.57%
1.3048 / 1. 4233 1. 6813 1 .6984 1.8384 1 .7535 ) 2 .1068 ) 2 .5289 3 .0256 ) 3 .81
. ) 1 .3439 ) 1 .4802 ) 1 .6289 ) 1 .7908 ) 1. 9671 | 20 1.8061 / 2. 1911 2 .6533 ) 3 . 2071 3 .600
COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE NO . 3

SHOWING THE INCREASE OF SI IP INVESTED AT COMPOUND INTEREST FOR 100 YEARS .
Invest Amt. in Invest Amount in Invest. 1 Per Amt. in Inrest. Per Amorint la
ment. Cent. 100 yrs. ment. Cent. 100 years. ment. Cent.) 100 yrs. ment. Cent 100 years.
$ 131.25 $ 5 ,313.00 31.174. 400 . 0

340.00 13 ,800. 00 15 , 145 , 000 . 0
868 . 001 84 ,675 . 00 351, 799 ,4040
80 .601 2,203 . 00
YEARS IN WHICH MONEY WILL DOUBLE AT SEVERAL RATES OF INTEREST .
Simple Interest. Rate of
Lat Compound Interest. Int. Simple Interest. Compound Interest.
1100 years . . 69 years and 245 days . . . 120 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 years and 75 days .
50 years . . . 135 years . . . . 116 years and 243 days . 11 years and 327 days ,
40 years . 8 years and 26 days . . . . 14 years and 104 days . 10 years and 89 days ,
33 years and 4 months 23 years and 164 days . . . 112 years and 183 days . 9 years and 2 days .
23 years and 208 days . 20 years and 34 days . . . . 11 years and 40 days . . 18 years and 16 days .
25 years . . . . . years and 246 days . . . ( 10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 years and 100 days.
22 years and 81 days . 115 years and 273 days . . . |
TABLES OF WAGE.
MONTHLY WAGE TABLE.
Days $10 $ 11 $ 12 $ 13 $ 15 / $ 16 $ 17 $ 18 $ 19 $ 20
Rocco
.50 .58 . 65 .77
85 1 . 00 1. 15 1.31 1 . 46 1 .54
R
micidcon
1 . 27 1. 50 1 .73 1.85 1. 96 2. 19 2 .31

1.54 1 .69 2 .00 2 .31 2 . 46 2 .62 2. 92 3 .08
8 . 65
io tad
1. 92 2 . 12 2 . 50 2 .88 3 . 08 3 . 27 3 . 46 3 .85
2 . 31 2 . 54 3 . 00 3 .46 3 .69 3 .92 4 . 15 4 .38 4 .62
2 .69 3 .50 4 .04 4 . 31 4 .58 4 . 85 5 . 12 6 . 38
6 . 85
vidia
3 .08 4 .00 4 .02 4 . 92 5 . 23 5 .54 6 . 15

3 . 48 4 .50 4 .85 5 .19 5 . 54 5 .88 6 . 23 6 .58 6 .92
3 .85 5 .00 5 . 38 5 .77 6 . 15 6 .54 6 . 92 7 . 31 7 .69
dood
eo
293
6 .50 5 .92 6 .35 6 . 77 7 . 19 7 .62 8 . 04 8 .46
4 .62 6 . 00 6 .46 6 .92 7.38 7 . 85 8 . 31 8 . 77 9 .23
6 .50 7 .00 7.50 8 . 00 8 .50 9 . 00 9.50 10 . 00
7 .00 7 .54 8 .08 8 .62 9 . 15 9 .69 10. 23 10 . 77
7 .50 8 .08 8 .65 9 . 23 9 .81 10 . 38 10 . 96 11 .54
8 . 18 8. 77 8 .00 8 .62 9 .23 9 . 85 10 .46 11. 08 11 . 69 12 . 31
8 .50 9 . 15 9 .81 10. 46 11 . 12 11.77 12 .42 13 . 08
8 .92 1.62 9 . 00 9 .69 10 . 38 11.08 11. 77 12 . 46 13 . 15 13 . 85
8. 04 9 .50 10 . 23 10 . 96 11.89 12 .42 13 . 15 13 . 88 14 .62
7 .69 8. 46 10. 00 10.77 11. 54 12.31 13 .03 13. 85 14 .62 13 .38
8 . 08 8 . 88 10.50 11. 3i 12 . 12 12. 92 13. 73 14 .54 15 . 35 16 . 15
9 . 31 10 . 15 11.00 11. 85 12 .69 13.54 14. 38 15 . 23 16 . 08 16 . 94
dia
8 . 85 9 . 73 10 .62 11 . 50 12. 38 13 . 27 14 . 15 15 .04 15 .92 16 .81 17 .89

10 . 15 11 . 08 12. 00 12 13.85 14. 77 15 .69 16 .82 17 .54 18 . 48
9 .62 10 .58 11.54 12.50 13 . 46 14 .42 15 . 38 16 . 85 17.31 18 . 27 19 . 23
10 .00 11.00 12 . 00 13.00 14 .00 15 .00 16 . 00 17. 00 18.00 19. 00 20 .00
20 . 00 22.00 24 . 00 26 . 00 28 . 00 30 . 00 82.00 34. 00 36 .00 38. 00 40 . 00
30 . 00 33 . 00 36 . 00 39 . 00 42. 00 45 .00 48. 00 61. 00 54 .00 57 . 00 60 .00
40 .00 44 .00 48 . 00 52. 00 56 . 00 60 .00 64 . 00 68 . 00 72. 00 78 . 00 80 .00
50 . 00 65 .00 €0 . 00 65 . 00 70 . 00 75 . 00 80 . 00 85 . 00 90 . 00 95 . 00 100. 00
60 .00 66 . 00 72.00 78. 00 84 . 00 90 .00 96 .00 102.00 108 . 00 114 . 00 120 . 00
84 .00 91. 00 98 .00 105 .00 112 .00 119 . 00 126 . 00 133 . 00 140 00
70.00 77.00 96 . 00 104 . 00 112 . 00 120 .00 136 . 00 152 . 00 160 . 00
80 . 00 88 . 00 128 . 00 144 . 00
90 . 00 99 . 00 108 . 00 117 . 00 126 . 00 135 .00 144 . 00 153 .CO 162. 00 171. 00 180 . 00
110 .00 120 . 00 130 . 00 140 . 00 150.00 160 . 00 170. 00 180 . 00 190 .00 200. 00
100 .00 132 . 00 143. 00 154 . 00 165 .00 176 . 00 187 . 00 198 . 00 209 . 00 220 00
110 .00 121. 00
120 . 00 182. 00 144 .00 156 .00 168.00 | 180.00 192.00 204. 00 216. 00 228. 00 | 240.00
YEARLY WAGE TABLE .

Per Per Per 11 Per Per 1 Per Per Per Pe
Perr Per Per
Yar Month Week . Day. Year. | Month . Week . Day . Year. | Month . Week . Day.
31.67 $ 0 . 38 $ 0 .05 | $ 100 is $ 8 . 33 $ 1 . 92 $ 0 .27 $ 190 is $ 15 .00 $ 3 .45 $ 0 .49
.07 105 8 . 75 2 . 01 . 29 185 115 . 42 3 . 55 .51
. .08 110 9. 17 2 . 11 . 30 190 15 . 83 3 . 64 .62
250 :58 115 9 . 58 2 . 21
2. 92 . 101 . 32 195 16 . 25 3 . 74 .53
3. 33 . 111 120 10 . 00 2 . 30 ..33 200 16 .57 3 . 84 .55
3. 75 188 . 12 125 10 .42 2 .40 . 34 205 17.08 3 .93 . 56
08 130 10 . 83 2 ,49 . 36 210 17 .30 4 .03 . 58
4 .58 1 . 06 135 11.25 2 .59 . 37 215 17. 92 4 . 12 .59
5 . 00 1 . 15 16 140 11.67 2 .69 . 38 220 18. 33 4 .22 .80
1 . 25 . 18 145 12.08 2.78 :40 225 18 . 75 4 .31 .62
5 . 83 1 . 34 . 19 150 12. 50 2 . 88 230 19 . 17 4 .41 . 63
6 .26 9
21 12 . 92 2. 97 235 19 .58 4 .51
6.67 1 .53 13.33 3 .07 240 20. 00 4 . 80 .66
7 .08 173
13.75 3 . 16 245 20 .42 4 . 70 .67
7 . 50 170 14 . 17 3 . 26 20.83 4 .79 .69
7.92 1 . 82 175 14 .58 3 . 36
WEEKLY WAGE TABLE .
$2.00 $3.00 54.00 $5.00 $0.00 $7.00 $8.00 $0.00 $10.00 $11.00 $12.00 $13.00 $14.00
tas
.024 . 06 . 06 % 073 0912 . 09 . 10 . 11 . 12

. 05 . 00 . 1895 20 22 23 %
00
. 13 %
. 23 . 263 . 30 . 33 % . 36 % 40 .463
.35 .40 .45 .50 " . 55 00 . 65 . 70
*
.463 .534 . 60 .66 % . 73 % 1 . 80 . 8624 .935

.33 .58 % .66 % . 75 . 834 .913 1 . 00 1 .08 % 1. 16
KER * *
40 .60 . 70 . 80 . 90 1. 00 1 . 10 1 . 20 1 . 30 1 .40
502 . 70 .813 . 9324 1 . 05 1 . 16 % 1 . 2835 1 . 40 1.52 1. 834
.62 % .80 1 .93 % 1.062 1. 20 1 . 33 141 .46 % 1 . 60 1 .73 % ) 1. 86 %
1831 .66 % 1 .83 % 1.00 1 . 16 % 1 331 1.50 1 .66 % 1. 83 % 2 . 17 2 .33 %

335 .86 % 1.33 % 1.884 2.00 2 .33 % 2 .663 3 .00 3 . 33 % 3 .663 4 . 34
501 .00 2 .503 .00 3 .50 4. 00 4 .50 5 . 00 5 .50 8 . 00 6 .51 6 . 99 %
Cic.
.869 1 .33 % 2. 68 % 3. 33 % 1 .00 4 .68 % 5 .334 16 .00 8 .66 % 7 . 334 | 8 .00 8 .68 8.83
89 12 11 . 68 % 3 .89 % 4 . 16 % 5 . 00 5 .834 6 .66 % 17.50 8 .33 % 9 . 16 % 10. 00 10 .85 11.88 %
DO 12 . 00 14 . 00 5 . 00 16. 00 17 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 10 . 00 11 . 00 12 . 00 13. 00 14 . 00
Trade Discount Table

From the Business Man 's Pocket Book , by permission of the owners of the copyright
Tbe International Text Book Company. proprietors of the International
Correspondence Schools of Scranton . Pa .
Equiv. Equiv Net

Rate Per Cent. alent Net Rate Per Cent. alent
. 0250 . 9750 25 and 10 . . . 3250 .6750

2 and 21 . . . . . . 0494 . 9506 25 , 10 and 2 . . 3419 .6581
2 and S . . : : . . 0738 . 9262 25 , 10 , and S . . . 3588 . 6412
. 0969 . 9031 25 , 10 , and 7 ) . . . . 3756 . 6244
2 . S , and 24 . . . . .
2 , 5 , and 5 . . 1201 . 8799 25 , 10 , and 10 . . . . 3923 .6075
2 , 3, 5 , and 21. . . 1421 . 8579 27 . - ; . 2750 . 7250
. 1225 . 8775 27 a . 2931 . 7069
2 and 10 . . . . 6892
2 . 10 and 21 " . . . . 1444 . 8556 27 , 2 } , and 2 . 3108
N:
3 , 10, and 3 . . . . 1660 . 8340 27 and 5 . . 3113 . 6887
. 1872 .8128 27 , S , and 2 . 3285 . 6715
2 , 10, 5, and 2 ) . .
:
21. 10 , and 10 . . . . . 2103 7897 27 , S , and S . . . . 3457 . 6543
. 0500 . 9500 27 and 7 } .. . . . 3294 .6706
3 and 24:: .0738 . 9262 27 , 7 ) , and 2 ) . 3462 . 6538
. 0975 . 9025 27 . 7 , and 3 . . . 3629 . 6371
S and 5 . . . .6203
5 , 5 , and 2 ) . . .. . 1201 . 8799 27 . 7 , and 7 ) . . 3797
S , S , and s . . . . 1426 . 8574 27 and 10 . . 3475 . 6525
S , 5 , 5 , and 27 : . 1640 . 8360 27 , 10, and . 3638 .6362
10 . . . . : : : : . . 1000 9000 27 . 10 , and S . . 3801 .6199
10 and 21. . . . 1225 . 8775 27 , 10 , and . 3964 . 6036
. 1450 . 8550 27 , 10 , and 10 . . . 4128 . 5872
10 and 5 . . . .
10 , 5 , and 2j.. . . 1664 . 8336 30 . . . 3000 .7000
10 , S , and s . . . . 1878 .8122 30 and 2 . 3175 .6825
10, 5, 5 , and 21 2081 . 7919 30, 2 , ar . 3346 .6654
10 and 10 . . : : : . 1900 .8100 30 and 5 . . 3350 . 6650
O , and 23 . 2103 . 7897 30, S, and 2 ) . . . . . 3516 .6484
1108 , 10, and 5 . . 2305 7695 30, 5 , and s . . . . 3683 . 6317
10, 10 , 3 , and 27 : . 2497 .7503 30 and 7 ) . . . . . . 3525 . 6475
. 7290 30, 7 } . and 2 ) . . 3687 6313
10, 10, and 10. . 2710
.6151
. 1500 . 8500 30, 71, and 5 . 3849
19 and 2j ... .. .. . 1713 . 8287 30 , 74, and 7 4011 . 5989
.6300
15 and 5 d. . . : . 1925 . 8075 30 and 10 . . . . . 3700
15, 5, an 2 ; .: : . 2127 . 7873 30 , 10 , and 27 . 3858 .6142
. 2329 . 7671 30 , 10 , and 5 . . 4015 . 5985
15, 5, and 5 30 , 10 , and 7 . 4173 . 5827
15, 5, 5 . and 21 . 2521 7479 . 5670
15 and 10 . . . 2350 . 7650 30 , 10 , and 10 . . 4330
15, 10 , and 2 ). . 2541 . 7459 32 . . . . 3250 .6750
5 , 10 , and 5 . . . . . . 2733 . 7267 32 and 21 . . . : . 3419 .6581
7085 324, 24, and 21 . 3584 .6415
15, 10, 5 , and 2 ) . . . . 2915
321 and 5 . . . . . .6412
15, 10, and 10 . . . . . 3115 .6885 . 3588
20 . . . . . . . . . .2000 .8000 32 , 5 , and 21 . 3748 .6252
20 and . 2200 .7800 321, 5 , and 5 . . 3909 .6091
. 7600 32 and 7 ) . . 3756 . 6244
20 and 5 . . 2400
32 , 71, and 21 . 3912 6088
20 , 5 , and 2 . 2590 . 7410
5932
20 , 5 , and 5 . . . .
20 , 5 , 5 , and 2 . .
. 2780
. 2962
. 7220
. 7038
321
321, 71, and
and 571
. 4068
. 4224 . 5776
2800 .7200 32 ] and 10 . . : : . . . 3925 . 6075
20 and 10 . . . . 5923
20. 10, and 21. . 2980 7020 32 , 10 , and 21. . 4077
20, 10 , and 5 . . . 3160 . 6840 32 , 10, and 5 .. . 4229 5771
20, 10, 5 , and 2 ).. . 3331 .6669 32 . 10 , and 71 . 4381 . 5619
20, 10 and 10 . . 3520 . 6480 321, io, and io . . 4533 3467
. 2500 . 7500 35 . . . 3500 . 3500
25 and . 2688 . 7312 35 and 27::: . 3663 .6337
25. 26 , and 2 } ... . . 2871 . 7129 35, 2 ), and 21 . 3821 .6179
25 and 5 . . . 2875 .7125 35 and 5 . . : : . 3825 . 6175
25, 5, and 21 . 3053 .6947 35, 5 , and 2j. . 3979 .6021
25, 5, and 3. . 3231 .6769 35, 5, and 5. . 4134 . 5866
25 and 71 . 3063 . 6937 35 and 7 } . . . . 3988 . 6012
25 , 71 and 2 ) . . 3236 .6764 35, 7 }, and 21. .4138 . 5862
25, 7 . and S . . . . 3410 .6590 35, 7 , and s . . . 4288 . 5712
25, 76, and 7 | . . . . 3583 .6417 35, 71, and 7 ) . . . . . 4439 S561
Trade Discount Table - (Continued )

Rate Per Cent. Equiv . Rate Per Cent. give | Net
alent Net alect
35 and 10 . . . . 4150 . 5850 42 ) , 10 , and 7 ) . . . . 3213 .4787

35, 10, and 2 ) . . . 4296 . 5704 42 , 10 and 10.. .. . . 5343 . 4657
35 , 10 , and S .. . 4443 . 55.57 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4500 . 5500
35, 10 , and 71. . 4589 . 5411 45 and 2 .. .. . . . . . .4638 . 5362
35, 10, and 10 . . . 4735 . 5265 45, 2' , and 2 ).. . . .4772 . 5228
. 3750 . 6250 45 and s . . 4775 . 5225
37) and 2 .. . 3906 6094 45, 5, and 24. . . . 4906 . 5094
375,27, and 2į . 4058 . 5942 45, 5, and 5.. .
45 and 7 ) . . . .
. 5036 .4964
37 and 5 . . . . .4063 . 5937 . 4913 . 5087
37 , 5, and 2 .. . 4211 . 5789 1 and 2 ) . . . 5040 4960
37 . 5, and 5 .. .4360 . 5640 7 . aad S . . . . 5167 4833
37 and 7 ) . . . 4219 . 5781 7 ) , and 7 . . 5295 . 4705
NON
37 , 71, and 23 . 4364 . 5636 45 and 10 . 5050 . 4950
37 . 7 . and S . . . . 4508 . 8492 45 , 10 , and . 5174 . 4826
375, 7 , and 71 . 4654 . 5346 45 , 10 , and . 5298 . 4702
37 and 10 . . . . . 4375 . 5625 45, 10 , and 7 ) . 5421 . 4579
37 , 10 , and 2 .4516 . 5484 45, 10, and 10 .. . 5545 . 4455
37 . 10 , and 5 . . 4656 . 5344 47 . . . . : : : .4750 . 5250
37 . 10 , and 71 . 4797 . 5203 47 and 2 . . : : .4881 . 5119
37 , 10, and 10 . . 4938 . 5062 47 , 24, and 21. . 5009 .4991
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000 . 6000 47 and 5 . . . . . . 5013 . 4987
40 and 21 .:: .: . 4150 . 5850 47 , 5 , and 23.. . 5138 . 4862
40, 21, and 2 ) . .4296 . 5704 47 , 5 and 5 . .. . 5262 . 4738
40 and S.. .. . . 4300 . 5700 47 and 7 . . . . 5144 . 4856
40, S, and 2 , . 4443 . 5557 47 , 71 , and 21 . . 5265 .4735
40, 3 , end 5 . . 4585 5415 477 . and 5 . . . .. . 5387 . 4613
40 and 7 | . . . ,4450 5550 47 , 7 , and 7 . 5509 . 4491
40, 74, and 21 . .4589 . 5411 47 and 10 . . 3275 . 4725
40, 7 , and 5 . . .4728 . 5272 471, 10, and 2 . 5393 . 4607
40, 7 . and 7 ). .4866 . 5134 47 ) , 10 , and 5 . . . . 5511 .4489
40 and 10 .. .. . 4600 . 5400 47 , 10 , and 7 . 5629 .4371
40, 10, and 21 . . 4735 . 5265 471, 10, and 10 . . 5748 . 4252
40 , 10 , and 5 . . . . 4870 . 5130 50 . . . : : : : : . . . . . 5000 . 5000
40, 10 , and 71 .. . 5005 . 4995 50 and 23.. . 5125 . 4875
40 , 10 , and 10 . . . 5140 . 4860 50, 21, and 27. . 5247 . 4753
12 ) . .d. . . .. . 4250 . 5750 50 and 5 . . . . . 5250 . 4750
Sen 23
2 and 2j; . 4394 . 5606 50, 5, and 24. . . 5369 . 4631
13and S ..
. 4534
. 4538
. 5466
. 5462
50, 5 , and 5. . 5488
. 5375
. 4512
50 and 71. . . 4625
42 . 5, and 27. : . 4675 . 5325 50, 71, and . 5491 . 4509
12 , 5, and 3 ": . 4811 . 5189 50 , 7 , and 5 . 5606 .4394
12 and 71 . . . . . . 4681 . 5319 50, 71, and 71 . 5722 .4278
27 . id 2 . 4814 . 5186 50 and 10 . . . . . 5500 . 4500
42 , 2 , and . . 4947 . 5053 50, 10 , and 21. 5613 . 4387
13 : 1 : and ;;:: :: :
12 and 10 . . . .
. 5080
. 4825
. 4920
. 5175
50 , 10 , and 5.
50 , 10 , and 7 ) . .
. 5725
. 5838
. 4275
. 4162
23. 10, and 21: ::: :
ar
. 4954
5084
, 5046
. 4916
50, 10 , and 10 .. 5950 .4050
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD .

ANCIENT MODERN
The Seven Wonders of the World , so - called , The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ,
or rather the Seven Wonders of the Ancient according to the poll of a thousand scientists
World , were as follows: The Pharos of in America and Europe, are, in the order of
Alexandria ; The Colossus of Rhodes ; The importance , with the votes cast ; Wireless
Great Temple of Diana at Ephesus : The
Hanging Gardens of Babylon ; The Pyramids; telegraphy, 244 votes; telephone , 185 ; aero
The Tomb of Mausolus; and the Great Statue plane, 167 ; radium , 165 ; spectrum analysis ,
of Jupiter at Olympia . All of the Seven 126 ; X -ray , 111. The Panama Canal was
Wonders were situated on the shores of the given 100 votes; anesthesia , 94 , and synthetic
eastern part of the Mediterranean . If the chemistry , 81. Only one ballot, bearing the
Greek writers had been better acquainted name of one of themost distinguished authori
with the north of Europe or the south of ties on chemistry of Munich , Germany , was
Asia , they would probably have made a checked for the seven titles, while six ballots
dinerent selection. showed the selection of six of the final seven .
THE GREAT TEMPLE OF DIANA

AT EPHESUS.
THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA .
Courtesy of "' The Sphere. "

THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES.
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON.
ourtesy of The Sphere. "

THE STATUE OF JUPITER AT OLYMPIA THE TOMB OF MAUSOLUS.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The Secretary of Agriculture exercises per BUREAU OF BOILS.
sonal supervision of public business relating The Bureau of Soils has for its object the
to the agricultural industry. He appoints all investigation
the officers and employees of the department the mapping of soilsof in their relation to crops,
soils, and the investigation,
with the exception of the Assistant Secretary mapping, and reclamation of alkali lands.
and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who are
appointed by the President, and directs the BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
management of all the bureaus, divisions, and
offices embraced in the department. He exer lifeThe Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant
in all its relations to agriculture. It in
cises advisory supervision over agricultura 1 cludes vegetable, pathological and physiologi
experiment stations which receive aid front cal, botanical, pomological and grass and
the National Treasury- forage plant investigations.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
The Bureau of Animal Industry conducts BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
the inspection of animals, meats, and meat- The Bureau of Entomology obtains and dis
food products under the act of Congress of seminates information regarding injurious in
June MO. 1906, and has charge of the inspection sects affecting
of import and export animals. It makes special and truck crops,fieldforests
crops, fruits, small fruits,
and forest product*,
investigations in regard to dairy subjects. and stored products.
FOREST SERVICE. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The Bureau of Forestry gives practical ad The Bureau of Biological Survey investi
vice; in the conservative handling of forest gates the economic relation of birds and mam
lands; investigates methods of forest planting, mals and
and gives practical advice to tree planters; vation ofrecommends measures for the preser
beneficial and the destruction of
investigates the control and prevention of injurious species. ± It also studies the geo
forest fires, and other forest problems. graphical distribution of animals and plant*
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. and maps the natural life aones of the country.
The Bureau of Chemistry makes such inves OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
tigations and analyses as pertain in general to
the interests of agriculture, dealing with fertil The Office of Experiment Stations repre
izers and agricultural products. It inspects sents the department in its relations with the
the conditions of manufacture, transportation, agricultural colleges and experiment stations
and sale of food and drug products for the which are now in operation in all the States,
purpose of determining whether such products and directly manages the experiment stations
are adulterated or misbranded within the in Alaska, Hawaii. Porto Rico, and Guam.
meaning of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of It seeks to promote the interest of asrieultura
June 30, 1906. Also inspects imported and education and investigation throughout the
'.ported food products. United States.
CHAPTER VI.
MERCHANT MARINE.
Number and Net and Gross Tonnage of Steam and Sailing Vessels of
Over 100 Tons, of the Several Countries of the World, as Recorded
in Lloyd's Register for 1913-14.
Flag. Steam. Sail. Total.
British Number. Net tons. Gross ions. Number. AVf tons. Number. Tonnage.
United King'm 8.514 11.109.560 18.273.944 700 422.293 9,214 18.696.237
Colonies 1.495 915.950 | 1.575.223 578 160.083 2.073 1.735.300
Total 10,009 12.025,510 19,849.107 1.278 5BSi.376 11.287 20.431.543
aî1t«Pstates) :
Sea 1.209 1.280.958 1.971.903 1.487 1.026.554 2,696 2.998.457
Northern Lakes 59a 1.724.566 2.285.836 34 96,854 627 2,382.690
Philippine
Islands 69 27.080 44.555 8 1.934 77 46.489
Total 1.871 3.032.C04 4.302.294 1.529 1425.342 3,400 5,427,636
Argentinian 236 107,172 180.570 72 34.259 308 214.835
Austro-
Hungarian 419 629.444 1.010,347 8 1,067 427 1.011.414
Belgian 164 186.581 290.196 8,190 172 304,386
Brazilian 402 18K.645 313.416 578 16.221 459 329.637
Chilian 95 68.834 108.491 36 31.301 131 139.792
Chinese 66 65.375 86.690 66 86.690
Cuban 55 37.902 00.895 4 041 59 01.530
Danish 552 415.880 711.094 259 50.960 811 762,054
Dutch 662 794.840 1.286,742 97 23.107 759 1.309,849
French 987 1.029.113 1.793,310 565 407.S54 1.552 2.201.104
2,019 2.877.887 4,743.046 302 339.015 2.321 5,082,001
365 443.771 705.897 77 16.885 442 722.782
Haitian 5 2.017 3,387 3.387
Italian 591 773.848 1.274.127 523 247,815 1.1145 1.521,942
Japanese 1,037 956.702 1.500.014 1.037 1.500.014
43 22.838 37,920 9 2.129 52 40,049
Norwegian 1.597 1,122.577 1,870.793 594 .187.097 2.191 2,457.890
Peruvian 20 13.352 25,814 40 19,700 60 45.514
Portuguese 105 55,903 92.630 103 27.943 208 120.579
Roumanian 32 25.01 1 45.123 1 285 33 45.408
Russian 716 463.022 790.075 500 184.103 1.216 974.178
Siamese 12 7,955 12.936 12 12.936
Spanish 547 506.073 826.201 60 14.734 607 840.995
Swedish 1.043 551.904 043.926 393 103.344 1,436 1.0-17.270
Turkish 135 65.402 111.848 137 46.450 272 157.298
SO 38.300 62,215 15 13.310 05 75,531
V enezuelan 8 2.420 4.232 079 13 4,911
Other countries:
Bulgaria, Co-
Io~nbia. Costa
Rica, Ecuador,
Egypt. Hon
duras. Liberia,
Montenegro,
Nicaragua,
Oman.Panama,
Persia.Salvador
Samoa Sarawak
Tunis. Zanz-
54 16.027 29.709 22 7.123 76 36,832
Total 23,897 26.517.02!) 43. 070,177 6.604 3,890.930 30.591 46.970,113
For valuable Information relative to ocean travel the reader is referred to "Scientific
American Handbook of Travel," published by Munn ft Co., Inc.. and compiled and
edited by Albert A. Hopkins. It is the standard book on the subject, and the tables
He., In this Chapter bring it up to date.
193
Courtesy of " The Sphere ."

THE PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE .
The Secretary of Agriculture exercises per BUREAU OF SOILS .
sonal supervision of public business relating The Bureau of Soils has for its object the
to the agricultural industry . He appoints all investigation of soils in their relation to crops,
the officers and employees of the department
with the exception of the Assistant Secretary the mapping of soils, and the investigation ,
and the Chief of the Weather Bureau , who are mapping , and reclamation of alkali lands.
appointed by the President, and directs the BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
management of all the bureaus , divisions, and
offices embraced in the department. He exer The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant
cises advisory supervision over agricultural life in all its relations to agriculture . It in
experiment stations which receive aid from cludes vegetable, pathological and physiologi
the National Treasury . cal, botanical, pomological and grass and
forage plant investigations .
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
The Bureau of Animal Industry conducts BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY .
the inspection of animals, meats , and meat The Bureau of Entomology obtains and dis
food products under the act of Congress of seminates information regarding injurious in
June 30 , 1906 , and has charge of the inspection sectstruck
affecting crops, fruits
fieldforests , small fruits ,
of import and exportanimals . Itmakes special and crops, and forest products,
investigations in regard to dairy subjects. and stored products .
FOREST SERVICE .
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
· The Bureau of Forestry gives practical ad The Bureau of Biological Survey investi
vice in the conservative handling of forest
lands ; investigates methods of forest planting , gates the economic relation of birds and mam
and gives practical advice to tree planters : mals and recommendsmeasures for the preser
investigates the control and prevention of vation of beneficial and the destruction of
forest fires, and other forest problems. injurious species. It also studies the geo
graphical distribution of animals and plants
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. and maps the natural life zones of the country .
The Bureau of Chemistry makes such inves
tigations and analyses as pertain in general to OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS .
the interests of agriculture , dealing with fertil The Office of Experiment Stations repre
izers and agricultural products. It inspects sents the department in its relations with the
the conditions of manufacture , transportation , agricultural colleges and experiment stations,
and sale of food and drug products for the which are now in operation in all the States,
purpose of determining whether such products and directly manages the experiment stations
are adulterated or misbranded within the in Alaska, Hawaii , Porto Rico , and Gunm .
meaning of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of It seeks to promote the interest of agricultura
June 30 , 1906 . Also inspects imported and education and investigation throughout the
exported food products. United States .
CHAPTER VI.
MERCHANT MARINE.
NUMBER AND NET AND GROSS TONNAGE OF STEAM AND SAILING VESSELS OF
OVER 100 TONS, OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD , AS RECORDED
IN LLOYD ' S REGISTER FOR 1913- 14 .
Flag . Steam . Sail. Total
British Number . Net tons. Gross tons. Number. Net tons. Number. Tonnage .
United King'm 8 ,514 11, 109,560 18 . 273, 944 700 422 , 293 9 ,214 18 ,696 ,237
Colonies 1 ,495 9 15 .950 1, 575 , 223 578 160 ,083 2 ,073 1 .735 ,306
Total. .. . . . . 10,009 12 ,025,510 19 ,849.167 1.278 582 ,376 11,287 20 ,431,543

American
(United States) :
Se a . 1 ,209 1 ,280 , 958 1 ,971, 903 1 ,487 1 . 026 ,554 2 ,696 2 . 998 ,457
Northern Lakes 593 1 ,724 ,566 2 ,285 ,836 34 96 .854 627 2 , 382,690
Philippine
Islands . . . . 69 27 .080 44 .555 1 . 934 77 46 ,489
Total. .. . .. . 1 ,871 3 .032 ,604 4 , 302,294 1.529 1125 ,342 3 ,400 5 ,427,636
Argentinian . . . . . 236 107 . 172 180 ,576 34 ,259 308 214 ,835
Austro
Hungarian 419 629 ,444 1 ,010 , 347 1 . 067 427 1 ,011,414
Belgian . . 164 186 ,581 296 , 196 8 , 190 172 304 ,386
Brazilian . . . 402 188 ,645 313 .416 16 ,221 459 329 .637
Chilian . . . 95 68 ,834 108 ,491 31 .301 131 139,792
Chinese . . . 66 55 ,375 86 ,690 66 86 .690
Coban . . . . 55 37 .902 60 ,895 641 59 61,536
Danish . . 552 415 , 880 711,094 259 50 , 960 811 762,054
Dutch . . . 662 794 .840 1 ,286 ,742 97 23 , 107 759 1 ,309 ,849
French . . 987 1. 029 , 113 1 .793,310 565 407 ,854 1 ,552 2 .201, 164
German . . 2 ,019 2 ,877 .887 4 ,743 ,046 302 339 . 015 2 ,321 5 .082,061
Greek . . . 365 443 .771 705 , 897 77 16 .885 442 722,782
Haitian . . . 2 .017 3 , 387 3 ,387
Italian . . . 591 773 ,848 1 ,274 . 127 247,815 1 ,114 1 ,521,942
Japanese . . . 1 ,037 956 ,702 1 ,500 .014 1 .037 1 ,500 ,014
Mexican . . . 43 22 ,838 37 .920 9 2 .129 52 40 ,049
Norwegian . . 1 ,597 1 , 122 ,577 1 ,870.793 594 587 .097 2 ,191 2 ,457 .890
Peruvian . . . . 20 13 ,352 25 ,814 40 19 .700 60 45 ,514
Portuguese . . . . . 105 55 ,903 92,636 103 27 ,943 20S 120 ,579
Roumanian 32 25 ,011 45 , 123 285 33 45 .408
Ru ssian . . . . . . . 500 184 , 103 1. 216 974, 178
716 463 ,022 790 ,075
Siamese . . 12 7 . 955 12,936 12 12. 936
Spanish . 547 506 ,073 826 ,261 60 11,734 607 S40,995
Swedish . . 1 ,043 551 .964 943 .926 393 103 ,344 1 ,436 1 .047 .270
Turkish . . . . 135 65 ,402 111,848 137 15 ,450 272 157, 298
Uruguayan . 50 38,360 62.215 15 13,310 65 75 ,531
Venezuelan . . . .. 2 .420 4 ,232 679 13 4 ,911
Other countries :
Bulgaria , Co
lonbia, Costa
Rica , Ecuador ,
Egypt. Hon
duras , Liberia ,
Montenegro ,
Nicaragua ,
Oman , Panama ,
Persia , Salvador
Bamos Sarawak
Tunis , Zanz
Ibar , etc. . . . . 16 . 027 29.709 22 7 . 123 36 ,832
Total.. . . . . . 23,897 26 ,517 .029 43,079,177 0 ,694 3,890.936 30.591 46 .970,113
For valuable information relative to ocean travel the reader is referred to " Scientific
American Handbock of Travel, " published by Munn & Co., Inc . , and compiled and
edited by Albert A . Hopkins. It is the standard book on the subject , and the tables,
c ., in this Chapter bring it up to date .
193
MERCHANT MARINE OF THE UNITED STATES.

On June 30, 1912, the merchant marine of Of steam vessels, 12,192, having a tonnes of
the United States, including all kinds of 1 . 111, 905, were made of wood , and 2 ,073 , with
documented shipping , comprised 26 ,528 ves aa ttonnage
onnage oofut4 , o067,
f 14, vesselbuilt
265 were
593, s. We ofakmetal.
o 665
sels of 7 ,714 , 183 gross tons. Of this number making a total of 14 , 265 vessels , with a gross
16 ,874 , having a gross tonnage 3 ,625 ,525 , tonnage of 5 , 197 ,858 . There are also 665
were operating on the Atlantic and Gulf wooden canal boats having a ton drage of
coasts ; 4 , 254 vessels, with a tonnage of
963 ,319 , were operating on the Pacific Coast . 72,567, and 3,842 wooden and 174 metal
The power and material of the total number barges, having a tonnage of 922,911 tonn
of documented vessels were as follows : Sail During the year 1 ,505 vessels, having a gross
ing vessels - Wood , 7 .442. gross tonnage | tonnage of 2 ,669 were constructed . Of this
1 , 279,633 ; metal, 140 , gross tons 259,214 ; number 10 + metal vessels had a tonnage of
total, 7 ,562, with a gross tonnage of 1 ,538 ,847. | 135 ,881.
OCEAN STEAMERS, 16 KNOTS AND OVER. Number belonging to each Country ,
WHO
20 knots
Country. & above. 19 knots. 181 kts. 18 knots, 274 kts. 17 knots. 16 knots. Total
Argentine . . ... . .
Austria
W:- uai
Belgium ... ...
air
Denmark
o
France
Germany ...
Great Britain
Greece . . .. .. .. .
NWUO
Holland ,
Italy .....
Japan
Peru .....
Russia
Spain .
Sweden . .. .. .
United States . .. . .... ... . ..
55
31 23 15 42 23 41 III
• P . & O., 28 ; British India , 14 ; White Star, 13 ; Union Castle , 13 ; Can . Pacific R . , II : Cunard , 9 : Orient 9 ;
Union of N . Z ., 6 ; Allan, 4 ; Atlantic Transport, 4 ; Anchor, 3 : Huddart Parker, 3 ; Canadian Northem 8 .8 . 00..
Grand Trunk Pacific Coast 8 . 8 . Co ., Howard Smith & Co., 2 eacb ; Adelaide S . S . Co ., Anglo -Algerian 8 . 8 . Co.
"Bermuda Atlantic B . S. Co., International Nav. Co., Ltd ., KhedirialMail 8 .8 . Co., Quebec S . S. Co., Royal Mail, and
Wilson Line , I eaoh .
N . B . - There were on June 30 , 1912, about 2 ,785 steamers in the world capable of a sea -speed of at least 12 knots
per hour, of which about 1,573 were British . Of the total number about two-thirds are ocean -going steamers
LARGEST STEAMERS FITTED FOR LIQUID FUEL.

Built in Naine. Gross Tons. Speed . Owners.
1908 Tenyo Maru 13, 454 20 Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha.

1908 Chiyo Maru . .. 13,431 20
1910 "Kiyo Maru .. 9 ,287
1903 *Narragansett . 9, 196 Anglo-American on Co., Ltd.
1903 Arizonan . . . . 8 ,672 American Hawaiian S . S . C
1901 Alaskan 8 ,672
1902 Texan 8 ,015
1907 Columbian . 8 ,580
1907 Mexican 8 , 580
1903 Missourian 7 ,914
1903 Virginian 7 ,914
1903 *Goldinouth .. 7 ,446 Anglo -Saxon’Þetroleum Co., Ltd .
1912 Helouan ... 7, 367 Lloyd Austriaco .
1911 Wien 7, 367
1902 * Pectan 7 , 291 Pectan S. S. Co., Ltd. (Thomas Woodsend),
1903 Spondilus .. . 7 , 291 Anglo - Saxon Petroleum Co ., Ltd .
1910 llonolulan 7 ,059 American -Hawaiian S . S . Co.
1903 * Ashtabula 7,025 Anglo -American Oil Co., Ltd .
• Fitted for the carriage of petroleum in bulk . t Under 12 knots .
LONGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD .
River Length River Length | River Length River Length
North America South America Niger .. . .. .. .. . 2 ,600 Mekong . . . . . . 9.600
Amazon . . . . . . 3 , 300 Asia
Mississippi Yenisei . . . . . . . 2.500
La Plata . . . . . . 2 , 9506 Obe . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 235 " Hwangho . . . . . . . 300
Missouri . . . . 4 , 194 Africa Yangtsekiang 3 , 000 Indus . . . .. 000
Yukon . . . . . . . . 2 , 050 Nile . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 67041 Lena . . . . . . . . . 2 , 860 Europe
Colorado . . . . . . 2 ,000 Kongo .. .. . . . . 2 ,800 X Amur . .. . . . . . . 2 , 700 91 Volga
ürnwarinovimio
Nimewala
NMao
Mawi
MERCANTILE FLEETS - BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
amen
lavyon
:WISA
a
nominiran
wa
KNOTS . Under
MN
Tota
Tonnagle.12
kn0
wew
Head Office,
NEW
LISES. ots Total.
w
15 14 13 12 knots.
in
MMM
la
cow
:ü
!NW
:Mo
Hamburg
a
51548
18
Hamburg - American 943,000 108
Borddeutscher Lloyd .... Bremen 775,000
A!wanaodai
A B
P . & 0 . SteamN . Co . .. ... .. .... London 543,000
NANNINA
NANINIW
British India Steam N . Co.... London .
490 ,000
NIM
wawi
AINWA
... Liverpool
White Star .. .. ... .. .. ...... . .. ...... 479, 000
: AM
Cleveland
IAN
Pittsburgh S . S . Co . , 464,000
:6W
" Blue Funnel ” Line ...... . Liverpool
N
. . .
450,000
W
Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd.... West Hartlepool . 420 ,000
-:A
... .... Liverpool
V
Ellerman Lines , Ltd .
L
406, 000
Panss Bremen 362,000
Nippon Yusen Kaisha ... Tokio 330 ,000
Compagnie Générale Trans. . . Paris . .. . .. . 321,000
Union -Castle Line London 309 , 000
Leyland ..... Liverpool
a
301, 000
Messageries Maritimes ... Paris.. . 300 ,000
wa
Harrison Liverpool 285,000
www
VIVAMU
Cunard Liverpool 259,000
Ender , Dempster & Co., Ltd. Liverpool 258,000
Hamburg-South American ... Hamburg 251, 000
Cisn . . . . . .. .. Glasgow 238 ,000
Poyal Mail S . P . Co .. ...... .. .. London 238,000
Nederland Line Amsterdam ... 225 ,000
Austrian Lloyd....... Trieste. .. ... . 221,000
Deutsche-Australische Hamburg 220 ,000
Canadian Pacific Railway ..... Montreal 219,000
Allan .. . " Glasgow 200 , 000 26
Wilson .... Hull 199 ,000 02
Union S. S. Co. of N . Zealand . Dunedin 197, 000

Kosmos . . Hamburg 190 ,000
Pacific Steam N . Co . .. ... . .... .. . Liverpool 183,000
Società Anonima Nazionale
di Servizi Marittimi . .. Rome .. 181,000
: : : : : : : :
Lamport & Holt .. ............ Liverpool 177 ,000

Ysclay & McIntyre Glasgow .. 177 ,000
Forenede Dampskibs Selskab/Copenhagen .... 172 ,000 130
. Bopner & Co . ... West Hartlepool ... 170, 000 52 MO
Ceska S. K . , Ltd. ..... Osaka 163,000 II2
Prince .. . ... . . . . . . Newcastle -on - Tyvel 156 ,000 41
:
Backnall S. S. Lines, Ltd ...... London 152,000 32

Andrew Weir & Co. ... Glasgow 146, 000
i
John Henry Usmar .. .. .. London 144 ,000

.
: : : :
Gilchrist Transportation Co. Cleveland, Ohio 144, 000

O
W
NI
Vim . Ruys & Sons ... ... ... ... ... Rotterdam .. . . . 144,000
New Zealand Shipping Co . ... London ......
N
143, 000
-O
!:I
Unione Austriaca di ſav. ... Trieste 142,000

Barrell & Son . ... .. . .. .... Glasgow . .. . .. 140,000
Koninklijke Paketvaart M ... Amsterdam . 139, 000
Red Star Line ...... Antwerp . ... . ... . 135 ,000
Paris. . .. .. .. . ... 132 ,000
M
Chargeurs Réunis . .. .. . ..
Deutsche Levante Linie ... ... Hamburg ....... 130 ,000
Edward Lain & Son ................ St. Ives . ..... 129 ,000
Holland -American Rotterdam 126 ,000
W .Wilhelmsen ... . Tonsburg 125,000
American -Hawaiian S . S . Co . New York 124 , 000
Anchor .. . Glasgow .. 123,000
China Nam. Co., Ltd . London 122 ,000
Moor Line.. ..... Newcastle -on . Tyne 122 ,000
Russian Steam Nav, Co, . ..... Odessa 120 , 000
Booth .. . Liverpool 114 ,000
Anglo -Saxon Petroleum Co . London 114 , 000
Engh & W . Nelson , Ltd . ...... Liverpool 113,000
Woermann Linie ... .. Hamburg T12 ,000
Deutsche Amerikanische Ham
Petroleum Co. .. . . . . burg ...... ... 109,000
Deutsche Ost Afrika ... Hamburg 109,000
8 . A . Tomlinson ... ... ...... ..... Duluth 106 , 000
Thomas (Evan ) Radcliffe & Co .lCardiff 105 , 000 27
Houlders Bros. ; Great Lakes Steamship Co. ; Russian Volunteer Fleet ; Soc. Gen . de Transport Maritimes a
Vapeur , each 104,000 tons : Lloyd Brazileiro, 102,000 tons ; 0 . T . Bowring & Co. ; Nav, Gen . Italiana ; and Pacific
Msil S . S . Co ., each 100 . 000 tons.
THE "IMPERATOR."
The '* Imperator, " the largest ship in the life boats, including two motor boats equipped
world, was built for the Hamburg-American with wireless apparatus. The trucks of tbe
Line by the Vulcan Shipbuilding Company. masts rise to a height of 246 ft. above the keel,
The vessel is 919 ft. in length, 98 ft. in beam, exceeding those of the loftiest vessel built.
and has a tonnage of .50,000. She has nine The funnels measure 09 ft. in length, and the
decks above the water line, and carries 83 oval openings measure 26'6" x 18'. The rud
der alone weighs 90 tons, the diameter of the
rudder's stock being 2H ft. The ship is
driven by quadruple turbines developing
62,000 H. P. One of the immense roters con
tains 50,000 blades, weighs 135 tons, and is
capable of developing 22,000 H. P. Tbe pro
pellers arc made of turbadium bronze, measure
16' 6" in diameter, and may be driven at 185
revolutions per minute. The vessel has
averaged over 23 knots throughout a day's
run. The construction of the " Impe*ytor%*
has been carried out under the supervision of
the Germanic Lloyds and the Immigrr.tion
authority. The ship is divided by 16 bulk
heads extending two decks above the water
line. These bulk-heads aie further nub-
divided, forming in all 36 separate water
tight compartments. Tbe " imperator ** im
constructed with an inner skin, making her
a ship within a ship.
The most careful attention has been given
to the Navigating Department of the "Im
perator. " The vessel is commanded by ft
Commodore, assisted by four Captains, one
of whom is constantly on duty on the bridge.
The " Imperator" is equipped with every
known safe device, and their efficiency is as
sured by frequent drills and rigid discipline.
The vessel carries 3,600 passengers, and a
crew of 1 ,180. The "Imperator" will be
followed by two sister ships of even greater
dimensions. The first of these, the S. S.
Vaderland, will enter the North Atlantic
LARGEST VESSEL AFLOAT. service in the spring of 1914.
THE NINE DECKS ABOVE WATER LINE OF THE "IMPERATOR.1
THE BIGGEST SHIP PASSING THE BIGGEST BUILDING

copyright , 1913, by Munn & Co., Inc.

VIEW FROM AFTER -MAST OF THE " OLYMPIC ”
LARGEST FLOATING DOCKS.
Lifting Length . Inside Depth over
Dock Capacity . Width . keel Blocks
Owners.
Tons . Feet . Feet . Feet .

Hamburg 46 ,000 728 % 123 36 Bloehm & Voss
Kiel . . 40, 000 656 154 35 % German Government .
Medway 32, 000 680 113 British Admiralty ,
Portemouth 32 , 000 680 113 36
Nikelaieft 30 ,000 558 136 Building .
Hambur 610 106
o
27, 000 Vulcan Co.

Montreal 25,000 600 100 272 Canadian Vickers , Ltd .
Pols .. . . 22, 500 5844 112 37 Austro -Hungarian Govt.
Rio de Janeiro .. .. .. 22,000 550 100 30 Brazilian Government.
Hamborg 20 , 000 511 % 97 26 Reiherstieg Co.
198 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . "
THE WORLD 'S FASTEST MERCHANT TIME AND WATCH ON BOARD SHIP,
Ships Now IN SERVICE . WATCH . For purposes of discipline, and
(Vessels of 22 Knots and over) to divide the work fairly , the crew is muis
tered in two divisions -- the Starboard (right
Tons Speed side, looking forward ) and the Port (leit .
Bullt gross knots The day commences at noon , and is thus
divided :
BRITISH (24 Ships) : Afternoon Watch . . . . noon to 4 p . m .
Ben -My-Chree (turbine) . 1908 2,651 25.34 First Dog 4 p . m . to 6 p .m .
Brighton ( turbine) . . . . . 1 , 129 22 Second Dog 6 p . m . to 8 p . m .
Campania . . . . . . . 1893 12,950 22 First 8 p . m . to midnight.
Connaught . . . . . . . 1897 2 ,641 23 .55 Middle . . 12 p . m , to 4 a . m .
Dieppe (turbine) . 1905 1 ,216 22 Morning . . 4 a . m . to 8 a . in .
Empress (turbine) . . 1907 1,695 22 Forenoon . . . . 8 a .m . to noon .
Empress Queen (pad .) . . . 1897 2 , 140 22 This makes seven WATCHES , which enables
Invicta (turbine) . . .
Leinster
1905 1,680 22. 9 the crew to keep them alternatively , as the
. . . .. . . . , 1897 2 ,641 23.5 Watch which is on duty in the forenoon one
Londonderry (turbine ) . . 1904 1 , 950 22. 3 day has the afternoon next day , and the mea
Lusitania (turbine) . . . . . 1907 31, 550 25 . 88 who have only four hours' rest one night have
Manxman (turbine ). . . . . 1904 2 , 174 23. 14
Mauretania ( turbine ) . . . . 1907 31,937 26 .06
eight hours the next. This is the reason for
having Dog Watches, which are made by di
Olympic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 45,324 22 .5
viding the hours between 4 p . m , and 8 p .m .
Onward ( turbine). . . . 1905 1 ,671 22 . 9 into two Watches .
Riviera (turbine) . . .. 1911
1.750123 .07
St. Andrew (turbine) . . . 19081 2 ,528 22. 50 Time. - Time is kept by means of " Bella "
St. David (turbine) . . . . . 1906 2 ,529 22 .50 although there is but one bell on the ship , and
St. George (turbine) . . 2 ,456 22.50 to strike the clapper properly against the
St. Patrick (turbine ) . . . 1906 2 ,531 22.50 bell requires some skill.
The Queen ( turbine ) . . 1903 1,676 22.25 First, two strokes of the clapper at the in
Victoria (turbine) . . . 1907 1 ,689 22 terval of a second , then an interval of tot
Viking ( turbine ) . . . . . . . . 1905 1 , 951 23.53 seconds ; then two more strokes with a ser
Viper (turbine ) . . . . 19061 1 ,713 22 ond ' s interval a part, then a rest of two sec
onds, thus :
BELGIAN (6 Ships) : BELL, ONE SECOND; B .,_ TWO SECS .; B . B .
Jan Breydel (turbine).. . 1909 1,750 24 B . ss .; B . s .; B . ss .; B .
Leopold II. (pad ,) . . .. . 1892 1,367 22 1. Bell is struck at 12.30 , and again at 4.34
Marie Henriette (pad .) . . 1893 1 ,451 22 6 . 30 , 8 . 30 p . m . ; 12 .30 , 4 . 30 , and 8 .30 a . m . ;
Pieter de Coninck (turb .) 1910 1,750 24 2 Bells at 1 (struck with an interval of 1
Princesse Clementine second between each - B . S . B . ) , the 88mn
(pad . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896 1 ,474 22 again at 5 , 7 , and 9 p . m . ; 1 , 5 , and 9 a . m . !
Princesse Elisabeth 3 Bells at 1 .30 ( B . 8 , B . ss, B . ) 5 .30 , 7 , 30
( turbine ) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1905 1 ,747 24 and 9. 30 p . m . ; 1, 30 , 5 .30 , and 9 . 30 a .m .
Durch ( 3 Ships ) :
4 Bells at 2 ( B . 8 , B . ss, B . S , B . ) 6 and 1
p . m . ; 2 , 6 , and 10 a . m .
Mecklenburg .. . . . . . . . .. 1909
Oranje Nassau
2,885 22 .50 5 Bells at 2 . 30 ( B . s , B . ss, B . 8 , B , 84, B .
. . . . . . . . . 1909 2 ,885 22 .50
Prinses Juliana . . . . . . . . . 1909 and 10 .30 p .m . ; 2.30 , 6 .30 , and 10 .30 4 .m .
2 ,885 22 .50 6 Bells at 3 ( B . s , B . ss , B . s , B . ss , B . & , B .
and 11 p . m . ; 3 , 7 , and 11 a . m .
FRENCH ( 3 Ships): 7 Bells at 3 .30 ( B . s . B . ss , B . s, B . ss , B .
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 27,000 24
La Provence . . . . . . . . . . , 1906 13 ,753 22
B . ss. B ) and 11. 30 p . m . ; 3 .30, 7 . 30 , ani
11.30 a . m .
Newhaven (turbine) . . . . 1911 23 8 Bells ( B . 8 , B . ss. B . $, B . ss, B . 3 , B . ss
B , s. B .) every 4 hours, at noon , at 4 pm
GERMAN (5 Ships) : 8 p .m ., midnight, 4 a . m ., and 8 a . m .
Deutschland . . . . . . . . . . . 1900 16 ,502 23
Kaiser Wilhelm II . . . .. . 1902 19 ,361 23.25
Kaiser Wilhelm
Grosse . . .
der DEPTH OF THE SEA .
. . . . 1897 14 ,349 22.50
Kronprinzessin Cecilie , . 1907 19 ,503 23 .50 Yards depth
Kronprinz Wilhelm . . . . . 19011 14 ,908 23 Average, Mai
Atlantic . . . . . 4 ,026 10 . 12
Courtesy of " Shipping World Year Book. " Pacific . . . 4 ,252 10 .09
Indian . . . . . 3 ,658 7 ,56
A HUMILIATING News ITEM . Arctic . . . 1 .690
Antarctic , . . . 3 ,000 3 . 95
NO U . S . FLAG ON THE THAMES. Mediterranean . . . . 1 .476
Irish 71
.. 240
NOT A VESSEL FLYING IT ENTERED THE PORT English Channel . . . .. 110
OF LONDON LAST YEAR . German . . . . 96
By Marconi Transatlantic Wireless Telegraph Levant . . . . . . . . . . .
72
to The New York Times . Adriatic .

LONDON , May 8 . - The Pall Mall Gazette
publishes as a startling fact a report by the The Southern Ocean below Cape Hor
Medical Officer for the Port of London that reaches a depth of 5 ,500 yards, and off Car
no vessel flying the Stars and Stripes arrived of Good Hope , 5 .700 yards. The vers
in the Thames in the whole of last year . depth of the Bay of Biscay is 1 . 200 yards .
FIRST STEAMBOATS, PIONEER SAILINGS AND EARLIEST LINES.
Denis PapIn experimented on River 1849. Houlder Brothers & Co. established at
> with paddle-wheel steamboat. London.
1736. Jonathan Hulls patented designs similar 1850. Bullard, King & Co. (Natal Line) estab
to modern paddle boat lished at London.
17*9. James Watt invented a double-acting 1850. Messagerics Maritimes do France estab
side-lever engine. lished.
1763. Marquess of Jouffrey made experiments in 1850. Inman (now American) Line, established
France. at Liverpool.
1765. James Ramsey, in America, propelled a x8si- Tiber, first steamer of the Bibby Line,
boat with steam through a stem-pipe. established 1821 at Liverpool.
1785, Robert Fitch, in America, propelled a 1852. Forerunner, pioneer steamer of the
boat with canoc-paddles fixed to a moving African Steamship Co.
1853. Union Steamship Co. was established
1787. Robert Miller, of Edinburgh, tried primi (nowUnion-Costle Line).
tive manual machinery. 1853. Boru&ia, first steamer of the Hamburg-
17M. Miller, with Symington, produced a American Pocket Co., established 1847.
double-hull stern-wheel steamboat. 1854. Canadian, first steamer of the Allan
180a Charlotte Dtindae, the first practical Line, established 1820.
steam tngboat, designed by Symington. 1854. Donaldson Bros, established at Glasgow.
1S04. I'homiz, screw-boat designed by Stephens 1855. British India Steam Navigation Co. was
in Kew York ; first steamer to make a sea voyage. established.
1807. Clermont, first passenger steamer con 1856. Tempett, first steamer Anchor Line.
tinuously employed ; built by Fulton In U.S.A. 1857. Waldentian, first steamer of J. T. Rennie,
tiia Comet, first passenger steamer con Son a Co. (Aberdeen Line).
tinuously employed in Europe : built by Miller 1858. Bremen, first Atlantic steamer of the
in Scotland. Norddeutscher Lloyd, established 1856.
••i*. Rob Roy, first sea-trading steamer in the 1858. Great Eastern lauuebed Into the Thames,
world ; built at Glasgow. Jan. 31 ; commenced, May x, 1854.
iSiq. Saeannah, first auxiliary steamer, paddle 1858. British and African Steam Navigation
wheels, to cross the Atlantic ; built in New Co., Ltd., established at Liverpool.
York. 1861 E. Ropner 4 Co. established at West
Aaron Manlxj, first steamer (English Hartlepool.
canal boat) built of iron. i86j. Shaw, Savlll & Co. established at
ttal City of Dublin Steam Packet Co. was London.
esUblished. 1863. Compagnie Generate Transatlantique
ska. General Steam Navigation Co. was established at Havre.
established at London. 1866. DetForenedeDampskibs Selskab (United
18*4 George Thompson & Co. (Aljerdeen Line) Steamship Co.) was established at Copenhagen.
were established. 1866. Booth Line established at LiverpooL
•istj. Enterprite made the first steam passage 1866. Agamemnon, first steamer of Alfred
to India. Holt (now the Blue Funnel Line).
stag. William Fatreett, pioneer steamer of the 1870. Nederland Line established at Amster
P. 4 0. J. N. Co. dam.
if10. T. oY J. Harrison (Harrison Line) were 1870. Dominion Line established at L'ver-
established at Liverpool. pool.
183a. Elburkah, iron steamer, took a private 1870. Leyland Line formed at Liverpool.
exploring party up the Niger. 1871. Hamburg-South American Steamship Co.
■I34 Lloyd's Register for British and Foreign established at Hamburg.
Shipping established. 187a. Glen Line established at London.
1836 F. Green <v Co. established at London. 187a. Red Star Line established at Antwerp.
1836 Austrian Lloyd Steam Navigation Co. 1871. Chargeurs ReuniB established at Paris.
established at Trieste. 1871. Holland-Amerika Line established at
1837 Francis B. Ogden, first successful screw- Rotterdam.
tugboat ; fitted with Ericsson's propeller. 1873. New Zealand Shipping Co. was formed
itjfi. Arehimedce,m*dethe Dover-Calaispassage at Chrlstchurch, New Zealand.
under two hoars, fitted with Smith's propeller. 1873. Kosmos Co. established at Hamburg.
1838. R. P. Stockton, built for a tugboat, 1877. Orient Line established at Loudon.
fitted with Ericsson's propeller, sailed to 1878. Clan Line established at Glasgow.
America ; flrat iron vessel to cross the Atlantic ; 1878. Hain Steam Ship Co., Ltd., established.
first screw steamer used in America. i88x. Cla. Trasatlantica formed at Barcelona.
1830. Thames, pioneer steamer of the Roval 1881. Moor Line began at Newcastlo-on-Tyne.
Mai) Steam Packet Co. 1881. Prince Line began at Newcastle-on-T} ne.
lira. George Smith A Sons (City Line) were 1883. Houston Line was formed at Liverpool.
esUblished at Glasgow. 1883. Rotterdam Lloyd formed at Amster
184a Britannia, pioneer steamer of the Cuuard dam.
line. 188s. Federal Steam N. Co., Ltd., established
tlfo. Chile, pioneer steamer of the Pacific at London.
Steam Navigation Co. 1885. Nippon Yusen Kalsho. established at
1845. Great Britain, first iron screw steamer, Japan.
precursor of modern Atlantic steamer. 1886. Atlantic Transport Co., Ltd., formed in
rtiS Thos. Wilson, Son* & Co., Ltd. (Wilson London.
Line) established at Hull. 1888. Anglo-American Oil Co., Ltd. formed In
1847. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. established London.
In America. 1888. German Australian 8.S. Co. established.
LOWEST OCEAN RATES.
To and from New York, English and Continental Ports.
(Subject to change without notice.)
1st Class i 2d Class 2d Class
Lines. to or from j to or from to or from
Europe. . England. Continent
American Line
SSs. Now York, St. Paul. St. Louis and Phila
delphia $05.00 J52.50 $60.00
Philadelphia-Liverpool Steamers
SSs. Haverford and Merion 50 . 00
SSs. Dominion 47.50
Atlantic Transport Lino
SSs. Minneapolis, Minnetonka, Minnehaha M in-
newaska 85.00
Anchor Line
SSs. Columbia. Caledonia and Cameronia. . . 75.00 50 00
SS. California 70.00 50.00
Mediterranean Service
SSs. Italia, Perugia and Calabria 60. 00
Austro-Americana
Kaiser Franz-Joseph I 80.00 65.00
SS. Martha Washington 75.00 05 00
SSs. Laura. Alice, Argentina and Oceania . . . 70.00 50.00
Cunard Line
SSs. Lusitania and Maurctania 127.50 65.00 70.00
SS. Campania 105.00 55.00 6O.00
SSs. Carmania and Caronla 100.00 57 50 62.50
Boston-Liverpool Service
SSs. Franconia. Laconia 02.50 52.50 57.50
Ivernia and Saxonia 85.00 50.00 55.00
SSs. Franconia and Laconia 100.00 65.00
SSs. Caronla and Carmania 105.00 65.00
SSs. Ivernia and Saxonia 85.00 65 . 00
SS. Carpathla 82.50 65 00
SS. Pannonia 75.00 55.00
French Line
S3. France 122.50 70.00
SS. La Provence 110.00 65.00
SSs. La Savoie and La Ixjrralne 100.00 62.50
SSs. La Touralne and Espagnc 00.00 60.00
SS. Rochambeau 57.50
SSs. Chicago and Niagara 55 00
SSs. Florido and Caroline 47.50
Fabre Line 55.011
SS. Patria 75 00
SS. Sant' Anna and Canada 75.00 55.00
SSs. Madonna and Veneiia 80.00
SSs. Roma and Germania 80.00 55.00
Hamburg-American Line
SS. Imperator 1 27 50 67 72 50
SSs. Amerikaand Kaiserln Aug. Victoria 115.00 60 00 65 00
SSs. Cleveland. Cincinnati and Victoria Luiso 07 50 57 50 60 00
SSs. Moltke and Bluerher 05.00 55 00 00.00
SSs. President Lincoln, President Grant and Ham
burg ••■ 00.00 55 00 60.00
SSs. Graf Waldersoe and Pennsylvania 57.50
SS. Moltke 05 00 65 00
SS. Hamburg 00 00 65.00
SS. Batavia 65.00
Holland-America Line
SS. Rotterdam 107.50 57 . 50* 62.50
SS. New Amsterdam 05.00 55 00* 57.50
SS. Noordam and other ships 85.00 55 00
Italian Royal Mall Lines
SSs. Verona and Ancoma 80 00 65.00
SSs. America. Europaand Sianipnlia SO . 00 65.00
Philadelphia-Mediterranean Service
All steamers 80 00
Boston-Mediterranean Service
8Ss. Palermo and Napoli 65.00
Lloyd Italiano
SS. Taornima so no i . 05.00
SS. Mcndoza J___L1_:_;_;_L^^:L^1. 65 . 00
♦New York to Plymouth only.
LOWEST OCEAN KATES—Continued.
1st Class 2d Class 2d Class
Lines. to or from to or from to or from
Europe. England. Cont ineut.
Uojd Sabaudo
86s. Tomuo di Savoia and Principe di 1 dine 75.00 65.00
AU other steamers 70.00 65.00
North German Lloyd
88*. Kronprinzessln Cecilloand Kaiser Wllhelm II 125.00 65.00 70.00
SSa. Kronprinz Wllhelm. Kaiser Wllhelm dcr
Grosse 122.50 65.00 70.00
SS. George Washington 115.00 60 00 65.00
SS. Prlnz Frledrich Willuim 100 00 57.50 62 . 50
SS. Grosser Kurtuerst 95 . 00 55 . 00 60.00
SS. Barbarossa and other ships 90 00 55 . 00 00.00
MlDITIBBAXEAN SERVICE
SS. Berlin 100 00 65 00
All other steamers 90 . 00 65.00
Bed Star Line
S8. Upland (17 . 50 57 . 50 60 00
SSs. Finland. Kroonland and Vaderland 85 . 00 55 . 00 55 . 00
Philadelphia-Antwerp Sehvice
All steamers 55 00
Russian-American Line.
SSs. Russia, Kursk and Czar *
Scandinavian-American Line
All steamers 77 . 50
White Star Line
SS. Olympic 1 30 00 65 00 70.00
SS. Adriatic n o oo 57 . 50
SS. Oceania 1 10.00- 57 50 62 50
SSs. Majestic 95 00 52 . 50 CO (10
SSs. Baltic. Cedric and Celtic [1)11 1)11 55 . 00
BoeTON-LlVERPOOL SERVICE
SS. Arabic 5.1 . 75
SS. Cymric 52 . 50
MEDITERRANEAN SERVICE
■SS. t'anopic 85 00
S3. Cretlc 82.50
Libau*The minimum
Secondfirst class
farefare fromNewNewYork
York
to toRotterdam
Rotterdamis isS45.O0
$05.00 and
and to
$75 00. class from to
Libau $50.00. The minimum first class fare from Libau to New York Is $75.00 and
second class fare $62.50.
The above are the lowest or minimum rates from port to port. Through rates to
London or Paris should be made by adding to the above rates the following railroad
rates of class and from desired port:
From Liverpool to London: 1st Class, $7.00. In connection with 2d Class
°"c*n tickets a 3d Class railroad ticket is furnished for $2.50. Fishguard to London,
1st Class. $8.25. and 3d Class, $2.50, in connection with 2d Class ocean tickets.
FromwithLiverpool
nection 2d Classtoocean
Paris:tickets,
1st class $21.00: Fishguard
transportation to Paris
is provided from$22.25. In con
Liverpool and
fisheuard on payment of $7.50.
From Plymouth to London: 1st Class, $7.50: 2d Class. $4.75; 3d Class, $3.75.
From Dover to London: 1st Class. $4.75; 2d (Mass. $3.15.
From Southampton to London : 1st Class, $2.75; 2d Class, $1.75; 3d Class, $1.40.
From Cherbourg to Paris: 1st Class. $8.75; 2d Class. $6.25; 3d Class. $3.60.
From Havre to Paris- 1st Class, $5.60; 2d Class, $4.00; 3d Class, $2.50.
From Boulogne-sur-Mer to Paris: 1st Class, $5.50: 2d Class, $3.70.
From Marseilles to Paris. 1st Class, $18.85; 2d Class $12.80.
PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY.—PANAMA LINE.
tr°9. Champerico, Francisco
Between San San Jose and Mazatlan, San
de Guatemala, Bias, Manzanillo,
Acajutla, La Libcrtad,Acupulco,
La Union,Salina Cruz,
Amapala,
' oniHo, San .lose del Sue, Punta Arenas, Ballx>a (Panama).
San York,
francisco
$120.andSteerage,
Panama.$65.$120.SanRound Trip.and$216. Steerage.$120.
$60. First
San class
Francisco
ar'd New Francisco New Orleans, only.
Jiily atSan Pedro (Los Angeles) en route. San Francisco to Panama, $85. Round Trip,calling
New express, passenger and freight service direct for Panama and New York, $150.
New York, $120. To New Orleans, $120.
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM NEW YORK.*

AMERICAN LINE .
Gross Indic .
Steamships. Year Tonnage H .- P . Length
New York (Rebuilt 1903 ) . 1888 10 ,798 16 , 000 576
St. Louis . . . . . . . . 1895 11 ,629 17 ,500 554
St. Paul. . . . . 1895 11,629 17 ,000 554
Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899 10 ,786 16 ,800 576
ANCHOR LINE .
Columbia . . . . . 1901 8 ,400 8 , 400 503
Caledonia . . . . 1904 9 .400 10 , 200 515
California . . . 1907 9 ,000 7 .000 485
Cameronia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 10 ,500 12 ,000 532
ATLANTIC TRANSPORT LINE.

Minneapolis.. . . 1900 13 ,448 9 ,500 616
Minnehaha . . . . 1900 13 ,443 9 ,500 616
Minnetonka. . . . . .
VIDIOLOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902 13 ,440 9 ,500 616
Minnewaska . . . . 1909 14 , 317 9 ,500 616
AUSTRO - AMERICAN LINE
Laura . . . . 1907 6 , 122 4 .500 415

Alice .. . . . . 1907 6 , 122 4 , 500 415
Argentina . . . 1907 5 ,526 3 ,600 416
Oceania . . . . . 1907 5 ,497 3 ,600 390
Martha Washington . . . . . 1909 8 ,312 7 ,500 460
Kaiser Franz - Joseph I . . 1912 12 ,567 13 ,000 500
Belvedere . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 11,000 418
COMPANIA TRANSATLANTICA ,
Cadiz and Barcelona Service.)
Antonio Lopez . . . . . . 1891 6 , 300 5 ,000 430
Manuel Calvo . . . . . . 1892 6 ,000 6 ,000 419 . 8
Buenos Ayres . . . . . 1887 5 ,500 4 ,800 410 . 6
Monte - Video . . . 1889 5 .500 5 ,000 410
Montserrat . . . ..... ... 1889 4 .500 4 ,500 371
CUNARD LINE .
(Queenstown and Liverpool Service.)

Campania . . . . . . 1893 13,000 30,000 620
Mauretania . . . . . 1907 32.000 70 ,000 790
Lusitania . . 1907 32,500 70 .000 785
Caronia . . 1905 20 ,000 21,000 675
Carmania .. . 1905 20 ,000 21, 000 675
Franconia . . . . 1911 18 , 150 14 .000 600
Laconia . . . 1912 18 .098 14 ,000 600
Aquitania (Building ) . ... . . . 47 .000 901
CUNARD LINE .
(Mediterranean and Adriatic Service.)

Ultonia . . . 1898 10 , 200 500
Carpathia . . . 1903 13 ,600 540
Pannonia . . . . 1904 10 .000 501
Saxonia . . . 1900 14 , 270 10 , 400 580
Ivernia . . . 1900 14 . 210 10 ,400 580
* Tables copyright 1913 by Munn & Co., Inc.

TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM NEW YORK . - -Continued .

FABRE LINE.
(Various points, including Naples, depending on season of year.)
Gross Indic .
Steamships . Year. Tonnage H .- P . Length .
1902 5 , 291 6 ,000 426
Germania . . . 1903 5 , 103 6 ,000 426
La donna . 1905 5 ,633 6 , 200 450
Venezis 1907 6 ,827 7 ,200 460
Sant' Anna . . . . 1910 9 , 350 10 ,000 500
Canada . . . . . . . 1912 9 ,350 10 .000 500
Patris . . . . . . . . 1914 12 ,000 525
FRENCH LINE.
La Touraine . . . . 1890 9 , 161 12 .000 536
L Lorraine . . . . . . 1899 11,874 22,000 580
La Savoie . . . . . . . 1900 11,889 22,000 580
La Provence . . . . . . 1906 14 ,744 30 .000 624
Chicago . . . . . . . 1906 11, 112 9 . 200 520
is gara . . . . . . . . 1908 9 ,614 8 ,250 504
Rochambeau . . 1911 12 .678 13 ,000 543
. 1912 23,666 40 .000 720
HAMBURG - AMERICAN LINE.

Pennsylvania . . . 1896 13 , 333 5 ,500 557 . 6
Patricia . . . . . . . . . 1897 13 ,273 6 ,000 560
Pretoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1898 13 , 234 5 ,400 560
Bulgaria * . . . 1898 11,077 4 ,000 501 . 6
Grat Waldersee . . . . . . . . 1899 13 , 193 5 ,500 560
Batavia 1899 11.464 4 .000 501
Victoria Luise . . 1900 16 ,502 14,000 686 . 6
Hamburg . . . 1900 10 ,532 9 ,000 498
Bluecher . . . 1901 12,334 9 ,500 525 . 6
Moltke * . . . 1902 12 , 335 9 ,500 525
Amerika . . . . . . . . 1905 22. 225 15 ,500 690
Kaiserin Auguste Victoria 1906 24 ,581 17 ,500 700
President Lincoln 1907 18 , 100 7 .500 615
President Grant. . . 1907 18 , 100 7 ,500 615
Cleveland . . . . . . . . . 1908 18.000 9 ,300 600
Cincinnati . . . . . . ! 1908 18,000 9 ,300 600
Imperator . 1913 50 ,000 62 ,000 919
Vaderland (Building ) . .. . . 1914
• Mediterranean Service.
HOLLAND-AMERICA LINE .
(Netherlands-American Steam Navigation Co. )
Potsdarn . . . . . . 1900 12 ,600 7 , 500 560
Rynlam . . . . . . . . . . 1901 12,516 7 ,590 560
Noordam . 1902 12 ,510 7 , 500 560
Saw Amsterdam . . . . . 1906 17 , 250 10 .000 615
Rotteniam . , . . 1908 24 . 170 14 .000 00S
Statendam (Building) . . . 35 .000 21.000 740
ITALIA LINE
(Società di Navigazione a Vapore . Naples ,Genoa, New York Service.)
Napoli 1899 9 ,203 7 ,000 470
. . . . . . . .
Ancona . . . . . . . . 1908 10 ,000 7:600 T
7 ,600 420
520
LA VELOCE LINE ,
(Navigazione Italiana a Vapore )
Stampolia . . . .
3 . . . . . . . . . . | 1908/ 9] 12,000
12,000 9 ,000
000 1
8,9 ,000 525
Europa . . . . . : 1906 8 ,000 525
425
NAVIGAZIONE GENERALE ITALIANA LINE .

( Florio Rubattino ) .
America . . . . . . 1909 12 ,000 9 ,000 525
Verona . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 10 ,000 7 .600 520
Palermo . . . . 1899 9 . 203 7 .000 470
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM NEW YORK - Continued

LLOYD ITALIANO .
Gross Indie .
Steamships. Year . Tonnage H .-P . Length
Florida . . . . . . . . 1905 5 ,018 444 381. 4
Luuisiana . . . 1906 4 ,983 393 . 7
Indiana . . . . . 1905 4 ,996 393 . 7
Virginia . . . . . 1906 5 , 181 477 381 . 4
Mendoza . . . . 1905 6 .847 6 .000 420
Taornima . . . . 1908 10 .000 7 ,600 520
NORTH GERMAN LLOYD .

(Bremen Service .)
Friedrich der Grosse .. . 1896 10 , 568 7 .200 548
Brernen . . . 1896 11,570 8 , 000 569
Kaiser Wilhelmn der Grosse. 1897 14 , 349 28 .000 649
Rhein . . . 1899 10 ,058 5 , 500 520
Grosser Kurfürst .. . 1900 13 , 245 9 .700 582
Main . . . . 1900 10 ,067 5 ,500 520
Kronprinz Wilhelm . . . . 1901 14 . 908 35 .000 663
Kaiser Wilhelm II. 1903 19,500 43,000 707
Prinzess Alice . . . . . . . . . 1904 10 ,911 9 .000 524
Kronpr' n Cecilie. . . . , . 1907 20 ,000 45 ,000 707
Prinz Fr. Wilhelm .. 1908 17 .500 14 ,000 613
George Washington . . . , 1909 25 ,570 20 ,000 723
Columbus . .. . .. . 1914 40 ,000 25 ,000 800
NORTH GERMAN LLOYD .

(Mediterranean Service.)
Koenigin Luise . . . . . 1896 10 ,711 7 ,000 544
Barbarossa . . . . . . 1896 10 . 915 7 , 000 546
Koenig Albert . . . 1899 10 .643 9 ,000 525
Prinzess Irene. . . . 1900 10 ,881 9 ,000 525
D Berlin
e rin .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 19, 200 16 , 500 613
RED STAR LINE .

Vaderland . . 1900 11 ,960 10 ,000 580
Zeeland. .. 1901 11, 905 9 .800 580
Finland . . 1902 12 . 188 9 , 300 577
Kroonland . . 1902 12, 185 9 ,400 577
1909 18 ,694 14 ,500
Lapland . . . . . 620
(Building ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 670
RUSSIAN -AMERICAN LINE

Russia . . . 1909 16 ,000 10 .000 475
Kursk . . 1911 14 ,000 10 ,000
Czar . . . . 1912 13 ,500 10 ,000 425
SCANDINAVIAN -AMERICAN LINE :

C . F . Tietgen . . . . . 1897 8 ,500 5 ,500 485
Oscar II. . . . 1901 10 ,000 8 ,000 515
Hellig Olav . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902 10 ,000 8 ,000 515
United States . . . . . 1903 10 , 000 8 , 000 515
Frederik VIII. (Building ) .. . . 1913 12, 000 10 .000 541 5
WHITE STAR LINE .

Majestic . . . . . . . . . 1890 10 . 147 16 ,000 582
Oceanic . . . 1899 17, 274 28 ,000 705
Canopic . . 1900 12 ,097 8 ,730 594
Celtic . . 1901 20 , 904 14,000 T 697
Cedric . . . . . . . .. 1902 21.035 14 ,000 697
Baltic . . . . . 1904 23 ,876 15,000 726
Adriatic . . . 1907 24 ,541 17 ,000 726
Laurentic 1909 14 ,892 14 ,000 585
Megantic . . . 1909 14 ,878 11,000 565
Olympic . . . . . . . . 1911 46 ,359 46 ,000 882 . 6
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM PORTS OTHER
THAN NEW YORK .
CUNARD LINE .
(Boston -Liverpool Service .)
Gross Indic .
Steamships. Year Tonnage . H .- P . Length
Franconia . . . 1911 18 , 150 14 .000 600
Laconia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 18 ,098 14 ,000 600
ALLAN LINE.
Parisian . . . . . . . . . 1881 5 ,395 774 440
Nomidian . . . . . 1891 4 ,836 582 400
Voogolian . . . . . 1891 4 ,838 582 400
Carthaginian . . . . 1884 4 ,444 475 386
Siberian . . . . . . . . . . 1884 3 . 846 463 372
Hungarian . . . . . . . . 1902 4 . 508 446 388
Hibernian . . . . . 1902 4 , 505 446 385
Ontarian . . . . . 1900 4 , 309 359 385
Orcadian , . . . 1893 3 ,546 328 361
LEYLAND LINE .
Devonian . . . . . . . 1900
TO 10 .435 4 ,702 571
Winifredian . 1899 10 ,422 4 ,505 571
Canadian . . . . . 1900 9 , 309 4 ,120 549
Bohernian . . . . . 1900 8 ,555 4 ,019 529
WHITE STAR LINE .

Cytare . . . . . . . . . . 1898 13 . 096 7 .700 599
Cretie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902 13 ,518 7 , 300 601
Arabie . . . . . . . 1903 15 ,801 9 ,200 615 . 6
WHITE STAR LINE .

(Australian Service.)
Gothic . . . . . . . . . 1893 7 , 758 4 ,460 504
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 9 , 767 4 .000 505
Ceramic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 18 ,000
NORTH GERMAN LLOYD 8 . 8 . co .

(Bremen -Boston-New Orleans Service .)
Breslau . . . . . . . . . 1901 7 ,524 3 ,400 428
Cassel. . . . 1901 7 ,553 3 ,400 428
Chemnitz 1901 3 .200 7 , 542 430
Frankfurt . 1899 3 , 200 7 , 431 431
Koela . . . . 1901 8 . 850 3 ,400 445
Hannover . . 1901 8 ,850 3 ,400 445
Brandenburg . . 1901 8 ,850 3 ,400
ALLAN LINE .
(Montreal Services .)
Victorian .. .. . 1904 10 ,629 520
Virginisa ... . ... 1905 10 ,754 520
Tunisian . . . . . . 1900 10 ,576 849 500
Corsican . . . . . . 1907 11.419 917 500
Hesperian . . . . . 1908 10 ,920 803 485
Grampian 1907 10 ,947 825 485
Ionian . . . 1901 8 ,268 604 470
Pretorian . . 1901 6 ,508 800 436
Corinthian . 1899 6 , 229 447 430
Sicilian . . . . 1899 6 . 229 447 430
Sardinian . . . 1875 4 , 349 316 400
Pomeranian . .. 1882 4 , 207 550 381
Alsatian (Building 1913 17 ,000 18 ,000 560
Albynian (Building 1913 17 ,000 18 ,000 560
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM PORTS OTHER THAN
NEW YORK—Continued.
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO.
Gross Indie.
Steamships. Year. Tonnage. H.-P. Length.
1906 14,500 1 3.168 548.8
1906 14,500 3.168 548.9
Royal Mail Steamers "Empress of Britain" and "Empress of Ireland" leave Quebec in
SummeiNind St. John in Winter. Other vessels of the line carry second only, second and
steerage only, and steerage only. Their names are therefore omitted here.
WHITE STAR-DOMINION.
1909 14,892 484
Megantic 1909 15,000 550
1896 9,413 6,641 514
1S94 7,036 3.514 456
1889 9,984 16,000 582
DONALDSON LINE.
(Montreal to Glasgow.)
• 1904 . 8,668 5,600 478
1906 8,135 5,555 455
Building ....
MONTREAL SERVICES—THOMSON LINE.
(Mediterranean Service.)
Tortona I 1909 | 7,907 | 5,400 | 450.6
PHILADELPHIA STEAMSHIP SERVICES AMERICAN LINE.
1901 1 11,635 4,157 547
1902 ! 11,621 3.953 547
RED STAR LINE.
1898 7,058 3,700 502
Menomirjee 1S97 6,018 3.700 490
1898 6,848 3,700 490
CONARD LINE.
(Montreal—London.)
1911 9,111 482
1909 7,907 465
1913 13,404
1913 13.300 K8
FRENCH LINE.
(Quebec—Havre Service.)
1908 9,614 8.250
Floride 1908 7,029 3,400
1908 7,220 4,200 8? .
(New Orleans—Havre Service.)
1908 5,399 3,000 403
1905 5,455 3,000 417
1907 5,579 2.300
1907 5,276 3,000
These tables Include the principal lines engaged in European trade. There are other line*,
however, carrying passengers, but which are omitted on account of Infrequent or lrregular
servlces, or failure to respond to copies of proof sheets sent out for correction. The Editor
takes no responsibility for the list as printed, though more than ordinary care has been used
in Its compilation and correction. It should also be borne In mind that "Lowest Ocean
Rates" means only the lowest fares at any season of the year. During the rush or "high"
season these fares usually apply only to a very few Inside rooms, and plans should not be based
on this schedule without consulting the steamship company or a reputable tourist agency to
find if any minimum accommodations are available. In the fall and winter seasons superior room?
can usually be obtained at minimum rates without difficulty. If you live out of town do not
wait until reaching New York, Boston or Philadelphia before attempting to secure passage.
If you are going In July engage your passage In January if possible. There will be ltttla
difficulty in canceling accommodations If plans have to be changed, provided ample notice la given tr
enable steamship company to resell.
RATES TO EUROPEAN PORTS FROM CANADA*

Allan Line. Cunard Line.
MONTREAL AND QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL. MONTREAL TO LONDON AND SOUTHAMPTON TO
First class passage from St. John or Halifax, MONTREAL.
(72.50 and up; Montreal or Quebec and Cabin (called second), $46.25 and up.
Liverpool, $80.00 and up. Second class,
S5O.O0 and up. Donaldson Line,
MONTREAL TO GLASGOW. montreal to glasgow.
First class, $70.00 and up; second class, Cabin (called second), $47.50 and up.
S50.OO and up. One class cabin, $47.50 and British third class, East, $31.25; prcpuid
West, $31.25.
Canadian Pacific Railway Co. White Star—Dominion Line.
MONTREAL AND QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL. MONTREAL AND QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL.
First class, $92.50 from Quebec; $85.00 First class, summer season, $02.50 and up;
from St. John, and upwards; second class, winter season, $85.00 and up; second class,
$53.75 and up. One class cabin (second class) $53.75 and up. One class cabin, $47.50 and
$50.00 and up. up.
RATES TO WEST INDIAN, SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS, ETC.f
The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd. CLYDE LINE
Sttr YORK AND PARA, MANAOS, VIA BARBADOS. NEW YORK JACKSONVILLE, FOR CHARLESTON, I
FLA.
—Saloon— Third Fares from Fares from
Single Return Class New York to New York to
Barbados $55 $110 $27.50 Charleston Jacksonville
Para 90 160 48.00 First Cabin $20 00 $24 90
Manaos 110 195 53.00 Round Trip .... 32 00 43 30
Iquitos. Peru 140 245 75.00 Intermediate. ... 15 00 19 00
Round Trip .... 24 00 34 80
Cakadiam South African Line. Steerage 10 00 12 50
OR ST. JOHN, N. B., TO CAPE TOWN, Insular Line, Inc.
ELIZABETH, EAST LONDON, DURBAN,
AMD DELAGOA BAT. new york and porto rico.
First class—Cape Town, $110. Durban, New Rates of Passage. First class—To or from
$135. York and Porto Rico, $25 and $30.
COMPANIA TrANSATLANTICA. Lamport & Holt Line.
TORE, HAVANA, VERA CRUZ AND PUERTO Argentine.service
Direct from New York to Brazil and
Steamers call at Bahia, Kio de
MEXICO Janeiro and Santos. Through tickets issued
To To To to Paranagua, Rio Grande do Sul. Monte
Havana Vera Puerto video, Buenos Ayrcs. All vessels call at
Cruz Mexico Barbados and Trinidad northbound.
First class $37 $60 $60 —Intermed late—■
Second class 26 40 40 S.S. Vestris
Round trip 10 per cent, discount. Minimum and
1st "V" Van- 3d
Class Steamers dyck Class
Hamburg-American Line— Bahia $160 $75 $sr> $45
Rio de Janeiro 150 45
Atlas Service. Santos 16" SOTo 5U
TORE TO COLON, COLUMBIA, COSTA RICA ParanaguaRio Grande do Sul..
165
180
62
65
AND WEST INDIAN PORTS. Porto Alegre 185 67
—1st Class— —2d Class- Montevideo 190 90 100 60
One Round One Round Buenos Ayres 190 mi IOH 60
way trip way trip Rosarto 196 96 1 06 til
Kingston Oct. $451 00
to May SI Children under 12 years of age. half tare;
$86 50 $30 00 $57 00 under two years, free. Servants lii saloon,
Colon 75 00 142 50 45 00 85 50 two-thirds fare.
Puerto 80 00 152 00 45 00 85 50
CartagenaColombia 80 00 152 00 45 00 85 50 * f All rates are subject to change without
Santa Marta . . . 80 80 00 162 00 45 00 85 50 notice, and any tourist agent will give ac
Port-Llmon 00 152 00 45 00 85 50 curate figures as to cost. On Sept. 1, 1913. the
Port au Prince... 60 00 100 00 35 00 60 1)0 rates quoted as printed were believed to be
Jeremle 60 00 100 00 35 00 CO 00 correct.
208
RATES TO WEST INDIAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS—Continued.
Munson Steamship Line. Quebec S.S. Co., Ltd.
NEW YORK AND CCBA. NEW YORK TO BERMUDA AND WINDWARD
One Round ISLANDS.
First Cabin. way. trip. Bermuda Service.
New York to Nipe 135.00 Cabin passage, round trip, $25 and up, ac
New York and Nuevitas 35.00 $66.50 cording to steamer and date of sailing. (Sub
New York and Puerto Padre. 50.(K) ject to change. ) Steerage passage, $15;
New York and Gibara 50.00 95.50 excursion, $18. Alien Tax $4 additional.
New York and Banes 50.00 West India Service.
INTERMEDIATE. New York to St. Thomas, St. Croix, St.
New York to Nipe 125.00
New York to Nuevitas 25.00 $47.50 Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados and De-
New York to Puerto Padre. . . 35.00 merara.
New York to Gibara 35.00 Cabin passage, $50 to $80. Return tic *ete,
good for 6 months, $90 to $150. Steerage
New York & Cuba Mail S.S. Co. $27.50 to $32.50. U.S. Alien Tax $4 additional.
(ward line.)
new york-havana-mexico service. Red "D" Line.
To 1st Class. TO PDERTO RICO AND VENEZUELA, NEW YORK
Havana $40.00 and up TO LA GUAVRA, PUERTO CABELLO,
Progreso 60.00 CURACAO AND MARACAIBO.
Mexico City ." 72.20 8.8. "CARACAS" AND "PH ILADKLPHIa"
Vera Cruz 65.50 1st ClftSB
Puerto Mexico 75.00 Upper Saloon 3d
Children under 3 yean*, not exceeding one to
a family free; each additional child half fare. New York and San Juan..Deck Deck Class
$40.00 135.00 $20.00
Children 8 to 12, accompanied by an adult, Now York and La Guayra
half fare. by most direct route 65.00 60,00 30.03
NASSAU. New York and Curacao 65.00 60.00 30.09
1st 2d New York to Puerto Cabello 70.00 65.00 S5.0O
To Class Class La(viaGuayra and New York
Puerto Cabello) 75.00 70.00 40.00
Nassau $40.00 $15.00 Puerto Cabello to New York 65.00 60.00 30.n0
New York & Porto Rico S.S. Co. S.S. "ZULIA" AND S.S. "MARACAIBO"
NEW YORK AND SAN JUAN, PONCE AND 1st Class 2d Class
MAYAGUEZ, PORTO RICO. New York and Mayaguez $35.00 $25.00
New York to La Guayra 60.00 40.01
First class $45 and up. Excursion $81 and New York and Curacao 60.00 40.00
up Second class $25 and up. New York and Maracalbo 75.00 60.00
No second class passengers carried on the
Panama Railroad Steamship Line. S.S.Round "Caracas." "Philadelphia," or "Merlda."
trip 10 per cent, reduction. Good for
COLON CANAL ZONE—PANAMA, SAN FRAN 12 months.
CISCO, MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH
AMERICA. The Royal Mail Steam Packet
New York to Canal Zone (Colon) $75.00 Company.
New York to Canal Zone, Hound Trip . 100.00
New York to San Francisco.. . NEW YORK AND SOUTHAMPTON VIA CUBA,
120.00 JAMAICA, COLON, CARTAGENA, PUERTO
Peninsular and Occidental S.S. COLOMBIA (SAVANILLA), TRINIDAD (TRANSFER
Company. HERE FOR VENEZUELA, BRITISH GUIANA AND
WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS), DAP-
KEY WEST, CUBA AND THE WEST INDIES, PORT BADOa, 8T. MICHAELS (AZORES) AND CHER
TAMPA —KEY WEST HAVANA LINE. BOURG, RETURNING TO NEW YORK BY SAME
One Round ROUTE REVERSED.
Between Way. Trip. First Return
Class Single
Second Return
Class
Port Tampa and Havana $25.40 $42. 10 New York to Single
Key West and Port Tampa. . . 12.90 21.10 Antilla (Cuba).. $42.50 $80.75 $30.00 $57.00
Key West and Havana 12.50 21.00 Kingston 45.00 85.60 30.00 57.0*
The above rates include meals and berth Colon Cartagena
75.00 142.50 45.00 85.5*
80.00 152.00 45.00 85. 54
while at sea. Puerto Colombia
Southern Pacific Steamers. (Savanllla) ... 80.00 152.00 45.00 85. »
NEW ORLEANS AM) HAVANA SERVICE. Trinidad 85.00 153.00 55.00 ».M
Barbados 90.00 162.00 60.00 108.00
Fares between New Orleans and Havana. Cherbourg t.. 175.00 300.00 I lt-M \
First cabin $25.00 Southampton j ..200.00 350.00 ) 1Z&'W j
Hound trip, cither direction 45.00 CUBA.
Steerage 12.50 Santiago and Camaguey, $45 first class, $30
second clans; Havana, $55 first class; Havana
Trinidad Line. via Santiago, $58.50 first class.
NEW YORK, ORENADA AND TRINIDAD, B.W.I. BERMUDA. SERVICE
Trinidad or Grenada—first class $50.00 New York to Bermuda, first class, round .
Trinidad or Grenada—excursion . 90.00 trip, $25 and up.
RATES TO WEST INDIAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS - Continued .

NEW ORLEANS GUATEMALA COSTA RICA
UNITED FRUIT COMPANY. PANAMA SERVICE .
NEW YORK - JAMAICA - PANAMA - COSTA RICA One Round
Way Trip
AND COLOMBIA SERVICES . Cabin Cabin
Per Adult First Cabin . Ist 1st
Between One Round Class Class
New York and Way. Trip . Between New Orleans and
Kingston . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45 .00 $ 85,50 Belize , British Honduras. . . 325 .00 $ 45 .00
Colon . . . . . . . 75 .00 142.50 Between New Orleans and
Cartagena . 80 .00 152 .00 Livingston , Guatemala . . . . 30.00 37 .00
Puerto Colombia .. . 80 .00 152 .00 Between New Orleans and
Santa Marta . . . 80 .00 152.00
Limon . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .00 152.00 Barrios, Guatemala . . . . . . . 30 .00 57.00
Between New Orleans and
BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA AND PORT ANTONIO , Cortez , Spanish Honduras . 30 .00 57 .00
JAMAICA Between New Orleans and
One Round Limon , Costa Rica. . . . . . .. 50.00
Way . Trip .
95 .00
Between New Orleans or Mo
First cabin . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . $35 .00 $60 .00 bile and Bocas del Toro ,
BOSTOX - COSTA RICA SERVICE . Panama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 .00 95.00
Fare, Boston to Limon , one way, $60 .00 ; Between New Orleans and
round trip , $ 114 .00 . Colon , Panama . . . . . . . . . . . 50 .00 95.00
RATES TO PACIFIC AND TRANS -PACIFIC PORTS ,

CANADIAN -AUSTRALASIAN ROYAL MAIL LINE,
ONE-WAY FARES . ROUND- TRIP PARES .
Trom
BROOND
Servana Past CLASS CLASS
VANCOUVEB , B , C . First Aeeo - Second
Class panying Class Seerage
Pamilies Six Twelve Twelve
To Monche Months. Months.
676 00 850 00 850 . 00 $ 30. 00 0135.00 8100.00

TOSOLELE , Ewana Islands.. . 133 . 50 195 .00 80.00 8300 . 00 200 00
SUYA, TS dada . . . .. .. . . . . 200 00
125 . 00 80.00 800. 00 300 . 00
ATCELAND , New Zealand... . 200 00 133. 50
800 .00 133 .60 125 00 80.00 300 . DO 700 .00
SYDNEY, New South Wales.... .. .. 146 . 50 133 55 88.56 319 .50 312 90
BANE , Qolaad , via Sydney and rail . . . 919 90
215 35 148 85 140 35 85 10 325 55 995 .55
vis Sydney and steamer. .
226 90 180 40 151 90 91 55 348 .00 348 00
BOLTERAMPTON , Quretland, via Sydney and steamet , 319 . 50 214 . 80
WELBOURNE, Victoria, via Sydney and rail... ... . .... . .. 213 15 146 65 134 75 89.75
vis Sydney aad Interstate steamer 212 75 148 . 25 137 75 85 10 320 45 280 45
719 50 153 . 00 137 92 .80 399 20 219 50
ABALADE, Book Australia , via Sydney sad rail. 335 75 235 . 75
vis Sydney and Interstate steamer 223 . 00 156 50 148 00 90 20
251 10 -184 60 178 . 10 105 55 376 65 278 65
PERANTLE, WestAustralia, vis Sydney and Interstate steamer . 376 . 65 276 . 65
ALBAST , West Australis , via Sydney and Interstato steamer 251 10 .184 60 176 10 105 55
819 05 145 . 55 137 05 87 .85 318.45 218 .45
BOILET,T ESSA, Vis Sydney sad steamer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200 00 133 50 135 00 80 00 300 00 300 .00
UTTA , SEGONS Isiasds, vis Suvs and steamer. . . ,
213 80 147 30 138 80 89 26 323 00 983 00
WELLINGTON , New Zealand , via Auckland and steamer
FOST LITTLETON (Christ Church ) , New Zesland , via Auckland
213 . 45 151.95 103 45 91 55 330 15 230. 15
273 00 156 50 148 00 83 85 337 25 237 25
DEXEDIN , New Zealand , via Auckland and steamer. .. . . .....
UNION STEAMSHIP CO . OF NEW ZEALAND . (Ltd .)

ONE -WAY FARES . BOUND - TRIP FARES .
From
Fest Second
First Second Third Cabia Cuban
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL , Cabin Cabin Cabia
Four Four
TO Months Montes
$ 100 00 960 00 $ 40 00 $ 135 00 $ 110 00

PAPEETE Tabii . .. . . 299 50 78 75 53 75 175 00 142 50
BIRSTONGA , Cook Islande.. . . . . . . . .. 193 75 318 75
na mm lands, via Aucklaad and steamer... 247 00 - 189 50 107 00
SEYA, TlLlanda , via Auekland andsteamer... . . . 237 00 179 50 06 00 878 75 299 75
ACERLAND , New Zealand , via Wellington . . . . . 194 50 137 00 75 00 293 75 213 75
WELUXGTON , New Zealand .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. 178 75 121 25 75 00 257 50 187 50
PORT LYTTLETON , (Christ Church ), New Zealand , vis Wellington 184 00 126 50 78 50 376 75 199 75
EDEX . Ne Zealand , vis Wellington . . . . . . . . 189 95 131 75 87 00 285 00 905 . 00
M
213 75 138 75 88 95 882 00 282 00
BOBET, Tamania, via Wellington . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .
SIDNEY , New South Wales, via Wellington and stes 200 00 195 00 80.00 800 00 200 00
BERSANE, Qeraalaad , via Bydsey and rail.. . . . . . 213 25 133 75 319 50 913. 00
HELBOCENE, Victoria , vis Sydney nad rail.. . . . .. . . 213 25 134 75 80 00 319 50 114 .75
ADELAIDE, Feath Australia , via Sydney and rail.. . . . 219 50 137.75 92 75 399 25 219 50
TUOTANTLE, West Australia , via Sydney and rail. . . 255 00 180 00 107 50 382 75 288 00
Pirst rabin ve steamship beyond Auckland, New Zealand

RATES TO PACIFIC AND TRANS-PACIFIC PORTS - Continued .
NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA (Japan Mall Steamship Co.).

ONE-WAT PARES . ROUND - TRIP PARES .
Prom SERVANTS FIRST CLASS BARVANTS ACCOMPANTING Secon Chen
ACCOMPANTING FAMILIE
FAMILIES
SEATTLE, WASH ., First Second Asiatic Other than Asistie Asistic .
Class Steer
Other ege . Twelve Four T
To than Asiatic Mootba Moatha Four | Twelve Twelve | Most Month
Asiatic
Months. Montba. Mootba
YOKOHAMA, Japan.. . . $ 110 00 $ 75 00 143.50 8165. 00 $199. 50

KOBE , Japan . . . . . 110 00 75 . 00 18 165 . 00 199.50
MOJI , Japan . . .. . . . 115 . 00 @ 80 .00 43 173.50 201. 95
NAGASAKI , Japan . . . 115 00 80 .00 1T2 50 201. 25
SHANGHAI, China. . . . 195 .00 85.00 187.50 910. 75
HONG KONG .. . 185 . 00 85 .00 187. 50 218.75
MANILA, Philippine Islands, via
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . 00 103 . 601 13 .50
Fares will not apply via stenmabips Yokohama Maru er Shidsuoka Mars .
Casceled ; ao fare in effect.
BANK LINE (Ltd.)

ONE - WAY PARES . ROUND - TRIP FARES .
From SERVANTS SERYANTS ACCOUNTANT
ACCOMPANYING FIRST CABIN FAMILIE
SEATTLE OR TACOMA, WASH ., OR FAMILIES .
REDARE
Other than Asistie AKCE
Asistic
VANCOUVER , B . C., Cabin Other Steerage . Four Twelve
than Asiatic . Months. Montbs . Four Twel
To Asiatie. Months. Months
YOKOHAMA, Japan. . .. . . . $ 100 .00 $ 85.00 $ 12 . 50 $43.50 $ 150 .00 $ 175 . 00 $ 127.50 $ 150 .00
КОВЕ, Japan.. .. 104. 00 87.50 48 .50 48.50 166 . 00 182. 00 132 . 56 151.59
MOJI, Japan . . . . .. .. . 106 .50 90 .00 42 50 43.50 159 . 75 186.40 135.00 157. 50
NAGASAKI, Japan , vis Kobe . 110 .00 95 .00 49.50 43.60 165 .00 199.50 145 . 00 167 50
SHANGHAI, China . . . . 116 .00 100 .00 12.50 47 .50 178.50 201. 95 150 . 00 175 00
HONG KONG ... 115.00 105 . 00 49.50 47.50 172.50 20125 157.50 185 . 00
MANILA , Philippine Islands. . . . . . 115 . 00 105 . 00 19 .50 47 .50 172.50 301. 25 157 .se 185 10
OCEAN STEAMSHIP CO . (Ltd .) AND CHINA MUTUAL STEAM NAVIGATION Co . (Led .)
ONE-WA
From
- PARES
SEATTLE OR TACOMA, WASH ., OR VANCOUVER , B . C ..
338838
A
To Bracer
YOKOHAMA, Japan. . . ..
KOBE , Japan . . . . . . . .
MOJI, Japan .. . . .. .. .
NAGASAKI, Japan . . . . . .
SHANGHAI, China .. . . .
HONG KONG .. . . .. . .
MANILA, Philippine Islands....
MATSON NAVIGATION CO .
BOUND - TE
From ONE-WAY FARES. FAST
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL .
First Servants Mixed
To Class Accompanying Class. Butrage
Families Bir Maata
HONOLULU , Hawaiian Islands. . . . . $80 00 1 10
$ 65 . 00 $50.00
SUVA, Diji Islands, via Honolulu and Canadian - Australasian Royal Mail Line . . . . . . 180.00 5149 50
AUCKLAND, New Zealand , vis Honolulu and Canadian -Australasiaa Royal Mail Lide 200 .00 3145. 00
SYDNEY , New South Wales via Honolulu and Canadise - Australasian Royal Mail Line 209. 00 145.00
BRISBANE , Queensland , vis Sydney and rail . . .. . . . 818 . 90 3153.55
MELBOURNE , Victoria, via Sydney and tail.. .. . . . 213 . 15 154. 75
ADELAIDE, Bout Australia , via Sydney and rail . . . . . . . 919 .50 157 30
First class to Hobolulu and second class beyond .

211
RATES TO PACIFIC AND TRANS-PACIFIC PORTS - Continued .

PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP CO . OR TOYO KISEN KAISHA.
ONE-WAY FARES.
From SERVANTS
AccOMPANTINO
FIRST Asiatio
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL , CLASS
FAMILIES Inter Second
mediate Class Steerage
то Other
Thaa Asiatic
Asiatic
HONOLULU , Hawaiisa lelaads, via Pacific Mail Steausbip Co. oply... 3 $75 .00 $ 50 .00 530 . 00 $85 .00 @ $ 30 . 00 530 .00
@ 65.00
TEORIMA , Jepss . . . 200 . 00 183 . 35 50 . 00 150 . 00 70. 00 51.00
ROLL Japan 207 . 60 123 .85 50. 00 157 .50 74 .00 51 .00
NASASAKI, Japas. . ... 222 50 148 35 50. 00 171 00 80 .00 51.00
SEASGEM , China . . . . . . 225 00 150. 00 50 00 175. 00 85.00 61. 00
CRONG KONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 .00 150 . 00 50 .00 175.00 85 .00 51 . 00
ATLA. Passpise d ands. via Nassaki direct or Hong Kong 236 . 00 150 . 00 50 . 00 I 1775 . 00 85 .00 $ 1 .00
ROUND- TRIP FARES .

FIRST CLASS MIXED CLASA.
Tron Inter
SERVANTS ACCOMPANYING SERVANTS
medisto
FAMILIEA. ACCOMPANTING
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL , FAMILIES .
Other Than Asiatic Asiatie.
TO Six Twelve Twelve
Montha Months Sir Montbe. Months,
Six Twelve Months Sii Twelve
Months Months for Twelvet Montba. Months. Montba.
Montba .
BONOLULU , Rawas Islands, via PA- S $185.00
Me Stessakip Co . caly . . . . . . 119.00 $90.00 .. . .. .. $ 80.00 $ 110 .00
STOKIRANA, Japas... . .. .. 300 .00 $ 350.00 200 .00 $ 233 35 100 .00 9995 . 00 025269.50 $288 .90 $200 . 00 5228 40
SOBE, Japan 312 .50 365 .00 208 35 243 35 100 00 936 .25 288 . 90 208 .35 228 40
SAGILSAKI, Japaa . . . . . 834 .00 393.75 222 .70 282 50 100 . 00 256 .50 295.25 315 . 00 822 .70 3 . 939 15
E NGEAI, Chias. . . . . . 337. 50 393. 75 925 .00 969 50 100 .00 40262 . 50 00300 . 00 342. 65 3925 .00 955 15
SEONG KONG . . 387 .50 325.00 262 50 100 .00 268.50 300 . 00 342. 65 125. 00 955 . 15
CANILA, Philippine Isissds, via Naga 337 . 50 225 . 000 262.50 100 .00 263.50 300 .00 3342. 65 3225 .00 255. 15
et or Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . .
la costrueting through fares via San Francisco and Pacifc Mall Steamship Co . or Toyo Kisen Kalsha , the following deductions
Seade fross the Go -way aad round - trip bacing fares of the Steamabip lines named to all pointa , except Honolulu , sa shown above :
sa as when one-way first- class limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 2 .20 when excursion railway tickets are issued from New York
to San Francisco
a one-way mized -class railway tickets are isgued from New York to San Francisco
ose- way first - class limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 2 . 20 when excursion railway tickets are issued from Philadel
biste San Francisco
- way mixed -elnas railway tickets are issued from Philadelphis to San Francisco
tvia Cincinnati and Chicago ) and $ 1 .80 via Cineinnati and Chicago when one -way first- class limited or 30 day railway
when excursion railway tickets are issued from Baltimore to San Francisco
Dedert 89 cents ( e reept vis Cincinnati aud Chicago ) and 70 cents via Cincinnati and Chiesgo when one-way miked -class railway tickets
created from Baltimore to San Francisco .
Detact 1 .69wbes ese-way first - elass limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 1 .45 when cicurtiog railway tickets are issued from Washington
San Francisco .
when one-way mixed - class railway tickets are issued from Washington to San Francisco
o deductions will be made on variable route eseursion rallway tickets to San Francisco in one direction either golog or return
nd , Seattle , Tacoma, Vancouver , or Vietoria .
Fes apply only via steamships Korea , Manchuria , Nongolia , or Siberin
for iaside rooms, aaloon deck , vis steamsbips Korea , Manchuria , Mongolia , or Siberia
vis steamship China
via stensships China , Nile, or Persis of Pscide Mail S . S . Co . or Vippon Maru of Toyo Kisen Kaisba
Srst-class vis etestships Korea , Manchuria , Mangolia , or Siberia of Pacife Mail S . S . Co or Chiyo Varu , Shinya Maru ,
e Mars Toyo kisen Kaisha , sad returning intermediate via steamships China , Mile, or Persia of Pacibe Mail S . S . Co. or Nippon Marts of
sists, or vice versa.
OCEANIC STEAMSHIP CO .
ONE - WAY FARES . ROUND - TRIP FARES .
From
First Class Second
First Second Third
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.. Class . Claas
Twelyo Twelve
To Montes Montb . Months
EASOLOLU , BovilasIsado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 65 . 00 66530 00 $ 110 . 00

PSGO PAGO , Babos Islands.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 .00 $ 110 00 80 . 00 $240 . 00 $ 165 00
TDT . Ne Bouth Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 . 00 125 . 00 80 .00 300 00 200. 00
BASE Queradaad , sis Sydney and rau . . . . . 213. 00 133 . 75 88.75 319 . 50 913 00
DOLENE , Vietaria , via Sydsey and rail. . . . . . . . 213 25 184. 75 89 . 75 319 . 50 914 75
REKLAND , New Zealasd , via Sydney sad steamer. . . . . . . 213 . 25 138 25 87 . 75 819 .75 319 75
RELLINGTOX , New Zealand, vis Sydsey and steamer.. . . . . 213 25 159 25 Ft 8775 819 75 219.75
ADELAIDE South Australia , vis Sydsey and rail. . . . 219 50 137 75 92. 75 329 25 219. 50
FUMANTLE West Australia , vis Sydney sad atesmer. . . . . . . . . 255 . 00 180. 00 107 . 50 382 . 75 263 . 00
OBUST, Taasis , Vis Sydney and tester . . . . 211 00 136 .00 86 . 50 317 . 50 217 50
TOS (Christ Church ), New Zealand,via Sydsey and steamer 917 50 142 . 50 91 00 513 50 928 50
DOAEDES , Nex Zealaad , vis Sydney and steamer .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 .00 0147 . 00 93. 25 335 00 235 . 00
a stesmer beyond Sydney, New South Wales,

of apply for females on staansbips Sonoma or Ventura .
T I FIC MERICAN EFERENC E
212 SC I E N A R BOOK ,
CANADIAN PACIFIC RY. CO .' S ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP LINE.
ONE-WAY FARES.
From SERVANTS
ACCOMPANTING
VANCOUVER , B . C ., First FAMILIES Inter Asiatis Asiatic
Class medinte. Second Steenage .
To Olber Cissa
Than Asistie
Asiatie .
YOKOHAMA, Japan . . . $ 200 .00 $ 183.35 $125.00 570 00 $51.00

KOBE , Japan 207 50 138 35 139.50 51 00
MOJI, Japan . . . . . 146 .00
NAGASAKI, Jspan . . . . 223 50 8148 35 51 . 00
SHANGHAI, Chiba. . . . 225 00 150. 00 150 66 51 09
HONG KONG . . . 215 00 150 00 150. 00 51.00
MANILA , Philippine Islands, via Hong Kong 225. 00 150 . 00 150.00 51 69
ROUND -TRIP FARES.

Fast Class MIXED CLAS
Inter
From SEXTANTS ACCOMPANTINO mediate
FAMILIES
VANCOUVER , B . C .,
Twelve Other Thaa Asistie . Asiatic Su
To Month Months Six Mouth Month
Sis Twelve Months Six
Months Months or Months
Twelve
Months
HEER
YOKOHAMA, Japsa . . . . . $300 00 $ 350. 00 $900 00 $233 35 $100.00 $ 187 50 5275 00 $
KOBE , Japan . . . 319.50 365 00 208 35 343 35 100 00 188. 75 738
0
MOJI, Japan . . . . . . . . . 100 00 819.00 857 75 78. a
NAGASAKI, Japan 334 00 1 893 75 982 70 362 50 100 . 00 259. 75
SHANGHAI, Chins . . > 337 50 393 75 262 50 285 . 00 283 50
HONG KONG 337 54 $93 75 235 .00 262 50 100 00 235 00 16250156
MANILA , Philippise islands, vis Hong Kung 337 50 393 75 225 00 262 59 100 00 225 . 00
Fares apply only via steamships Empresa of India or Empress of Japan ,

Fares apply only via stenmabip Morteagle
Fares apply via Stamships Empresa of India , Emprese of Japan , or Monteagle
Pares apply going first class vis steamships Empress of India or Empres of Japan , and returning intermediate via tteamship Nola
or vice versa
Fares apply going first class vir steamships Empress of India or Enpreu of Japan to Nagasaki, and returning intermediate via em
Monteagle from Mosi, or vice versa . Paaseagers must provide for their own transportation between Nagasaki aud Moji.
DEPTHS OF PORTS OF THE WORLD .

Channel Quay Channel Quay
Port. (mean (mean Port. (mean (mean
high high high high
water ) . water ) . water ) . water )
Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet
Amsterdam (canal) Libau , Russia .. .. .. .
Holland . . . . 30 Liverpool, England . .
Antwerp , Belgiur London , England . .
Baltimore , Md. . . Manchester Ship Canal
Boston , Mass . . . . . . . 36 Marseille , France . . . . . 30
Boulogne, France . . . . . 29 34 Montreal, Canada . . . . . 35
Bremen , Germany . . . . . . . 18 Naples , Italy . . . . . . . 30
Bremerhaven , Gerinany . . 34 34 New Orleans, La
Brindisi, Italy . . . . . . . . . 32 32 New York , N . Y . 50
Cherbourg , France . . . . 42 50 Norfolk , Va . . . . . . . 30
26 Ostend. Belgium . . .
Copenhagen , Denmark . 26
Dieppe , France . . 34 34 Philadelphia , Pa . . . .
Galveston , Tex . . . . 28 Portland , Me. . . . . . . .
Genoa , Italy . . . Rotterdam , Holland . . . .
Glasgow , Scotland . . . . 38 St. Johns , Newfoundland
Greenock , Scotland . . . . 39 San Francisco , Cal. . . . . .
Halifax , Nova Scotia . . Seattle , Wash . .. . 30
Hamburg , Germany . . . . Southampton , England
Havre , France . . . , 30 Stettin . Ciermany . . . . .
Kaiser William Canal, Stockholm , Sweden . . .
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . Suez Canal, Egypt. . .
Key West , Fla . . . . 30 Toulon , France. . . . ..
Königsberg Canal, Ger.. . Trieste , Austria . . . . . .
Leghorn , Italy . . . . 22 26
* Deep water.
213
FROM STEAM PACKET TO STEAM PALACE .

( 0 ) Wood Paddle-boats . (3) Iron Screw Steamers. (5) Steel Twin -Screw Steamers ,
( 2 ) Iron (4 ) Steel
Date Name of Steamer. Owners. Remarks.

c.
1833 Royal William . . . ( 1) Quebec & HalifaxS. N .Co. From Pictou (N .S .), 1st to cross the
Atlantic .
1938 Sirius. British and Amer. S.N .Co . . From Cork , Ist departure from U . K .
Great Western . Great Western S . N . Co . . Bristol, 1st built for Atlantic .
# Roval William . . .. . ( 2 ) Transatlantic SS. Co . . . . Liverpool, 1st departure.
1810 Britannia . . . . . . . Cunard Line . . . . Liverpool, 1st carried British mails.
1849 Atlantic . . . . . . . . . Collins New York , 1st carried U . S . mails .
1854 Canadian . . Allan •• Glasgow , 1st steamer of Line.
Tempest . . Anchor 1st
Borussia . . Hamburg -American Line " Hamburg,1st
Adriatic . . . Collins Line . . . . . Last Sailing of Line .
1853 Bremen . .. . . . . . . Norddeutscher Lloyd . . . From Bremen to New York .
1556: Persia . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 ) Cunard . . . . . . .

1862 . Scotia .
1st Cunard iron paddle steamer.
Last
1945 Great Britain . . . . (3) Great Western S.N .Co. . | 1st Atlantic iron screw steamer .
- 1850 ' City of Glasgow . . . . . Inman Line. . . , 1st to carry steerage passengers.
1958 GREAT EASTERN . . . Paddle wheels and propeller .
ING8 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . National Line. . . . . . . .
1st Atlantic ss. with comp. engines .
199 City of Brussels . . . Inman " Ist " " steam steering gear.
1871 Oceanic (1st ) . White Star Line 1st with ’midship saloon , & c.
1873 Pennsylvania , . American | 1st sailing of Line to Liverpool.
1874 Britannic . . White Star | 1st to exceed 5 ,000 tons, Great Eastern
1875 ' City of Berlin . . . Inman 1st with electric light. (excepted .
1879 Arizona . . . . . . . . Guion . . Watertight compartments floated her.
1582 Alaska . . . . 1st " ocean greyhound . "
Sunk outside New York ; every one
- 1883, Oregon . . . . Cunard saved by N . D . Lloyd ss . Fulda.
159 Buenos Ayrean . . (4) Allan Line. . . 1st Atlantic steel steamer.
1 . Servia . . . . . . . . . . Cunard “ 1st Cunard .
** Inman ( 1 ) Line
City of Rome. . . .. . . 1 Anchor( Fitted with three funnels.
2) "
1884. America. . . . . . ... National Ist and last express ss, of Line.
** Umbria . . . . . . . .
11Etruria . . . . . Cunard " .. Ist with 20 knots speed .
1886 Aller . . . . Norddeutscher Lloyd . . .. . 1st triple-expansion express ss.
txas City of New York (5 ) Inman & International( 1) ! 1st twin -screw ocean expresses .
City of Paris. . . American Line (2) . . . . . 1 Ist to exceed 10 ,000 tons,G .E .excepted
Teutonic. . . . .
Majestic .. . . . . White Star Line. . . . . . . . . Designed as mercantile cruisers .
1800) Fürst Bismarck . . . .. 1st under 64 days from Southampton .
1992 la Touraine . . . . . . . Compagnie Générale Trans. Record Havre to New York reco, r64
1 3 Campania . . . . . . . Cunard Line . . .
day's's run
Lucania : highestst day ds bdays.
562
uilt in.
knots
Lucania . . . . Liverpool to New York records.
St. Paul. . . . American . . . . Largest express steamers ever built in
St. Louis .. . . . . America .
1897 KaiserWilhelm d .Gr. Norddeutscher Lloyd . .. Record day's run , 580 knots . [tons .
09 Oceanic . . . . . . .White Star Line . . . : : : : Balanced engines, Ist to exceed 15 .000
1900 Deutschland .. . . . . . . Hamburg -American Line.. Fastest ocean steamer in the world .
191 CELTIC . . . . . . . . . . . White Star Line . . . . . Ist to exceed 20 ,000 tons .
1902 KRON PRINZWILHELM Norddeutscher Lloyd .
1903 , Kaiser Wilhelm II . . Norddeutscher Lloyd . . Largest express steamer in the world .
1904 Baltic . . . . . . . . . . White Star Line . . . . . Largest as , in the world - 726x76x49 .
* Victorian . .. . Allan Line . . . . . . . . . Ist fitted with turbine engines.
I Lusitania . . . . . . . . Fastest in the world . Fitted with
Cunard Line.. . . . . . . turbine engines. Record day's run ,
Mauretania ....
Mauretania , 676 kpots .
1911 Olympic . . .. . . White Star Line
1913 Imperator . . . . . . . . Hamburg -American Line . This is the largest vessel in the world .
IFIC CAN ENCE
214 SCIENT AMERI REFER BOOK .
No COMMUNICATION
1450 A .D.
6 20 30
(PAYS )
1650
5 12 3
1912
AMERICA EUROPE
Courtesy of " The Sphere. "
IF ONLY WE COULD FLY THE ATLANTIC .
ONE WAY BY WHICH THE ICEBERG DANGER WOULD BE AVOIDED
This diagram tells its own story of how we have conquered time and space . The problem
of flying to America is now well within the bounds of possibility ,
215
STEAMSHIP RECORDS .
Compiled and Revised by A . W . Lewis, Chief of the Ship News of the “ Associated Press.”
QUEENSTOWN RECORDS SINCE 1880. RECORD OF S . S . MAURETANIA .
WESTWARD . (Cunard Line .)
Date . Steamer. Line . d. h . m . WESTWARD ,
Guion 7 10 47 Date . d. h. m
16 Arizona 1907, Dec. From Queenstown
2 Alaska Guion 7 6 43 5 0 55
6 1909, July From Queenstown 4 15 55
Oregon Cunard 9 42 1909, Sept. From Queenstown 4 10 51
Etruria Cunard 6 5 51
Cunard 4 42 1910, Sept. From Queenstown 4 10 * 41
Umbria
38 . Etruria Cunard 1 55 Record .
City of Paris Inman 1918 EASTWARD .
8 1907 , Dec. To Queenstown 4 2229
Vajestic White Star 5 18
White Star 5 16 31 1909, June To Queenstown 4 17 21
1997 Teutonie 1909, Sept. To Queenstown 4 13
City of Pris American 5 14 24
44 Campania Cunard 5 9 27 RECORD OF S . S . LUSITANIA .
104 Lucania Cunard 5 7 23 ( Cunard Line. )
6 Campania Cunard
WESTWARD .
Etruria Cunard 5 20 55 1907 , Nov. From Queenstown 4 18 40
7 Lusitania Cunard 4 18 40 1908, Aug. From Queenstown 4 15
Cunard 5 0 55 0
19 Mauretania 1909 , Sept. From Queenstown
INS Lusitania Cunard 4 150 4 11 + 42
Cunard 4 15 55 * Record .
999 Mauretania EASTWARD .
Lusitania Cunard 4 11 + 42
Cunard 4 10 51 1907, Nov . To Queenstown 4 22 50
a Mauretania 1908 , Oct. To Queenstown 4 22 43
to Mauretania Cunard 4 10 * 41 1909, Oct . To Queenstown
1911 , Jan . To Queenstown 4 15 * 50
QUEENSTOWN RECORDS SINCE 1882.
EASTWARD. RECORD OF
Alassa Guion 6 18 37 S . S . KRONPRINZESSIN CECILIE .
America National 6 14 3 ( North German Lloyd Line .)
Oregon Cunard 6 11 3 WESTWARD .
Euraria Cunard 6 4 36 1908, Jan . From Cherbourg 16
City of Paris Inman 5 23 38 1908 , Aug . From Cherbourg 5 11 9
ooren
** 3 City of Paris Inman 5 22 50 1910, Sept. From Cherbourg 5 10 * 23

oren
one
EASTWARD .
.
Teutonic White Star 21 3
of
or
er
1992 City of New York American 19 57 1907, Aug. To Plymouth 5 11 5

In Campania Cunard 5 17 27 1908, Sept. To Plymouth 5 8 7
Cunard 5 14 55 1909 , Sept. To Plymouth
3 Campania
233 Campania Cunard 5 12
9 Locan la Cunard 13 30 RECORD OF S . S . LA PROVENCE .
15 Campania Cunard 9 18 French Line.)
999 Lacania Cunard 5 13 11 WESTWARD .
12 tetapia Cunard 5 8 38 1906 , April From Havre (first trip ) 6
* Luaftania Cunard 22 50 1906, May From Havre 6 3 35
Mauretania Cunard 4 22 29 1906 , July From Havre 6 3 10
Lusitania Cunard 4 22 43 1906 , Sept. From Havre 6 2 15
Mauretania Cunard 4 17 21 1997, Sept. From Havre 6 1 *3
Mauretanla Cunard *4 13 41 EASTWARD.
Lusitania Cunard 4 16 52 190€, May To Havre 6 4 40
Lusitania Cunard * 4 15 50 1906, June To Havre 2 * 48
SOUTHAMPTON RECORDS SINCE 1890 . RECORD OF S . S . FRANCE .

(French Line. )
EASTWARD . WESTWARD .
Columbla Hamburg Amer.. 1912, Apl. 26 From Havre
Fat
ican 6 15 0 (First trip ) 6
Bismarck Hamburg Amer
1912, May From Havre 5 23
Scan 6 10 55 1912 , Aug . From Havre 5 2246
SL Louis American 6 10 14 1912, Sept. From Havre 5 220
1 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, EASTWARD .
North German Lloyd. 5 17 8 1912, May To Havre
(First trip east ) 5 20 2
SOUTHAMPTON RECORDS SINCE 1892 1912, Aug. To Havre 6 16 48
WESTWARD .
19 Lahi North German RECORD OF S. S . KAISER WILHELM II.
Lloyd 6 22 0 ( North German Lloyd Line )
16 Paris American 6 9 37 WESTWARD .
1594 New York American 6 7 14 1903, April From Cherbourg 5 23 0
1994 St. Louis American 2 24 1903 , Aug. From Cherbourg 5 15 10
St. Paul American 6 0 31 1904, Nov . From Cherbourg 5 12 25
.
137 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 1909 , Nov. From Cherbourg 5 123
(North German Lloyd ) 5 22 35 EASTWARD .
16 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 1903, May To Plymouth
(North German Lloyd ) 5 20 10 1903, Aug. To Plymouth
1919 Kaiser Wilhelon II 5 18 48 ' 1904, Oct. To Plymouth 5 8 * 20
Copyright 1913 , by Munn & Co., Inc. * Record.
216
STEAMSHIP RECORDS — Continued.

RECORD OF RECORD OF
S . S . KRONPRINZ WILHELM . S . S . KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE
(North German Lloyd Line .) ( North German Lloyd Line. )
WESTWARD .
Date d. h. m . EASTWARD .
Date
1901, Sept. From Cherbourg
(First trip ) 6 10 15 1897, Oct . To Plymouth 15
1901, Oct. From Cherbourg 5 21 10 1897, Nov . To Southampton 17
1901, Nov . From Cherbourg 5 19
6 1899 , July To Cherbourg
1901, Dec. From Cherbourg 15 1899, Sept. To Cherbourg
1902 , Sept. From Cherbourg
5
5
45
11 57 1900 , Jan . To Cherbourg 15
EASTWARD . 1901, Oct . To Plymouth
1901, Oct. To Plymouth 5 9 48
1901, Nov. To Plymouth 5 8 18 WESTWARD .
RECORD OF 1897 , Sept. From Southampton
THE OLD S . S. DEUTSCHLAND (First Trip ) 5
( Hamburg -American Line.) 1898 , April From Southampton
WESTWARD . 1899 , Mar . From Cherbourg
1900 , July From Plymouth 1899, Sept. From Cherbourg
(First Trip ) 5 16 24 1899, Oct. From Cherbourg
1899, Nov. From Cherbourg
1900, Sept. From Cherbourg 1901, Oct . From Cherbourg
1901, Aug. From Cherbourg 1901, Nov . From Cherbourg
1903, Sept. From Cherbourg
EASTWARD . 1902, April From Cherbourg
1902 , Sept. From Cherbourg 15 **
1900, July To Plymouth 5 15 6 * Record .
1900, Aug . 'To Plymouth 5 11 45
1900 , Sept. To Plymouth 5 7 38
1900, Sept. To Cherbourg via RECORD OF S. S . " OLYMPIC ."
Plymouth 5 13 30
Her speedy machinery has been removed WESTWARD.
and she is now a superb cruising yacht of
comparatively low speed and is the " Victoria 1911, June From Queenstown
Luise . " (First trip )
1911, July From Queenstown 5 13
RECORD OF S. S . “ IMPERATOR ." 1911, Aug. From Queenstown 5 12 23
WESTWARD . 1911, Sept. From Queenstown 57 og
1913, June From Cherbourg
(First trip ) 6 EASTWARD .
1913, July From Cherbourg 5 21 30
1913, Aug . From Cherbourg 5 19 8 1911, July To Plymouth
EASTWARD . (First trip east)
1913, July To Plymouth 1911. Aug . To Plymouth 5 17 46
(First trip east) 6 1 28 1911, Sept. To Plymouth 5 14 32
1913, July To Plymouth 5 18 24 | 1911, Dec. To Plymouth 5 12 16
PROPORTIONAL STEAMSHIP SPEEDS.

Miles Feet 1 Feet vente Miles Feet Feet
Knots. per per per Knots . per per per
Hour. Minute . Second Hour. Minute. Second.
1 . 151 101.333 1 .689 13 ) 15 . 545 1 ,368.000 22.800
1.727 152.000 2 .533 14 16 . 121 1 ,418 .666 23 .644
2 . 303 202.666 3 . 378 141 16 .696 1.469 .333 24 .488
2 . 879 253. 333 4 . 222 15 17 . 273 1,520. 000 25 . 333
3 .454 304 .000 5 .066 151 17 .848 1 ,570 .666 26 . 177
4 .030 354 .666 5 .911 16 18.424 1,621.333 27 .022
4 .606 405. 333 6 . 755 19 .000 1 ,672.000 27.866
5 . 181 456 .000 7 .600 19 .575 1 ,722 .666 28.711
5 . 757 506 .666 8 .444 17 20 . 151 1 ,773 .333 29.555
6 . 333 557,333 9 . 288 IS 20 .727 1 ,824 .000
608 .000
30 .400
6 . 909 10 . 133 184 21.303 1 , 874 .666 31. 244
7 .484 658.666 10 .972 21. 878 1 , 925 .333 32. 088
8 .060 709 .333 11.822 19 22 .454 1 ,976 .000 32 .933
8 .636 760 .000 12 .666 20 23 .030 2 ,026 .666 33.777
9 .212 810 .666 13 .511 202 23 .606 2 ,077. 333 34.623
9 . 787 861. 333 14 . 355 21 24 . 181 2 , 128. 000 35 . 466
10 . 363 912 .000 15 . 200 211 24 .757 2 , 178.666 36 . 311
10 .939 962.666 16 . 044 22 25 . 333 2 ,229.333 37 . 154
11.515 1 ,013 .333 16 .888 22 ) 25 .909 2 ,280 .000 37 . 998
10 12.091 1 ,064.000 17 . 732 23 26 . 485 2 , 330 .666 38 . 842
12 .666 1 , 114 .666 18 .577 23 27 .060 2 ,381. 333 39 .687
11 ) 13 . 242 1. 165. 333 19 .421 24 27 .636 2 ,432.000 40 .532
12 13 . 815 1 , 216 .000 20 . 266 24 ) 28 .212 2 .482.666 41.376
12 14 .394 1, 266 .666 21. 111 25 28 .787 2 ,533 . 333 42 . 220
13 14 . 969 1 , 317 , 333 21.955 26 29 . 938 2.634.666 43 .910
Copyright 1913 , by Munn & Co., Inc.
THE DEVELOPMENT OK OCEAN VESSKLH IX THE PAST THREE ( ENTI RIES.

The "Half Moon" of 1609, if the wind favored, could sail about 6 knots. The "CIermor.1 "
of 1807 made 44 knots. The "Mauretania" in 1909 crossed the Atlantic at a 26-knot gait.
I he engine and boiler rooms of the Mauretania could accommodate five Clermonts placed end
to end- The "Half Moon" could be placed athwartship on the deck above with her hull and
masts entirely within the ship's structure.
DISTANCES IN KNOTS OR NAUTICAL MILES.

Short Track - Aug. 24 to Jan. 14 , East. EASTBOUND WESTBOUND
Aug . 15 to Jan . 14 . West.
Long Track - Jan . 15 to Aug . 23, East . Short | Long Short Long
Jan . 15 to Aug. 14, West. Track Track Track Track
Ambrose Channel Lightship * and

Alexandria , Egypt ... . . .. . 4 , 952 4 .962 4 , 945 4 ,954
Antwerp . . . . . . : : : : 3 ,323 3 ,432 3 ,296 3 ,389
Azores (Ponta del Gada) : 2 ,227 2 ,231 2 ,221 2 . 230
Bremen . . . ; 3 .563 3 .692 3,536 3,629
Brow Head . 2 ,744 2 , 869 2 ,717 2 ,823
Cape Race . . . . 998
Cherbourg . . . . . 3 , 073 3, 182 3 . 046 3 . 139
Dover . . 3 , 190 3 . 299 3 , 163 3 , 259
Fastnet. . 2,751 2,876 2,724 2 ,830
Fire Island Lightshir 29
Flushing . . . . . . 3,278 3 ,387 3,25i 3, 344
Genoa . . . . . . . 4 ,021 4 , 031 4 ,013 4 ,023
Gibraltar . . . . 3 , 168 3 , 178 3 , 160 3, 170
Hamburg . . . . 3 ,511 3 .621 3 ,485 3 .578
Havre . . . . . 3 , 145 3 , 246 3 . 110 3 , 205
Liverpool (Landing Stage). 3 ,033 3 , 158 3 ,015 3,124
Lizard Point. . . .. 2 ,929 3 ,038 2 , 902 2,995
London ( Tilbury Docks ) . 3 , 257 3 ,366 3,230 3,326
Nantucket Lightship ... . . . . .. 193
Naples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 116 4 ,126 4 , 108 4,118
Needles . . . . . . : 3 ,073 3, 182 3 ,046 3 ,139
Newfoundland (Banks of). . 935
Plymouth . . 2 , 978 3 ,087 2,951 3 ,047
Queenstown . . . 2 ,814 2 ,939 2 ,787 2 ,893
Roche's Point.. .. 2 ,810 2 .935 2,783 2 ,889
Rotterdam . . . . . 3 ,327 3 ,436 3 . 300 3 .393
Scilly Islands (Bishop Rock ) .... . 2 ,880 2 , 989 2,853 2 .946
Southampton (Docks ) . .. . . . . . . 3 ,095 3 , 204 3 ,068 3 , 161
Philadelphia to Delaware Breakwater, 88 miles.

Delaware Breakwater and
Antwerp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,397 3 ,506 3 ,379 3 ,472
Fastnet . . . . . 2 ,825 2 ,950 2 ,807 2 , 913
Flushing . . . . 3 ,352 3 ,461 3 , 334 3 ,427
Gravesend . . . 3 . 335 3 ,444 3 ,313 3 ,409
Liverpool (Landing Stage).. . .. 3 , 116 3 ,241 3 ,098 3 , 204
Lizard Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 002 3 , 111 2 , 985 3 ,078
London ( Tilbury Docks) . . . . . 3 ,336 3 ,445 3 ,314 3 ,410
Nantucket Lightship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Newfoundland (Banks of) .. 1 , 009
Boston (Dock ) to Boston Light, 16 miles,

Boston Light and
Antwerp . . . . . . 3 , 161 3 ,280 3 , 126 3,233
Azores (Ponta del Gada ).. .. .. 2 ,064 2 ,078 2 ,064 2 ,078
Brow Head . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,583 2 ,718 2 .548 2 ,668
Gibraltar. . . . . 3 ,048 3 , 062 3 ,048 3 ,062
Liverpool (Landing Stage.)...
Queenstown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .882
2 .652
3 ,017
2 .787
2 ,947 2,967
2.737
2 ,617
Montreal and
Antwerp . . . 3 , 150 3 , 254 3 , 150 | 3 .254
Liverpool (Landing Stage ). .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2 .755 2 ,968 2 .755 2 .968
London (Tilbury Docks )... 3 ,082 3 , 186 3 ,082 3 .186
Quebec
uebec .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Portland to
Halifax . . 326
L iverpool .
Liverpool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,862 | 2 .985 2 ,819 | 2 . 935
New Orleans to
Liverpool (Landing Stage)... . . . . . . . .. . 4 ,465 4 ,465 4 ,465 | 4.465
London ( Tilbury Docks ). . . . . . ! 4 ,676 4 .676 4 ,676 | 4 ,676
*New York (Battery ) to Ambrose Channel Lightship , 25 miles .

MARINE DISASTERS.
Among the marine disasters on record in 1878, Nov. 25.—Steamer Pomcrauia sunk
midnight collision with a bark in the
that have resulted in tbc loss of life are: English Channel; 47 lives lost.
1860. Feb. 19.—American ship Luna 1878, Dec. 18.—French steamer Byzantin
wrecked off Barfleur; about 100 lives lost. sunk in collision in the Dardanelles with the
19C0. Sept. 8. —Steamer Lady Elgin sunk
by collision on Lake Michigan; 287 lives lost. British 1879,
steamer Rinaldo; 210 lives lost.
Dec. 2.—Steamer Borusia sunk off
1863. Feb. 7. —British steamer Orpheus
wrecked off coast of New Zealand; about 200 coast of Spain; 174 lives lost.
lost. April 27.— Steamer Anglo-Saxon lanta, left Bermuda with 290 men ship
lives1S63, 1880, Jan. 31.—British training
and was
At
wrecked never heard from.
■237 lives inlost.fog off Cape Race, N. F. ; about 1880, Nov. 24.—French steamer Oncle
1865, Aug. 24.—Emigrant ship Eagle Speed Joseph Uves
sank by colUsion off Spezzia; 250
lost.May 24.—Steamer Victoria capsized . ,
foundered near Calcutta; 265 lives lost. 1881,
1866, Jan. 11.—Steamer London, on her
way to Melbourne, foundered in the Bay of in 1881, Thames River, Canada; 200 lives lost.
Aug. 30.—Steamer Teuton wrecked
Biscay; 220 lives lost.
1866, Oct. 3.—Steamer Evening Star from off1883, the Cape of Good Hope; 200 lives lost.
July 3.—Steamer Daphne turned tur
New York to New Orleans, foundered; about tle in the Clyde; 124 lives lost.
2501867,
livesOct.
lost.29—Royal Mail Steamers Rhone 1884. Jan. 18.—American steamer City ot
Columbus
and Wye and about fifty other vessels driven 99 lives lost. wrecked off Gay Head Light, Mass.;
ashore and wrecked at St. Thomas. West In
dies, by a hurricane; about 1,000 lives lost. 1884, April 3.—Steamer Daniel, Steinman .
1868, April 9.—Steamer Sea Bird burned lost. wrecked off Sambro Head, N. S.; 131 lives
on Lake Michigan; 100 lives lost. 1884, April 19.—Bark Ponema and , steam
,
1869, Oct. 27.—Steamer Stonewall burned ship State of Florida sank in midocean after
below Cairo. 111.; 200 lives lost.
1870, Jan. 28.—Inman Line steamer City of collision; 1SK4, July 145 23.—Spanish
lives lost. steamer Gijon and
Boston, left New York with 117 passengers British steamer Lux in collision off Finistere;
and was never heard from.
1870. Sept. 7. — British warship Cnptain 1501886, lives March
lost. 14.—Steamship . Oregon,
„ I u-
foundered off Finisterre; 472 lives lost.
1870, Oct. 19.—Steamer Cambria lost off nnrd eighteen
Line, run into by unknown steamer,
miles east of Long Island, sank eight
Inishtrabul; about 170 Uves lost.
1871, July 30.—Staten Island ferryboat hours afterward; no lives lost.
1887, Jan. 29.—Steamer Kapunda in col
, . ,
Westfield exploded in New York Harbor; 100 lision with bark Ada Meloreoff coast of Brazil;
liveai
1873,lost.Jan. 22.—British steamer Northfieet, 300 lives lost. „. .
sunk in collision off Dungeness; 300 lives lost. Y'oung 1887, Nov. 15.—British steamer Wah
caught
1873, Nov. 23.—White Star liner Atlantic kong; 400 lives lost. fire between Canton and Hong
wrecked off Nova Scotia; 547 lives lost. 1887, Nov. 19.—Steamer W. A. Scholtcn
1873, Nov. 23.—French Line steamer Ville
*lu Havre, from New York to Havre, in col sunk 134
by colUsion in the English Channel;
lives Aug.
lost. 14.—Steamship Goiscr sunk by
lision with ship Loch Earn, sank in sixteen 1888,
minutes; 110 Uves lost. collision with the Thingvalla; 105 lives loBt.
1874, Dec. 26.—Immigrant vessel Cospat- 1888, Sept. 13.—Italian steamship Sud
riek took fire and sank off Auckland ; 476 lives America
lost.1875, May 7.—Hamburg mail steamer near the Canary Islands;La89France
and steamship in collision
lives lost.
1889, March 10.—United
Schiller wrecked in fog on Scilly Isles; 200 Trenton, Vundalin, and Nipsic and German States warship
Uves lost.
1875, Nov. 4.—American steamer Pacific in ships Adler and Eber wrecked on Samoan
collision thirty miles southwest of Cape Flat Islands; 1890, Jan.147 Uves lost. Persia
2.—Steamer , wrecked off
tery;
1875,236 Uvea
Dec. lost.0.—Steamer Doutsthlnnd Corsica; 130 lives lost.
wrecked at mouth of the Thames; 157 lives wrecked 1890, Feb. 17.—British steamer Duburg
lost. in China sea; 400 Uves lost.
1877, July 15.—British steamer Eten 1890, March 1.—British steamship Quetia
wrecked off Valparaiso; about 100 lives lost. foundered in Torres Straits; 124 lives lost.
1890, Sept. 19.—Turkish frigate Ertogrul
1877, Nov.—Steamer Atacama wrecked off foundered off Japan; 540 Uves lost. ,
Caldera, Chile; 105 Uves lost. 1890, Dec. 27.—British steamer Shanghai
1877, Nov. 24.—United States Sloop of War burned in China Sea; 101 lives lost.
Huron wrecked off North Carolina coast; 110 1891, March 17.—Anchor liner Utopia in
lives lost. collision with British steamer Anson off Gi
1878, Jan. 3 1 .—Steamer Metropolis wrecked braltar and sunk; 574 hves lost.
off North Carolina ; 104 lives lost. 1891, April 10.—British ship St. Cathans
1878. March 24.—British training ship wrecked off Caroline Island; 90 Uves lost.
Euryd' e, a frigate, foundered near the Isle of 1892, Jan. 13.—Steamer Namehow wrecked
Wight; 300 Uves lost in China Sea; 414 Uves lost.
1878, Sept. 3.—British iron steamer Prin 1892, Oct. 28.—Anchor liner Romania
cess Alice sunk in collision in the Thames; 700 wrecked off Corsica; 113 Uves lost.
lives lost.
MARINE DISAS
1893, Feb. 8.—Anchor Line Trinnlria 1908, April 25.—British cruiser Gladiator I
wrecked off Spain; 115 lives lost. rammed bv American liner St. Paul off Isle of '
1893, Feb. 11—Steamer Nnronie, White Wight; 30 lives lost.
Star Line, lost on the Atlantic ami never 190S. July.—Chinese warship Ying King
heard from; 74 lives lost. foundered; 300 lives lost.
1893, June 22.—British battleship Victoria 1908, Aug. 9.—Steamship Prudentia lost on
sunk in collision with the Campcrdown off voyage to Argentina.
Syria; 357 lives lost. 1908, Aug. 23. — Norwegian steamship Fol-
1894, Nov. 1.—Steamer Wairaro wrecked gefouden .sunk; many lives lost.
off New Zealand; 134 lives lost. 1908, Nov. 5.—Steamship Archimedes lo*t
1895, Jan. 30.—German steamer Elbe sunk in Baltic Sea; 10 drowned.
in collision with British steamer Crathie in 1908. Nov. 26.—Steamship Finance sunk
North Sea; 335 lives lost. by steamship Georgic off Sandy Hook; 4 lives
1895, March 11.—Spanish cruiser Reina Re- lost.
genta foundered in Atlantic at entrance to 1908, Nov. 6.—Steamship Taish sunk in
Mediterranean; 400 lives lost. storm off Etoro Island; 150 lives lost.
1895, May 28. —French steamer Dom 1908. Nov. 27.—Steamship San Pablo sunk
Pedro wrecked off coast of Galacia; about off Philippine Islands; 100 lives lost.
100 lives lost. 1908, Dec. 13.—Steamship Ginsci Mam
1896, June 17.—Steamer Drummond Castle wrecked off Wei-Hai-Wai and crew and pas
wrecked off Brest, France; about 250 lives sengers drowned.
lost. 1908, Dec. 4.—Steamship Soo City found
1897, March 7.—Steamship VUle de St. ered off Newfoundland; crew lost.
Nazaire, French Line, burned in a storm off 1909, Jan. 24.—Steamship Republic ram
Cape Hatteras; 40 lives lost. med off Nantucket by steamship Florida; H
1898, July 2.—Steamship La Bourgoyne lives lost in collision; vessel sank; help re
rammed British steel sailing vessel Cromarty ceived by wireless.
shire and sank rapidly; 584 lives lost. 1911, Feb. 2.—Steamship Aben ton wrecked
1904, June 15.—Gen. Slocum, excursion 70 lives lost.
steamboat, with 1,400 persons al>oard; took 1911, April 23.—Steamship Asia ran
fire going through Hell Gate, East River; aground; 40 lives lost.
more than 1,000 lives lost. 191 1 , Sept 5.—Steamship Tuscapel wrecked
1904, July 3.—Steamship Norge foundered 81 lives lost.
at sea; 519 lives lost. 1911, Oct. 2.—Steamship Hatfield in col
1905, Sept. 12.—Japanese warship Mikasa lision and sunk; 20 lives lost.
sunk after explosion in Sasebo Harbor; 599 1911, April 2. —Steamship Koombuna
lives lost. wrecked; 150 lives lost.
1907, Feb. 12.—Steamship Larchmont in 1912, Jan. 18.—Wistow Hall, British
collision with Harry Hamilton in Long Island steamer, foundered off coast of Aberdeenshire.
Sound; 183 lives lost. Scotland; 53 drowned.
1907, Feb. 21.—English mail steamship 1912, Feb. 13.—Ryoha Mam and Mori
Berlin wrecked off the Hook of Holland; 142 Mam, Japanese steamers, sunk in collision
lives lost. off Nagasaki; 40 lives lost.
1907, Feb. 24.—Austrian Lloyd steamship 1912, March 21.—Steamship Cachcpol sunk-
Imperatrix, from Trieste to Bombay, wreeked after an explosion of her boilers, off the west
on Cape of Crete and sunk; 137 lives lost. coast of Peru; 70 lives lost.
1907, January.—British steamship Pen- 1912, April 8.— Nile excursion steamer sunk
gwern foundercu in the North Sea; crew and in collision near Cairo, Egypt; 200 lives lost.
24 men lost. 1912, April 15.—Steamship Titanic. White
1907, January.—Prinz Waldemar, Hani- Star Line, struck an iceberg and sank; 1,517
burg-American Line, aground at Kingston, lives lost.
.Jamaica after earthquake; 3 lives lost. 1912, April 30.—Coasting boat Texas.
1907. February.—French warship Jean Bart Archipelago Steamship Company, sunk by a
sunk off coast of Morocco. submarine mine at the entrance to Smyrna
1907, March.—Steamship Congo sunk at Bay; 69 lives lost.
mouth of Ems River by German ster.mship 1912, Sept. 23.—Russian steamer Obnevka
Nerissa; 7 lives lost. sunk in Dvina River; 115 lives lost.
1907, March.—French warship Jena blown 1913, Jan. 8.—Steamer Rosecrans sunk with
up at Toulon; 120 lives lost. 33 men on Paeific Coast.
1913, May 22.—French Messageries Mori-
1907, June.—Steamship Aden sunk off So- times liner Senegal blown up by a mine in
cotra, on the cast coast of Airica; 78 lives lost. the Port of Smyrna; about 200 lives lost.
1907, July.—Steamship Columbia sunk off 1913, May 20,—Steamship Nevada blown
Shelton Cove, Cat., in collision with steamship up by a mine in the Port of Smyrna; about
San Pedro; 50 lives lost. 245 lives lost.
1908, Feb. 3.—Steamship St. Cuthbert. 1913, Aug. 18.—State of California, steamer
bound from Antwerp to New York, burned at struck rock in Alaskan Sea and sank almost
fjea off Nova Scotia; 15 lives lost. immediately; 32 perished.
Operations of the United States that for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912,
Life-Saving Service. the number of annual certificates of inspection
issued to domestic steam, motor, sailing
During the year ending June 30, 1912, a vessels and barges, was 7,398; number of
total of 1,730 vessels were reported by keepers certificates issued to foreign passenger steam
of life-saving stations as having sustained vessels 438, making a total of 7,836. The
casualties, more or less serious, within the number of new life preservers inspected was
field of service operations. Of these vessels, 244,565, of which number 2,750 were rejected,
455 were documented and 1,275 undocu i 3,786 marine boiler plates were tested at the
mented, the latter class comprising launches, i mills by assistant inspectors. There were
sailboats, rnwboats, etc. 7,616 applicants for original and renewal of
Of the 455 documented vessels, 4t) were lost; licenses examined for color-blindness, 206
of the 3,731 persons on board, 6 were lost; of whom were found color blind and rejected.
290 persons were succored nt stations und During the year there were 3 accidents caused
612 days' succor was afforded. The value by fire, resulting in the loss of 4 lives; 17
of the vessels involved was $9,306,480; value collisions in which 31 lives were lost; 8 ex
of cargoes, $2,499,725; total value of property plosions or accidental escape of steam, result
involved, $11,890,206; value of property ing in the loss of 14 lives; 32 killed as a cause
mvwI, $9,860,995; value of property lost, of 1 1 accidents from striking snags, wrecks and
$2,035,210. sinking; 139 cases of accidental drowning and
Of the 1,275 undocumented vessels, 13 44 deaths by miscellaneous accidents. During
were totally lost; of the 3,462 persons on the fiscal year 307,692,494 passengers were
board, 10 perished. 1 tV4 persons were succored carried on steam vessels that are required by
at stations and &2 days' succor was afforded. law to report the number of passengers
The value of the vessels involved was carried. Taking the total number of lives
11.314,420; value of cargoes, $37,680; total lost as 264, it is seen that 1,165,501 passen
value of property involved. $1,352, 100; value gers were carried for each life lost, whether of
'if property saved, $1,294,175; value of proper passengers or crew, and from all causes.
ty lost, $57,925.
Of course these figures do not represent
the entire amount saved by the service. A United States Revenue Cttter
considerable portion was saved by salvage Service.
companies, wrecking tugs and other instru
mentalities, often working in conjunction with The United States Revenue Cutter Service,
the seamen. It is equally impossible to give organized in 1790, is a military arm of the
an approximate estimate of the number of Government attached to and under tho
lives saved. Often a vessel with a long direction of the Treasury Department. It
passenger list and a large cargo was s'nved is charged with the enforcement of the navi
unly by the warning signals of the patrolman, gation and customs laws of the United States,
while in many cases, either where vessels the assistance of vessels in distress, the pro
suffered actual loss or where they were warned tection of the scaling industry in Alaska,
of danger, no loss of life would have resulted, the enforcement of quarantine laws, the
even though no aid had been rendered. destruction of derelicts and other dangers
to navigation and numerous other duties.
General Summary of Operations There are in the service 228 commissioned
officers and cadets and 1,500 petty officers
Since the Introduction of the and enlisted men. 43 vessels, including 2
prese nt llfk-sa vino syste m , tug-boats and 6 launches, are used in the
1871-1912. service.
Since the introduction of the present life-
saving system, the disasters at sea have Coal Consumption of Ocean
totaled 24,441, and the number of persons Steamers.
involved 159,332, this number including per
sons rescued not connected with vessels in The amount of coal consumed by a steam
volved in disaster. The number of lives lost ship increases much faster than the rate of
was 1,330. Eighty-five of these were lost at increase of speed. This is shown in the fol
the disaster to the steamer " Metropolis" in lowing table, which applies to a "typical ves
1S77-78, when service was impeded by dis sel" of 10,000 gross tons.
tance, and fourteen others in the same year
owing to similar causes. The number of Tons of Number
persons succored at stations, inclusive of those Coal Con of Mileage
not connected with vessels involved in dis sumed Firemen per
aster, was 24,201, and the days' succor Knots. per Day. Required. Year.
afforded was 54,516. 44 15 42,000
The total value of the vessels involved in 10 IS
disaster was $231,360,845, of which amount 11 5;f 40,200
$86,909,229 represented the value of cargoes 12 or, 22 50,400
involved. $256,228,037 was saved and l:t 79 2D 54.ua)
$62,042,037 was lost. M 90 ' 32 58,SO()
15 117 39 63,000
United States Steamboat Inspec ID 144 4S 67.20(1
17 ira 5s 71,400
tion Service. is 20(1 711 75.IKX)
This service is now under the jurisdiction 1!) 254 s;, 79.SOO
f>I the Department of Commerce and Labor. 211 102 S4.IXX)
The Supervising-Inspector General reported 21 H71 127 88,200
AROUND THE WORLD IN THIRTY-SIX DAYS.

When Jules Verne wrote his fas The record of Jaeger-Schmidt was
cinating story, "Around the World in broken in 1913 by John Henry
80 Days," he probably did not realize Mears by 3 days 22 hours and 37
that within a comparatively short pe seconds. Mears made the world trip
riod this trip could be made in much of 21.000 miles in 35 days 21 hours
abbreviated time. In fact Phineas 35 minutes and 4-5 seconds, thus
Fogg could now make the complete traveling at an average speed of 587
circuit of the earth in slightly less miles a day or 24</2 miles an hour.
than thirty-six days. Jaeger-Schmidt had traveled 19,300
Numerous attempts have been made miles at an average daily rate of 4S0
to beat the fictional record of Phineas miles, or 20 miles an hour.
Fogg by both men and women. The Mears left New York. . . .July 2. at 12.45a.m.
first of these journeys around the world Berlin July 9
against time was made in 18S9 by St. Petersburg.July 12
Nellie Bly in 72 days 6 hours 11 min Harbin July 21
Y'okohama . . . July 24
utes and 14 seconds. Geo. Francis Victoria Aug. 2
Train made the trip in 1890 in 07 St. Paul Aug. 5
days 12 hours and 3 minutes. In Chicago Aug. 5
Arrived in New York . . . Aug. 0,at 10.20 p.m.
1901 Charles Fitzmorris made the trip
in 00 days 13 hours 29 minutes and 42 During the entire trip Mr. Mears
2-5 seconds, in the race of schoolboys slept in a hotel but once, and that
conducted by the Hearst papers. was for two hours in London. The
Fitzmorris left Chicago May 20, 1901 trip cost less than $800: this includes
New York May 22, 1901 the liberal tips he distributed along
Berlin May 30, 1901 the way and the money he spent in
Moscow June 1, 1901 bribing the engine crew on the Trans-
Irkutsk June 10. 1901
Stretensk.SibcriaJune 13, 1901 Siberian Railway.
Blagoveschensk June 21, 1901 An interesting feature of the trip
Vladivostok. . , .June 27, 1901 was the Might of fifteen miles in an
Yokohama July 5, 1901
Victoria, B. C.July 16, 1901 hydroaeroplane over Puget Sound
Arrived in Chicago July 20, 1901 from a yacht to Seattle. Mr. Mears
The first record breaker to use the stated after his trip that in order t«
Trans-Siberian Railway was Henry break his record it would probably
Frederick, who in 1903 made the cir be necessary to resort to the use of
cuit in 54 days 7 hours 20 minutes. an aeroplane from Fishguard to Lon
In 1907 Col. Burnley Campbell re don and from Dover to Moscow, then
duced the time to 40 days 19 hours cutting off about two days. It is
SO minutes. In 1911 Andrew Jaeger- expected that the new record will
Schmidt made a record-breaking trip, stand for years.
the elapsed time being 39 days 19 The record around the globe by the
hours 42 minutes 37 4-5 seconds. westward route is claimed by Daniel
July 17. Mill, 1:15 P.M., left Paris, D. Bidwell, who in 1911 made the
July 20, Moscow, complete circuit in 47 days and -J
July 22, Omsk. hours. The route taken by Mr. Bid-
July 25, Irkutsk, well took in Montreal, Vancouver,
July 28, Harbin
July 29, Vladivostok, Yokohoma, Vladivostok, Moscow,
July 31, Yokohama, Dover, and back to New York.
Aug. 12, Vancouver,
Aug. IS, Montreal, On July 23, 1911, a bicyclist named
Aug. 19, New York Pankratow started on a trip around
Aug. 26, Paris. the world on a bicycle from Harbin.
This trip cost $1,420. Of this Manchuria. He finished on Aug. 10,
amount only $590 was spent for rail 1913, having ridden around the world
road fare and transportation, while on his wheel in two years and eigh
$000 went in tips and gratuities. teen days.
RIGS OF SAILING VESSELS.

White there are not quite so many different panying aillustrations have been prepared,
rigs of sailing vessels as there are vessels, showing wide range from the smallest and
there are a gnat many, some of them differ the most simple sailing vessels to the largest
ing but slightly from others, and there is and most complicated.
much confusion of nomenclature, even by reason of the numbermake
In the first place we may a distinction
^mong those who should know better than to ranges from one to five. of masts, which
set the rigs mixed in their minds. To aid in tinction may be in the manner insecond
The dis
dispelling misunderstandings as to the names sails which the
are attached, extended, and maneuvered;
°f the rigs of vessels, or as to how certain some being on horizontal yards swinging
named rigs are to be understood, the accom
crosswise of the mast, some on yards which boat (which differs from the skipjack only in
lie obliquely to the horizontal, others having the hull), I the cutter as known in the United
booms or gaffs attached at only one end to States Navy (distinguished by being sloop
the mast, and others again having no sprit or rigged, with a square topsail instead of a gaff
spar by which to aid in their extension. topsail or a club topsail), J a. lateen rigged
Some sails are triangular, others have four felucca. K a sliding gunter (having practically
well defined sides. Some vessels have all the a sliding topmast to which as well as to the
sails centered at the masts, or are square mast the sail is bent). L a dipping lug, M a
rigged; in others all the sails are "fore and three-quarter lug, N a standing lug {one
aft;" and others again have the sails on one lower corner of the sail being secured to the
or more masts of different type from those on mast, and the lower edge oeing extended
the other or others; while in some, part of the without a boom), O a pirogue (having no bow
sails on a mast are of one type and the rest of sprit, no staysails, and no topsails, and being
one or more others. fitted with a lee board as shown), P a sloop
Referring to the illustrations, and consider yawl (having a small mast stepped astern and
ing only the number of masts: A to I inclusive bearing a leg of mutton sail), Q a sloop yawl
have but one; J to X inclusive, two; and the with a jigger.
rest have three. There are vessels having
four and even five masts, but these do not R is a schooner having two masts, both
require illustration as the sails on the other fore and aft rigged; this one having no top
mast or masts are of the same general type as sails and only one staysail; S a schooner with
those on the three. gaff topsails (sometimes called a gaff topsail
Of sails we have as distinct types No 5 A, schooner), T a schooner with club topsails
which is a leg of mutton, having a boom to (sometimes called a club topsail schooner),
extend its lower edge; 5 B, which is a square U a topsail schooner (having a square top
sail, having its upper edge extended by a sail on the foremast and a gaff topsail on top
yard and found also at 4 and 5 L, M and mainmast), V a hermaphrodite or modified
N, 4 V, \V, X, Y, Z, A A and BA; 5 X, Z, AA brig (two masted and having the foremast
and BA, and 6 AA and BA. All these square square rigged and the mainmast fore and aft
sails have no yard to extend them on their rigged), W a brigantinc (having two masts,
lower edges. the foremast being square rigged and the
In vessels F and J there will be eeen to be mainmast having square topsails and but a
one Jong yard at an angle to the mast and mainsail extended by gaff and boom), X a
haying its lower end made fast to a convenient brig (a two masted vessel square rigged on
point oelow. This is called a lateen rig. both masts), Y a barkentine (having three
In vessels D, E, ti, H, I, O. P, O, R. S, masts, the foremast being square rigged and
T, U, V, W, Y, all sails marked 5 are bent to the other two fore and aft rigged), Z a bark
the mast at their inner edge, and extended by (having three masts, the forrmast and main
a boom below and a gaff above. These are mast being square rigged and the mixzenmast
fore and aft sails. Other fore and aft sails, fore and aft rigged), AA a full rigged ship
bent to stays and not to any mast, boom or (having three masts, all square rigged), and
yard, are the stay sails seen in vessels D, E, I, BA a full rigged merchant ship (having double
J, K, M, N, and on all the others from P on, topsails as before explained).
inclusive. The particular sail on vessel A is The sails as illustrated on all the vessels
a leg of mutton sail; on B, a lug sail or lug; on shown bear the same numbers for the same
C, a split lug, differing from that on B by one name throughout. In all, 1 is the flying jib,
portion being bent to the mast as well as to 2 the jib, 3 the foretopmast staysail, 4 the
the yard above. In vessel K may be seen a foresail, 5 the mainsail. 6 the cross jack sail.
"sliding gunter," the upper portion of which 7 the spanker, 8 the jigger, 9 the fore topsail.
is extended by a spar which is hoisted along 10 the main topsail, 11 the mizzen topsail. 12
side of the mast, constituting, practically, a the fore gaff topsail, 13 the main gaff topsail,
sliding topmast; the sail being bent to both 14, the main topmast staysail, 15 the miizen
halves of the mast proper. On vessel I, there topmast staysail. 16 the lower fore topsail. 1"
is a dipping lug, and on M a three-quarter lug. the lower main topsail, IS the lower mizzen
In S we see a schooner the topsails of which, topsail. 19 the upper fore topsail, 20 the upper
marked 12 and 13, are extended by the top main topsail, 21 the upper mizzen topsail. 22
mast and the gaff:- these being called gaff- the fore topgallant sail, 23 the main top;
topsails; while in T they have at their lower gallant sail, 24 the mizzen topgallant sail, 25
edges comparatively short spars called clubs, the fore royal) 20 the main royal. 27 the
by which they may be more flatly strained mizzen royal, 28 the main skysail, 29 the main
than where the attachment is made directly topgallant staysail, 30 the mizzen topgallant
to the corner (or clew) of the sail. In BB we staysail, 31 the jib topsail, 32 the fore trysail.
see the topsails double; that is. instead of 33 the staysail, 34 the gaff topsail, 35 the main
there being only one sail to the topmast, as royal staysail.
in AD, 9, 10. 11. they are double, the upper
half being bent to the regular yard above, and There are other kinds of sails not shown, as
the other to a yard which is hoisted on the for instance studding sails, which are extend
mast; the object being to enable the sail area ed by yards on square rigged vessels, and
to be more readily reduced than by reefing other staysails than those shown may be set
one large sail. when the wind is light and they can be used
Taking the different rigs in order as lettered, to advantage to catch any wind.
A, is a leg of mutton, H a lug, C a split lug, D There are other rigs which embody the
a sloop (having a single mast and only fore features of those already shown, such for
and aft sails), E a sloop having a gaff topsail, example as the three masted, four masted,
K a lateen rig, (1 a skipjack (having no bow and five masted schooners, the four masted
sprit and no staysail nor topsail), H a cat- anil five masted ships and the four masted
lhipentine, all of which are an extension of the buoys, the "spar " buoys having the shape of
rip shown. a spar as the name implies. In Europe buoys
BUOYS. are not as consistently used as in the United
States and it is impossible for us to summarize
Id the United States it is customary to here the significance of the different buoys in
mark channels with red and black buoys. various European ports. At night certain
As the channel is entered from the sea the channels are marked by "light" buoys; that
red buoys are on the starboard, or right side, is. buoys fitted with acetylene, Pintsch gas,
and the black buoys on the port. Usually or electric lights.
there is a difference in form between the t\*o
«ts of buoys. The starboard or red buoys
are of the type known as "nun" buoys,
NAUTICAL TERMS
Abaft: Toward the stern or end of the vessel.
Aft: Toward the stern or end of the vessel.
Alleyway: The ship's passageway.
Altitude: This is the angular distance of
the pole above the horizon.
Bower Anchor: This is an anchor which is
ready for immediate use.
Bulkhead : A longitudinal or transverse
partition.
Cart: A sea map.
Deadlight: This is a covering of wood or
metal used in severe weather to protect glass
portholes or windows.
Equinox : This is the equal length of the day
and night, occurring toward the end of March
and September.
Ebb-Tide: Falling tide.
Forward: Toward the bow or front of the
vessel.
Fore-and-aft: This refers to the length of
the ship.
Fo'castle: This was formerly the seamen's
CAN BUOY quarters, but in the modern vessel they are
sometimes called "nut" buoys, the part that quartered almost anywhere near their work.
projects out of the water being conical in Fathom : Six feet.
form. The port or black buoys are of the Flood-Tide: Rising tide.
type known as "can" buoys, the part that Galley: This is the kitchen.
projects out of the water having the form of a Height of tide: This is the difference be
tween the level of high water and that of low
water.
Larboard: The opposite of starboard; port
is the later and more preferred term.
Lee-side: This is the side away from the
wind.
Latitude: Distance directly North or South
of the Equator.
Longitude: Distance directly East or West
of the meridian of Greenwich.
Lights of vessels: These are the port and
starboard lights, red and green, respectively,
besides a white light in the foretop.
Mid-ship : This means the point which is
equidistant between the bow and the stern.
Neap-tide: This is low tide caused by the
sun and moon being farthest apart.
Port: This is the left-hand side of the ship
looking toward the bow.
Porthole: A stateroom window secured in a
massive metal ring adapted to be closed
tightly.
Starboard: This is the right-hand side of
the ship looking toward the Low.
Scuppers: Channels for water, usually ot
the outer edge of the deck.
Soundings: Depth of water in fathoms.
NUN BUOY sunSpring-tide: This isonhigh
and moon being the tide causedtogether
meridian by the
Sheet-anchor: This is a spare anchor which
plain cylinder or else a sligntly tapered is reserved for emergencies.
cylinder. In winter weather in waters where Thwartship: Crosswise to the ship.
there is apt to be a great deal of ice, "spar^ Weather-side: This is the side of the ship
1'iioys are used instead of "can" and "nun" toward the wind.
226
Tons
33
fretta
2083
GOD
Egge
Milk
So
175
15*00 .OT
yang
Xotinim
.C o
&1902
Munn
by
Conyrleht
IT IS BETTER TO BE SAFE THAN SORRY.

Testing temperature of sea water.
PROVISIONING THE " KRONPRINZ WILHELM" FOR A SINGLE
TRANSATLANTIC TRIP.
The Book of Genesis does not record 14,300 pounds of salt beef and mut
the tonnage of the huge vessel which ton, in all 34,100 pounds of meat, are
finally stranded on Mount Ararat, af eaten during a single trip from New
ter finishing the most wonderful voy York to Bremen. This enormous quan
age ever described in the annals of tity of meat has been pictured in the
mankind. But it is quite safe to as form of a single joint of beef, which,
sume that the dimensions of the Ark, if it actually existed, would be some
that old-time floating storehouse, are what less than 10 feet high, 10 feet
exceeded in size by the largest of long, and 5 feet wide. If placed on
steamships now crossing the Atlantic. one end of a scale, it would require
Not the least striking evidence of about 227 average men in the other end
the size of these modern monsters of to tip the beam.
the deep is afforded by the vast quan For a single voyage the "Kronprinz
tities of food which must be taken Wilhelm" uses 2,040 pounds of ham,
aboard for a single six-day trip across 1,320 pounds of bacon, and 506 pounds
the Atlantic. For the 1,500 passen of sausage—in all, 4,466 pounds.
gers and the several hundred men con Since most of this is pork, it may
stituting the crew, carloads of food well be pictured in the form of a ham.
and whole tanks of liquids are neces That single ham is equivalent in
sary. To enumerate in cold type the weight to 374 average hams. It is
exact quantities of bread, meat, and 7% feet high, 3 feet in diameter and
vegetables consumed in a weekly trip 2 feet thick.
would give but an inadequate idea of The poultry eaten by the passen
the storing capacity of a modern liner. gers of the steamer during a trip to
We have, therefore, prepared a picture Bremen or New York weighs 4,840
which graphically shows by compari pounds. Suppose that we show these
son with the average man the equiva 4,840 pounds of poultry in the form
lent of the meat, poultry, and bread- of a turkey, dressed and ready for
stuffs, as well as the liquors used. the oven. The bird would be a ginnt
Each kind of food has been concen 10 feet long, 8 feet broad, and 5 feet
trated into a giant unit, compared high.
with which the figure of the average Sauerkraut, beans, peas, rice, and
nian seems puny. fresh vegetables are consumed to the
On the "Kronprinz Wilhelm," of the amount of 25,320 pounds. Packed for
Xorth German Lloyd Line, which market, these preserved and fresh vege
steamship we have taken for the pur tables would be contained in 200 bas
pose of instituting our comparisons, kets of the usual form, which piled up
■ 19,800 pounds of fresh meat and make a formidable truncated pyramid-
THE COMPLICATED GEAR OF A LARGE VESSEL.

Photograph taken on the "George Washington."
1 Main Deck. 8 Cargo Winches.
2 Lower Promenade Deck. 9 Rigging.
3 Upper Promenade Deck. 10 Derrick for Heavy Cargo
4 Boat Deck. 11 Smoke Funnel.
5 Bridge Deck. 12 Ventilators.
6 Cargo Beams 13 Boats
7 Mast 14 Backstays.
15 Skylights
THE OLYMPIC ON HER MAIDEN VOYAGE.

AMIDSHIPS THERE IS MOKE SPACE TO WALK ON THE SUN DECK.

Smoke Stack. 7 Boat Tackle.
Winter Garden. 8 Ventilators.
Boat. Deck. 9 Various Deck Houses.
Sun Deck. 10 Boat Winch.
Boats 1 1 Cargo Beams.
Quadrant Davit. 12 Awning Stanchions.
LIFEBOAT DRILL ON A TRANSATLANTIC LINER.

PROVISIONING THE BOATS.
Taken specially for this book.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE TWIN SCREW-

1. Second Class Promenade Deck 14. Vienna cafe (smokers)
2. Reserve rudder machine 15. First class cabin
3. Rudder machine 16. Bathroom
4. Second class Smoking room 17. Lavatory
5. Second class cabin 18. Post office
6. Second class Ladies' saloon 19. Second class pantry
7. Second class Dining room 20. Second class kitchen
8. Baggage room 21. Firemen and trimmers
9. ShaTt tunnel 22. Engine room
10. Rudder 23. First class Smoking room
11. - Screw 24. First class cabins
12. Double bottom 25. Doctor's cabin
13. Vienna cafe Shelter 26. Barber's room
Copyright 191?. Munn & Co., Inc. turbines.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE TURBINE-DRIVEN
EXPRESS STEAMER "KAISER WILIIELM II."

27. First class kitchen 40. Navigating house
28. First class pantry 41. Chart house
29. Scullery 11'. Captain's rooms
30. Coal bunkers 43. Reading and Writing room
31. Boiler room 44. Steerage kitchen
32. Vienna cafe (non-smokers) 45. Steerage
33. Grand staircase 4fi. Provision department
34. Dining room 47. Goods hold
35. Social Hall 48. Chains
36. Children's saloon 49. Sails
37. Chief Steward's office 50. Sailors
38. Imperial suite 51. Anchor machine
39. First class cabins 52. Anchor
STEAMER "FRANCE," A FINE TYPE OF LINER.

TABLE SHOWING THE DISTANCE OF THE HORIZON

AT DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS.
. ight
Height
Height
Height
Height
He
Distance i Distance Distance Distance Distance
.
to to to to
Horizon
Horto
izon
Horizon Horizon Horizon
Feet Nautical Feet i Nautical Feet Nautical

Mil
Feet Nautical Feet Nautical
Miles . Miles . es . Miles. Miles.
1 . 15 | 33 6 .60 85 10 .59 245 1 17 . 98 450 24 . 36

1 .62 34 , 6 .70 90 10 . 90 250 18 . 16 460 24 .63
1. 99 6 .80 951 11. 19 255 18 .34 470 24 .90
2 . 30 6 .89 100 11. 48 260 18.52 480 25 . 16
2 .57 6 . 99 105 11 .77 265 18 .70 490 25 .42
110 12.05
070
2 .81 7 .08 18 .87 500 25 .63
3.04 7 . 17 115 12.32 275 19 . 05 510 25. 94
3 .25 7 . 26 120L 12 .58 280 19 . 22 520 26 . 19
3 .45 7 .35 1251 12. 84 285 19.39 530 26 . 44
3 .63 6 .44 130 ' 13 . 10 290 19 . 56 5401 26 .69
3 .81 7 .53 135 13. 35 295 19. 73 550 26 . 93
12 3 . 98 7.62 140 L 13 .60 300 19 .89 560 27 .18
13 4 . 14 7.70 13 . 83 305 20 .06 570 27 . 42
14 4 .30 7 .79 150 14 .06 310 20 . 22 5801 27 .66
4 . 45 7 .87 155 14 .30 315 20 . 38 5901 27 .90
16 4 . 59 7 .96 160 14 .53 320 20 .55 600 28 .13
-
6101
-
4.74 8 .04 165 14.75 325 20 .71 28 .37

-
4 .87 8 . 12 170 14. 97 330 20.86 620 28 .60

-
5 .01 8 . 20 175 15 . 19 335 21.02 630 28 . 83

5 . 14 8 . 29 180 15 .41 340 21. 18 29 .06
-
640
5 26 8 . 36 185 15 .62 345 21.33 650 29 . 28
350
-
5 .39 8 .44 1901 15 .83 21.49 660 29 .51

23
5.51 8 .50 195 16 .04 355 21 64 670 29 .73
5.63 8 .60 200 16 . 24 36 21.79 680 29 .95
5 .74 8 .67 205 16 .44 370 22.09 690 30 .17

5 .86 8 . 75 210 16 .64 380 22.39 700 30 . 39
5 . 97 8 .82 215 16 .84 390 22.68 710 30 .60
28 6 .08 8 . 90 220 17 .03 40 22. 97 720 30 . 82
6 . 19 9 . 26 225 17 .23 410 23 . 26 730 31.03
6 . 29 9 .61 230 17 .42 420 23 .54 740 31. 24
31 6 . 40 9 95 235 17 .61 4301 23 .82 750 31.45
6 .50 80 ' 10 . 27 240 17 . 79 440 24 .09 760 31.66
By this Table also the distance can be ascertained at which an object can be seen according
to its elevation and the elevation of the eye of the observer .
EXAMPLE . - A tower 200 feet high will be visible at 20 % miles to an observer whose eye
is elevated 15 feet above the water. Thus :
15 feet elevation , distance visible 4 .45 nautical miles } = 20 .69 nautical miles .
200 16 . 24
ENGINE ROOM , OIL MOTOR -DRIVEN “ SELANDIA ."

CHAPTER VII.
RAILROADS.
For invaluable information relative by multiplying the number of passen

to Railroads, both for the United gers carried by the average journey
States and foreign countries, the Edi in miles. In the case of the United
tor is indebted to Mr. Slason Thomp Kingdom that is an approximation of
son. Director of the Bureau of Rail 7.8 miles, from the formula of the
way News and Statistics, Chicago. London Statist. Same is true of the
A considerable number of the tables average haul of 25 miles for freight
are printed" through his courtesy, and in the United Kingdom. In this case
a painstaking revision of this chapter it is corroborated by the individual
is also due to him. figures of the Northeastern Railway
In single-track mileage the Bureau of England, which is the only British
figures 9Srf of the total mileage oper road giving that information. The
ating in the United States ; in traffic ton mileage can be obtained by multi
figures they cover 97.5%. plying the freight tons carried by the
The passenger mileage is obtained average haul in miles.
POWER OF A MONSTER LOCOMOTIVE.

This huge Baldwin freight engine, weighing 300 tons, was built for the
Southern Pacific Railroad, it is capable of hauling 10 miles an hour a train of
IS9 cars weighing, with load. Tl tons each. The train, weighing 10.000 ton 3, would
rparh for over a mile, or say. from City Hall Square to the Battery. Ne w York.
The lower cut represents the size of a single ear. 200 feet by 45 Mi feet by 62 feet,
that would be necessary to contain the load of wheat handled.
233
TOPAL
FREMT
OF
TONS
ONE
IN
CARRIED
YEAR
CARS
FREIGHT
OF
NUMBER
TOTAL
234
FRANCE
RUSSIA
/ 00
15
,000
200
0
,. 00
SERNAVY
447
.,0 00
00
597
,0 00
STATES
USTED
000
000
1533
4,FRANCE
66
.378 RUSSIA
43
./3 37
ERMANY
491
.5
, 74
ta ,599
771
KINGDOM
.UNITED
UNITED
,21STATES
00
.7 84
RUSSIA
USA 740
0 00
,. 00
STATES
UNITED ,437
18 FRANCE
.
39993 ,0das
090
00
GERMANY
KINGDOM
UNITED ,255
48 899
STATES
.,0UNITED
00
,846
.51
GERM
09
0
, 00
00 ANY
KING
*0UNITED
,000
00 DOr4
CARS
PAUSENGER
OF
NUMBER
TOTAL
NON
CARRI
PATI
OF
TOTALED
ON E
EWE
,Mo
1911
Copyright
.&C unn
N
ATOA
COMPARISONANTIEDOTEINA
CRAPHICAL
DOA
GROWTH OF RAILWAYS OF THE WORLD .

In the following table is given the mileage of the principal countries in the
world from the earliest date available to the latest :
Miles of Road Completed

Country
Opened 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1889 1899 19101 19127
Great Britain . . 1825 1.857 | 6,621 10 ,433 15 ,537 17 ,933 19 ,943

21 ,666 23,280 23 ,417
Cnited States . . 1827 2,818 9 ,021 | 30,626 52,922 | 93,296 ( 160,544 ... ..... 236,422 248,888
Canada ....... 1836 16 66 2,065 2,617 7,194 12 ,585 17 ,250 24 ,731 26 ,727
France . . . . . 1828 1 ,714 5 ,700 | 11,142 | 16,275 , 21,899 26,229 29,364 30 ,119
Germany . . . 1835 341 3,637 6,979 11,729 20 ,693 24 ,845 | 31,386 36 ,235 37,255
Belgium . 1835 207 554 1,07411,799 2 ,399 2 ,776 2 ,883. 2,888 5,132
Austris (proper) 1837 817 1,813 3 ,790 7 , 083 | 9,345 11 ,921 | 13,591 | 14 ,038
Russia in
Europe . . .. . . . 1838 310 988 7 ,098 14 ,026 17,534 26 ,889 35 ,347 41,888
Italy . . . . . . . . 1839 265 1, 117 3 ,825 5 ,340 7 ,830 9,770 10 ,425 10 ,425
Holland ... .... 1839 110 208 874 1 , 143 1,632 1 ,966 2 ,235 2 ,439
Switzerland .... 1844 15 653 885 1 ,596 1 ,869 2 ,342 2 ,791 3 ,034
Hungary. ... . 1846 137 1 ,004 2 , 157 4 ,421 6 ,751 10 ,619 12 ,177 | 12 ,821
Denmark .. ... 1847 20 69 470 975 1 ,217 1,764 2 ,121 2 , 121
Spain ... 1918 1 ,190 3 ,400 4 ,550 5 , 951 8,252 8 ,961 9,272
Chili. 1851 120 452 1, 100 1 ,801 2 ,791 3 ,451 3,451
Brazil. . . . . . . . . 1851 134 504 2 ,174 5 ,546 9 ,195 11,863 12 , 968
Norway . . . . . . . 1854 42 692 070 970 1,231 1, 608 1,845
Sweden , . . . . . . 1856 1 ,089 3,654 4 ,899 6,663 8,321 8,554
Argentine Re
public . 1857 637 1,536 4 ,506 | 10 ,013 14 ,111 | 18,166
Turkey in
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 727 1 , 024 1, 900 1,967 2 ,100
Peru . .. .. . . 247 1 , 179 993 1 ,035 1 ,470 1 ,470
Portugal . . . 710 1 , 118 1 ,475 1 ,689 1 ,689
Greece . . . . . . . . . 1869 6 416 604 845 979
Uruguay . . . . . . . 1869 61 208 399 997 1,371 1, 443
1868 215 655 5 ,012 8 ,503 14,845 | 14 ,990
Mexico
Roumania ...... 152 859 1,537 1 ,920 1, 976 2 , 153
Australia ... . . . 789 4 , 850 11, 111 17, 956 18 , 195
Japan . . . . . . 1874 75 542 3,632 5,130 5,130
British India ... 1853 . 838 4 ,771 9 , 102 15 ,887 | 23 ,523 30 ,809 | 32 ,099
China ......... 1883 124 | 401 4,997 5,274
I 583 ! 2,873 / 5 , 353 19, 207 | 20 ,758
'Including New Zealand.
Tor latest figures.
Includes Asiatic Railways.
The proportion of state to privately owned railways as given by Mr. Edwin A .
Pratt in " Railways and Nationalization , ” 1908 , was:
Company Owned Railways. . . .. 389 ,000

State Owned Railways ..... ... 161,000
Total...... .... .... .... ...... 550 .000

STATISTICS OF
Miles Capitalization
Covered or Cost of Passenger Freight Otber
Country Year by Capi- Construction Revenue Revenue Revenues
talization (c )
United Kingdom . . . 1911 23,417 $6 ,447, 969, 598 $215, 168, 940 $308,197 ,950 $ 96, 197 , 110
German Empire ... 1910 36,740 4,163,615 ,519 198 ,737,378 452,969,934 69,765,822
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 25 ,017 3 ,593 ,660 , 000 152,566, 693 184 ,394 ,516 5,284,147
Russian Empire.... 1908 41, 888 3 , 378 , 839,810 80,787 ,020 306 ,014 ,545 39 ,811 ,500
Austria . . .. . 1910 14,038 1 ,654, 207 ,119 48,520,000 135 ,360 ,000 12,500 ,000
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . .
1910 12,821 858 ,732, 000 25,009,200 65,460 , 200 4 ,265,800
Italy (a)...... ...... 1910 - 11 8 ,908 1, 131,300 ,000 36 ,060,084 60, 247,652 5,264,517
Spain (a ).... ...... 1905 8 ,810 649,919,610 16 ,215 ,866 34,694,555 6 , 190 ,271
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 1908 1 , 465 162 , 385 , 280 4,039 ,350 5 ,715 ,150 351,750
Sweden .. .. ...... 1909 8 ,366 277, 952,716 12,226, 160 20, 762, 228 992,672
Norway . . 1911 1 ,891 81,467, 176 2 ,667 ,672 3,437 ,904 359,656
Denmark (a) .... 1911 1 ,215 70,277 , 640 5 , 429, 948 5 ,942 , 900 796 , 496
Belgium (a ) . 1910 2.685 504, 210,184 19 ,750 , 243 38,275, 374 1 ,672,173
Holland (a ) . . . . 1910 1 . 978 d 163,798 , 304 12 , 374 , 800 12 ,094 ,800 1 , 272,400
Switzerland . . . 1910 2 .924 341,208, 367 18,542, 282 22 ,577 ,912 1,809,944
Roumania..... .... 1911 2, 153 186,670 ,372
Total Europe....... 194,316 $23, 666,213 ,495 $848,095,636 $ 1,656,145 ,620 $246 ,534,663
Canada . .. . . . .. . .. 1912 26 ,727 1 ,585,724,797 55,543 ,664 148,030,260 14 ,820,819

Argentina . . ...... 1910 17,381 868 ,914 ,950
Japan (a ). .. .. .. . . . 1911 4,764 411,598,253 21 ,072,498 20,428 ,230 2,646,015
British India .. ..... 1910 32,099 f1,448,700,000 63,261,000 100 ,419 .000 5 ,049 ,000
New South Wales .., 1912 3 ,831 260,613 , 180 11,439,630 18 ,092, 050 2,079 ,490
New Zealand . . . . . . . 1911 2 , 761 153,448 ,830 5 ,521,470 9 ,805, 390 2, 144, 045
United States . . . . . . ! 1912 1 248,888 ! 14,657,545 ,000 668,642,865 ' 1.980,805, 606 221, 288,226
EUROPE UNITED STATES

32.6 p.c. 243, 229 MI
AUSTRALIA 3. p.c.
AMERICA AFR
IN
ICA 3.3c.
NCE
CANADA
TA
51.2 p.c. 25,400 M

RI
.B R
FRA
G
ASIA RUSSIA
87
MI
,33
99p.C 41, 888 MI.

2
GER
MI
31,109
MANY
37. 255 MI
('OMPARISON OF WORLD' S RAILWAYS BY CONTINENTS AND

PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES , 1909 .
FOREIGN RAILWAYS.
Rates Aver Aver PerCent

Total Operating Expen Passengers age Freight age Net Rev
Revenues Expenses ses to Carried Journey Tons Haul enue to
Revenues (Miles) Carried (Miles) Capital
1619.564,000 $380,689,660 61.8 1,793.820,800 b 7.8 523,653,094 b 25 0 8.67
752.473,134 490,999,236 67.9 1,540,872,110 14.2 531.527,817 60 4 6.74
342.245.356 200,834,642 68.6 491.936,930 20 5 165,027,920 80 2 3.94
426.613,125 344,497,405 80.8 162,117,000 79.0 229,554,000 160 1 2.43
196.380,000 150,860,000 76.9 254,618,531 18.3 137,599,886 68.2 2.75
94.735,200 61,362,800 64.7 140,002.000 19 5 68,306,000 72.9 3.87
101.572,383 81,486,337 80.3 b 25.0 b 66.0 1.77
57.100.692 27,750,936 48.6 41,846,249 b26.0 22.662,548 69.4 4.50
10,106,250 4.672,500 46.2 14,535,693 b20.0 4,315,385 b54.0 3.35
0.981,060 26,836,981 79.0 53,787,226 16.6 31,133,715 '43.4 2.57
6.465.232 4,803,096 74.2 13,795,396 16.1 5,196,241 38 6 2.22
12.169,344 11,257,072 92.5 22,344,630 21.8 4,934,799 53.1 1.33
59,697,795 39,123,036 65.5 173,491,334 15.4 58,793,837 49.7 3.80
25,742,000 21,366,860 83.0 47.711,000 17.9 16,702,400 51.9 2.67
42.930.138 27,230,010 63.2 110,068,465 13.0 16,466,758 45.5 4.60
18.756,585 11,660,674 62.1 10,233,000 43.7 8,823.551 b96.5 3.80
12,770,532,294 Sl.385,610,248 63. 0 $4,871,230,360 15.1 1,825,197,951 64.3
219.403,752 150,726,530 68.7 41,124,181 70 8 89,444,331 218.7 4.27
107,068,065 63,616,485 69.4 69,014,600 24 2 33,606.626 120.9 3.85
44,147,128 21,624,686 43.9 138,629,706 21.9 25,481,868 83.5 5.47
168.729,000 89,595,000 53.1 371,580,000 36.1 65.600.000 184.3 6.46
31.611,170 20,303,030 64.2 70,706,728 15.4 10,531,751 81.0 4.35
17.470.905 11,516,860 64.3 11,200,613 b23.0 5,863,674 80.0 4.02
8.870,736,697 e2,108,351,953 73.4 994,382,480 33.7 1,806,173.565 148.0 5.25
(a)State only. (b)Estimated. (c)From latest report, not alwayj year named. (d)Estimated
capital cost of Holland's railways not given since 1S97. (e)Including taxes. (f)Valuing the
Indian rupee at 33 cents (.324 1-2)
From 1908 to 1910 the rate per Switzerland, 2.S0 cents. No recent
ton mile in the United Kingdom ton mile statistics for Italy are
was 2.3.3 cents ; in France. 1.30 available, though taking the aver
cents; in Germany. 1.41; Russia. age haul as under 70 miles, the
•05 ; Austria, 1.30 ; . Sweden. 1.00 : average receipts per ton mile were
Norway. 1.77: Denmark. 2.IKI; Hol probably in the neighborhood of
land, 1.35 ; Belgium, 1.17 ; and in 2.25 cents.
fllBTANCEB ACE0B8 MEW TOBK CRT.
Prom Pier 1. North Hirer, via Battery place and Whitehall street to East River, one-half mile; from
foot of Dey street. North Rlrer, to foot of Fulton street. East Hirer, three-quarters of a mile; from foot
of Chambers street. North Rlrer. via Chambers. New Chambers and James slip to Bast Rlrer, one mile;
from foot of Canal street. Nortb River, to Broadway, three-quarters of a mile; from foot of Canal street.
North Rlrer. to Bowery, one mile and an eighth; from foot of Canal street. North Rlrer, to foot of Grand
■treat, Raat Hirer, two and an eighth mllea; from foot of -Weat Houston afreet to foot of East Houston
■treat, two and an eighth mllea; from foot of West Fourteenth street to Broadway, one and sn eighth mllea;
from foot of West Fourteenth street to foot of Esat Fourteenth street, two and three-eighths miles; from
foot of West Twenty-tbird street to Sixth avenue, one mile; from West Twenty-third street to foot of Raet
Twenty-third street, two and three-eighths mllea. North of Twenty-third street the average width of tt
Ulaad of Manhattan la from two to two snrt a half miles.
SUMMARY OF THE WORLD'S RAILWAYS AND RATIO OF MILEAGE TO ARELA
AND POPULATION IN EACH COUNTRY IN 1910.
Mileage in 1910 Miles of Inhabitants
Countries State Total Line per 100 per Mile
Railways Railways Sq. Miles of Line
I. EUROPE
Germany 34,625 37,996 17.9
Austria-Hungary (including Bosnia and Herze
govina) 22,047 27,571 10.6
Great Britain and Ireland 23,351 IS.3
France 5,511 30,687 14.8
Russia in Europe (including Finland 2,246
milea) 21,659 37,008 1.8
Italy 8,830 10,538 9.5
Belgium 2,686 5,288 46 3
Luxemburg 119 318 81.7
Netherlands 1,663 1,984 16.6
Switzerland 1,701 2,921 18.3
Spain 9,317 4.8
Portugal 671 1,808 5.1
Denmark 1,217 2,192 14.8
Norway 1,557 1,921 1 6
Sweden 2,717 8,688 50
Scrvia 357 494 S.6
Roumania 1,980 2,238 4.3
Greece 981 3.9
Bulgaria 987 1,106 20
Turkey in Europe 1.4
Malta, Jersey, Isle of Man ■ 10 1
Total for Europe, 1910. 107,727 207,447 55
■ a 1909 204,864 55
m m 1(108 201,619 6.3
m a 1907 199,345 6.3
a ■ looe 196,437 6.1
■ a 1906 192,507 1.1
m u 190) 189,806 6.0
■ u 1903 186,685 5.0
M 1902 183,989 4.8
- u 1901 180,817 4.8
■ u 1900 176,396 4.7
u a 1899 172,953 4.6
u u 1898 167,614 4.4
u m 1897 163,550 4.3
- I 1896 100,030 4.1
Increase in fourteen years. 47.417
RELATION OF RAILWAYS TO AREA AND POPULATION (Sec page 241.)
Although this table Is favored by railway statisticians In comparing railway
conditions relatively to area and population. It Is doubtful whether it conveys an
adequate Impression of the exceptionally favorable transportation facilities enjoyed
by the inhabitants of this continent, and especlaly those of the United States
and Canada. For instance, the figures mean that the United States with SO0.OO0
square miloR less territory and not one-quarter the population, has 36.000 more
miles of railway than all Europe, while Canada, having a territory In which the
United Kingdom could be lost thirty times, and only one-sixth the population,
has actually more railway mileage than the parent kingdom.
SUMMARY OF THE WORLD' S RAILWAYS AND RATIO OF MILEAGE TO AREA

AND POPULATION IN EACH COUNTRY IN 1910 - Continued .
Mileage in 1910
Miles of Inbabitants
Railways | Railways | Sq.Miles of Line
II. AMERICA
Canada .. ... ... .. 1 ,718 24,726 0.8 263
Cnited States of America (inclusive of Alaska
420 miles ) . . . . . . . . 241,203 6 .8 369
Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 1.6 359
Merico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 , 260 1. 9 952
Central America (Guatemala , 594 miles ; Hon
duras, 90 miles ; Salvador, 122 miles; Nicara
gua, 200 miles; Costa Rica, 547 miles; Pan
ama, 47 miles)..... ..... 1,599
Greater Antilles (Cuba, 2,331 miles; Dominica ,
195 miles; Haiti, 139 miles; Jamaica, 185 miles ;
Porto Rico , 200 miles ) . . .. . ... . . . ... 42 3,031
Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 139 miles ; Bar
badoes, 108 miles ; Trinity , 88 miles). . .. . 336 . . . . . . . . .
Taited States of Colombia 510 0.1 9 ,091

Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . 633 0 . 16 3 ,846
British Guiana . . . 103 0 . 11 2,859
Dutch Guiana ....... ..... ..... 37
Ecundor . . . . . 333 0 .32 4 , 166
Peru . . . . . . 844 1, 584 0 .32 2 .940
Bolivia . . . . . . 756 0 . 16 3 ,030
United States of Brazil. . 5,443 13 , 278 0.5 1,613
Paraguay . . . .. . . . . . . 157 0 . 16 4 ,000
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,546 2.3 671
Chili . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,682 3 ,526 1.0 943
Argentine Republic . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. 2 ,467 17 ,794 1.6 275
Total for America. . .. .. .. ... 12,197 327 ,084
III. ASIA
CentralRussia in Asia . ... 6,181 4 ,066 1. 9 2 ,325
Siberia and Manchuria . . . 6 ,739 0 . 14 1 ,032
China . . .. . . . . . 5 ,420 0 . 13 83,300
Japan ( including Corea )... ... .. .. . 4 ,542 6,093 2.4 10, 000
British India . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ,460 32 ,092 1.6 9,091
Ceylon . .. . .. . . . . . . 577 2.3 7, 143
Persia . .. . . . . . . . . 34 0 . 005 280,000
Asia Minor, Syria , Arabia , including Cyprus.. . 912 3 ,130 0.5 6 ,250
Portuguese Indies. .... .......... . 51 3 .5 11, 110
Malay Archipelago 757 2 .3 9 ,434
Dutch Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,551 0 .6 20,000
Sian .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 637 0 . 32 14 ,278
Corbin Ching 2, 178
Total for Asia . ............ 36 .733 63,329

SUMMARY OF THE WORLD 'S RAILWAYS AND RATIO OF MILEAGE TO AREA

AND. FOPULATION IN EACH COUNTRY IN 1910 — Continued .
Mileage in 1910 Miles of Inhabitants

Railways Railways Sq . Miles of Line
IV . AFRICA
Egypt. ... . 2,792 3 ,674 1.01 3 . 125
Algiers and Tunis . . . .
INICI U MII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 134 1 .0 2 . 128
Belgian Congo . . . . . . . .. 515
South African Union, including Cape Colony,
Natal, Cent. So . African and Rhodesian Rail
ways . . . . . . 9 ,192 9,645
COLONIES
German . . . . . 1,691 1,691
English . . . . 1 ,807
French . . . . . 1 ,360
Italian . . . . . . 72
Portuguese . . . . . . . 1 ,001
Total for Africa . ... ...... ...... .. ...... . 22, 900
V . AUSTRALIA
New Zealand . . . . . . . .
INOVY Z ILL O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,716 2 ,746 2 .6 371
Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,490 3 , 505 4 .0 362
New South Wales . . . 3,642 3 ,783 1.3 422
South Australia . . . . 1 ,911 2,082 0 . 16 208
Queensland . . . . . . . 3 , 661 4 ,011 0 .6 226
Tasmania . . 469 633 2 .4 293
West Australia . .. ...... ....... .... 2 , 144 2 ,422 0 . 16 193
Hawaii, etc . . . . . . . . 88 1.3 1 . 234
Total for Australia . 13,035 19. 272 0 .6 311
RECAPITULATION
1. Europe ....... . 107 ,727 207,447 5 .5 2,180
II. America . . . . . 12,197 327,084
III. Aeia . . . . . . 36,733 63 , 329
IV . Africa . . . . . 13 , 674 22,900
V. Australia . . . . 18,035 19,272 0 .6 311
Total.. . . 188 .368 640 , 032 .. .. . .. .. . . . .
DISTANCES IN NEW YORK .

From thel From thel From the From thel
Battery . TO Battery . TO Battery TO Battery то
Miles. Mlles. Mlles, Mlles.
Rector 4% East 54th . 8% East 139th , 13 East 199th .
Fulton 4% East 58th . East 144th . 13 % S. Moshola Pik
City Hall East 030 gy East 149th , w ' y & Web , av.
Leonard East 68th . 94 East 154th . 134 East 205th.
Canal
Spring .
East 730 . 96 East 139th . 139 East 208th .
East 78th . 10 East 164th , 14 W 'msbridge sts.
E . Houston East 830 . 1044 Spring pl. 14 % Jerome ave ,
East 4th . East 88th , 104 East 168th . Woodlawn.
East 9th .
East 14th
East 93d ,
East 97th .
10 %
11
East 170th .
East 1720 .
144 Jerome are ,
Mt. Verbon ay,
East 19th . East 102d . 117 East 174th , Jerome are.. .
Fast 24th . East 107th . 1112 Tremont ave. East 133d.
East 29th . East 112th . 117 East 179th . 15 E . 237th, c. ML
East 34th . East 117th . 12 East 1828 . Vernon ave.
East 38th . East 121st. 1211 East 186th .
124
(Esst 239th .
East 44tb . East 128th . Pelbam ave. 15 % cits line.
East 49th . East 134th . 124. East 195th .
SUMMARY OF RAILWAY MILEAGE IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, FOR THE

YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1912, 1911 AND 1910 , AND ITS RELATION TO AREA
AND POPULATION .
Bureau 's Figures Commission's Figures

Population
State Per Mile
1912 1911 1910 Miles of of Line
Miles Miles Miles Line per 100 1910 %
Operated Operated Owned Sq. Miles
Alabams . . .. .. 5 ,054 4 ,994 5 .226 10 19 409

Arizona . . .. . 1 ,974 1,962 2 ,097 1 . 84 97
Arkansas . . .. . 4 ,376 4 ,253 5 ,306 10 . 10 296
California . .. . ., 6 ,739 6,610 7 ,772 4 .99 306
Colorado 5 ,716 5 ,646 5 , 532 5 .34
Connecticut . . . . . . 1,000 1 , 000 1 ,000 20 .75 1 ,115
Delaware .. . 339 340 337 17. 04 604
Florida. . .. . . . 3 ,923 3 ,769 4 ,431 8 . 08 169
Georgia . .. .. , 6,839 6,631 7 ,056 12. 02 369
Idaho . . . . . . 2 , 151 1 ,925 2 ,178 • 2 .61 149
Mlinois. . . .. . . 13,024 13,257 11,878 21 . 20 474
Indiana . . . .. 7 ,629 7,098 7 ,420 20 .59 364
lowa . . . . . . . . 9 ,867 9 ,987 9 ,755 17. 55 228
Kansas . . . 9 ,312 9,216 9 ,007 11 .01 184
Kentucky . .. . .. 3 , 587 3 ,494 3 ,526 8 .77 649
Louisiana . . .. ... 4 ,695 4 ,477 5 ,554 12 . 23 298
Maine . 2 , 113 2 ,096 2 ,248 7 . 52 330
Maryland . .. 1,325 1,326 1,426 14 . 35 901
Massachusetts 2 ,138 2.087 2,115 26 . 31 1 ,592
Michigan . . . . .. 8 ,471 8 ,360 9,021 15 . 69 311
Minnesota . . . . . 8 ,952 8 ,893 8 , 669 10. 72 239
Mississippi . . . . . 3 ,860 3 ,672 4 ,506 9 .72 399
Missouri . 8, 287 8 ,336 8,083 11. 76 407
Montana 4 ,332 4, 294 4 ,207 2 . 88 89
Nebraska 6 ,224 6 ,151 6 ,067 7 . 90 196
Nevada . .. . . . . . . . . 1, 630 1 ,601 2 ,276 2. 07 35
New Hampshire .. .. . . 1 .237 1 ,213 1 ,245 13 . 80 345
New Jersey . .. . .. . . . . . 2 ,260 2 , 146 2 ,260 30 . 08 1,122
New Mexico . . . . . . 3,048 2 ,975 3 ,032 2 . 48 108
New York .. . . . . . 8 , 353 8 ,338 8 ,430 17.09 1 ,081
North Carolina . .. . 4 ,228 4 .110 4 , 932 10. 12
North Dakota . . .. . . .. 4 ,430 4 ,379 4 ,201 5 . 99 137
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ,261 9 ,028 9, 134 22.42 521
Oklaboma. . . . . . 5,907 5 ,898 5 ,980 8 .62 277
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . 2 .131 2 , 125 2 ,284 2 .39 294
Pennsylvania . , . . 10 ,996 10,894 11, 290 25 . 18 678
Rhode Island :. . .. . 195 196 212 19.88 2,557
South Carolina . . . 3, 072 2, 878 3 , 442 11. 29 440
South Dakota . . . . 3 ,994 3 ,984 3 ,947 5 . 14 148
3,633 3 ,587 3,815 9 . 15 572
Tennessee . . . .
Texas . . . . . . . . 13 ,977 13,081 14,281 5 . 44 272
1.834 1 ,819 1,985 2 . 42 188
Utah .. . .. . .
962 936 1 , 100 12 . 06 323
Vermont. . . . ,
4 ,421 4 ,436 4 ,534 11. 26 454
Virginia
Washington . 5 , 140 5 ,133 4 ,875 7 . 29 234
3 ,068 2,885 3 ,600 14 . 99 339
West Virginia . . ...
7 ,351 7 , 106 7 ,475 13. 53 312
Wisconsin . . . . . . . .
1 ,477 1,457 1,645 1 . 69 89
Wyoming .. .. . .
51 52 36 59 . 95 9 .174
Dist. of Columbia 1.871 1 ,760
Canadat. .. .
Merico : . . . . . . 226
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,444 232, 117 ] 240, 438 8.08 382
Census figures 1910 divided by commission 's figures for 1910.

Mileage operated in Canada and Mexioo by American roads,
SUMMARY OF MILEAGE OF SINGLE TRACK , SECOND , THIRD
AND FOURTH TRACK AND YARD TRACK AND SIDINGS
IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890 TO 1912.
Total
Single Second Third Fourth Yard | Mileage
Year Track Track Track Track Track and Operated
Sidings (all Tracks )
1912 Bureau, 95 % .. . ... 236,444 24 ,944 2 ,528 1,763 90,693 356,372
1911 Official. . . *246 ,124 23,452 2 ,414 1, 747 88,973 362 ,710
1910 * 240,831 21,659 2,206 1,489 85,581 351,767
1909 * 235 ,402 20, 949 2 , 169 1, 453 342,351
82, 376
1908 * 230 , 494 20 ,209 2 ,081 1,409 79 ,452 333 ,646
1907 227 ,455 19 ,421 1 ,960 1 , 390 77 ,749 327 ,975
1906
222,340 17, 396 1, 766 1 ,279 73 ,760 317,083
1905 17 ,056
216 , 973 1,609 1,215 69 . 941 306 ,796
1004
212 ,243 15 ,824 1, 467 1,046 66 ,492 297,073
1903 205 ,313 14,681 1,303 963 61,560
1902 200, 154 13 ,720 1 ,204 895 58, 220 274,195
1901 195 ,561 12 ,845 1 , 153
1900 876 54,914 265,352
192,556 12, 151 1 ,094 829 52 , 153 258 ,784
1899 187,543 11,546 1 ,047
1998
790 49,223 250 .142
184 ,648 11,293 1 , 009 793 47,589 245 ,323
1897 183 ,284 11,018 995
1896
780 45 ,934 242,013
182 ,428 10,685 990 764 44,912 240, 129
1895
180 ,657 10 ,639 975 733
43 ,888 236,804
1894 178,708 10 ,499
1893
953 710
42,661 233 ,533
176 ,461 10 , 051 912 668 42,043 230 ,137
1892 171,563 9, 367
1891
852 626 39 ,941 222,351
168 ,402 8 ,865 813 599 37 ,318 215 ,999
1890 163 ,597 8 ,437 561 760 208,613 35 . 255
* Since 1908 the offici al mileage is exclusive of switching and terminal companies. In 1908 these
had 1,624 miles ofmain track and 2,085 of yard tracks and sidings; in 1909 they reported 1,623 miles
of main track and 2,384 of yard tracks and sidings and in 1910 they reported 1,614 and 2,270 milea
respectively .
SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVES AND THEIR PRIN
CIPAL CHARACTERISTICS : 1910 .
Class . Number. Tractive Grate Heating Weight Welght

power . surface. exclusive on
surface .
of tender . drivers.
Pounds. sq. ft . 89. 11. Tons . Tone.

Blngle expansion .. .. ... .... ... 65,867 1,502 ,296 , 608 1,862 ,769 117, 725 , 2344 , 032 , 797 3, 314,673
Average per locomotive .. . . . . . .. . 26, 891 35 2, 107 72 69
Four-cylinder compound . . . . .. . . 1,511 59 ,594, 482
Average per locomotive . . . . . . . . ..
6, 272 ,515 168 ,787 131, 278
39, 440 3, 489 112
Two-cylinder compound .. . .. . .. 862 | 27,003 , 390 32 ,021
Average per locomotivo.. ... .....
2, 197 ,380 72 ,624 60,858
31 , 326 39 2 ,549 84 71
Total . .
58, 240 1,588, 894, 480 1, 956, 257 125, 195, 129 4,274, 208 3,506,809
Average per locomotive . .. .. .. . 27 ,282 L 35 2, 160 73
The above table does not include locomotives in the service of terminal companies.
TWO DECADES IN RAILWAY PROGRESS.

RAILWAY RESULTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1892 ,
1902 AND 1912 WITH PERCENTAGES OF INCREASE BY DECADES .
1912 1 1912
Item Over Over
( m = Thousands) 1892 1902 1912 1892 1902
%
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 , 086,000 79, 230,563 95 ,656 , 000 46 . 9 20 . 8
Miles of Line (operated ) .... ....... .. 162,397 200 , 154 248 , 888 53 . 3 24 . 3
Müas of All Track ..... ...... ....... .. 211, 051 274,195 370,317 75 . 5 35 . 1
Net Capitalization (m ) . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . $ 8,294 ,679 $ 9,925 ,664 $ 14, 657,545 76.7 47 . 7

Net Capitalization per Mile of Line ...) 52,348 50,962 61, 508 17 . 6 20 . 8
Net Capitalization per Mile of Track.. 40 . 050 36,921 41, 204 3. 0 11. 6
Revenues from Operation (m ). . . . 1, 171,407 1,726,380 2,870,736 145 . 1 66 .3

Revanuea per Mile Operated .. .. . 7 ,213 8,625 11 ,534 59. 9 33 . 7
Expenses of Operation (m ). . . . . 780, 997 1,116 , 248 1 ,990 ,198 154 . 8 78. 3
Expenses ofOperation perMi.operated 4 ,809 5 ,577 7 ,996 66 . 3 43 . 4
Net Revenues from Operation (m )... 390, 409 610 , 131 880,538 125 . 5 44 . 3
Net Revenues per Mile operated ..... 2 ,404 3 , 048 3 ,538 47 . 1 16. 1
Ratio of Expenses to Revenues . . . . 66 .67 % 64. 66 % 69. 33 % 4.0 7. 2
Receipts from Passengers (m ). . . .. $286 ,805 $ 392,963 $ 668,642 133 . 1 70. 2

Recripts from Freight (m ). ., 799,316 1,207,228 1, 980 ,805 147 . 8 64. 0
Receipta from Mail (m ).... ..... ... 26 ,861 39,835 51,620 92 . 2 29 . 6
Receipts from Express (m ) . . .. .. . .. 22, 148 34,253 74 ,735 238 . 0 118 . 4
Passengers Carried (m ).. . .. 560,958 649,878 994,382 77. 3 53. 0

Passengers Carried 1 Mile ( m ) . . . . .
E L . . . . .
13,362 ,898 19,689,937 33,510,673 | 150.8 70.2
Average Receipts per Passonger Mile
Scents ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 126 1 . 986 1. 992 d 6. 3
Average Passengers in Train . 45 57 35 . 7 26 . 6
Average Journey per Passenger (miles ) 23.82 30. 30 33.76 41. 7 11. 4
Freight Tons Carried (m ). . .. . . . .. . . 706,555 1,200 ,315 1,806,173 155 . 6 50 . 4

Freight Tops Carried 1 Mile (m ) ... . .. 88,241,050 157,289, 370 267 ,313,687 202 . 9 69 . 9
Average Receipts per Ton Mile (mills) 8 . 98 7 .57 7 .41 d 17 . 5 d 2.1
Average Tons in Train . .... ...... 181 296 422 133 . 1 42 . 5
Average Haul per Ton (miles).. . .. .. . 124 .89 131. 04 148 19 . 3 12 . 9
Locomotives (number ).* . .. . 33,136 41,225 62,291 88 .0 51.1

Locomotives Weight without Tender
(toss) . . . . . . 1,457,984 2,308,000 4,892,101 235.7 111. 9
Passenger Cars (number) .. .. . . . 28 ,876 36,987 51,306 77 . 7 38 . 7
Freight Cars (number ) . . . . . . . . . 966 ,998 1,546,101 2 , 243,465 132 . 0 45 . 1
Freight Cars Capacity (tons) . ..... .. . 22,240,954 43,416 , 029 84,129,937 278 . 2 93 . 7
Employes (number).. . . .. . . . .. . . . 821,415 1,189,315 1 ,728 ,603

110 . 4 45 .3
Employes per 100 Miles of Line... . .. . 506 594 695 37 . 3 17 . 0
Employes Compensation ... ....... ... $468 ,598 ,170 $676,028 ,592 $ 1,268,977,272 | 170.8 87 .7
Proportion of Gross Earnings ......... 40.00 39. 17 % 44 . 20 % 9 . 11 12 . 8
Proportion of Operating Expenses. .. . 60. 08 % 60 .56 % 63.76 % 6 .0 6 .0
Txzs .. . . . . $ 34 ,053,495 $54 ,465 ,437 $120,873,472 254 .9 121. 9
Per Mile of Line. . . . . . . . . . . 209 272 485 132.0 78 .3
Proportion ofGross Earnings ......... 2 . 90 % ! 3 . 15 % 4 .21 % 45 .2 ' 33 .6
RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS.
At the end of the year 1911 there At the end of the year 1911 there
were 58 passenger locomotives for were 49,818 passenger cars in service;
every thousand miles of line, 148 2,195.511 freight cars; and 114.00ti
freight locomotives, 38 switching loco company cars, making a total of 2.-
motives, 5 unclassified, making a total 359,335 cars in the service. The fast
of 249 locomotives per thousand miles freight line service required 28.13$
of line. There were 9,58(i cars per cars for its service.
thousand miles of line, divided as Figuring the cost of a locomotive
follows: 203 passenger cars; 8,- at $15,000. the 60.890 locomotives re
920 freight cars ; and 463 cars quired for the 236,444 miles of track
for the company's service. At operated in 1912 cost $913,350,000;
the end of the same year it was the 50,152 passenger cars, valued at
estimated that 60,757 passengers were $6,500, cost $325,988,000; the freight
carried per passenger locomotive ; 2,- cars, 2,192,987 in number, valued at
268,097 passenger miles covered per $1,000 each, cost $2,192,987,000; and
passenger locomotive ; 48,007 tons car
ried per freight locomotive; 6,913,259 the 113.392 company cars, valued at
$600 each, cost $68,0:15.200. Thus
ton-miles covered per freight locomo
tive. For every million passengers the approximate value of all equip
carried there were 50 passenger cars, ment of American railways was $3,-
and for every million tons of freight 500,360,200. The single item, mainte
carried there were 1,235 freight cars nance of equipment, for the year 1912,
employed. amounted to $440,446,230.
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES.
The heaviest electric locomotive on electric locomotive, having a weight
the New Haven has a weight on its on the drivers of 141,000, has a guar
drivers of 182,000 pounds, a maxi anteed speed of 75 miles per hour.
mum guaranteed speed of 45 miles, The Baltimore & Ohio has electric-
and is designed to trail a load of locomotives having a weight of 1S4,-
800 tons. The Grand Trunk (St. 000 pounds on the drivers, a guar
Clair Tunnel) locomotive has a anteed speed of 55 miles, and is de
weight on the drivers of 132,000 signed to trail a load of 850 tons.
pounds, a guaranteed speed of 30 The Paris-Orleans locomotive has a
miles an hour, and is designed to trail weight on the drivers of 110.000
a load of 5(H) tons. The Pennsylvania pounds and a maximum guaranteed
R. R. locomotive having a weight on speed of 45 miles. The Great North
the drivers of 207.8(H) pounds and a ern's largest electric locomotive has
guaranteed speed of 80 miles, is de a weight of 2:50.000 pounds on the
signed to trail a load of 550 tons. drivers and a maximum guaranteed
The N. V. C. & II. R. R. R.'s largest speed of 30 miles.
COST OF LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS.
Locomotives for railway service ing a capacity of 100,000 pounds, and
cost approximately as follows: Mogul, inside dimensions of 40' 6" x 8' 10" x
for freight service, having an average 8', cost $1,500; steel coal (gondola I.
weight of 160,000 pounds, cost $14,- weight 46.IKH) pounds, capacity 110.-
100; Consolidation, for freight serv 000 pounds, inside dimensions 46' x
ice, average weight 200.000 pounds, 8' 9" x 10' C>", cost $1,200; flat ears,
cost $18,500; Mallet Compound, for weight 34.000 pounds, capacity 100-
freight service, average weight 400,- IMH) pounds, inside dimensions 40' '-'
000 pounds, cost $40,000; Atlantic, x 9' 2", cost $700 ; day conch, weight
for passenger service, average weight 112.000 pounds, capacity 80 passen
185,000 pounds, cost $15,970; Pacific, gers, dimensions 78' 3" x 10' x 14' 5",
for passenger service, average weight cost $8,500; sleeping car (wood),
225,000 pounds, cost $20,800; and weight 115.0(H) pounds, capacity 27
Ten Wheel, for passenger service, berths, inside dimensions 72' 6" x
average weight 170,000 pounds, cost 8' 6" x 9' 6", cost $16,700; sleeping
$15,000. cars (steel), weight 152.3(H) pounds,
Wood box cars (with steel tinder- capacity 24 berths, inside dimensions
frnme) weighing 36,000 pounds, hav 72' 6" x 9' 9" x 9' 6", cost $27,000.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. REFERENCE BOOK. 245
-V dining car costs $30,000 to $35,000. tractive effort is 111,600 pounds. It

A. combination caf4 car costs about was built for operation over the A.,
SCS8.000. We are indebted to the T. & S. F. from Los Angeles to
"World Almanac" for many of these Albuquerque, where the maximum
interesting figures. grade ranges from 2.2 per cent, to
The Mallet Compound, built for the 3 per cent. The locomotive burns fuel
Aichison, Topeka & Santa F6, having oil, and the tender has a capacity of
a total weight of 016.00U pounds, and 4,000 gallons.
•a weight of 550,000 pounds on its The Mallet Compound passenger
drivers, is the largest and most locomotive, built by the A., T. & S. F..
l»>werful locomotive in the world. is the heaviest passenger locomotivd
It has ten drivers on each side, ever built. Its total weight is 376,850
having a diameter of 57 inches, pounds and the weight on its drivers,
and was built by the Santa F6 73 inches in diameter, is 268,400
by converting a 2-10-2 type loco pounds. It has a heating surface of
motive by the addition of a front 4.756 square feet. Its cylinders are
unit. From the tip of the pilot to 24x38x28 inches and its tractive ef
the end of the tender it is 121 feet fort is 62,850 pounds. It is for use on
7 inches long. It has a heating sur a division having 2.2 per cent, grades,
face of 6.570 s<iuare feet. Its cylin and over which the schedule speed
ders are 28 x 38 i 32 inches and its averages about 25 miles.
SUMMARY OF COST OF LOCOMOTIVE FUEL AND PROPORTION

TO EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF AMERICAN RAILWAYS.
At the end of the year 1912 $230,555,544, or 11.85 per cent
it was estimated that there were of the total operating expenses
l.'*3.444 miles of railroad and that of the roads or again 8.22 per
the total cost of locomotive fuel cent, of the gross earnings of the
f ir operating trains over them was roads.
This tinge locomotive was enlarged at the Santa Fc shops from an existing locomotive by
adalng the superheater and feed-water sections. The engine weighs 308 tons, the tender 117
tons, making the total weight 425 tons. Its length over all Is 120 feet 7 Vj Inches. The H.P.
blinders are 28 Inches dta; the L.P. are 38 Inches dla. : the common strode Is 32 Inches.
miles max. drawbar
overpull
a 1.5Is per
111.000
cent pounds,
grade. and this level
locomotive
it couldhashaulhauled 1.911so tons
per hour On the a train long atIhutV!
side tracks could not take It In. At a speed of 10 miles an hour, estimated In the usuai
banner. It would develop about 3.000 horse-power, which at h'gher speeds, would be still
''eater. The fire-box has 204 square feet of heating Burface. and the tubes 3,625 square feet
ê gases next pass through the tubes of a superheater of 2,318.4 square feet surface and
files through a feed-water heater of 2.659.5 square feet. The steam passes from the steam
-sine to the superheater: through the high-pressure cylinders; back to the low-pressure
^terheater: through the low-pressure cylinders, and to the exhaust stack.
SANTA FE MALLET FREIGHT I/>OOMOTIVE, THE
LARGEST IN EXISTENCE.
SUMMARY OF RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, COMPENSATION AND RATES OF PAY
PER DAY BY CLASSES IN 1911, AGGREGATES FROM 1899 TO 1912.
Compensation
1912 Per 100 Average Per Cent
(236 ,444 Miles Represented ) Number Miles Total Pay of Gross
Class of Line Per Day Revenues
General Officers .. .. 3 ,622 1. 5 $ 18 , 111 , 992 $ 15 . 22
Other Officers .... ...... . 9,866 4 .2 21,702,497 6 .45
General Office Clerks.. . 77,722 32 . 9 64 ,047 ,042 2 50 2 .3
Station Agents 36,862 15 . 6 29,018 ,678 2. 23 1.0
Other Station Men . .... .. . 161,275 68 . 2 97,758, 363 1 . 90
Enginemen . . . . . . . . . . . 63,260 26 . 8 101,449,397 5.02
Firemen . . . . . . . . . 66,423 28 . 1 61,309,898 3 .03
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . 48,792 20 . 6 67,372,682 4 . 29
Other Trainmen . . . . . . . 135 ,508 57 . 3 127 ,285 ,178 3 .02
Machinists . . . . . . 54,467 23.0 52,194,886 3 .27
Carpenters. . . . . . 69 ,210 29 . 3 52,027 ,465 2 . 57 1. 9
Other Shopmen .... ...... .... 248,440 105 . 1 167,095 ,651 2 . 25
Section Foremen . . . . 43, 113 18 . 2 30,835 ,624 2 .09 1. 1
Other Trackmen ... ....... . 347,433 147 . 0 133,320 ,207 1.60
Switch Tenders,Crossing Tend
ers and Watchmen . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,783 16. 4 23,095, 345 1.73
Telegraph Operators and Des
patchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,557 18 . 0 34,701, 160 2 .46 1. 2
Employes acct . Floating Equpt. 11,918 5.1 8 ,968,119 2.32 0.3
97 . 9 149,131 ,100 2 .13 5.3
All other Employes & Laborers 231,457
Total (95 % Mileage Repre

sented ) . . . . . . .
SCI U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,690 ,709 715 .2 1,239,425 ,284 44 20
1911 Official Figures. . . . .. . ... . . 1,702,164 687 $ 1, 230,186,019 (b ) $2 .42 43.7
1910 . 1 ,732 ,435 716 1,165,444,855 2. 29 41. 82
1909. . . . 1 ,528 ,808 638 1,005, 349,958 2 . 24 41. 00
1908 . 1,458,244 632 1,051,632,225 2.25 43 .38
1907 . 1,672,074 735 1,072,386 ,427 2. 20 41. 42
1906 . 1 ,521, 355 684 ( a ) 930, 801,653 2 .09 40 .02
1905 . 1 ,382, 196 637 839,944,680 2.07 40 . 34
1904. 1 ,296, 121 611 817,598,810 No data 41.36
1903 1,312 ,537 639 775,321,415 No data 40 . 78
1902 . 1 ,189, 315 594 676 ,028 ,592 No data 39.28
1901. . . . 1 ,071, 169 548 610 ,713,701 No data 38.30
1900 . . . . . 1,017,653 529 577 , 264, 841 No data 38 .82
1899 . . . . 928,924 495 522,967,896 No data 39.81
1898 ... 874 ,558 474 495 ,055 ,618 No data 89. 70
1897 . .. 823,476 449 465, 601,531 No data 41.60
1896. . 826 ,620 454 468,824, 531 No data 40 .77
1895 . . 785,034 4 1 445 ,508, 261 No data 41. 44
1894 . . 779,608 No data No data
1893 873 , 602 515 No data No data
1892 821,416 506 No data No data
1891 . . . 784, 285 456 No data No data
1890 . . . . 749, 301 479 No data No data
1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 ,743 459 No data ) No data 1
(a ) Includes $30,000 ,000 estimate pay -roll of Southern Pacific , whore records were destroyed in
the San Francisco disaster.
(b ) Bureau computations.
NUMBERS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF FREIGHT CARS.

At the close of the year 1910 the tor cars, 30,918 ; and other cars
several classes or kinds into which 78.411. The average capacity in tons
freight cars are divided, were as fol- of a box car was 33 ; of a flat car
lows: box cars, 900.577 ; flat cars, 33; a stock car 30; a coal car 41;
153.91,8 : stock cars, 77.584 ; coal cars, a tank car 30 ; a refrigerator car 30 ;
818,689 ; tank cars, 7,434 ; refrigera- I and of other cars 37.
PASSENGER TRAFFIC.
A summary of the passenger traffic age number of passengers in a train
fur the year 1911 shows that there 55 ; the average journey per passen
were 997,409,882 passengers carried ; ger was 33.48 miles ; and the average
that there were 33,201,094,099 passen revenue per passenger per mile was
gers carried one mile ; and that the 1.974 cents. The passenger revenue
mileage of revenue passenger trains amounted to $057,638,291.
amounted to 572,929,421. The aver
FREIGHT TRAFFIC.
At the end of the fiscal year 1911 sand, and other like articles, 99,352,-
the grand total of freight traffic for 583 ; other products of mines, 20,848,-
the United States amounted to 1,718,- 929 tons.
014.118 tons, plus 03,023,830 tons— The products of the forests, divided
the latter amount being unassigned into lumber, 125,185,647 tons, and
freight, while the former was assigned. other products of the forest, 01,770,-
The products of agriculture, having a 233 tons, amounted to 186,955,880
tutal freight tonnage of 10(5,804.072, tons for the year 1911.
were divided as follows : Grain, 71,- The manufactures of the United
126,786 tons: flour. 19,557,510; other States, making a total freight tonnage
mill products, 15,475.503 ; hay, 12,- of 207,776,334, were divided accord
033,156; tobacco, 1,706,044; cotton, ing to freight traffic as follows: Pe
7.228.879; fruit and vegetables, 29,- troleum and other oils, 17,596,449 ;
108,043 ; other products of agricul sugar., 6,923,808; naval stores, 1,553,-
ture, 10,628,085 tons. 271; iron, pig and bloom, 22,713,623;
The products of animals, totaling iron and steel rails, 8,920,596 ; other
41.214,057 tons, were divided as fol castings and machinery, 23,052,502 ;
lows: Live stock, 20,410.150; bar and sheet metal, 29,899,867; ce
dressed meats. 5.637,409; other pack ment, brick and lime, 61.082,645; agri
inghouse products, 4,809,181 : poultry, cultural implements, 3,264,739; wag
game and tish, 1.587.942; wool, 1,023,- ons, carriages, tools, etc., 3,008,857 ;
M4; hides and leather, 2,653,507; wines, liquors and beers, 0.829,700 ;
"tlier products of animals, 5,085,894 household goods and furniture, 3,820,-
tons. 113 ; other manufactures, 79,110,164
From the products of the mines the tons."
tutal freight traffic amounted to 921,- The freight traffic for merchandise
1211,439 tons and was divided as fol amounted to 60,976,778 tons and mis
lows: Anthracite coal, 127,402,004 ;
bituminous coal, 479,638,745 ; coke, cellaneous—other commodities, to 73,-
60,804,241 ; ores, 133,082,878 ; stone, 097,558 tons.
SI-'MMARY OF FREIGHT MILEAGE, REVENUE, AND RECEIPTS

PER TON MILE.
During the year 1901 the number I for the year 1901 amounted to $1,118,-
»f tuns carried one mile amounted to 543.014 nnd for 1912 to $1,936,237,-
147.077.136,040 and during the year ' 488; making an increase of 73.1 per
1M2 to 261.416,643,000 : thus making cent, for tha 11 years. The receipts
a total increase for the 11 years of | per ton mile in 1901 amounted to 7.50
77.5 per cent. The freight revenue i mills and in 1912 to 7.41 mills.
248
GOWE FANCE
M
poo 0856
boy
1911
&cwpyright
,auna MA GNITUDS
11
12
PASSENGER AND FREIGHT REVENUES.
Analyzing tho revenues of the pas- revenue per ton of freight carried
stager service for the fiscal year 1890, $0.99373 ; revenue per train-mile,
we find that the revenue per passenger freight trains, $2.00042 ; freight
per mile was 2.107 cents ; the rev earnings per mile of road $5,400.47.
enue per passenger carried. $0.50818 ; Thus the revenue per train-mile for
the revenue per train-mile, passenger all trains amounted to $1.05721 and
trains, $1.08041 : and the passenger the cost of running a train one mile
earnings per mile of road, $1,978.19. $1.07288.
For the freight service for the same The passenger revenues for the year
year the revenue per ton per mile 1911 were divided into revenue per
amounted to 0.927 cents ; the revenue passenger per mile, 1.974 cents : rev
per ton of freight carried $1.08781 ; enue per passenger carried, $0.05798 ;
tin- revenue per train-mile, freight revenue per train-mile, passenger
trains, $1.65434 ; freight earnings per trains, $1.30921 ; and passenger
mile of road, $4,588.82. Thus the earnings per mile of road, $3,312.00.
total revenue per train-mile for all On the freight service the revenue
trains amounted to $1.44231, and the per ton per mile amounted to 0.757
cost of running a train one mile cents; the revenue per ton of freight
■■wteooo. carried $1.07944 ; the revenue per
In 1900 the passenger revenues train-mile, freight trains, $2.89548 ;
were as follows : revenue per passen
ger per mile 2.003 cents ; revenue per the freight earnings per mile of road,
$7,895.00. Thus the revenue per
passenger carried $0.50459 ; revenue train-mile for all trains amounted to
per train-mile, passenger trains,
* 1.01075; passenger earnings per $2.24824 and the cost of running a
mile of road $2,007.17. The freight train one mile $1.54338. The term
revenues for the same year were : "ton" generally signifies the short
revenue per ton per mile 0.729 cents ; ton of 2,000 pounds.
CONSUMPTION OF FUEL OIL.

The increasing use of fuel oil is elimination of forest fires, which in
due to many causes. It has been the last few years have been so dis
demonstrated from tests made on some astrous in the northwestern part of
■;f the railroads accessible to the oil the country. In addition to the econ
fields and refineries of the West, omy of the use of oil as compared
where fuel oil can be purchased with coal on railroads, it is very
heaply, that the cost of operating much cleaner and safer for the trav
with oil is less and its use equally eler, there being no smoke or cinders.
as efficient as coal, the supplies of In 1911 there were 27,368 lines of
which are at times very low and mile operated by the use of fuel oil.
uncertain on account of strikes and The total quantity of fuel oil con
shutdowns of mines, and often on sumed by railroads for the same year
account of shortage of cars for the amounted to 27.774,821 barrels. The
transportation of the coal, especially total mileage made by oil-burning en
in the winter season. In some locali gines for that year was 104,270,964
ties where oil is coming into use, as
in Nevada, the cost of coal is ex and the average number of miles
tremely high. Another reason for the traveled per barrel of oil consumed
use of oil is the prevention or the was 3.75.
REVENUES AND EXPENSES.

A general summary of the monthly amounted to $2,806,1 77,194, wns made
reports of revenues and expenses made up as follows : Passenger, $053,598,-
up by the Bureau of Railway News 401; freight, $1,930,237.488 : mail,
and Statistics (95% of all roads) $50,458,700 ; express, $73,053,799;
shows that the average number of other revenues from operation, $92,-
miles operated during 1912 was 230,- 828.737. The operating expenses,
444. The operating revenue, which amounting to $2,004,015,750, were
divided as follows : Maintenance of , and interest on the funded debt o

way and structures, $ 360 ,446 ,190 ; | $ 392,547,588. The interest on tb
maintenance of equipment, $ 116 , 446 , interest-bearing current liabilitie
230 : traffic expenses . $59.895 , 212 ; l amounted to $ 4 .912.892 .
transportation expenses, $ 1,008 ,019, At the end of the year 1911 thu
735 ; general expenses, $71,684,564 ; total amount of stock paying divi
taxes, $ 118 , 153 ,819 . Deducting the dends was $ 5 ,730 , 250,326 , or 67 .657 o
total expenses and taxes from the rev the total amount of outstanding stock
enues from operation , we have a total The average rate paid on stock wa
operating income of $ 746 , 385 ,701 ; of 8 .03 per cent., or $ 160, 195 ,376 . Th
this amount, $741,531,41 was derived interest on the funded debt amounter
from rail operations, and $ 4 ,854, 257 to $410 ,326 ,852, making a total o
from outside operations. $ 870 ,522, 228 paid for interest and div
At the close of the year ending idends. The interest on the interest
June 30 , 1890 , the railroads had a bearing current liabilities amounted to
total of $ 1, 109,658, 453 stocks out $ 26 ,207 ,567.
standing, of which $ 1,598,131,933 , or At the end of the fiscal year 1911
36 .24 per cent., were paying divi the assets for the 244,089 .14 miles º
dends. This stock of the railroads line represented were as follows : Ne
paid dividends at an average rate of investment in road and equipment
5 . 15 per cent. The railroads paid $ 15 ,872,462,792 ; other investments
$87,071.613 dollars in dividends and $ 4 ,551,785 ,530 ; sundry assets ( in
$ 221,499,702 interest on the funded cluding deferred debit items) , $ 348,
debt, making a total of $ 308,571,315 . 227 ,510 ; current accounts, $ 1,713 ,
The interest on interest-bearing cur 499, 260 ; making the total assets $ 22 .
rent liabilities amounted to $ 8 ,114, 515 ,975 .092 .
768 . The liabilities for the same number
In 1900 the total stock of the rail of miles of road and for the same yeni
roads was were as follows : Capital stock , $ 8 ,
$ 5 ,815 ,579,593 and the
stock - paying dividends amounted to
582,463 ,256 ; bonded debt (including
real estate mortgages, equipment
$ 2 ,668, 969,895 , or 45 .66 per cent. of trust obligations, etc. ) , $ 10 .989 ,608,
the total amount of stock . The aver 551 ; unfunded debt (including appro
age rate paid was 5 . 23 per cent., mak priated surplus ) , $ 118 ,122,751 ; cur
ing a total of $ 139,597,972 paid in rent accounts , $ 1, 139,377, 126 ; sinking
dividends. The interest on the funded and other funds, $ 230 ,573, 172. The
debt amounted to $ 252,919 ,616 , mak excess of assets over liabilities was
ing a total expenditure on dividends therefore, $ 1, 155 ,829 ,092.
Tow Boat
RAIL ROAD LINE FROM NEW YORK TO BUFFALO ,
River,
Rail Road, The Bearer, has pood me

Road
Ral
from pe
fare
Canal,
Dollars for thepafsage or
, l
Bayra
Cana
,
Rrer
jare
York
fare
,Nee
Porsons, from New York in

to Cr. of
per ed
One hundred poundsof baggage free for each full pajunger on the
hundr
River , and fully pounds on the Rail Road and Canal.

TOW BOAT NEW YORK
T . JOHN MHIGIES,
ScArtsy
RAILROAD TICKET OF THE EARLY THIRTIES,

RAILROAD SPEEDS.
Month, Dlst. Time, i Speed
day. Railroad. From. To. Miles. h. m. s miles
per H.
P.K.K. Philadelphia Jersey City 90 ~T;t.i oo 58 . 06
Gt. N. (Eng.) London Grantham 1 1 15 r, 1:51:00 66.5
W. Jersey Camden Cape May 81.5 1 23:30 58 63
7-12-83 B. S. 4 N. Y. Syracuse Binghamton 79 1 :23 :00 57.11
5- 9-84 P. & R. N. Y. Div. M. P. 48 14 0:11:19 74.2
5- 8-'85 L.S.and N.Y.C. Chicago New York 961 22:45:00 42.38
7- 9- 85 W. Shore Alabama Gen. June. 36.3 0 30 III! 72.60
6-17-'86 c.B. &y. Princeton Burlington 170 2:58:00 57.3
7- 5-'86 Wabash K. City Peru 563 13:45:00 41
8- 8- 86 N. Y. C. & H. R. Syracuse Fairport 70.25 1 01 :20 68.73
7-10--88 L. & N. W.-Cal. 1 xmdon Edinboro 400 7:52:00 50.85
8- 0-'88 L. &IN. W. Crewe Preston 51 0:50:00 61.20
8- 0--88 L. & N. W. Pre«ton Carlisle 90 1.30:00 60
s-30--.ss N. E. (Eng.) York Newcastle H0.5 1 :18:00 02
8-31-88 t. N. iEng.) London Edinhoro 392.5 7:26:45 52.7
4- 8- 89 C. & N. W. Chicago Council Bluffs 490 12:30:00 39.2
5-19-'89 P.. F. W. & C. Ft. Wayne Chicago 148.3 2:59:00 49.7
5-26-'89 Mich. C. S. Bridge Chicago 511 11:41:00 43 . 74
3-10-'90 PAR. Philadelphia Jersey City 90 1:25:00 63 . 53
3-10-90 P. R. R. Jersey City Washington 226 4:18:00 52 50
a-io-'go P. R R. Washington Jersey City 220 4:19:00 52.35
8-22-'91 N. Y. C. &H R. New York Buffalo 439.52 8:58:00 49.2
8- 0-'91 Canadian Pac Vancouver Brockville 2,792 70:31:00 36.49
9-14-91 N. Y. C. & H. R. New York E. Buffalo 436.32 7:17:30 59 . 50
10-16-'91 N. Ry. (France) Paris Calais 184 3 :43 :00 49.51
11-28--91 P. R. R. Jersey City Washington 227 1 1 1 (10 54 . 22
12-22-91 B. &O. Philadelphia Canton 91.0 1:41:00 54 . 4 1
:-2v-'92 N V (' \ II II Oneida De Witt 21.37 0:17:40 72.69
ll-18-'92 |Cent. N. J. Fanwood 1 0:00:37 97.3
11-18- 92 'p. * R. Jenkintown L'liorne 5 0.03:25 87.8
12- 0- 92 L. & N. W. Crewe Rugby 76 1:11 :00 64.23
5- 9-93 N. Y. C. & H. R. Grimesville 1 0:00:35 102.8
5-19- Y. C. & H R. Syracuse E. Buffalo 146 2:21:00 02. 13
5-19- Y. C. & II U Looneyville Grimesville 5 0:03:00 100
5-28-' Y. C. &H. R. New York Chicago 904 19:57:00 48.2
S.&M.S.
8-28-' 93 C. C. & St. L. Seymour N. Tower 42 0.35:34 70 96
3-23-' 94 1N.W. O. Bluffs Chicago 488 12:52:00 41 . 1
4- 17- 1*4 S. & M. S. Cleveland Erie 95.5 1 :35:00 00 32
8-26-' 94 A. C Line Jacksonville Washington 780.8 15:49:00 49.36
4- 0- 95 O. B. & Q. Chicago G'burg 103 2:45:00 59 27
4-21- 95 Camden & All. Camden Atlantic City 58.3 0:45:45 76.40
8-21- 95 H i m < 'oast London A berdeen 540 8:55:00 60.56
K-21-' 95 East Coast London Aberdeen 523, 8:40:00 60.35
9-11--95 N. Y. C. & H. B. New York E. Buffalo 436.32 0:51 :56 63 54
9-24-'95 N. Y. C. & H. R. Albany Syracuse 147.84 2:10:00 68 23
10-24--95 L. 8. * M. S. Erie Buffalo 80 1 :10:46 72 91
10-24-95 L. 8. &M.S. Chicago Buffalo 510.1 8:01 07 03 61
10-24- 95 P. R. R. Jersey City Philadelphia 89.6 1:33:21 57.6
' 7- 96 Mich. C. Windsor St . Thomas 1 1.2 1 :43:05 64 , 72
5- 7-'96 Mich. C. St. Thomas Fort Erie 1 18.2 1 :47:15 36. 13
6-10-'96 Atlantic City Camden Atlantic City 55.5 0:48:00 6C.4
6-20-96 Atlantic City Camden Atlantic City 55.5 0:57:00 58.42
7- 3- 90 C. M. & St. P. Forest Glen Nat. Ave. 74 1 .22 :00 54.2
U-21-'96 S. & R. Weldon Shops 76.8
•-.025 1 :12:30 03 56
2- 15--97 C B.&Q. Chicago Denver 18:53:00 :,l 27
3-ll-'97 Char. & Sav. Cent. June. Ashley J. 102 1:40:00 61 02
RAILROAD SPEEDS—Continued.
Month, Railroad. From. To. Dist. Time, Speed
miles
day, year. Miles. h. m. s. per H.
1- 9-'97 Atlantic Coast L. Florence. S. C. Rocky Mt. 172.2 3:00 00 57 70
4-21-'97 Lehigh V. Alpine Geneva June 44 0:33 00 80
7-14-97 Atl. City (P. & R.) ( 'amdcn Atlantic City 55.5 0:46 30 71 60
7-16-97 P.. Ft. W. &C. O. R. & I. Jc Colehour 132.5 2:15:00 5S v
.8- 3-97 Union Pacific Evanston Omaha 955.2 23 :55 00 39.93
8- 3-'97 Union Pacific N. Platte l imuha 291.0 5:35:00 52 1
ll-29-'97 Union Pacific Cheyenne Council BlufTs 519 9:19:00 55.7
12- 4- 97 Union Pacific Sidney Omaha 414.2 7:12:00 57.5
2-13-'98 Eric Jersey City Buffalo 423. 7:30:00 56.4
1- 2-'99 Chic, B. AO. Omaha Chicago 500.2 8:43:00 57.38
4-23-99 Chic, B. & O Clyde Burlington 197.3 3:04:00 64.33
7- 9-'99 Del., L. & W. Bath East Buffalo 104 1:30:00 69.30
7-19-'99 Vandalia Clayton Transfer 18 0:14:00 77 00
7-22-'99 Atlantic City Camden Atlantic City 55.5 0:51 :15 65 00
7-31-99 W. J. & S. (Penn.) Camden Atlantic City 58 3 0.50:30 69.30
10- 7-99 Penn. VV. Pittsburgh Ft. Wayno Chicago 148.3 2:50:00 52.30
10-14-99 Wabash Tilton Granite City 176.6 2:47:30 63 30
1 1-22-99 L. S. & M. S. Buffalo Cleveland 183 3:25:00
3-27-'O0 Atch., T. & S. F Los Angeles Chicago 2.2.'ir, 58:00:00 '38;55
4-30-'00 Chic, B. & Q. Burlington Cliicago 205.8 3:23:00 60 80
7- 9-'00 N. Y. C. & H. R. Rochester Syracuse 80.7 1:25:00 56 70
7- 4-00 Atlantic City Camden Atlantic City 55.5 0:44:15 75 20
8- 10-00 Atlantic City Camden At Ian lie City 55.5 0 44:15 75 20
9-30-00 Penn. Lines Ft. Wayno Clarke J. 126 2:38:00 47.90
12-21-00 Burlington i linaha Billings 892.6 16:23:00 54.40
3- l-'Ol Sav., F. & VV. M. P. 69 M. P. 74 4.8 0:02:40 107.90
9- 5- 01 Mich. Cent. Susp. Bridge Windsor 229 3.40:00 62.45
2- 9- 02 N. Y..N. H &II. Harlem R. Boston 22S 4:12:00 54.30
3-24-'02 Penn. Philadelphia Jersey City 89.8 1:19:00 68.17
3-24-02 Burlington Eckley VVray 14.8 0:09:00 98 6fi
6-21-02 Penn . Harrisburg Altoona 131.4 2:10:00 60.70
5-25-03 L. S. & M. 9. Toledo Elkhart 133.4 1 :54 :00 70 20
6-19-03 L. & N. W. I a uidon Carlisle 299.2 5:58:00 50.14
8- 8-'03 A. T. & S. F. Chicago Los Angeles 2.267 52 in mi 42.80
4-27- 01 Mich. Cent. Niagara Falls Windsor 225.7 3:18:00 68 its
6- 9- 04 Gl. Western Plymouth Iôndon 246.8 3:40:48 65.30
7-20-'04 Atlantic City Camden Atlantic City 55.5 0:43:00 77.40
5- 14-05 Atlantic City Atlantic City ( 'amdcn 55.5 0:42 :33 78.26
6- 8- 05 Penn. E. Tolleston Donaldson 50 0:38:00 79.00
6-13-05 L S. & M. S. Chicago Buffalo 525 7:33:00 09.53
0- 0-'05 J1 N. Y. C.
L. S. & M. S.
1 New York
f Chicago 964 18:00:00 53.55
7- 9-'05 A. T. & S. F. Ivos Angele - Chicago 2,246 44:54:00 50.00
I Southern Pac. 1
1 Union Pac.
10-23-05 { Chic. & No.West. !■ Oakland Jersey City 3,239 73:12:00 44.30
IL.8.&M.9.
Erie J
10-23-05 Penn. Crestline Ft. Wayne 131.4 1:41:20. 77.81
10-24-'05 Penn. Crestline Clarke J. 257.4 3:27:20 74.55
11- 3-'05 P-nn. Harrisburg Chicago 717 12:49.00 56.00
; Southern Pac. 1
Union Pac
5- 5- 06 ; C:hic & N. W. Oakland New York 3,255 71:27:00 45.60
1 L. S. & Mich.So.
N. Y. Cent. J
♦From Locomotive Dictionary.—Courtesy Railroad-Aoe-Gazette.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK , 253
LATEST RAILROAD SPEEDS.

wwwmvube Speed
baccorz
Month , Railroad . From . To . Dist . Time,
miles
dav , year. zabovezano Miles. h . m . S. per H .
3- 28 - '09 Mott IIaven Chicago 959 16 :30 :00 58. 12

7-29 -'09 Toledo Elkhart 134 1 :50 :00 73.08
8 - 16 - '09 Chicago St. Paul 409 7 : 24 :00 54 .05
$ 17 -'09 St. Paul Chicago 409 7 : 24 :00 54 .05
1 - 2 - 09 1U, P. Omaha Denver 575 12 :30 :00 46 .0
gorzej
1-17 -' 10 New York Chicago 964 18 :30 :00 52. 1

5- 21-' 10 Mich Windsor Falls View
20-pisiczo
224 3 :44 :00 60 .0

12- 0 -' 10 C . of Jersey City Washington 227 4 :04 :00 55 . 8
i S. P.
2- 16 -'11 R . Is . Yuma New York 2,787 74 : 19 :00 40 .41
2-28-' 11 Altoona Philadelphia 235 . 1 3 :29 :00 67 . 5
2 - 0 - '11 Washington New York 226 . 8 3 :55 :30 57 . 8
12 - 22 - 11 | C . & N Chicago Clinton 138 2 : 16 :00 59. 1
4 -00 - 11N . Y Syracuse Buffalo 149 2 : 20 :00 63 .84
20z.
4 -00 - '11 Philadelphia Jersey City 90 1 :42 :00 52. 9
Courtesy Railroad -Age-Gazette.
RAILWAY MAIL REVENUES.
Number of
Railway Railway Postal
Year Mail Mail Revenues
Revenues Clerks
1902. 39, 963,248 9 ,627 121,848,047

1903 . 41,709,396 10 ,418 134 , 224, 443
1904, 44 ,499,732 11,621 143,482,624
1605. . 45,426, 125 12 , 474 152,826 ,585
1906. 47 ,371,453 13,598 167,932,783
50,378,964 14 ,357 183,585,006
1908 . 48,517, 563 15 , 295 191,478,663
1909. . . . . 49,380,783 15 , 866 203,562,383
1910. . . . 48,913,888 16 ,578 224 , 128,657
1911. .. . 50,702,625 16 ,792 237,879,823
1912. . . 50 ,458,769 16, 636 246,744,015
Ten years' increase , per cent . . . . . . 28 . 8 % 72 .8 % 101. 7 %
EMPOYCES EQUIPPED
PASSENGERS 99.75
SAFELY SAFELY
KILLED - INJURED KILLEOLINJURED NON - EQUIPPED
Olpc
WORKING CARRIED
Risk of Employees and Passengers on Safety Appliances on

American Railways. American Railways.
NOOOOOOWWOOOWO
RAILWAY SPEED IN ENGLAND.

The Fastest Running, without stoppage, is made by the Companies as under :
Company Train . From Time Distance. Arerage
Speed
H . X.
North Eastern ..... 1. 9 Darlington ...... York .... ... .. .. .... 43 612
Great Central 4 - 33 Leicester ... ...... Nottingham .. ....
Great Western 11. O Paddington . . .. . Bath
Great Northern 12 . 2 Peterborough
TOLEDOV
... King's Cross....
Midland . 10 . 10 Kettering ... . .. . . Bediord . ....
London and North Western 9 . 31 Willesden . .. ...... Coventry 577
London and South Western .. 5. 3 Basingstoke .. .... Vauxhall 569
Caledonian . .... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. Perth .. .. .. . . .... Aberdeen 559
Lancashire and Yorkshire 8 .40 Liverpool . ... .. Manchester . . . . 55°5
Cheshire Lines..... 5. 10 Manchester .. ... West Derby ... 55' 1
Great Eastern .... . .. 2.43 Lincoln Spalding 548
Glasgow and South Western .. . Kilmarnock .. .. .. Dumfries .. . 546
Great Southern and Western ... 12. 36 Ballybrophy . Mallow . .. .
530
South Eastern and Chatham ... 4 . 51 Tonbridge....... .. Ashford .... .. 513
London ,Brighton & South Coast! Victoria .. . .. Brighton Sro
London , Tilbury & Southend ... Stepney .. ....... Westclif 5098
Hull and Barnsley ...... 9. 7 Hemsworth .. . .. Howden . 500
Great Northern Ireland) Drogheda ...... .. Dublin 488
North British Haymarket ... ... Cowlairs 48' 5
Highland .. . II. 5 Blair Athol . ... Perth 470
North Stafford . Crewe . .. .. ... ... .... Rhyl . .. 459
The Longest Runs without Stoppage are made by the Companies as under :
Company Train . From To Time. Distance. Averare
Speed .
Miles.
Great Western 10 . 30 Paddington ...... Plymouth 235 40
London and North Western ... 11. 10 Euston ... ....... .. Rhyl 200 Say
Midland.. . 11. 50 St. Pancras .... .. Shipley ... 206 5038
Great Northern 1 . 20 Wakcfield .. ... . . King' s Crosg. 1751 570
Great Central ... ... 3. 15 Marylebone ... .. Sheffield .... ... 1641 558
Caledonian 1 .43 Carlisle .. ... . ... ... Perth 1500 49 ' s
Great Eastern 1. 30 Liverpool Street North Walsham 131 497
North Eastern 11. 14 Newcastle ...... Edinburgh 1245 54 ' 1
London and South Western . 4 . 10 Waterloo .... .. .. Bournemouth . . 108 540
North British ... ........ .. ........... 9. 30 Edinburgh .. .. .. Carlisle .......... . 451
Glasgow and South Western .. . 2. 6 Kilmarnock . ... .. Carlisle ..... .... .. 91 } 51 'S
Great Southern and Western .. . Thurles . .... ... .... Dublin . . ..... . 52 ' o
Loudon Brighton & South Coast 1 . 48 Clapham Junct. Fratton ... ...... . 813 412
South Eastern and Chatham ... II. O Victoria .. Dover Towa ...... 46°1
Highland ...... ..... .. 11. 50 Perth ... . .. .. Newtonmore ... 36°1
Mid , and Great Northern Joint 2. 38 Peterborough ... Melton Const'ble
NO
Somerset and Dorset. ... ... .. Bath Poole 408

Lancashire and Yorkshire ..... . 8. O Blackpool ... Halifax .. 307
Midland Great Western ... ... 5 . 58 Mullingar .. .. .. ... Dublin . .. .. 40 's
• Single line, wholly or partly .
FASTEST LONG -DISTANCE TRAINS.

Speed ,
Railway . From . To . Miles . miles
per hour.
Northern (France) . . . . . Paris Calais 185 . 1 59 . 72
Prussian . . . . . . . . Berlin Hamburg 177 . 69 52 .51
London & North West. . . . . . . London Edii .burgh 393 . 5 50 . 77
N . Y . C . & L . S. & M . S ... . . .New York Chicago 962 . 49 50 . 66
Caledonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London Edinburgh 401 . 5 50 . 18
P . L . & M . (France). . . . Paris Mentone 687 . 5 49 . 10
Pennsylvania . . New York Chicago 897 . 0 47 . 21
Orleans (France ) . . . . Paris Bayonne 488 . 0 49 . 3
N . Y . C . & H . R .. . . . . New York Buffalo 410 . 0 49 . 3
O . & S . ( France ) . . . . . Paris Madrid 903 . 0 38 . 49
Various . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ostend Vienna 822 . 0 37 . 85
:
From the June, 1912 , Railway and Locomotive Engineering.
The Loetschberg Railway Tunnel | largest in Europe. It gives a direct

through the Bernese Alps entailed an connection with the Simplon Tunbe
expenditure of $ 20 .000 .000 . It is nine Railway, and shortens the route from
miles long , and is therefore the third Milan to Calais by about eighty miles .
RAILROAD ACCIDENTS,
During the year 1900 there wore nnd of those injured 50,320, and in
employees of the railroads killed 1909 total of those killed was 8,722
aod 39,643 injured, or for every 399 and of those injured 95,020.
men employed one was killed and for During the year 1912 there were
every 26 men employed one was in 270 passengers killed in railway ac
jured. In 1909 the total number of cidents ; 3,283 employees, 5.424 tres
employees killed was 2.010 and of passers and 1,198 other persons, not
those injured 75.006, or for each 571! trespassers, making the total for the
men employed one man was killed and year 10,185, as compared with 9,957
for each 20 men employed one was in 1911 and 9,682 in 1910.
injured. During the year 1912 the railroads
The total number of passengers paid to persons on account of injur
killed during the year l!»0O was 24!) ies a total amount of $27,040,851,
and of those injured 4,128, or for or 0.80 per cent of earnings. Of this
every 2,316,591 passengers carried
one was kill. . I and for every 139,736 amount, $2,034,485 was paid as a re
sult of maintenance of way ; $1,844.-
i-arried one was injured. In 1909 039 as maintenance of equipment ;
-V! passengers were killed and 10,311
injured, or for every 3,523,606 car- $23,702,327 as transportation.
ried_ one was killed and for every byAnother loss of $34,197,285 incurred
the railroads was divided as fol
Mi.458 carried one was injured. lows: Loss and damage to freight,
The number of other persons killed $24,953,843
for the year 1900 was 5.000 and dur : to baggage, $304,925 ; to
ing 1909. 5.85!): while those injured property, $4.840.105 ; to live stock,
in 1900 numbered 0,549 and in 1909, 1.13 etc., $4,092,352. This amount was
10,309. The total number of per per cent of the net earnings of
sons killed during 1900 was 7,8(55 the railroads.
SAFETY APPLIANCES.
In the mater of safety appliances, trains and employees, train brakes
American railroads are far more com- and automatic couplers, their equip-
pletely equipped than the railways | ment is practically complete—the pro-
of any other country. With those portion being 98% and 99.7%, re-
twin devices for the protection of I spectively.
BLOCK SIGNALS.
At the end of the. year 1912, 22,230 tions, the cost of installing and main
miles of track were equipped with taining the block signal system, was
automatic block signals; 55,719 with reported as follows : Cost of installa
uon-automatic block signals and 270 tion of automatic block signals on
miles not classified, thus making a railway mileage not equipped, $286,-
total of 78.231 miles having a block 492,976; annual cost for maintenance,
signal system of some sort. The total depreciation and interest charge, $73,-
number of miles having a block signal 751.012. The estimated cost of instal
system in 1911 was 70.408, thus mak lation was $1,232 per mile, and for
ing an increase in 1912 of 1.823 miles maintenance, $109 per mile of track
if line. After elaborate investiga- per year.
TRAIN SERVICE.
During the year ending March 31, ing for trains on other divisions, 32.6
1909, the steam railroads of the State per cent. ; train work at stations,
of New York ran 650,592 trains or 14.3 per cent. ; waiting for train con
an average of 54,216 each month. nections with other railroads, 13 per
During 1910 they report 703,816 cent. ; trains ahead, 7.5 per cent. ;
trains, or 58,651 a month; and (lur engine failures, 7.1 per cent. ; meet
ing 1911, 758.833, or 63,236 a month. ing and passing trains, 6.3 per cent. ;
For this period of three years an and wrecks, 5.7 per cent.
average of 83.4 per cent, of the trains
were on time. For each train the
average delay was 25.96 minutes. The There art* 47 steamships engage*' in cable-
principal causes of delay were: wait- laying and repairing.
SUMMARY OF CASUALTIES TO PERSONS IN RAILWAY ACCIDENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1911, AND 1912.
1912 1911
Killed Injured | Killed Injured

Passengers :
Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
. ...... ... 4 .184 3,176
Derailments . . . .. . . . 65 3 , 956 39 2 ,374
Other Accidents to Trains . . . 78
Other Causes. . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6 , 125 187 5 ,753
Total Passengers . . . 270 14 ,291 281 11 ,393
Employes on Duty :
Collisions . . . . . . . . 292 3 ,592 3,567
Derailments .. . 251 3 ,015 2,258
Other Accidents to Trains . . . 78 1 ,716 1,855
In Coupling Accidents . . .. . .. .. . . . . . 192 3,235 209 2 , 966
Overhead Obstructions. .. . . . . . . . . . 77 1,523 76 1 ,510
Falling from Cars . . .. . . . .. 573 13,874 539 12 ,989
Other Causes . . . . . . . . . 1 ,505 24, 260 1 ,454 22 ,740
Total Employes .. . 2 ,968 51,215 2, 946 47,281
Total Passengers and Employes on Duty .. 3,238 65 ,506 3 ,227 59,281
Employes not on Duty :
In Train Accidents . . . . . 20 156 17 :
2
In Coupling Accidents .. . . . .
12
Overhead Obstructions .... ..
Falling from Cars . 312 357
Other Causas . . . . . . 477 410
241
Total. . 315 959 292 954
Other Persons:
Not Trespassing - .
In Train Accidents . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 13 277 175
Other Causes . . . . . . . 1 , 185 4 , 746 1 , 143 4 ,898
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 198 5 ,023 1 , 154 5 ,073
Trespassers :
SU
In Train Accidents . . . . . . 91 151 141
Other Causes . . . . . . . . 5 ,343 5 ,536 5 . 203 5 ,473
Total. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,434 5 ,687 5 ,284 5 ,614
TotalAccidents Involving Train Operation . 10 , 185 77, 175 9 , 957 70,923
Industrial Accidents to Employes :
Not Involving Train Operation .... . . 400 92,363 439 79,237
Grand Total 10 , 585 169, 538 10 ,396 150 , 159
1910 . 9 ,632 119, 507
1909 .. . . . . . . .
IV0Y ... .... ... ... .... .. .. ... 8 ,722 05, 626
1908 . 10 ,188 104 ,230
1907. . . . . 11,839 111,016
906 . . . . . 10,618 97 ,706
1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ,703 86,008
1904 . . . . . 10,046 84 , 155
1903. . . . 9 ,840 76,553
1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 558 64 ,662
1901. . . . . .
2 . . .
8.455 53,339
1900 . 7 ,865 50,320
1899 . . . . . . 7 , 123 44 ,620
DENSITY OF POPULATION.
Egypt proper 13 the most densely populated country, having 931 per square mile. Belgium
comes next with 660, then Holland. The United Kingdom has 3/3, Japan 336, after which
come the other European Countries down to Russia with 63.7 and Sweden with 31.8. The
I'oited States has only 30.9, and the South American Republics all less. Australia contains only
1.38 persons per square mile. In England there is an average of just about 1 person per acre.
Lord Rayleigh has recently made some What appears to be the intrinsic color of the
interesting experiments to determine the colors sea he finds is often due to the color of the
of the sea and sky. Other experimenters sky or is affected by the color of the bottom.
sueh as Davy, Bunsen. and Spring, were all With carefully distilled water he, got the same
sate6ed that the color of water was blue, but blue color of water as the water from Capri
Lord Rayleigh's experiments have supplied and Suez, while that from Seven Stones Light
only limited confirmation of that view. ship, off the Cornish coast, gave a full green.
KILLED IN EUROPEAN RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.
Pas Em Other | Preced

Country Year sengers ployes Persons Total ing Year
United Kingdom 1911.. 112 446 601 1,1K 1.121

1910... 97 543 624 1,264 1,394
1903. . 198 6-15 1 866 2,709 2,950
1909... (b) 8 351 c333 692 62S
1910... 29 112 153 244 313
1910... 24 140 139 353 358
1910-11 25 107 209 341 438
1907... 25 64 213 302 219
Portugal 1904 85 37
1909... 6 32 59 97 91
1910-11 1 7 3 16 13
1910-11 1 9 16 26 30
1910... 11 71 "0 152 95
1909... 3 20 9 32 37
1910... 7 32 46 •85 09
ûmanui 1910-11 7 28 69 10( 18
554 2,607 4,465 626 7,797
1910... 692 2.6S9 4,461 7,897
1909. . . 671 2.641 4 322 7,689
■ 1903. . . 630 2.536 3,530 6,303
• 1907. . . 536 2,575 3,400 6,606
1906 .. 560 2.319 3.553 6,432
> 1905... 503 2.104 3,414 6,021
1904... 412 1,920 2.665 4.915
(a) Exclusive of local lines and railways of Finland.
(b) In train accidents only.
(e) Excluding suicides, but including passengers killed otherwise than in train accidents.
(d) State railways only.
(e) These figures are those compiled for this Bureau each year sinco its organization, the details
for each country appearing in the report of the report for the following year.
258 SCIENTI
FIC
AMERIC
AN
REFERE
NCE
BOOK .
STATISTICS OF THE PULLMAN COMPANY.

The report rendered by the Pullman ( ompany for the year ended June
30 , 1911, places the average mileage ( single track ) over which operations
were conducted at 120 ,871 miles. The cost of the property and equipment
required for the service amounted to $ 116 ,026 ,015 . The operating revenues
are divided into berth revenue, $31,415 ,913 ; seat revenue, $ 5 ,585 ,556 ; charter
of cars, $ 601,498 ; and other miscellaneous revenues to make the total operat
ing revenues $ 35 ,697,582 . The conductors employed on the Pullman cars, 2. 274
in number, receive an average daily compensation of $ 2 .82 ; the 6 ,317 porters
employed receive an average daily compensation of $ 1 .04 ; and the S stenog
raphers employed by the service receive an average daily compensation of $2 .31.
OPERATING STATISTICS.
Total number of revenue passengers - berth . . . 12 , 435 ,404
Total number of revenue passengers - seat. . . 9 , 219 ,648
Average revenue per passenger - berth .. $2.53
Average revenue per passenger seat. . . $0.61
Total number of car-miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 ,589,998
Total number of car-days . . . . 1,567,916
Average number of revenue passengers per car per day ... 14
Operating revenues per car-mile (cents) . 5 .706
Operating revenues per car-day. . . .. $ 22. 76753
Operating expenses per car-mile (cents ) 4 . 143
Operating expenses per car-day . . . 16 .52929
Net operating revenue per car-mile ( 1. 563
Net operating revenue per car- day . . . $ 6 . 23823
Average number of car-miles per car-day.. . . .. .. 399
EQUIPMENT (OWNED OR LEASED ) IN SERVICE ON JUNE 30 , 1911.
Standard sleeping cars... 4 . 155
Tourist sleeping cars . . . 744
Parlor cars . . . . . S07
Dining cars . . . . . . . .
Composite cars . . .
Private cars . . . . . .
Miscellaneous cars .
Total. . . . . . .. . . 5, 912
The Falling Rate of Mortality in American Railway Travel
JAIAI
OBRAS
Deaths Per Billion S $ * A

Passenger Miles
1891 1998 1900 1995 1910 1912
New York Times Annalist.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . : 259
EXPRESS COMPANIES.
In its Twenty-sixth Annual Report the Interstate Commerce Commission
publishes a statement of the income account of express companies as reported
to it for the years endin , June 30, 1910, 1911 and 1912, the salient features of
which are as follows :
Item 1912 1911 1910
13 13
Number of Companies.. .. ... .. 12
Railway Miles Operated . .. ... .. ... .. . 248,618 243,472 237,868
Esprers Operations:
Gross Receipts from Operation ...... .. . $ 160,121, 932 $152,612 ,880 $146,116 ,315
Less Express Privileges ..... ... 78 ,576,274 73 ,936,018 69,917,562
Operating Revenues . . .. $81,545,658 $78,676,862 $76, 198,753

Operating Expensey ..... ........ .... 73,225 ,682 67 ,089,233 61,690,473
Net Operating Revenue . .. . . . ... .. $ 8,289,976 $11,587,629 $ 14,508,280

Net Revenue from Outside Operations.. ... .. . (a) 46 ,622 13,117 10 ,527
TotalNet Revenue. $ 8,243,353 $11,600,746 $14,518,807

Taxes Accrued . 1,430 , 809 1,315 ,973 1, 126 ,726
Operating Income. ... . . . .. . $ 6,812,544 $ 10,284, 773 $13,392,081

Other Income from Investments, etc. ... .... 5,369,822 6 ,315 ,842 5,633,792
Gross Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12 ,182,366 16,600 ,615 19, 025,873

Total Deductions, Interest, etc....... ... 1,237 ,996 1,234, 006 1,037,316
Net Corporate Income. $ 10, 944, 370 $ 15 ,366,609 $ 17,988, 557

Dividends Declared ... 4 ,625 ,832 5 .848 ,082 5 ,928 , 103
(a) Deficit.
CLASSIFICATION OF MILEAGE COVERED BY OPERATIONS OF

EXPRESS COMPANIES ON JUNE 30 , 1911.
Total Steam -road Electric -line Steamboat

mileage. mileage . mileage. line
Name of carrier, mileage .
1911 1911 1911 1911
Total 270 ,666 .37 243,721.41 7 , 291.94 18 ,939.65
Adams Express Co 36 ,560 .52 32,784 . 94 314 .58 3 ,438.00

American Express Co 56 ,877. 95 54.344. 00 590.70 1 ,919. 75
Canadian Express Co 7 , 230 .31 6 ,400 .31 66 .00 737 .00
Canadian Northern Express Co 3 .391. 80 3 , 369. 80 22. 00
Globe Express Co 2. 903. 63 2 ,903 .63
Great Northern Express Co 8 . 803 .54 8 ,466 . 15 197 . 39 140 .00
National Express Co . . . . . 1 .640 . 25 1 . 122. 25 70 .00 148.00
Northern Express Co . 7 ,625 . 88 7 .310 .48 54.00 261.00
Pacifie Express Co 16 , 980 .65 15 , 938 . 11 539. 20 503 .34
Southern Express Co 32,580 .60 31.654.60 80 .00 846 .00
United States Express Co 32,748 ,28 28,836 . 99 3 , 444.59 466 .70
Wells Fargo Co
& 58, 471. 56 45 ,446 . 75 1 , 909.08 10 ,475 .86
Western Express Co 4 , 851. 40 4 .843. 40 4 .00 4 .00
STREET AND ELEVATED RAILWAYS : MILEAGE, NUMBER OF

CARS, AND CAPITALIZATION BY STATES.
( Source : The Electric Railway Journal. )
Electric
Number
railways, Number Capital stock Funded debt
ancen
State. of com
panies, track of cars . outstanding . outstanding .
mileage.
Dollars. Dollars .
DAS
SCR
Alabama . . . . 299 . 66 606 18, 232 , 000 16, 025, 000
Arizona . . . . . 57 . 50 41 2, 550, 000 50, 000
Arkansas . . . 106 . 80 247 5 ,859, 600 6 ,919 ,500
California . . . ,250.59 4 , 241 331,642, 300 143,601, 600
Colorado . . . 449. 85 135 19, 429 , 400 29 ,671,000
Connecticut . 1 , 264. 72 60, 137, 800 38 , 884, 000
Delaware . . 55 . 25 87 8 , 870, 000 4,979. 000
Distriet of Co imbia . . 312. 04 1, 514 30,492,800 33, 618 ,019
Florida . . . . . 128 . 10 233 5 , 266 , 000 4 ,482 .500
Georgia . . 410 . 21 702
54
50.989,600 26 , 412, 500
Idaho . . . . . 88. 00 4,784,000 1 , 413, 000
Illinois . 3 , 264. 08 8 . 104 153, 991,500 266 , 020 . 303
Indians . 2, 245 . 71 2,138 83, 216 ,630 84 , 071 , 650
Iowa . 751. 06 1 , 436 37, 256, 925 36 , 538 ,500
Kansas . . . 258 . 95 370 5,683, 220 6 ,013 , 000
Kentucky . . 459 . 36 958 22, 824, 300 2819 , 800
Louisiana . . 265 . 86 728 81, 380, 000 34 , 321 ,500
Maine . . . . . . 514 . 50 781 16 . 016 , 500 14 . 925 . 225
025
Maryland . . 713.68 22, 731,550 70 , 437, 800
Massachusetts . . . . . 3 , 449. 22 10 . 909 108,569, 900 76 , 054 , 200
Michigan . . . . 494 . 05 2 , 663 45,410, 200 72 , 631, 000
Minnesota . . . 505. 97 1 , 000 25 , 589, 000 23 , 261, 000
Mississippi 116 . 10 186 6 ,332,670 6 , 441, 000
Missouri . . . . . 1 . 080 . 59 2 , 594 82, 771, 480 114 , 696 , 700
Montana . . . 154. 68 166 3 , 179 , 615 1, 890 , 000
Nebraska . . . . 242 . 50 660 12.647, 500 11, 449, 000
Nevada . . . . . . 10 . 30 12 1,042,000 100
New Hampshire . 267. 10 368 4, 212 , 700 000

New Jersey . . . 1, 371 . 14 2 , 874 67,472,390
orothe
New Mexico . . . 10. 50 11 400, 000
New York . . . 4 , 749. 83 17, 342 408 ,845 , 674 546 , 213 , 437
North Carolina . 181. 23 251 23 ,483, 800 0 , 867 , 400
North Dakota . . . 23 . 50 59 *440, 000 200 , 000
Ohio . . . . . . . 4 , 048 . 93 5 , 909 204,279, 875 128, 761, 940
Oklahoma . . . 231. 86 281 10, 046 , 300 7 , 241, 000
Oregon . . . . 399. 89 1, 223 40, 740 , 000 47, 960, 000
Pennsylvania . 4 , 325 . 33 9 , 359 248 , 705 , 799 220 , 602, 646
Rhode Island . . 438. 50 1, 269 22, 285 , 100 16 , 191, 118
South Carolina , 118 . 20 178 8, 379, 950 5, 474, 000
South Dakota . . . 20 . 00 32 600. 000 200, 000
Tennessee 364. 88 868 1, 508 , 000 27 , 297, 000
Texas . . 642. 72 1, 048 2, 454, 700 3 . 433 . 000
Utah 241. 30 341 877 , 725 6 , 996 , 00
Vermont . . 101. 75 124 2 . 880 . 800 SO . O
Virginia 456 . 27 893 28 , 068 , 650

Washington . . 931 . 79 1 , 947 61 , 463 , 900
West Virginia . 411 . 86 590 17 ,740, 100
Wisconsin . . 720 . 56 1, 012 23,729,200 . 532
Wyoming . . . . . 22. 00 21 75 ,000
Total, 1 1, 209 41, 028 .49 91,457 | 2, 433, 186,1532 , 424, 334,583
2
NOTES TO PAGE 261.

* The net capital liability of the Canadian railways, exclusive of Government owned roads,
in 1912 was $ 1,378,937,726 or $51,593 per mile , which is far below their " capital cost."
In 1912 the railways of Canada paid $ 2 ,200,528 taxes. In Nova Scotia and New Bruilt
wick they are exempt from taxation .
261
RAILWAYS OF CANADA,
STATISTICS OF THE RAILWAYS OF THE DOMINION FOR THE YEARS ENDING
JUNE 30, 1908, 1911 AND 1912 .
1908 1911 1912

Miles of Line Operated .. ...... ... 22, 966 25, 400 26 ,727
Berred Track . 1 ,211 1 ,610 1.752
Tard Track and Sidings. .. . .. . . . .. 4 .546 5 ,550 6 , 149
All Tracks .. ..... ........ .... 28,723 32,560 34 ,629
Capital Cost
$607 ,425 ,349 $749,207,687 $770,459 ,351
Pusded Debt ..... ..... ....... ... 631,869, 664 779,481,514 818 ,478,175
Government Railways. .. ... .... 109 ,423, 104 119,615 ,666 133 ,306 ,218
Babsidies . . .. .. .. . 166 ,291,482 202, 179, 254 204 , 932,573
Total Capital Cost. ..... .... ... $ 1,515 ,009,559 $ 1,850 ,484 ,121 $1,926 ,906 ,317
Per Mile of Line . .. . . . . . . . . . 65 ,968 72,854 72,129
Passenger Traffic
Passengers Carried . ....... 34 ,044 , 992 37,097,718 41,124, 181
Passengers Carried 1 Mile . . . .. .. . .. .. 2,081,960, 864 2 ,605, 968,924 2,910 ,251,636
Arerage Journey (miles ) . 61 70 71
Average Passengers per Train . . . . . 54 60 62
Mileage of Passenger Trains. . .. . 31 ,950 ,349 36 ,985 ,911 40 ,440 ,393
Mileage of Mixed Trains ... 6 ,210 ,807 6,277 ,468 6,473 ,882
Receipta from Passengers. $ 39, 992,503 $50 ,566,894 $56,543,664
Receipta per Passenger Miic (cents) ... 1 . 920 1 . 944 1. 943
Freight Traffic
Tons Carried ... ...... 63,019,900 79,884,282 89,444,331
Tons Carried 1 Mile. ........ .... 12,961,512,519 16 ,048 ,478 ,295 19,558,190,527
Average Haul (miles ). 206 200 218
Freight Train Mileage .. . . . 40,476, 370 52,498 ,866 60 ,126 ,023
Average Tons per Train .. .. 278 305 325
Receipts from Freight.... ....... .. $93,746,655 $ 124,743,015 $ 148 , 030 ,260
Receipts per Ton Mile (mills) .. .. . .. 7 . 23 7 .77 7 .57
Miscellaneous Receipts . .. . .. .. .. . $13 ,179 ,155 $ 13,423,585 $ 14 ,829,819
Total Receipts . .. ..... .... $146,918 ,313 $ 188 ,733 ,493 $ 219 ,403 ,752
Expenses of Operation
Way and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . $20,778,610 $29,245 ,093 $31,514 ,093
Maintenance of Equipment . . .. ...... 20,273,626 26 ,127 ,638 29,811,510
Traffic Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,831, 744 5 , 293, 700
Conducting Transportation . .. ..... 62,486 ,270 66, 343,270 78 ,969 ,543
General Experises . .. ... . 3, 765 ,636 4,487 ,039 5 , 137 ,688
Total Expenseg.... ....... .. $ 107 ,304 , 142 $ 131,031,784 $ 150,726,539
Ratio to Earnings .. ....... ....... 73 . 04 % 69 . 44 % 68 .7 %
Not Receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $39,614 ,171 $ 57 ,698,709 $68 ,677 ,213
Percentage to Capital Cost . . .. .. .. 2 .61 % 3 . 12 % 4 . 27 %
Greas Receipts per Mile .. .. ........ $6,398 $ 7,430 $3,209
Gruss Expense per Mile .......... .... 4 ,672 5 , 158 5 ,639
Number of Employes .. . .. .... ... 106 ,404 141,224 155 , 901

Compensation $ 60 , 376, 607 $74 ,613 ,738 $87 ,299 ,639
Proportion ofGross Earnings .... .. .. 41. 10 % 39.53 % 29.79 %
Proportion of Operating Expenses .. .. 56 . 27 % 56.94 % 57 92 %
Average per Employo per Year... . . . . $569 $528 $ 560
CANADIAN RAILWAYS.
ACCIDENTS. ELECTRIC RAILWAY'S —In 1911 the killed numbered II passenger-
8 employees, 83 others; total 102. Injured, 1,784 passengers, 300 employees, 586 others; tots
2,670.
ACCIDENTS, STEAM RAILWAYS, 1911.—Passengers, 28 killed, 288 injured; employee?
202 and 1,314; trespassers, 185 and 154; non-trespassers, 48 and 135; postal clerks, 2 and 15
total killed 465; injured, 1906.
CAPITAL INVESTED IN CANADIAN STEAM RAILWAYS—In 1911 the total capi
tal invested in Steam Railways was $1,528,689,201, composed of shares, $749,207,687, an:
funded debt, $779,481,514; in Electric Railways, $111,532,347, including shares $62,251.-^
and funded debt, $49,281,144.
EARNINGS OF STEAM RAILWAYS.—Net earnings for all railways in 191 1. $57,698,709
operating expenses, $131,034,785.
ELECTRIC RAILWAY STATISTICS.—In 1911. paid-up capital invested. $111,532,347
mileage, 1,224; gross earnings, $20,356,951; operating expenses. $12,096,134; net earning*
$9,944,153. Passengers carried, 426,296,792. Freight carried, 2,496,072 tons.
EXPRESS AND TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.—The Dominion Express Co. and th
C. P. R. Telegraph operate along the lines of the Canadian Pacific Ry. The Canadian Northen
Express Co. and the Canadian Northern Telegraph Co. along the lines of the Canadian Northen
Ry., and the Canadian Express Co. (Pres., Chas. M. Hays; Viee-Pres., James Bryce), with tie
Great North-Western Telegraph Co., operates along the lines of the G. T. Ry. This, the firs
Express Co. in Canada, was founded as the British N. American Co. in 1854, and reorganize
in 1865.
GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC—The main line, Moncton, N. B., to Prince Rupert, B. C
with 3,560 miles, will be entirely on Canadian soil, forming a link on the proposed All- Re*
Route. The line between Winnipeg and Edson, 923 miles, also between Westfort and L:iki
Superior Junction, 189 miles, is completed. The section between Winnipeg and Lake Supcrio
Junction is also nearing completion. This will give a continuous track from Port Arthur am
Ft. William to Edson, 1,370 miles. Construction easterly from Prince Rupert was begun earl;
in 1908, and Bteel has been laid on 100 miles of completed grade, and will be laid a distance o
140 miles more before the close of 1911. Commercial telegraph service of G. T. P. Tel. Co
now in operation between Winnipeg and Edmonton, Alta., 792 miles. Branch lines conlcn]
plated aggregate 5,000 miles. The G. T. P. will operate Atlantic, Pacific and Lake fleets o
steamers. A new daily passenger service was inaugurated between Winnipeg and Edmonton
in July, 1910, with standard sleeping cars, parlor-library, cafe car, and modern day coaches.
HUDSON BAY ROUTE. —From varied expert opinions, optimistic and the reverse, i'
may be fairly concluded that the route is open for navigation from about 15th July to aboui
15th October. The Canadian Northern Railway have built a line from Winnipeg to The Pat
on the Saskatchewan River. From there to Fort Churchill the distance is 465 miles; to Pom
Nelson, 397 miles. This route will effect an average shortening of the distance from the Western
wheat fields to the Atlantic seaboard of 970 miles. The distance to Liverpool from Churchii
is 2,946 miles, from Montreal via Belle Isle 2,701, and via Cape Race, 2,927 miles, from Nc*
York 3,079 miles. The freight upon grain from the wheat bolt to Hudson Bay would approxi
mate 10 cents a bushel, a saving of 15 cents on carriage to the Atlantic seaboard, or $3,000.'.'"'
annually on an export trade of 20 million bushels via this route. On cattle shipments from Cal
gary there would be effected a saving in freight of 60 cents per 100 lbs., as well aa a savinp in
deterioration. The entrance to the harbor at Fort Churchill is about 2,000 ft. wide, with a
minimum depth of 10 fathoms. More dredging would have to be done at Port Nelson (hui
Ft. Churchill, but reports of the Hudson's Bay Co., 1824 to 1894. show that on an averaze
Ft. Churchill harbor is open 5 months, and Port Nelson 7 months in the year.
MILEAGE STEAM RAILWAYS IN OPERATION.—16 miles in 1836. date of fint
railway; 16 in 1846; 1,414 in 1856; 2,278 in 1866; 5,218 in 1876; 11,793 in 1S86; 16,270 in 189*;
21,353 in 1906; 22,452 in 1907; 22,906 in 1908; 24,104 in 1909; 24,731 in 1910; 25,400 in 1911
TRAFFIC STEAM RAILWAYS.—In 1875 there were carried 5.190.416 passengers awl
5.670,837 tons of freight (2,000 lbs.). In 1885, 9,672.599 and 14,659.271; in 1895. 13.W7.>»
and 21,524.421; in 1906, 27,989,782 and 57.966,713; in 1907. 32,137,319 and 63.S66.1S5; in
1908, 34,044.992 and 63,071,167; in 1909, 32,688,309 and 66,842.258; in 1910. 35,895.575 pa** >
gera and 74,482,866 tons of freight, and in 1911, 37,097,718 passengers and 79.884,282 tons ol
freight.
NATIONAL TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAY.—Under agreements dated 29th
July 1903, and 18th February, 1904, ratified by Parliament the Grand Trunk Pacific Co. agreed
in respect of the construction of a railway between Moncton, N. B., and Port Simpson, or some
other port in B. C.—the eastern division, from Winnipeg to Moncton, to be constructed by the
nonunion Government under four Commissioners, and leased for 50 years at a rental of 3 per
cent, on cost of construction, the first 7 years to be free; the western division, from Winnipeg
to Prince Rupert, B. C.. to be constructed by the company. The Government to guarantee the
company's bonds sufficient to meet cost of construction, such not to exceed $13,000 per mile on
the prairie section. The entire line between Winnipeg and Moncton, 1,804.84 miles, is under
contract. The work between Winnipeg and Moncton, N. B., is well under way, and the section
between Winnipeg and Lake Superior Junction is open for operation. The total expenditure
by the Commission up to 31st March, 1911, amounted to $95,406,697.61.
QUEBEC BRIDGE.—It is expected that the new bridge on the I. C. R. across the St.
Lawrence River near Quebec will he ready for traffic in 1915. The contract has been let to the
St. Lawrence Bridge Co., a Canadian concern. Total estimated cost, $12,000,000. The length
of the central span is to be 1,800 ft., 90 ft. longer than the span of the Forth bridge, total length
3,228 ft., width 88 ft. The bridge will accommodate a double-track railway, and has a 4 ft.
footpath on each side. This is the largest cantilever bridge in the world.
LONG RAILWAY TUNNELS. Mis. Yds.
12 458
9 564
7 1730
404
Hoosa, U. S. A .... 4 1320
4 624
3 950
5
62
3 17
1 1320
The Office of Public Roads estimates the total mileage of all public roads in the United
States in 1909 at 2,199,388 and the miles of road per square mile of area at 0.74 miles. The
population per mile of road, basing the road mileage of 1909 on the pooulation of 1910, was 41.
Of all the roads in the United States only 8.66 per cent were improved in 1909.
The total estimated expenditures for public roads for the year 1911 is $142,144,191, making
a total of $64.63 per mile of public road and of $1.55 per inhabitant.
NEW GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, NEW YORK CITY.

Copyright lfl-, Munn & Co., Inc.

COMPARISON SHOWING THE HUGE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION
FOR COMPLETED PANAMA CANAL.
The total of 105,000,000 cubic yards would build alnjut 8 miles of Pyramids each of the
Bine of Great Pyramid uf Cheops. Ixxided on flat ears it would represent a train U6.000 miles
in length.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PANAMA CANAL.

Compiled by the Secretary of the Isthmian Canal Commission.
The entire length of the Panama Canal GATUN DAM.

:n?rn deep water in the Atlantic to deep water The Gatun Dam, which will form Gatun
ni the Pacific is about 50 miles. Its length Lake by impounding the waters of the Chagrcs
from shore-tine to shore-line is about 40 miles. and its tributaries, will be nearly 1 miles
Iri passing through it from the Atlantic to long, measured on its crest, nearly mile
the Pacific, a vessel will enter the approach wide at its base, about 400 feet wide at the
channel in Limon Bay, which will nave a water surface, about 100 feet wide at the top,
tatt'xn width of 500 feet and extend to Gatun, and its crest as planned, will be at an elevation
i 'iiHmce of about seven miles. At Gatun, of 115 feet above mean sea level, or 30 feet
it will enter a series of three locks in flight and above the normal level of the Lake. Of the
he lifted 85 feet to the level of Gatun Lake. total length of the Dam only 500 feet, or Vir>,
U may steam at full speed through this lake, will be exposed to the maximum water head
ii a channel varying from 1,000 to 500 feet of 85 feet. The interior of the Dam will be
\n »idth, for a distance of about 24 miles, to formed of a natural mixture of sand and clay,
Bas Obispo, where it will enter the Culebra dredged by hydraulic process from pits above
" 'it. It will p.a-ss through the Cut, a distance and below the Dam, and placed between two
of about nine miles, in a channel with a bottom large masses of rock and miscellaneous
*Mth of 300 feet, to Pedro Miguel. There it material obtained from steam shovel ex
will enter a lock and be lowered 30 H feet to a cavation at various points along the Canal.
small lake, at an elevation of 54?^ feet above The top and upstream slope will be thoroughly
-â level, and will pass through this for about riprapped. The entire Dam will contain
I 'i miles to Miraflores. There it will enter about 21,000,000 cubic yards of material.
two locks in series and be lowered to sea The Spillway is a concrete lined opening,
I*1vol, passing out into the Pacific through a 1,200 feet long and 300 feet wide, cvit through
channel about 8'^ miles in length, with a a hill of rock nearly in the center of the Dam,
bottom width of 500 feet. The depth of the the bottom of the opening being 10 feet above
iptiroach channel on the Atlantic side, where sea level. It will contain about 225,000
the maximum tidal oscillation is 2^ feet, cubic yards of concrete. During the con
"*ili be 41 feet at mean tide, and on the struction of the Dam, all the water discharged
Purine side, where the maximum oscillation from the Chagres and its tributaries flowed
i-i 21 feet, the depth will be 45 feet at mean through this opening. Construction has now
tide. advanced sufficiently to permit the Lake to
Throughout the first 10 miles from Gatun, be formed, and the Spillway has been closed
the width of the Lake channel will be 1,000 feet ; with a concrete dam, which is beinjj fitted
uwn for 4 miles it will be 800 feet, and for 4 with gates and machinery for regulating the
"Hies more to the northern entrance of water level of the Lake.
gilhra Cut at Bas Obispo, it will be 500 feet.
The depth will vary from 85 to 45 feet. The WATER SUPPLY OF GATUN LAKE.
*ater level in the Cut will be that of the Lake, Gatun Luke will impoiKid the waters of a
<w depth 45 feet, and the bottom width of the basin comprising 1,320 square miles. When
channel 300 feet. the surface of the water ls at 85 feet above
Three hundred feet is the minimum bottom sea level, the Lake will have an area of about
*i(Hh of the Canal. This width begins about 164 square miles, and will contain al>out 206
h'df a mile al>ove Pedro Miguel locks and ex- billion cubic feet of water. During eight or
'j-nds about 8 miles through Culebra Cut, with nine months of tho year, the lake will be kept
tho exception that at all angles the channel constantly full by the prevailing rains, and
J*footwidened sufficiently
make thetoturn.
allow The
a thousand- consequently a surplus will need to be stored
vessel to Cut has for only three or four months of the dry
||J?nt angles, or about one to every mile. season. The smallest run-off of water in the
The 300-foot widths are only on tangents basin, during the past 21 years, as measured
wfween the turning basins at the angles. at Gatun, was about 146 billion cubic feet.
The smallest of these angles is 7° 30' and the In 1910 the run-off was 360 billion cubic feet,
"ipest 30°. or a sufficient quantity to fill the lake one aud
In the whole Canal there are 22 angles, the a half times. The water surface of the Lake
total curvature
••urvature, 281° lO'being 600° 51'.to the
are measured Of right,
this will be maintained during the rainy season at
87 feet above sea level, making the minimum
*»ng south, and 319° 41' to the left. The channel depth in the Canal 47 feet. As
'jmrpest curve occurs at Taberuilla, and is navigation can be carried on with about 41
feet of water, there will be stored for dry
2(i5
2GG SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
season surplus over five feet of water. Mak at the south end by an earth dam connectini
ing due allowance for evaporation, seepage, the locks at Pedro Miguel with the higl
leakage at the gates, and power consumption, ground to the westward, about 1,400 feet long
this would be ample for 41 passages daily with its crest at an elevation of 105 feet abovi
through the locks, using them at full length, mean tide. A concrete core wall, containing
or about 58 lockages a day when partial about 700 cubic yards, will connect the I - -
length is used, as would usually be the cose, with the hills to the eastward; this core wal
and when cross filling from one lock to the will rest directly on the rock surface and i
other through the central wall is employed. designed to prevent percolation through th<
This would l>e a larger number of lockages earth, the surface of which is above the Lak<
than would be possible in a single day. The level.
average number of lockages through the A small lake between the locks at Pedr<
Sault Ste. Marie Canal on the American side Miguel and Miraflores will be formed by dam
was 39 per day in the season of navigation of connecting the walls of Miraflores locks wit!
1910, which was about eight months long. the high ground on either side. The dan
The average number of ships passed was about to the westward will be of earth, about 2,70(
I H P*r lockage. The freight carried was feet long, having its crest about 15 feet abovi
more than 26,000,000 tons. The Suez Canal the water in Miraflores Lake. The east dan
passed about 12 vessels per dav. with a total will be of concrete, containing about 75,00t
tonnage for the year of 16,582,000. cubic yards; will be about 500 feet long, anf
DAMS ON PACIFIC SIDE. will form a spillway for Miraflores Lake, wit!
The water level of Gatun Lake, extending crest gates similar to those at the Spillway o!
through the Culebra Cut will be maintained the Gatun Dam.
TWF. LOCKS. They will weigh from 390 to 730 tons each.
There will be 6 double locks in the Canal; Ninety-two leaves will be required for the
three pairs in flight at Gatun, with a com entire Canal, the total weighing 60,000 tons.
bined nft of 85 feet; one pair at Pedro Miguel, Intermediate gates will be used in the locks,
with a lift of 30H feet, and two pairs at in order to save water and time, if desired, in
Hiraflores, with a combined lift of 54 % feet locking small vessels through, the gates being
at mean tide. The usable dimensions of all so placed as to divide the l<>. k>. into chamoers
are the same—a length of 1,000 feet, and 600 and 400 feet long, respectively. Ninety-
width of 110 feet. Each lock will be a cham five percent, of the vessels navigating the high
ber, with walls and floor of concrete, and seas are less than 600 feet long. In the con
iterinjg gates at each end. struction of the locks, which are now prac
The side walls will be 45 to 50 feet wide at tically completed, it is estimated that there
the surface of the floor; will be perpendicular has l>cen used approximately 4.200,000 cubic
an the face, and will narrow from a point 24 ^ yards of concrete, requiring about the same
feet above the floor until they are 8 feet wide number of barrels of cement.
at the top. The middle wall will be 60 feet Electricity will be used to tow all vessels
vide, approximately 81 feet high, and each into and through the locks, and to operate
face will be vertical. At a point 42 H feet all gates and valves, power being generated
above the surface of the floor, and 15 feet by water turbines from the head created by
above the top of the middle culvert, this wall Gatun Lake. Vessels will not be permitted
divide into two parts, leaving a space to enter or pass through the locks under their
ti the center much like the letter "U," own power, but will be towed through by
which will be 19 feet wide at the bottom and electric locomotives running on cog-rails laid
44 feet wide at the top. In this center space on the tops of the lock walls. There will be
will be a tunnel divided into three stories, or two towing tracks for each flight of locks, one
The lowest gallery will be for on the side and one on the middle wall. On
. the middle, for the wires that will each (side wall there will be one return track
tiny the electric current to operate the gate and on the middle wall a third common to
and valve machinery installed in the center both of the twin locks. All tracks will run
wall, and the upper will be a passageway for continuously the entire length of the respective
flights and will extend snme distance on the
lock gates will be steel structures 7 feet guide approach walls at each end. The
65 feet long, and from 47 to 82 feet high. number of locomotives used will vary with
LOOKING THROUGH ONE OF THE LOOK GATES AT GATUN LOCKS.

GATUN LOCKS 7 feet thick and 76 feet high.
Width, 110 feet; length of one chamber,
1000 feet.
2C8 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
the size of the vessel. The usual number re lock will be about fifteen minutes, withou
quired will be four: two ahead, one on each opening the valves so suddenly as to rreat
wall, imparting motion to the vessel, and two disturbing currents in the locks or api»ro;tch<~
astern, one on each wall, to aid in keeping The time required to pass a vessel through ai
the vessel in a central position and to bring it the locks is estimated at 3 hours; one hou
to rest when entirely within the lock chamber. and a half in the three locks at Gatun. an*
They will be equipped with a slip drum, towing about the same time in the three looks on th'
windlass and hawser which will permit the Pacific side. The time of passage of a vess«
towing line to be taken in or paid out without through the entire Canal Is estimated a
actual motion of the locomotive on the track. ranging from 10 to 12 hours, according to th.
The locks will be filled and emptied through size of the ship, and the rate of speed at whirl
a system of culverts. One culvert 254 sq. ft. it can travel.
in area of cross section, about the area of the EXCAVATION.
Hudson River tunnels of the Pennsylvania The total excavation, dry and wet, for th<
Railroad, extends the entire length of each of Canal, as originally planned, was estimate
the middle and side walls and from each of at 103,795,000 cubic yards, in addition to th-
these large culverts there are several smaller excavation by the French cotni>ani(^
culverts, 33 to 44 sq. ft. in area, which extend Changes in the plan of the Canal, made sub
under the floor of the lock and communicate sequently by order of the President, increast-1
with the lock chamber through holes in the the amount to 174,666,594 cubic yards. O:
floor. The large culverts are controlled at this amount, 89,794,493 cubic yards were M
points near the miter gates by large valves be taken from the Central Division, wbirh
and each of the small culverts extending from includes the Culebra Cut. In July, 1911),
the middle wall culvert into the twin chambers a further increase of 7,871,172 cubic yard*
is controlled by a cylindrical valve. The large was made, of which 7,330,525 cubic yard-*
culvert in the middle wall feeds in both were to allow for slides in Culebra Cut. for
directions through laterals, thus permitting silting in the Chagrcs section, and for lowering
the passage of water from one twin lock to the bottom of the Canal from 40 to 39 feet
another, effecting a saving of water. above sea level in the Chagres section. These
To fill a lock the valves at the upper end are additions increased the estimated total ex
opened and the lower valves closed. The cavation to 182,537,766 cubic yards. In 1911,
water flows from the upper pool through the a further increase of 12,785,613 cubic yard*
large culverts into the small lateral culverts was made, of which 5,257,281 cubic yards
and thence through the holes in the floor into were for slides in Culebra Cut, and the re
the lock chamber. To empty a lock the mainder for additional excavation and silting
valves at the upper end are closed and those in the Atlantic and Pacific entrances, raising
at the lower end are opened and the water the grand total of estimated excavation to
flows into the lower lock or pool in a similar 195,323,379 cubic yards. In 1912 a still
manner. This system distributes the water further increase of 17,180,621 cubic yards was
as evenly as possible over the entire horizontal made, of which 3,450,000 cubic yards was for
area of the lock and reduces the disturbance slides in Culebra Cut and the remainder for
in the chamber when it is being filled or dredging excavation at Gatun locks, silting
emptied. in the Atlantic entrance, and for the Balboa
The depth of water over the miter sills of terminals, bringing the grand total of esti
the locks will be 40 feet in salt water and 41 ,'3 mated excavation to 212,504,000 cubic yard*.
feet in fresh water. Records of all excavation to May 1, 191 1, an;
The average time of filling anil emptying a appended:
By French Companies ^ . 78,146,960
French excavation useful to present Canal. . . . 29,908,000
By Americans—
Dry excavation .116,428,685
Dredges . 50.976,485
188.280,312
M:iy 4 to December 31, 1904 243,472
January 1 to December 31. 1905. 1,799,227
January 1 to December 31, 1900. . 4.948,497
January 1 to December 31, 1907. . 15,765,290
January 1 to December 31, 1908. . 37,116,735
January 1 to December 1911. . 31,603,899
January 1 to December 31, 1912. . .30,269.349
SLIDES AND BREAKS date and July 1. 1912, nearly 3,000.000 cubK
There have been in all 26 slides and breaks yards of material were removed from the
in Culebra Cut; 17 covered areas varying Canal because of it. It broke nearly l.'.HK*
from 1 to 75 acres and 9 covered areas of less feet back from the axis of the Canal arul
than 1 acre each, making in all a total of covers an area of 47 acres. Another variety
225 acres. One variety of slide is caused by of slide, properly called break, is due to the
the slipping of the top layer of clay and earth Btecpness of the slopes and the great pressure
on a smooth sloping surface of a harder of the superincumbent material upon the
material. The largest slide of this character underlyi ng layers of softer material. The
is that known as Cucaracha on the east bank largest slide or break of this kind is on the
of the Canal just south of Gold Hill. This west side of the cut at Culebra just north of
gave the French company trouble during the Contractor's Hill, and covers an area of 75
final years of its operation. It first gave the acres. Over 7,000,000 cubic yards of material
Americans trouble in 1905, and between that have been removed from this slide, and it is
WHERE CANAL MEETS ATLANTIC.

Limon Bay is on the right, through which the extended canal entrance leads to the
Atlantic Ocean on the left.
thought that by the time the Canal shall a train of flat cars is from 7 to 15 minutes;
have been completed something like 10,000,- in unloading a train of large dump cars. 15 to
000 cubic yards will have been taken out. 40 minutes; and in unloading a train of small
On the east side of the cut a similar slide dump cars, 6 to 56 minutes. The large dump
covers an area of 50 acres, breaking back cars arc operated by compressed air power
about 1,300 feet from the center of the Canal. furnished by the air pump of the locomotive,
About a half million cubic yards have been while the small dump cars are operated by
taken out of this slide, and more remains to hand.
be removed. It is estimated that the total The record day's work for one steam shovel
amount of material removed from the Canal was that of March 22, 1910, 4.823 cubic
because of the slides will aggregate between yards of rock (place measurement), or 8,395
21.000,000 and 22,000,000 cubic yards. tons. The highest daily record in the
CAPACITY OF STEAM SHOVELS AND DIRT TRAINS. Central Division was on March 11, 1911, when
51 steam shovels and 2 cranes equipped with
There are several classes of steam shovels orange peel buckets excavated an aggregate
engaged in excavating work, equipped with of 79,484 cubic yards, or 127,742 tons.
dippers ranging in capacity from 1 cubic During this day, 333 loaded trains and as
yards to 5 cubic yards, and a trenching many empty trains were run to and from the
shovel, which has a dipper with a capacity dumping grounds.
of *£ of a cubic yard. BREAKWATERS.
Each cubic yard, place measurement, of
average rock weighs about 3,900 pounds; of Breakwaters are under construction at the
earth, about 3,000 pounds* of "the run of the Atlantic and Pacific entrances of the Canal.
cut," about 3,600 pounds, and is said to That in Limon Bay. or Colon harbor, extends
represent about a two-horse cart load. Con into the bay from Toro Point at an angle of 42
sequently, a five cubic yard dipper, when full, <legrees ani 1 53 ininutes northward from a
carries 8.7 tons of rock, 6.7 tons of earth, ami base line drawn from Toro Point to Colon
8.03 tons of "th.i run of the cut." light, and will be 10,500 feet in length, or
Three classes of ears are used in hauling 11,700 feet, including the shore connection,
spoil —flat cars with one high side, which are with a width at the top of fifteen feet and a
unloaded by plows operated by a cable upon a height above mean sea level of ten feet. The
winding drum, and two kinds of dump ears, width at the bottom will depend largely on
one large and one small. The capacity of the the depth of water. It will contain ap
flat cars is 19 cubic yards; that of the large proximately 2,810,000 cubic yards of rock,
dump cars, 17 cubic yards, and that of the the core being formed of rock quarried on the
small dump cars, 10 cubic yards. The flat mainland near Tom Point, armored with hard
car train is ordinarily composed of 20 cars in r ick from Porto Bello. Work began on the
hauling from the cut at Pedro Miguel, and of breakwater in August, 1910, and on Dec. 1,
21 cars in hauling from the cut at Matachin. 1912, the trestle and fill were completed to
The large dump train is composed of 27 earn, full length, 11,500 feet. On the same date,
and the small dump train of 35 cars. about one-seventh, or 1,643 feet of the rock
The average load of a train of flat cars, in armour had been placed. The estimated cost
hauling the mixed material known as "the is $5,500,000. A second breakwater has been
run of the cut," is 610.7 tons (based1 on a 20- proposed for Limon Bay, but this part of the
car train); of a train of large dump cars. project has not been formally acted upon.
737.(18 tons, and of a train of .small dumps, The purpose of the breakwaters is to convert
562.5 tons. Limon Bay into a safe anchorage, to protect
The average time consumed in unloading shipping in the harbor of Colon, and vessels
making the north entrance to the Canal, from paid 10 and 20 cents. The larger part of the
the violent northers that are likely to prevail Spaniards are paid 20 cents an hour, and the
from October to January, and to reduce to a rest 16 cents an hour.
minimum the amount of silt that may be The material and supply branch carries in
washed into the dredged channel. night general storehouses a stock of supplies
The breakwater at the Pacific entrance will for the Commission and Panama Railroad
extend from Balboa to Naos Inland, a distance valued approximately at $4,500,000. About
of about 17,000 feet, or a little more than $12,000,000 worth of supplies are purchased
three miles. It will lie from 900 to 2,700 annually, requiring the discharge of one
feet east of and for the greater part of the steamer erch day.
distance nearly parallel to the axis of the FOOD, CLOTHING AND OTHER NECESSARIES.
Canal prism; will vary from 20 to 40 feet in The Canal and Panama Railroad forces are
height above mean sea level, and will be from supplied with food, clothing and other necesr-
50 to 3,000 feet wide at the top. It is saries through the Subsistence Department,
estimated that it will contain about 18,000.000 which is divided into two branches—Com
cubic yards of earth and rock, all of which missary and Hotel. It does a business of
will be brought from Culebra Cut. It is con about seven million five hundred thousand
structed for a two-fold purpose; first, to divert dollars per annum. The business done by
cross currents that would carry soft material the Commissary Department amounts to
from the shallow harbor of Panama into the about $G,000,000 per annum, and that done bv
Canal channel; second, to insure a more the hotel branch to about $1,500,000 per
quiet harbor at Balboa. Work was begun annum.
on it in May, 1908, and on November 6, 1912, The Commissary system consists of 22
the last piles were driven connecting Naos general stores in as many Canal Zone villages
Island with the mainland. On the same date and camps along the relocated line of the
about one-half mile of trestle remained to be Panama Railroad It is estimated that with
filled. employees and their dependents, there axe
CANAL FORCE, QCABTERfl AND SUPPLIES. about 65,000 people supplied daily with food,
The Canal force is recruited and housed by clothing, and other necessaries. In addition
the Quartermaster's Department which has to the retail stores, the following plants are
two general branches, labor and quarters, operated at Cristobal : cold storage, ice
and material and supplies. Through the making, bakery, coffee roasting, ice cream,
labor and quarters branch there have been laundry and packing department.
brought to the Isthmus 44,394 lnborers, of A supply train of 21 cars leaves Cristobal
whom 11,797 came from Europe, 19,448 from every morning at 4 a. m. It is composed of
Barbados, the balance from other islands in refrigerator cars containing ice, meats and
the West Indies and from Colombia. No other perishable articles, and ten containing
recruiting is required at present, the supply other supplies. These are delivered at the
of labor on the Isthmus being ample. stations along the line and distributed to the
On December 1, 1912, the total force of the houses of employees by the Quartermaster's
Isthmian Canal Commission and Panama Department.
Railroad Company, actually at work, was The hotel branch maintains the Hotel
divided as follows: Tivoli at Ancon, and also 18 hotels along the
line for white gold employees at which meals
Gold Silver Total arc served for thirty cents each. At these
18 hotels there are served monthly about
Isthmian Canal Com 200.000 meals. There are seventeen messes
mission 4,475 26,199 30.594 for European laborers, who pay 40 cents per
Panama Railroad Com ration of three meals. There are served at
pany 630 4,250 4,886 these messes about 200.000 meals per month.
Panama Railroad Coin- There are also operated for the West Indian
257 923 1.180 laborers sixteen kitchens, at which they are
served a ration of three meals for 27 cents per
31,298' 36,660 ration. There are about 100,000 meals
served monthly at these kitchens. The
In addition to the above there wore in the supplies for one month for the line hotels,
employ of contractors on the Isthmus, 454 messes and kitchens cost about $85,000; labor
gold and 3,045 silver employees, a total of and other expenses about $16,500. The
3,499. monthly receipts, exclusive of the revenue
from the Hotel Tivoli, amount to about
The gold force is made up of the officials, $105,000.
clerical force, construction men, and skilled VALUE OK THE $40,000,000 FRENCH PCRCHA.9E.
artisans of the Isthmian Canal Commission Excavation, useful to the
and the Panama Railroad Company. Prac Canal, 29,708,000 cubic
tically all of them are Americans. The yards $25,389,240.00
silver force represents the unskilled laborers of Panama Railroad Stock 9,644,320.00
the Commission and the Panama Railroad Plant and material, used and
Company. Of these, about 4,500 are sold for scrap 2,112,063.00
Europeans, mainly Spaniards, with a few Buildings, used 2,054,203.00
Italians and other races. The remainder, Surveys, plans, maps and
about 25,000, are West Indians, about 5,000 records 2.000,000.00
of whom are employed as artisans receiving Land 1,000,000.00
16, 20, and 25 cents, and a small number, 32 Clearings, roads, etc . . 100,000.00
and 44 cents, an hour, and 7,000 on a monthly Ship channel in Panama Bay,
basis. The standard rate of the West Indian four years' use 500,00000
laborer is 10 cents an hour, but a few of these
doing work of an exceptional character are Total $42,799,826.00
SUEZ CANAL
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
THE CANAL ZONE. culverts. Near Miraflores, a tunnel 736 fet*t
The Canal Zone contains about 436 square long has been built through a hill. Total
miles. It begins at a i>oint three marine cost of new line has been $8,866,392.02.
miles from mean low water mark in each THE EQUIPMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ocean, and extends for five miles on each side THE CANAL.
of the center line of the route of the Canal. The Equipment consists of the latest and
It includes the group of islands in the Bay of most efficien t appliances, the quality of
Panama named Perico. Naos, Culcbra, and which has been demonstrated by the re
Flamenco. The cities of Panama and Colon markable totals of excavation which have
are excluded from the Zone, but the United been recorded during the progress of the
States has the right to enforce sanitary- work. It includes 100 steam shovels, most of
ordinances in those cities, and to maintain which are of from 70 to 105 tons weight and
public order in them in case the Republic of 3 to 5 cubic yards bucket capacity; 161
Panama should not be able, in the judgment American locomotives of from 106 to 117 tons
of the United States, to do so. weight; 104 small French locomotives of 20 to
Of the 436 square miles of Zone territory, 30 tons; 42 narrow gauge and electric loco
the United States owns about 363, and 73 are motives; 553 drills; 4,572 cars; 79 spreaders,
held in private ownership. Under the treaty track-shifters, unloaders, etc., 20 dredges: 47
with Panama, the United States has the right cranes; 11 tugs; 72 barges, scows, etc. and
to acquire by purchase, or by the exercise of 24 launches. The Panama Railroad has 62
the right of eminent domain, any lands, build locomotives; 57 coaches and 1,434 freight cars.
ings, water rights, or other properties neces
sary and convenient for the construction, CANAL STATISTICS
maintenance, operation, sanitation, and pro Length from deep water to deep
tection of the Canal ,and it can, therefore,at any water (miles) 50
time acquire the lands within the Zone bound Length from shore-line to shore
aries which are owned by private persons. line (miles) 40
RELOCATED PANAMA RAILROAD. Bottom width of channel, maxi
The new, or relocated line of the Panama mum (feet) 1,000
Railroad is 47.1 miles long, or 739 feet longer Bottom width of channel, mini
than the old line. From Colon to Mindi, 4.17 mum^ miles, Culebra Cut (ft.) 300
miles, andJ from Corozal to Panama, 2.83 Locks, in pairs 12
miles, the old location is used, but the re Locks, usable length (feet) .... 1,000
maining 40 miles are new road. From Mindi Locks, usable width (leet) ..... 1 10
to Gatun the railroad runs, in general, parallel Gatun Lake, area (square miles) 164
to the Canal, and ascends from a few feet Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet ) 85 to 45
above tide water elevation to nearly 95 feet Culebra Cut, channel depth (ft.) 45
above. At Gatun the road leaves the vicinity Excavation, Canal Proper, esti
of the Canal and turns east along Gatun Ridge mated total (cubic yards) 203,710,000
to a point about 4V<J miles from the center Excavation, permanent struc
line of the Canal, where it turns southward tures, estimated (cubic yards) 8,794,000
again and crosses the low Gatun Valley to Excavation, grand total, esti
Monte Lirio, from which point it skirts the mated (cubic yards) 212,504,000
east shore of Gatun Lake to the beginning Excavation, due to slides and
of Culebra Cut, at Bas Obispo. In this sec breaks, estimated (cubic
tion there are several largo fills, occurring yards), about 22,000.000
where the line crosses the Gatun Valley and Excavation accomplished Janu
near the north end of Culebra Cut, where the ary 1. 1913 (cubic yards) 188.280,312
line was located so as to furnish waste dumps Excavation, remaining, Canal
for the dirt from the Canal. Originally it was Proper, January 1, 1913 (cubic
intended to carry the railroad through yards) 23,426,713
Culebra Cut on a 40-foot benn, 10 feet above Excavation by the French,
the water level, but the numerous slides have (cubic yards) 78,146,900
made this plan impracticable and a line is Excavation by French, useful to
now being constructed around the Cut, present Canal (cubic yards) . . 29,908.000
known locnllyas the Gold Hill Line. leaving Excavation by French, esti
the berm of the Canal at Bas Obispo, the Gold mated value to Canal $25,389,240
Hill Line gradually works into the foot hills, Value of all French property. . . . $42,799,826
reaching a distance from the center line of the Concrete, total estamated for
Canal of two miles opposite Culebra* thence Canal (cubic yards) 5,000,000
it runs down the> Pedro Miguel Valley to Time of transit through com
Paraiso, where it is only 800 feet from the pleted Canal (hours) 10 to 12
center line of the Canal. This section of the Time of passage through locks
line is located on maximum grade of 1.25 (hours) 3
per cent, compensated, and has a total length Relocated Panama Railroad,
of 9H miles. The sharpest curve on the total cost $8,866,392
whole line is 7°. From the south end of Relocated Panama Railroad,
Culebra Cut to Paraiso, the railroad runs length (miles) 47.1
practically parallel with the Canal to Panama, Canal Zone, area (square miles) 436
with maximum grade of 0.45 per cent. Where Canal and Panama Railroad
the railroad crosses the Gatun River, a force actually at work (about) 36.000
bascule steel bridge is to be erected, and a Canal and Panama Railroad
steel girder bridge, K mile long, with 200-foot force, Americans (about) 5,000
through truss channel span, is in use across Cost of Canal, estimated total . . $375,000,000
the Chagres River at Gamboa. Smull Work begun by Americans May 4. 1904
streams are crossed on reinforced concrete Date of completion Jan. 1, 1915
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. . 273
COALING STATIONS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.

PRINCIPAL
TOWNSEND
THE
TO
,A
POBT
ND
ORLEANS
FRANCISCO
S
NAN
YORK
EW
DISTANCES
NEW
FROM
.
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UNITED
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PRINCIPAL
THE
AND
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THE
OF
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274 .
.)routes
in ar
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ydrographic
avy
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.
CITIES
FOREIGN
New San Port New Port

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route
and
Port Or Fran
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York .York .
leans send
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,
leans .
cisco .
send
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: n .Hamburg 3,652 25, 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Canal
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Via ,8657 70
32 Yor
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Via ,826851
4316
.
Hope
Good
of
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11 85 .
Habana 597
York
and
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.Via Orleans
New
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24,033
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Via Tehuantepec
Via
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19
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Tehuantepec
and
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. 5,14312
37
.
Panama
and
Suez
Via 10
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00 Ha
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3,169 4,760
Strait
.
Magellan
Suez
and
Via ,915
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Via
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.
.
Port
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Singapore
and
Via 21,4. 47999 .
Townsend
Port
Via 0: 65
8,829 85
.
.
Francisco
San
and
Singapore
Via 96214 91
,-1382 .
Francisco
San
Via 277
29
,5|2 68
8
Antwerp
. 834, 53 25 .
Tehuantepec
Via 517
9,31072
.
.
York
New
Via :6,5•Via
16
Panama
. 24 430
,8|111 031
.
Via
Tehuantepec
. Suez
,3758Via
29
.,54 610
,811
12
92
.
Via
Panama
. Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 39
.9,028014 590
,813 63
Stra
.
it an
. ell 8718
,3|11668
.
Mag
Via Strait
Magellan
Via
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64671
,413
.
2.370
.
00
onolulu 2.097
.
Bat
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.
35
,224,588
79
.
.
Tehuantepec
Via 31175
,012
23 .
Francisco
San
Via
Via
Panama
. 166
,513
12 67 Port
Townsend
.Via 352,: 69
49
.
11 6,686
!
.
Canal
Suez
Via ,510,198 82 .
Panama
Via 0,6 85
.
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 55
,211
12
878 .
Tehuantepec
Via .
82
54,5806
:
Bombay .
Strait
Magellan
Via ,213
769
1319
.
Canal
Suez
Via 9,58136
20 ,Jamaica
.Kingston 1.1,46573
.
.Vls
Hope
Good
of
Cape ,8250
11
48 .of
m, outh
River
Kongo 5,680 62
.
York
New
and
Suez
Via Orleans
New
Via 19
.,3?1$ 111 062 559
Ne
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Vis Via
New
York 441
.,421: 449 8,859
.Vla
Tehuantepec
and
Suez iverpool
85
,810
L1.|12 3,053 5
.5 3
.
York
New
,2Via
13
.1212
587 ,250
16
ooo N
.
Panama
and
Suez
Via
and
Tehuantepec
Good
.Hope
Cape
of
Via Tehuantep
.Via
1500
,8108 ec 1,7 69 7,944
.
Panama
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 00
Via
5Panama
,214
15
. 70 0,838 8. 13
.Via
Strait
Magellan Strait
Magellan
Via
.15 39
,8064 13
,503 ,278
14
.
Singapore
Via 8080
9,59,7London
. 3.233 4,507
.
Townsend
Port
and
Singapore
Vis 5731271
,. 60
12 .
York
New
Vla
,3224
.476
36
.
Francisco
San
and
Singapore
Via ,2-19• 271
62
2 Tehuante
.Via pec 37, 49 ,124
18
.
Tehuantepec
and
Singapore
Via ,713
91245
93 Vls
Pan
. ama 93
,82018
.
Panama
and
Singapore
Vio 2|114
,843736 .
Stralt
Magellan
Vla 683
,413
14
58
:Manila
.Brest 2,0341 .Strait
Bernardin
San
and
Honolulu o
Via 96, 43 7.213
,France
.Via
York
New Yokohama
29
.54
,071Vis 20, 89 9,5 93
.Via
Tebuantepoo ,Francisco
San
and
Yokoham
Via 19
867.840 a 71
80
,7428
29
.Via
Panama 13
,913Port
and
Yokohama
Via
84
09
2.Townsend 01 9218
72
,19
.Strait
Magellan
Via .Tehuantep ec 35
9,171080
.Buenos
Aires 5,868 3,6 Via
Strait 11
,287586 Via
Panama
. 46
10,951193
.Magellan
Via ,9512
1146 56
.Vis
York
New Via
,010
1967
Suez
. 59
1,648
6761 .of
Hope
Good
Cape
Via ,95
1386 3613
.Bermuda ,82375
67
3.and 714
, 47 7*1,455
York
New
Via York
New
Suez
Via 1,72635
and
New
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 7,*1627
:
Calcutta .Strait
Magellan
Via ,171736
1645
Via
.Suez 3011
2,9839
38
,812
180 .Marseille 76
5,283,66 *7,073
.Good
Hope
of
Cape
Via 67
0,27
.New
York
and
Suez
Via York
.Via
New 21213
,C113
029
315Tehuantep
71
. 579
,3:1Via ec 87, 30 78, 05
New
York
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 07
38,9,132
Via
Singapore
. Via
Panama
90
.8,8996
262
41,-2 181 Strait
Magel
.Via lan ,014
3139924
Francisco
.and
San
Singapore
Via 11
07,340
.and
Tehuantep
Singapore ec
Via 81
,112
405
13 Melbo
. urne
,61394
230
14 .Franc
San isco
Via 29
,52210 31
22
.and
Panama
Singapore
Via ,4901027 28
Via
Panama
.
:
Callao 8,689 04 52
.Via
Tehuantepec 91
,024246 .Teh
Via uantepec
2,73392 64 .Strait
Magellan
Via 13 80
,181243
.Via
Panama 912
, 81 314
, 03
Strait
.Via
Magellan 10
,169 42 03 .Canal
Suez
Via
.of
Hope
Good
Cape
Via 96 7012
,1233
Dir
. ect 0,4 12 99
72
1,3:122 12
1, 42 :2,917
e
Capwn
:To .City
Mexico 26
.598
8112
,41 512
,42 49
,313
.Direct 15
,376874
72
5,14,62
.York
New
Via ,0310 014
06
*1.Naples 3*7,63 3,1769
Via
Tehuantep
. ec
York
New 75
.Via,7910400
98
,6109876 New 7
1, 41 4,2+82 ,979
12
Via
Panama
. Orleans
. 310
, 71
.Strait
Magellan
Via ,41054 ,229
11 13, 91 ,93 66
)3.Canal
Panama
of
end
(castern
Colon 81
1.31.980 Vin
Tehuantep
. ec
90
Panama
. 24
,3340Vis 7,404 4,579
.and
Panama
Canal
Vla
:
Colombo .New
York 113
, 91 ,11399
.Via
Canal
Suez ,110 10
8646 ,1590
.Good
Hope
of
Cape
Via ,6
1184
130 Via
Tehuantep
. ec ,415
Via
Panama 109
01
..821211
35, 05 ,06 80
.New
York
and
Suez
Via 72, 05 2,356
New
York
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via ,3%12Nome
.A429 laska
421
Via Francisco
San
8,7Via
.8,900
00 ,1852 8796
.Singapore 55
35
5,3516
:
Copenhage n .Townsend
Port
Via
43
3,843, 52 Via
Tehuantep
. ec 02
,9157 30
.
Direct 7,408 10
.Via
York
New 43
Panams
:7,017
Via
.51
5,3.276
07 .Stra
Magell
Via it an 28
,1549 4016
Gibraltar 14
York
.Via
New la
.Glbraltar
16
,vOdessa
3,3606
498 60
35,6770
Panama
end)of estern
15
(w8042
7,2Canal 23, 77 4,052
Via
Tehuantep
. ec 28
1,40227
.and
Colon42
8,47617
canal
Vla
Via
Panana
. 60
.Strait
Magellan
Via 1309
.,BPernambu
34
512
7razil co ,963 96
York
New
4,9Via ,826 95
26 87
Guam
. 54
.5,008
,9496 51
,527
45
236
18 Orleans
.Via
New 26 48
.Via
Francisco
San 91
,3576 66
.Townsend
Port
Via 87
07
7,8:128 Tehuantep
.Via ec
otherwise
stated
as
except
water
by
are
given
1Distances andPanama
to
miles
Colon
from
Dcanal
,47istance
.by
water
•Bland y .land
By
275
276
DISTANCES
SFROM
N
YORK
New
ORLEANS
AN
ew
TOWNSEND
,A
FRANCISCO
Port
ND
PORTS
PRINCIPAL
THE
TO
WORLD
THE
OF
-Continued
STATES
UNITED
OF
CITIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
.AND
-Continued
CITIES
.FOREIGN
New Port
San New New San Port
New .
route
and
Port
.l'ort
route
and OrY |T own
.Iran Or Fran Town
l k
orns
..I ea cisco
.send .York
.
leans .
cisco .
send
,Brazi
Pernambuco
.-C ontinued .
Shan ghai 5, 50 5,290
Via
.Panul
30 isco
ia
7,3|.San
V005
Franc ,0732
18
41
Vis
Strait
.,gellan Townsend
Port
Via
.10
,27439
14 469
,218 89
Port
E, gypi
.Said 6,509
12 Via
Tehuante
. pec 8.79965
41
Vla
York
.New 18
.3|1 27
21
8
,Panama
.Via .81054
,210 53
Vis
Tehuante
. p ,919
Suez
9,135
.Via
00 .360
,712
13
50
Via
Pana
. ma Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via
.10
,39037
2 ,8500
14 93
.Port
Townsend 79
992
2,9.31775 :Tehuantepec
Via
.,Tehuantepec 3,95190
00 :.of
railroad
end
Western 2,189 2,964
Vis
.Panarna 6,050 ,45 79 3.
railroad
of
end
Eastern 2,036 812
Punt
(MAren
).Strai
agell
a
as
t an 99
0,96173Tutuila
.6,853
4090 1,4 50 C
.4 O7
Janei
Rio ro
.de 4.778 5,218 .
Francisco
San
Via ,632
16
.
York
New
Via ,9169
1777
7
.Valparaiso 5,140 5,902
.
Orleans
New
Via ,71700
197
.18
Francisco
San
Via ,6837 22
31
Via
Tehuantepec
. 7,758 05 30 Via
.Tehuantepec 4,25480 56
Via
Panama
. 48,7.633
78 Panama
1 ia
.V 4,035
37
.
Strait
Magellan
Vla Strait
Magellan
Via
.19,S.314
39 78,460
33
San
Francisco
. 182
:2,423
91 775 .iVladivostok 7,4 06 43, 57
Tehuante
.Via pec 44, 15 13, 91 Via
Francisco
.San 88977
,117
Via
Pang
. ina 4,7
5305 04 .
Townsend
Port
Via ,3566
17
36
PSt
:. etersburg Via
Francisco
San
Tehuante
.and pec ,889122
74
Direc
. t 6,24 33
32 .
Panama
and
Francisco
San
Via 9,410
,010
01
York
Ne
Viaw 17 23
,817Via
. 29
Strait
Magellan 17
,4017
,4536
LUKOILUU
U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sann
,P.RJua 1,5439
28 ,New
.Wellington
Zealand 4
,5 15
.
.
York
New
Via Via 14
.,6|127
19
Francisco
San 4 ,191
3190018
.
Orleans
New
Via 14
Tehuantepec
18
.14,0Via
521 44
7,038 96
Via
Tehuantepec
. 14, 82 Panama
4,9Via
. 57 8,57,940 39
Via
Panama
. 4,3Via
.5,145
Strait
Magellan
20
.
11
,511700
73
.
.12
Suez
Via
.
.
Stralt
Magellan
Via ,1999
74 .614
15
,230 20
,01413
,758
.
.
Singapore . 02
Hope
Good
of
Capo
,672Via
06 10
,684
9110
9319 Yoko
.
.Via
Francisco
San . harna
Port
Via
Towasend
. 110
405
,1-085 *. olulu
Hon
Via 55, 00 5,770
.
Suez
Vis 100
,510
11 70 .
Francisco
San
Via 727
,017
17
18
.
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via ,9314
12
55 .
Townsend
Port
Via ,2:7.439
17
19
.
Panama
and
Yokohamna
Via ,5|11303
204 Honolulu
Via
Tehuante
.and pec ,297 9543
.
Tehuantepec
and
Yokobama
Via ,912
21009
61 Via
Francisco
San
Tehuante
.and pec 7,8986
02
DISTANCES FROM ATLANTIC TO PACIFIC PORTS BY THE PRESENT ROUTES.
Wellington
Yokohama
Melbourne
Francisco
( In Nautical Miles .)
Townsend
Yokohama
(Prepared expressly for The American Almanac by Captain W . H . H . Sutherland, Hydrographer, U . S . Navy. )
Manila
Tahiti
Tahiti
Fran
Yokohama
San
and
v,Toia San
Port
San
,via
,via
.To
Sydney
,via
Tahiti
To
To
cisco
To
,and
Francisco
,v
Francisco
via
Guayaquil
,To
Shanghai
Valparaiso
via
Francisco
Sydney
San
To
San
Iquique
Coronel
.
and
To
.
From
Callao
To
.
.
To
To
.
To
.
.
To
New York . . . . . 14,019113 ,244 10 ,4231 9 , 7021 9 ,2211 8 ,4617,860 17 ,780 / 18 ,910 19,530 (14,560 15 , 135 13,600
Nodok . . . . . . 13 , 945 13, 170 10 .3491 9 ,628 9 , 147 8 , 387 7 , 786 17 , 706 18 , 836 19, 456 14 , 486 15 .061 13 .526
Carleston . . . . . 13 ,954 13 , 179 10 , 358 9 , 156 8,396 7 ,795 9 ,637 17 ,715 18 .845 19 , 465 14 ,495 15 ,070 13, 5 :35
Pert Tampa 14 ,119 13 ,344 10 ,523 9 ,3211 8 ,561 7 ,960 9 ,802 17 , 880 19,010 19 ,630 14 ,660 15 , 235 13 .700
leg Orleans 114 .419 13,644 10 , 823 10 . 1021 9 .621 8 .861 8 . 200 18 , 180 | 19 ,310 | 19 ,930 | 14 ,960 15 .535 14. 000
Galveston 14 ,601 13 ,826 11,005 10 , 284 9 ,803 9 ,043 8 ,142 18 , 362 19 ,492 20, 112 ( 15 ,142 15 ,717 14 , 182
Liverpool 14 .619 13 ,844 11.023 10 . 302 9 ,821 9 ,061 8 , 460 18, 380 19,510 20 , 130 15 , 160 15 ,735 ) 14 ,200
Basburg . 15 ,019 14 , 24 + 11,423 10 ,702 10 , 221 9 .461 S ,S60 18 .780 | 19 ,910 20.530 15 . 560 | 16 . 135 14 .000
Aatser 14 . 75413 ,979 11. 158 / 10 ,437 9 ,9501 9 , 196 8,595 18 ,515 19 ,615 20 , 265 15 , 295 15 ,870 14 ,335
14 ,47413 .691 10 . 868 10 , 157 9 . 676 8 ,916 8 . 315 18 . 235 19 , 365 19 , 985 15 ,015 15 ,590 14,055
113,518 12. 743 9 , 922 9 . 211 8 .7201 7 ,960 7 . 350 17.009 18, 409 19 . 030 14 ,059 14 ,634 13 ,099
DISTAXCES FROM ATLANTIC PORTS TO PACIFIC PORTS, VIA THE PANAMA CANAL, WHEN CON .
Yokohama
Shanghai
STRUCTED .
Wellington
e
vManila
Melbourn
(From a special report by the United States Treasury Department. )
hama
Yokohama
Fran
Fran
Fran
Townsend
San
Tahiti
Tahiti
San
San
via
ia
ia
,via
,To
To
v,To
ia ey
i
Yoko
ia
Tahit
,via
cisco
Cisco
:,vTo
.$To
Sydn
and
,"and
Francisco
Trancisco
.,vTo
Guayaquil
.
Valparaiso
,
Sydney
San
To
Coronel
Iquiquc
.
.
and
From
To
To
.1
Callao
,
Port
To
To
.
CISCO
To
.
San
TO
New York . . 16 .0741 5 , 299 ) 2 ,864 ] 3 , 359 4 ,021 4 ,630 / 4 ,SS 9 , 835 10 . 885 11, 585 ) 9 , 852 10, 4271 8 , 892
Sarlak . . . . . . . 5 .872 5 .0971 2 ,6621 3 , 157 3 , 819! 4 ,423 4,636 9 ,634 10 , 684 / 11 ,3841 9 ,650 9 ,858 8 .690
Charleston . . . . 5 .6731 4 .8981 2 .4031 2. 958 3 .0381 4 ,229 1 ,437 9,344 10 ,367 / 10 ,8091 9 ,45110 ,006 8 ,491
Port Tanpa . . 5 , 328 4 .5531 2 ,098 2 ,593 3 , 255 3 ,864 4 ,072 9 ,069 10 , 119 10 ,819 ) 9 ,086 ) 9 ,661 8 , 126
New Orleans . 5 ,477 1 ,698 2 , 2631 2. 7581 3 ,420 4 .029 1 . 237 9 , 234 ( 10, 284 10 , 9841 9 , 2511 9 . 826 8 , 291
Galveston . . . . 5 ,574 4 . 799 2 , 364 2 .838 3 ,5201 4 , 129 1, 339 9 .335 10 ,385 11,085 9 , 352 9 ,927 | 8 ,892
Liverpool . . . 8 . 8i31 8 ,038 5 ,603 6 ,098 6 ,760 7 .369 7 ,577 12 ,574 13 ,624 14 , 324 12 ,591 13 . 166 11, 631
9 , 242 8 ,407 6 ,032 0 ,527 7 ,189 7 , 79818 ,000 13 ,003 14 ,053 ( 14 , 753 13 ,020 13 ,595 12 ,060
Astrer . . . 8 . 963 8 .188 5 ,753 6 .248 6 ,910 7519 7 .727 12,724 13 ,774 14 ,474 12,741 13,316 11. 781
Bundan 8 . 713 7 .938 5 ,503 5 ,998 6 ,660 7 ,269 7 ,477 12,474 / 13 ,524 14 , 224 12 ,491 13 ,066 11 ,471
Gibraltar . . . . . . 8 .4471 7 .672 5 ,2371 5 ,723 6 ,3911 7 .003 7 . 211112 , 208 13 , 258113 ,358 / 12 ,221 | 11 ,168 11,265
Via Honolulu , add 252 miles.
1 Omitting Tabiti reduces voyage from Brito by 52 miles .
1 Voyage from Brito. to Sydney by way of Wellington is 232 miles less than by way of Tahiti; from
Pinama it is 405 inlles less.
Voyage from Brito to Wellington direct is 185 miles sliorter than via Tahiti, and from Panama it is
35% bllea sborter .
VIEW AT ATLANTIC ENTRANCE.

Nit
1
HL SERIE DI I
CABIBU HII
IT I
IS NTIT
IT
UBR IF IT
E
IF TIS
UDEN
H EN
I ETT
D
1 1 1 IT E N
S ud
H
TUTTON IIT
IRUT 0 1
1 1 0
Olli
Copyright 1912, Munn & Co., Inc.

THE NEW MUNICIPAL BUILDING OF THE CITY OF NEW YOR
This building houses many departments of the city government and saveg hundreds of
thousands of dollars annually in rent.
CHAPTER IX .
TELEGRAPHS AND CABLES.

THE PREPARATION OF DOMESTIC TELEGRAPH MESSAGES .
A message to be transmitted by telegraph | El corazón menda las carnes (Spanish ) 5words
should be written upon the blank provided by Errare humanum est ( Latin )
the Telegraph Company for that purpose ; or JGM Jones , Jr.
it should be attached to such blank by the Van Dorne
sender, or by the one presenting the message McGregor
as the sender's agent, so as to leave the printed O ' Connor
heading in full view above the written mes District of Columbia (or D . C .)
sage. New York (or N . Y .)
Write the whole message , date , address , New York State
body and signature as clearly as possible . St. Louis
Avoid changes , corrections and unusual ab East St. Louis
breviations. Figures , counted and charged New Mexico (or N . M .)
for at the rate of one word for each , may be Nova Scotia (or N . S.)
used , but words to represent them are less Lbs.
liable to cause error . Hhds .
Addresses are not charged for, therefore Cwt.
they should be full and clear and written so as
to be easily understoo . If the person ad In names of countries or counties all the
drassed is known to be dat a considerable dis words will be counted and charged for.
tance from the office , or in some locality where
the Services of a special messenger may be Examples :
required to reach him , this fact should be
rade known to the Telegraph Company . United States of Colombia 43 words
U . S. A .
By such notice a quicker delivery of the North America
message may be often effected . 3 4
If the sender's address is not known to the Queen Anne County
Telegraph Company, it should be written on All groups of letters , when such groups do
the back or at the bottom of the blank. This not form dictionary words , and are not com
will enable the Telegraph Company to reach binations of dictionary words, will be counted
bin either with a reply , should one be received at the rate of five letters or fraction of five
or for any possible question which might arise letters to a word . When such groups are
reference to the transmission or delivery made up of combinations of dictionary words,
of his message . each dictionary word so used will be counted .
Rules for counting messages, which will
canpletely cover all the usual and unusual Examples :
words abbreviations and combinations used Ukugu (artificial)
in telegraph messages , cannot be given here. 1 word
charge is made for the first ten words or less, Babelu (artificial)
Bacyzafyih (artificial)
and a reduced rate for each word over ten . Abycazfybgk (artificial)
The address and signature are not charged for. Hhgga (artificial)
lo counting a message " dictionary ” words
Doyou ( improperly combined )
it words taken from one of the following Canhe (improperly combined )
languages , namely , English , German , French , Allright (or alright)
Talinn , Dutch, Portuguese Spanish and (improperly combined )
Latin ), initial letters , surnames of persons , Housemate (dictionary word )
antdea of cities , towns, villages, states or terri
tories , or names of the Canadian provinces , Figures, decimal points and bars of division
will be counted and charged for each as one will be counted , each separately , as one word .
word . The abbreviations for the names of In groups consisting of letters and figures ,
towns, villages, states , territories and prov each letter and figure will be counted as one
aces will be counted and charged for the word .
same as if written in full . Abbreviations of
NON
Examples :
ORA
weights and measures in common use will be

counted each as one word . Α1 2 4
5
words
Examples: x9n8g
fignatory (English ) 1 word 7434
Aur wiedersehen (German ) 2 words 4442
A bon marché (French ) 44 , 42
Erba mala presto cresce (Italian ) 165 East 22d St.
279
Exceptions: In ordinal numbers the affixes st, nd, rd and

1 word th will each be counted as one word .
A. M.
P. M.
F. 0 , B . (or fob )
C. 0 . D . (or cod ) Examples :
C . I. F. or C . F . I. Ist 2 words
(or cif or cfi) 2nd
C . A . F . (or caf) 3rd
O. K . 4th
Per cent (or percent)
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
ANT
STONES
€88.
INTERNAL
REVENUE
251,311,000
ORCE
1979,000
PENSIONS
$ 32000
MISCELLANEOUS
116 .363,000
NAVY
DEPT
60,037,000
GOO
Copyright 1909, Munn & Co.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN
MENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1908 .
While the amounts shown are usually increasing annually , the relation they bear to each other
is practically constant and hence the drawing is useful as a means of comparison .
281
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK
LAND LINES OF THE WORLD

Below are given such particulars as we have been able to obtain of the land line
telegraphs throughout the world , corrected up to December , 1912
Length of Lines in Miles. Length of Conductors in Miles. Pneu

matic
Un er- / Total.
Countries. Aerial. Under- 1 Total.
ground . Aerial. | grodund .
Tubes .
(Yards)
America (United
States of ) - . ..
Commercial Cable
Co . . . . . . . 27,921 183 28,104 202,850 10,031 212,881 11 ,066
Western Union
Tel. Co . . . . . . . . 207,520 446 207 ,966 1 ,459, 160 57 .178 1,496 ,338 . . .
Argentine Republic . 13 ,596 20 13 ,616 32 ,779 8 0 32,859 . .
Austria 28 , 872 184 29.056 141,918 4 ,265 146 ,183 95,534
Belgium . 4 .694 19 4 ,713 24 ,451 1 .074 25 ,525 1 ,032
Bolivia . . . . . 1 .795 1 ,795
Brazil . . 20 , 241 141
20 :255 * 37. 166 . 94 * * * 37, 260 23,73i
British East Africa . . 11,039 1 ,039 2 .284 . . . . . . . . ! 2 ,284 50
British Guiana . . . . . . 350 . . . . . . . 350 2 ,051' . 2 .051 . . . 4 . . .
British India , . . . . . . 1 72,553 72 ,746 284, 067 3 , 199, 287 , 266 . . . .
800 900 . . . . . . . 900 . . . .
British North Borneo 800
: : :
Bulgaria . . . . 4 ,043 4 .045 9 , 436 9 ,503 . .
Canada Gt. N - w :
Tel. Co. . . 10 ,818 .. . . . 10 ,818 52, 199 . . . . . . . . 52,199
Canadian Pacific
:
Telegraphs. . . . . 12,255 12, 257 75 ,872 886 76 ,758
Government Tel.
:
Service . . 8 ,383 .. . .. 8,383 7 ,900 7, 900 . . .
!
Western Union Tel.
Co ... 2 ,707 2 ,718 13 , 979 44 14 ,023 '.
Ceylon . . . . . . 1 .830 1 .832 4 , 940 50 4 ,990 . . .
( nili . . . . 7 ,473 7 , 473 13 ,408 . . . . . . . . 13 ,408 . .
China . . 25 , 308 25 ,314 41,805 41,907
Colombia . . 6201 620
Costa Rica . . . 835 . 835 .
Caba . . 7 ,119, . . 7 , 119 7 . 119 . . . 7 . 119 . . . . . . .
Denmark .". . 3 . 242 64 3 , 306 7 , 339 230 7 ,569
Dominican Republic 1 ,728 . 1,728 1 ,728 . . . . 1 ,728 ,. . . ,
East African Pro
tectorate . . . . . , 1 ,016 . . 1 ,016 2 , 261 . . 2 , 261
Ecuador , . . . . . . . . . . 3 .754 3 ,758 ' .
Egypt , . , 3 .871 . 3 .871 12 .762 . . . * 12,762
France and Corsica . . ' 86 , 214 4 , 315 90 , 529 329,525 25,517 355 ,042 354,987
Preneb Guiana
in na
Cayenne ) . . . . . . . a 195 . . . . . . . 195 195 . . . . 195 . . . . . . .
Presch
g Ind8o1-aChi
en 760 -China ,
Br(Cochin
Cambodgia , An
nan . Tonkin and
8 ,417 8 ,425 14 , 231 108 14 . 339 . . . . . . .
French Guinea . . . . . 1 ,430 . . . . . . 1 ,430 1 ,430 . . 1 .430
French Ivory Coast . 1 ,584 , 1 .584 1 , 584 . . 1 ,584 . . . .
French Dahomey . . . 1 , 143 , 1 , 143 1 , 143 , 1 , 143 ,
French Congo and
Dependencies . . . . 1 .600 1 ,600 1 ,600 1 ,600
Germany . . . . . . . . . . 139 .450 4 ,045 143 ,495401.716 ' 29,706 431,422 287 ,627
teleg 'ph )
Great Britain and 171,534 129,743
Ireland . . . .. . . 56 ,0394 6 ,300S, 62,239 telep 'ne, 1,661,232 2 ,688 ,537 ' 175 ,194
726 ,028)
Greece 5 .029 . . . . . . . . 5,029
Carried forward . . 775 ,484 15 ,818 791,202 4.087, 360 1,923,606 5 ,990 , 966 949,221
Inclusive ot 388 miles of submarine cable , with 45 conductors .
Exclusive of 206 miles of river cables and 526 miles of conductors.
"Including inter -urban telephone lines .
No distinction can be made between telegraph and telephone line mileages, as the
lines largely carry both telegraph and telephone conductors .
Miles of single pipe,
282 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK
LAND LINES OF THE WORLD

Below are given such particulars as we have been able to obtain of the land line
telegraphs throughout the world , corrected up to December, 1912 :
Length of Lines in Miles . Length of Conductors in Miles . Pneu

matic
Countries . Under Under Tubes .
Aerial. ground , Total. Aerial. ground . Total. ( Yards )
Brought forward . 775 .484 15 ,818 791, 202 4 .087 ,360 1, 923 ,606 5 , 990 .966 949 ,221
Holland . . . . . . . . . . . 6 , 312 301 6 ,613 67 ,608 1 ,413 69,021
Hungary . . . . . . . .. 15 ,825 78 15 , 903 15 , 902 1 ,593 17 ,495
30 . . . .
Indo - European Per
sian Gulf Systen
(Mekran Coast ) . . 1 , 122 . . . 1 , 122 2, 195 . . . . . . . . 2 . 195 . . . . . . .
Indo - European
Teheran , Bushire
and Central Lines 1,605 1 ,605 4 ,799 . .
Italy . . . . . . . 31. 994 32 ,031 193,2081 ,335 1944 .799
, 543
. ....
Jamaica . . . 992 992 . . . .
2Japan . . . . . . . .
Luxemburg . . . .
23. 008
455
23 ,035 110, 159 1 .723 111 ,822
* * 715
2,507
455 715 .
Madagascar . . . . 2,380 2,380 2 ,380 2 ,380
Malay States (Fed
erated ) . . . 1 ,632 519 1,63742 5 , 135 5 , 135
Mauritius . . . 184 209 463 100 563
Mexico . . . . 22,771 22,774 50 . 344 50 ,347
Netherlands India . 6 ,114 155 6 , 269 10 ,635 182 10 ,817
New Caledonia 632 632 966 . 966
New South Wales. . . 18 .045 257 18 ,302 111 .578 26 ,549 138 , 127 1 .485
New Zealand . . . . . 13 .343 1214 1335519 77 , 242 5 ,682 82 . 924 .
a Nicaragua . . . . . 3 ,4713 3 ,4713
Norway . . . 11. 254 91
11,345 64 .876 39 ,589 104 ,465
Peru . . . . . . 8 .666 . 8 .666 10 ,092 . . 10 ,092
Portugal. . 5 ,708 . 5 , 708 12 ,564 12 ,564
Portuguese Colonies . 2 ,055 2 , 055 2 , 155 2 . 155
Queensland . . 10 ,568 10 .647 23 ,525 174 23,699
Roumania . 4 ,517 4 ,533 11, 707 196 11 ,903
Russia . . . . . 108 , 106 108, 268 385 .612 1 ,087 386 ,699
Senegal : -
Sénégal 1 . 357 1, 361 1,897 1 ,901
H . L . Sénég a
Niger . . . . . . 3 ,337 . . 3 . 337 4 ,023 4 , 023
Servia . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,349 3
4 ,352 8 , 289 8 ,363 .
South Australia . 6 ,491 43 6 ,534 23 , 169 18 .716 41, 885
Spain . . 21.738 70 ,010 21, 808 49, 148 340 49, 488
Straits Settlements . 1, 2924 1 ,292 1 . 292 1 . 292
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . 4 .777 . . . . . . . . 4 , 777 9 .896 9 .896
Sweden . . . . . 5 . 976 6 ,017 19 ,397 768 19 , 865
Switzerland 54 . 217 54 ,489 43 ,547 2 ,785 16 ,332
Tasmania . . . 2 , 137 2 . 145 4 .320 1 ,271 5 .591
Tunis . . . . . . 2 ,077 2 .082 5 . 905 60 5 , 965
Turkey . . . 27 ,560 27 .560 46
40 ,,0 876
0 . . . . . . . . 46 ,876
Uganda Protectorate 859 859 1 ,017 . . . . . . . . 1 ,017 . . . . . . .
Union of South
Africa . . . . . . . . . 17 ,216 17 ,227 62 ,531 546 63 .077
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . 4 .898 4 .898 4 ,898 4 , 898 . . . . . .
Victoria
Postal Dept. 1.011 4 ,054 11, 810 6 12,420 3 .967
Railway Dept 3 . 215 3 . 220 5 , 851 108 5 ,959 . . . . . .
Western Australia -
Postal Dept. 7 .010 16 .498 5 . 498 22.996 23
Railway Dept . 2 . 595 2 ,598 7 ,022 7 , 022 . . . . . .
Total. ... .. 1,251,359 $ 7,511 1268830 5 ,578 ,606 2,034 ,014 7 .563, 258 959 ,061
" Inclusive of 193 nautical miles of river cables and 504 miles of conductors .
2Exclusive of 23.611 nautical miles of river cables and 45 , 321 miles of conductors .
Exclusive of 1 % miles of submarine cable.
( Including telephone lines. - From Electric Trades Directory .
TELEGRAPH RATES — NORTH AMERICA

BETWEEN NEW YORK CITY AND PLACES ÎN UNITED STATES AND
CANADA .
Day rate 40 – 3, means 40 cents for ten words and 3 cents for each additional word ;
Night rate 30 - 2 , means 30 cents for ten words and 2 cents for each additional word , etc.
Address and signature are free. Western Union and Postal Rates are uniform .
RATE . RATE .
PLACES . PLACES
Day. Night. Day . Night.
ALABAMA . 60 - 4 50 - 3 MISSOURI:
ALASKA : St. Louis . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
Eagle City . . . . . . . 3 . 80 – 35 3 . 80 - 35 All other places . 60 - 4 50 - 3
Juneau . . . . 2 . 60 - 23 2 .60 - 23 MONTANA . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
Nome . . . 4 . 80 -45 4 . 80 -45 NEBRASKA . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
St. Michael . 4 . 30 - 40 4 . 30 - 40 NEVADA . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7
Sitka . . . . . . 2 . 40 - 21 2 . 40 - 21 NEW BRUNSWICK . 503 - 40 - 3
Skagway . . 2 . 90 - 26 2 . 90 - 26 NEWFOUNDLAND : St. John 's . . 1 . 10 - 9 1 .00 - 9
Valdez . . . . 3 . 40 - 31 3 . 40 - 31 30 - 2
1 . 007 - 75 - 5 NEW HAMPSHIRE . . to 25 - 1
ALBERTA . . . . . . . . . - to I to 35 - 2
1 . 25 - 8 ) 1 . 00 - 7 | |NEW JERSEY . . . 25 - 2 25 - 1
ARIZONA . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7 NEW MEXICO . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
ARKANSAS . . . . 604 - 50 - 3 NEW YORK :
BRITISH COLUMBIA : Grand New York City .. .. 20 - 1 20 - 1
Forks, Nelson , New West 25 - 2
minster , Rossland , Van All other places ... . . to 25 - 1
couver, Victoria . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 ) 1 . 00 - 7 | | 35 - 2
Atlin . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 25 - 24 3 . 25 - 24 NORTH CAROLINA . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
Port Simpson . 2 . 75 - 19 2 . 75 - 19 NORTH DAKOTA . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
CALIFORNIA . . . 1 . 00 -71. 00 - 7 Nova SCOTIA . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
COLORADO . . . . . 75 - 5 60 – 4 OHIO . 40 - 3 30 - 2
CONNECTICUT . . . 25 - 2 25 - 1 | OKLAHOMA . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
DELAWARE . . . . . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1 ONTARIO :
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : Niagara Falls . 40 - 3 30 - 2
Washington . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1 Sault Ste . Marie . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
All other places . . . 40 - 3 30 - 2 50 - 3 40 - 3
FLORIDA . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 All other places... .. . . . 3 to to
GEORGIA . . . 60 - 4 50 - 31 1 . 00 - 7 75 - 5
IDAHO . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7 OREGON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7
ILLINOIS . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3 25 2 - 25 - 1
INDIANA . . 50 - 3 40 - 3 PENNSYLVANIA . . . . . tot to
low . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 403 - 30 - 2
KANSAS . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND :
KENTUCKY . 50 - 3 40 - 3 Charlottetown . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 65 - 5
LOUISIANA . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
MAINE : Portland . . . . 35 - 2 25 - 1 RHODE ISLAND , . . . . . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1
40 - 3 ) 30 - 2 1 . 00 - 7 75 - 5
Other places . . . . . . . to to SASKATCHEWAN . . . to to
50 - 3 ) 40 - 3 1 . 25 - 8 1 . 00 - 7
MANITOBA : Winnipeg .. . . . . 75 - 5 SOUTH CAROLINA . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
MARYLAND : Annapolis , Bal SOUTH DAKOTA . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
timore, Frederick , Ha TENNESSEE 50 - 3 40 - 3
gerstown ... 30 - 2 25 - 1 TEXAS . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
Cumberland . . . . 35 - 21 25 - 1 UTAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
30 - 2 ) 25 - 1 30 - 2
All other places . . . .. to to VERMONT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to 25 - 1
403 - 30 - 2 35 - 2
25 - 2 40 -31 30 - 2
MASSACHUSETTS . . . .. . to 15 25 - 1 VIRGINI to to
30 - 2 503 - 40 - 3
MICHIGAN : Detroit, Mount WASHINGTON . . . . . . . . 1 .00 - 7 1 . 00 – 7
Clemens, Port Huron . . . . 403 - 30 - 2 WEST VIRGINIA . . . . 403 - 30 - 2
50 - 3 ( 40 - 3 WISCONSIN : Milwaukee . . . .. 50 - 3 40 - 3
All other places.. .. . . 3 to to All other places . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
60 - 4 50 - 3 WYOMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
MINNESOTA . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 YUKON :
MISSISSIPPI . . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 Dawson City . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 00 - 27 4 . 00 - 27
NIGHT LETTERS AND DAY LETTERS.

Table of Tolls for 1 to 200 Words.
When Day ! When Day When Day ! When Day

Message Rate is Message Rate is Message Rate is Message Rate is
25 and 2 | 30 and 2 | 35 and 2 40 and 3
Words
Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day
Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter
Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is | Rate is Rate is
- - - -
$ 0 . 25 $ 0 . 38 $ 0 . 30 $ 0 . 45 $ 0 . 35 $ 0 . 53 $ 0 . 40 $ 0 . 60
. 36 .72
61 70
100
IN 110
120
111
121 1 . 37 1 . 04
131 1 . 47 1 . 12
NNNN
113 1 . 20
141 1 . 05 1 .58
151 1 . 20
102
1 . 12 1 .68 1 . 28
161 170 128 1 . 19 1 .79 1 . 36
171 180 135 1 . 08 1 . 26 1 . 89 1 . 44
181 190 143 1 . 14 1 . 33 2 . 00 1 .52
191 « 200 1 . 00 150 1 . 20 1 . 40 2 . 10 1 . 60
When Day When Day ! When Day When Day

Message Rate is Message Rate is Message Rate is Message Rate is
50 and 3 60 and 4 1 75 and 5 i 100 and 7
Words
Night Day Night | Day Night Day Night Day
WINN
Letter Letter Letter | Letter Letter Letter | Letter Letter

Osonen
Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is Rate is

the
Whois
iniciais
onC
incirinisiais
$ 0 .75 $ 0 .60 80 . 90 $ 0 . 75 $ 1 . 13 $ 1 . 00 $ 1 . 50
MA
WU
WNNNNN
. 90 .72 1 . 08 1 . 35 1 . 80
riniaisiaisiais
1 . 05 . 84 1 . 26 1 . 58 2 . 10
Awwww
1 . 20 . 96
iniciaisiais
1 . 44 2 . 40
. 90 1 . 35 1 . 08 1 . 62 2 .70
100 1 . 00 1 . 50 1 . 20 1 . 80 2 . 00 3 . 00
101 110 1 . 10 1 . 65 1 . 32 1 . 98 2 . 20 3 . 30
111 120 3 . 60
1 . 20 1 . 80 1 . 44 2 . 16
121 2 . 34
13
130 1 . 30 1 . 56 2 .60 3 . 90
140 1 . 40 1 .68
141 " 150 1 . 80
151 1 .60 . 80
1 . 92
161 5 .2 2 . 04 5 . 10
171 180 1 . 80 2 . 16 5 .40
181 · 190 1 . 90 2 . 85 3 . 80 5 . 70
* * *
2 . 28
191 « 200 2 .00 3 . 00 2 .40 3 .60 4 . 00 6 .00
Night Messages. to allow those telephone subscribers whose

local telegraph office is closed for the
Night messages are accepted at the follow night to call up "Central" and be placed in
ing rates. communication with the nearest open tele
graph office. If the service of the Western
NIGHT MESSAGE KATES. Union Co. is desired it is only necessary to
Where the The Night say " Western Union." The Postal Telegraph
Day Rate is Kate is Co. must be asked for by name also. This
20—1 20—1 arrangement mokes every telephone sub
scribers' station an always open telegraph
25—2 25—1 office.
30—2 25—1
35—2 ' 25—1 Money by Telegraph.
40—3 30—2
50—3 40—3 All telegraph companies accept orders, both
60-4 50—3 domestic and foreign, for immediate transfer
65-4 50—3 of money by telegraph and cable. It is some
75—5 50—3 times imperative to obtain large or small sums
75—5 60—4 at the shortest possible moment, certainly
75—5 75—5 within twenty-four hours. Formerly this
85—6 60—4 branch of the business was in the hands of
85—6 85—6 bankers, but now the cable companies and
90—6 60—4 telegraph companies are able to pay money
1.00—7 75—5 in places all over the world. The organisa
1.00—7 1.00—7 tion of telegraph and cable companies is a
1.15—8 1.00—7 most complicated one, and there are many
1.25—S 1.00—7 factors which control the rates.
1 25—8 1.25—8 Reduced charges for the transfer of money
by telegraph to offices in the United States
Night Letters or "Lettergrams." are as follows:
Both of the large telegraph companies have First: For $25.00 or less 25c
inaugurated the night service which has been 25 .01 upu to" $50
50.01 .00
75.00 35c
60c
highly useful to the public, and which serves
to utilize lines at night which would otherwise 75.01 " " 100.00 85c
be idle. For amounts above $100.00 add (to the
, Night letters may be accepted for all offices $100.00 rate) 25c per hundred (or any part of
in the United States and Canada, and also $100.00) up to $3,000.00. For amounts
including manyfortelephone points.of fifty words above $3,000.00 add (to the $3,000.00 rate)
The charge night letters 20c per hundred (or any part of $100.00.)
°' less will be the regular day rate for ten Second: To the above charges are to be
words, and one-fifth (Mi) of this rate will be added the tolls for a fifteen-word day message
charged for each additional ten words or less. from the office of deposit to the office of pay
Night letters must be written in plain ment.
Knglish. Code or cipher is not permitted.
Night letters should be written on special Miscellaneous Service.
night letter blanks. Night letters will be
delivered as early as convenient the next Persons who wish to be notified of the ar
morning. rival of steamers can make arrangements with
The instructions that night letters must be the two telegraph companies to notify them
written in "plain English language" do not of the arrival. The companies maintain
disqualify words of an artificial character signal stations at Fire Island, The Highlands,
•^presenting trade names or terms, trade and Sandy Hook: also at (Quarantine, for the
designations of cotton shipments, brands or purpose of reporting and sighting the arrival
grades of flour, and other manufactured pro of steamers from foreign ports. To those who
ducts. Trade names and trade designations live in New York, or in nearby towns and
are accepted without question, provided they cities, the notice will be received in ample
<W used in their natural tense, and are nut time to reach the dock by the time the steamer
used to convey a hidden meaning as code or warps in. The service for New York, New
îpher words do. For example, 1 lie expression Jersey and Hoboken is $1.00. Parties in
l-needa" is the name of a product of a other places who are interested in incoming
biscuit company. ■ "XXX" is used to express steamers can be notified by paying this fee of
a_ certain brand or grade of flour. "FHC," $1.00, plus the usual telegraph tolls for the
AFC," " HLPH," represent cotton shippers' ordinary ten-word message. For places not
brands. adjacent to New York, the notice conveys the
Day Letters. intelligence of the near approach of home-com
The day letter service, offeree! only by the ing steamers.
"estern Union Telegraph Co., is similar in all
respects to the night letter service excel t that A cable between Syracuse and Tripoli was
delivery is made the same day, subject only completed in July, 1912. It has a total
tp such delay as is involved in the subordina- length of 280 nautical miles, and is composed
lloo of the message to full paid traffic, and of five sections of different diameters. Tha
«H tariff for fifty words or less is one and one middle portion measures 10 mm., the two
half times the regular day rate for ten words. intermediate lengths 28 mm., and tho*
The combined telegraph and telephone adjacent to the coast 35 mm.
*rvice ia proving very useful. The plan is
TOLLS ON MESSAGES OF FROM 10 TO 50 WORDS.
No. of Rate | Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate | Rate | Rate Rate | Rate
Words. 20 - 1 25 - 1 25 - 2 30 - 2 35 -2 40 - 3 50 -360 4- 75 - 5 100 -7
100
107
114
121
123
100 135
105 142
110 149
115 156
120 163
100 125
104 130
108
112 140
116 145
120 150 205

121 155 212
101 128 160 219
104 132 165
226
2
107 136 170 33
100 110 140 175 240
103 113 144 180 247
106 1 116 148 185 254
109 119 152 190 261
112 122 156 195 268
115 125 160 200 275

118 128 164 205 282
121 131 168 210 289
134 172 215 296
127 137 176 220 303
140 180 225 310
143 184 230 317
146 188 235 324
139 149 192 240 331
142 152 196 245 338
100 145 155 200 250 345
102 107 148 158 204 255 352
104 109 151 208 260 359
101 106 111
113
154
155. 212 265 366
103 108 115
216 270 373
105 110 220 275 380
L
NEW
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USTRAL
3
WORLD
CABLE
LINES
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OF
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1912 ounn
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SUBMARINE CABLES.
SUMMARY OF CABLES OWNED BY GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS
Number Length in Nautical .Miles

of Cables
Country. with one|
or more Of Cables.
cores.
Argentine Republic . 22 84.000
Austria 83 681.300
Bahamas 1 211.000
Belgium 4' 100.900
Brazil . :so 44.441
British Guiana 8 23.000
British India. Indo-European Telegraph Depart
ment Government Administration 157 1,988.652
Bulgaria (Widdin Cabin) 1 0.538
Canada :>i 258.000
Ceylon and India (Joint) 2 60.000
Chin 3< 955.400
Denmark (Telegraphs and Telephones) 142' 540.779'
France and Algeria 49' 2,596.070
France (Principal International and French
Colonial Cables) 16 8,479.839
nch) Dahomey and Dependencies 1.078
97' 2.946.631
Great Britain and Ireland 220 H 2,720.160
Greece 13 59.702
Holland 32 241.543
Inter-Colonial System 6 9.279.000
Italy 5(1 1.431.708
Japan 120 3.773.765
Mexico 6 357.698
Netherlands (Indies) 17 2,741.900
New South Wales 239 73.996
New Zealand .'if, 367.502
Norway 8()t> ' 1,376.579
Portugal 4 115.050
Queensland 22 53.510
Roumania 177.000
Russia in Europe, and the Caucasus 21 892.300
Russia in Asia 1 18.151
South Australia 3 54.000
Spain 2.", 3,129.813
Sweden 26 196.496
Switzerland 2 10.685
Tasmania 4 4.500
Tunis 4.312
Turkey in Europe and Asia 24 460.844
Union of South Africa 2 6.614
Uruguay 5 8.954
Victoria 3 380.995
Western Australia 3 13.550
2,457 H 46.927.955
'Including half of cables owned Jointly with other Administrations.
Iceland, with 13 cables of 17 nautical miles and 28 miles of conductors,
miles of subBuvial cable. "Exclusive of several small river cables.
In 1866 tho Western Union Telegraph Co. miles of line, 1,532,161.40 miles of wire a
had only 37,380 mile's of line, and 75,686 25.392 offices. There were 84,901.657 mes
miles of wire. The same year they had only sages sent, not including those over leased
2,250 offices. The next year the number of wires or under railroad contracts. The re
offices had increased to 2.565, and 5,879.282 ceipts amounted to 842,987,807.15 and the
messages were transmitted. For the year expenses were $36,063,836.10. The profits
ending June 30, 1912, there were 235,807 were $0,923,971.05.
SUMMARY OF CABLES OWNED BY PRIVATE COMPANIES.
Number Length
of Cables of Cables
with one in
or more Nautical
cores. Miles.
African Direct Telegraph Company 0 :i.02G
Amazon Telegraph Company 19 1 .304
Anglo-American Telegraph Company 18 9.548
1 anadian Pacific Railroad Company 10 102 M
i 'ralrai and South American Telegraph Company 21 11,793
I 'ommercial Cable Company 15 17.274
Commercial Pacific 6 10.010
ommercial Cable Company of Cuba 1 1,285
I .impagnie Francaise ties Cables Teiegraphiques 24 11.430
' aba Submarine Telegraph Company 12 1 1,540
Iwutsch Atlantischc Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 5 9,661
Deutsch-Niederlandische Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 3 3,416
Deutsch Sudaraerikanische Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 3 5.811
Kircct Spanish Telegraph Company 3 710
Direct United States Cable Company 3 3.171
Direct West India Cable Company 2 1.276
Eastern Telegraph Company . ... . .... •■• 137 43.012
Eastern Extension. Australasia and China Telegraph Company 31 24,783
Eastern and South African Telegraph Company 18 10.517
Europe and Azores Telegraph Company 2 1,057
threat Northern Telegraph Company 29 8,039
Halifax and Bermudas Cable Company 1 851
Indo-European Telegraph Company 3 21
Mexican Telegraph Company 3 ' 2,188
Osteuropalsohe Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 1 185
River Plate Telegraph Company 4 220
*jutb American Cable Company 5 3,916
United States and Haytl Telegraph and Cable Company 1 1.415
Wat African Telegraph Company 8 1,471
West Coast of America Telegraph Company 7 1.973
West India and Panama Telegraph Company 22 4.355
Western Telegraph Company1 45 23,837
Wi-stwn Union Telegraph Company 9 10.796
Total 4SIJ 230,053 X
A new Western Union cable, 4,200 miles long, was laid in 1911, and is not included
in above.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Number Length
of Cables of Cables
with one in
or more Nautical
cores. Miles.
Government Administrations 2.457 61.083 V,

Private Companies 480 H 230,053 yt
Total 2.937 Yi 291,137
Partly extracted from the Official Documents issued by the Internationa Bureau of
TVlfgraphic Administrations, Berne.—Electrical Trades Directory.
This table and that showing "Land Lines of tho World" are the best obtainable, but
arc not believed to be free from error.
York
eo
A
To k
New
TEX
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Yor
Beaumont
T
Aurin
brente
ist Aug WEST INDIES ,
X
Antop
Orleans
ta
Waveste w
Cedar Ceme u MEX100 , CEN , AMERICA
w
AND NORTHERN PART OF
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NOBI PACIFIC OCEAN
TELEGRAPH SYSTEM IN
ALASKA
RULES FOR CABLE MESSAGES.

1. Every message must be prepaid, un CIPHER MESSAGES.
less otherwise specially authorized, and all 10. In cipher messages, which may be
words in the address, text and signature are composed of groups of figures or of groups
counted and charged for. No charge is made
for the transmission of the name of the of of
letters, the groups are counted at the rate
five figures or letters, or fraction thereof, to
rigmating office. a word.
ADDRESSES. COUNTING OF WORDS, ETC.
2. In the address of any message, the name 11. Every isolated figure, letter or char
of the office of destination, the name of the acter counts as one word.
country and the name of the territorial sub 12. Words joined by a hyphen or separated
division are each counted as one word, no by an apostrophe are counted as so many
matter how many letters are employed. separate words.
3. The address of every message must con- 13. Signs of punctuation, hyphens and
fist of at least two words, the first indicating apostrophes are not counted or sent except
the name of the receiver and the second the upon formal demand of the sender, in which
name of the office of destination. case they will be charged for as one word each.
4. The sender is responsible for an incor- 14. When the letters "ch" come together
ftet or insufficient address. Corrections and in the spelling of a word, they are counted as
alterations can only be made by a paid service one letter. In artificial words, however, the
combination is counted as'two letters.
( 5. ^JoNo message can be accepted (except at 15. Abbreviated and' misspelled words
'Sender's Risk ) when addressed to the care and illegitimate compound words and words
of a registered address unless the words "care" combined in a manner contrary to the usages
or "care of," or their equivalent, be placed of any of the languages authorized by Rule 9,
between the addressee's name, or destination, also unpronounceable groups of letters (not
and the registered address; thus a message trade-marks or marks of commerce), are in
for "Meyer, Berlin," to be delivered to the admissible, but if they should accidentally
festered address "Dervish, Berlin," should appear in a message the unpronounceable
fc* addressed "Meyer, care (or 'care of) groups will be counted at the rate of five
Dervish. Berlin." letters, or fraction of five letters, as one word,
6. If an indication of any particular route and the others, in accordance with the number
be given by the sender and considered of words they actually contain.
sreessary by the company, it will be for 16. Inverted commas, the two signs of the
warded free; such indication, when given, parenthesis and each separate figure, letter
must be transmitted immediately after the or underline will be counted as one word.
address: that is, as a part of the address, and Groups of figures will be counted and charged
More the text of the message. for at the rate of five figures, or fraction
7. Messages destined for places beyond thereof, as one word.
the lines of telegraph must contain in 17. Decimal points and commas, used in
structions as to the name of the place from the formation of numbers, also bars of
*hich they are to be posted. Such instruc division and letters added to figures to form
tions must be inserted as a part of the address, ordinal numbers, arc to be counted as a figure,
nd must be paid for. and charged for at the rate of five figures, or
fraction thereof, as one word.
PLAIN MESSAGES. 18. The following examples will determine
8. Plain messages (a. c, neither Code nor in the interpretation of the rules to be followed
Cipher) may be written in any language that counting:
£&a be expressed in Roman letters. In such ■Sft) ST
-j w
raesaages each word of fifteen letters or less
k counted as a word, and words of over fifteen 9) a -it
letters are counted at the rate of fifteen 5^1 .
letters or fractions of fifteen letters to a word. Alright 2
Unconstitutional t Ht letters!.. '2.
CODE MESSAGES. A-t-il 3
9. Code messages may contain words Aujourdhul Aujourd'hui
1
2
belonging to one or more of the following
'^jfuages: .English, French, German, Italian, Newyork 1
L*utch, Portuguese, Spanish and Latin. The New York
Frankfort Main
2
2
use of words of other languages is not allowed. Fraukfurtmaln
Code messages may also contain artificial Starokonstantinow (Town in X
words—that is, groups of letters so combined Russia) 2
to be pronounceable in at least one of the Emmlngen Wurteniberg 2
♦'ifcht admitted languages. In code messages Van de Brande 3
âch code word (whether genuine or artificial)
of ten letters or less is counted as a word, ami Vandebrande
Dubois
1
1
°o code word of more than ten letters can be
3,,pepted. If any words in plain language, I)u Bols 2
Hyde Turk
and of more than ten letters each, are used lljdepark (contrary to usage of 2
in code messages, they are counted at the
r^te of ten letters or fraction of ten letters the language) 2
to a word. (Continued on page 293.)
(Continued from page 291) The charge for a telegraphic "acknowledg

© _ SB ment of receipt" is equal to that for a message
of five words to same destination by same
route.
&H
Saiotjames Street 2 PREPAID REPLIES.
Saint James Street 3 23. The sender of a message may pay for
44% (4 figures and sign) 1 a reply thereto, but he must decide as to the
444,55 (5 figures and sign) 2 length of the reply paid for. The indications
1100 2 ' ' R. P." (meaning Reply Paid), together with
Onebundred dollars 2 the number of words prepaid, must be in
10 fr. 50 3 serted immediately before the address, that
lib 30 3 is. as a part of the address, and is charged
44 1 for. The indication "R. P. 5," "R. P. 10,"
44/2 1 "R. P. 14," etc., counts as one word.
n i . When accepting a message for which a
Two hundred and thirty four.. 5 reply has been prejxiid, the originating office
Twohundredandthirtyfour (23 will collect, in addition to the charges there
letters) 2 for, the full chargas for the reply as indicated.
State of Maryland (name of The sender of such a message should under
ship) 3 stand that the toll paid for the reply is not a
Stateofmarvland (name of ship) 1 deposit, but is practically a remittance to his
F.mvchf (6 letters) 2 correspondent, to whom the foreign telegraph
<h 23 (trade mart) 1 administrations deliver with the message a
voucher specifying the amount and number
of words paid for, which voucher entitles
him to send free of charge, within the limits
of the amount prepaid, a telegram to any
destination whatever, and from any office
of the administration whose office issued the
C. H.business
F. 45 Is urgent, start at2 once voucher.
The
1 7 words and 2 underlines) ^5 TABLE OF CABLE WORD RATES.
Send reply (If any) by mail (6 words Following is a brief list of rates to some of
and parentheses) 7 the principal countries. The rate, of course,
Explain "reversal" (2 words and varies according to the location of the city or
inverted commas 3 town in the United States. Thus, the rate
from New York City to the Argentine Republic
REPETITIONS. is 65 cents a word, while the rate from Mexico
would be 74 cents a word. It is not feasible
19. At the time of filing a message its to give the rates from all of the states, as this
f*nder may. upon payment of a Quarter rate can be readily obtained from the rate books
<Q addition to the ordinary tolls, order it of telegraph companies. The following rates
"Treated, in which case the various relay give the cost per word from New York City;
"Aires en route repeat it to each other as it
passes. The words "repetition paid," or Argentine Republic $0.65
the indication "T. C," must be inserted Australia and New Zealand 66
nilmediately after the address; that is, as a Austria 32
part of the address and before the text, and Barbados 91
■ -"hargexl for. "T. C." counts as one word. Belgium 25
The indication British Guiana 1.08
20. If repetition of a doubtful word or Chili 65
■"finis be requested by the addressee of a China,
m***»age, the same may be procured bv free Macao 1.27
service message to the office at which, the Other places 1.22
mev&ge reached the lines, or to the Cable Cuba, Havana .15
Department, Cuba, other cities .20
21. Every New York.exchanged between Denmark 35
message
two telegraph offices to rectify a mistake of England 25
uV sender is charged for at full rates. France 25
Germany 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF UECEIPT. Greece 36
Holland 25
22. The sender may request that notice of Honolulu 47
the date and time at which his message is Hungary 32
delivered to the addressee, or. when posted to India 74
destination, the date and time handed to the Ireland 25
Pwt Office, be transmitted to him by telegraph Italy 31
or Postal Card. The words " acknowledg Jamaica 48
ment paid," or the indication "P. C." if Japan 1.33
ootice is to be given by telegraph, or " P. C. P. ," Norway 35
if notice is to be given by Postal Card, besides Panama Republic • .40
being transmitted in the check free, must be Peru
Philippines (Manila) J. 65
12
inserted immediately after the address, and is
charged for. The indications "P. C." and Porto Rico
Portugal — 50
3<l
"P. C, P." count each as one word.
Russia in Europe $0.43 The term "deferred rate" should not 1
Scotland r 25 used in connection with Cable Letters.
Spain, Prov. of Barcelona, Gerona,
Lerida and Tarragona 38 DEFERRED CABLE SERVICE
Spain, other offices 40
Sweden 38 Commencing January 1, 1912, a deferri
Switzerland 30 cable service was inaugurated subject to i
Turkey in Europe 36 the rules and regulations of the regular ca.b
I ' ruguay 65 Bervice with the following exceptions:
Wales 25 1. Messages must be in plain languas
The rate from New York City to Great either French or the language of country
Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Belgium origin or destination authorised for inte
and Holland is 25 cents a word. The rate in national correspondence. The use of two <
very few cases is increased more than 31 more languages in the same message is n
cents a word from inland places, except such permitted.
states, etc., as A rizona, British Columbia, 2. All numbers except those used in a>
California, Idaho, Nevada,' Oregon, Utah and dress must be written in words at full lengt!
Washington, where the rate is 37 cents per 3. The messages must contain at least or
word. Arkansas, Colorado, most places in text word.
Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Manitoba, 4. Senders must in every case write befo
Minnesota, Missouri (other than St. Louis and the address and pay for as one word tl
a few other places), Montana, Nebraska, New letters LCF, LCO or LCD, as in the natu;
Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South of a declaration that the communication is ;
Dakota, Texas and Wyoming have a rate of the French language or the language •
34 cents a word. The rate from all the other country of origin or destination as case ma
states is 31 cents or less. be.
There are many places, particularly in
Eastern, Northern and Southern Africa, 5. Messages are liable to be deferred i
which,are very difficult to reach by cable and favor of those paid for at full rates, for a peric
the rate is very high, amounting in some cases not exceeding 24 hours. If delayed beyon
to as much as $4.86 per word. Any telegraph that time they take their turn with full pai
cable office will be glad to give specific infor traffic.
mation relative to such rates. The cable 6. Rate charged for deferred cables is on
rates to the West Indies in some cases are very half the rate charged for full paid cabI*
high, as for instance, Santo Domingo and between the same terminals except betwe*
Curacao to which the rates are $1.32 and points in Great Britain and Ireland on the oi
$1.38 per word respectively from New York. hand and in the United States and Canada c
The rates to South America are apt to be very the other, when the deferred rate is 3J cen
high, particularly to Peru. The rate to less than half the regular rate from Hobokt
Bermuda from New York City is 42 cents per and Jersey City, N. J., New York City at
word; to Turk's Island, 56 cents per word. Yonkers, N. Y., Eastern Canada and Ne
CABLE LETTERS. England States 3 cents lesB than half ra
Cable Letters, accepted at any hour, are from other places.
taken at the low rate of 75 cents for 12 words Aden, Arabia. Tientsin.
and 5 cents for each additional word plus Algeria. Tsingtau.
small additional charges beyond the cable Angola. Weihaiwei.
stations and points of original destination. Argentine Republic. Cochin China.
They must be written in plain language of the Ascension Island. Cooos Island.
country of origin or destination. They are Australia. Cyprus.
deliverable at toe convenience of the company Austria. Dahomey.
within 24 hours of the time of filing. Because Azores. Denmark.
of the additional charges beyond these places Balearic Islands. Egypt.
all Cable Letters not destined to London or Bathurst, British W. Fanning Islands.
Liverpool will be mailed beyond London un Africa. Fiji Islands.
less otherwise arranged by sender. Belgium. France.
If destined to points in Great Britain other Belgian Congo. French Guinea.
than London or Liverpool the added charge Borneo (British). French Indo China.
for telegraphic delivery will be 12 cents for Brazil. French West Africa.
12 words or less, cable count, and 1 cent for British East Africa French Soudan.
each additional word. If sent by telegraph and Uganda. Mauretania.
to France the added charge will be lY^ cents Burman. Senegal.
per word, cable count; to Germany 9 cents Canary Islands. Germany.
per word, cable count; to Holland and Bel Cape Colony. German East A fric
gium 5 cents per word, cable count, and so on. Cape Verde Island. (except Bismarck-
Plain English, or Anglicized foreign words Ceylon. burg and Udjidji.)
in common use such as Chauffeur, Au revoir, Chile. Gibraltar.
etc., as used in a plain English message, may China: Gold Coast, Africa.
be accepted. No code words except those in Amoy. Great Britain and Ire
registered addresses will be allowed. Chefoo. land.
Figures may be used in their natural sense Foochow. Greece.
in Cable Letters, and are counted as in regular Hankow.
cable messages. Hong Kong. • Holland. Portuguese
Guinea
The indication " R. P." including the num Macao. Hungary.
ber of words prepaid is counted and charged Pekin. Iceland.
for as one word. Shanghai. India (British).
Indo China. Rhodesia Northern THE FIRST ATLANTIC CABLE.

Italy. (except Abercom, August 5th of 1908 was the fiftieth anni
Ivory Coast. Fife, Rhodesia and
Labuan Island. Fort Jameson). versary of the Atlantic Cable, that being the
Luxemburg. Rhodesia. day of the month in 1858 on which—contrary
Madagascar. (Southern). to authoritative opinion—the engineer of one
Madeira Is. Rodrigues Island. of the greatest achievements of the nineteenth
Malta. St. Helena Island. century completed the laying of the submarine
Mauritius Island. St. Thomas Island. line between Ireland and Newfoundland, the
Morocoo (except Casa- Senegal. length being over two thousand miles, and
b]anca, Mogador Scrvia. the depth nearly three miles for the greater
and Rabat). Seychelles. part of the distance. The projectors were Mr-
New Zealand. Sierra Leone. John Watkins Bright, Mr. (afterwards Sir
Nigeria. Somaliland (British).
Norfolk Island. South African Union. 'Charles) Bright and Mr. Cyrus West Field.
Norway. Spain. Mr. Bright was also the engineer-in-chief
Obok. Straits Settlements of the undertaking, and he received the honor
Orange River Colony. (Velantan excepted) of knighthood in recognition of his services
Paraguay. and Malay States. to the country in connection therewith, ct
Perim Island. Sudan. the unprecedented age of 26.
Peru. Sweden. Electrical theories were, however, mistaken
Portugal. Switzerland. at that time, and the electricians applied far
Portuguese East Tasmania. too much power for the transmission of signals
Africa Transvaal. the result being that the insulation suffered
Portuguese West Tunis. by degrees, until after three months' useful
Africa Uruguay. work the cable gradually succumbed.
Prinripe Island. Zanzibar. After a number of cables had been laid by
Reunion Island. * Sir Charles Bright, Mr. H. C. Forde, Sir Wil
WEEK END LETTERS liam Siemens and others to India, Gibraltar.
Alexandria, &c, another Atlantic Cable ex
Week End Letters filed before midnight pedition started in 1865. This was the first
Saturday are deliverable the following Monday line that was laid by the manufacturers of the
morning. The rate is $1.15 for 24 words and cable, these contractors being the Telegraph
5 cents for each additional word, plus small Construction and Maintenance Company, with
additional charges between the cable stations Mr. (afterward Sir Samuel) Canning for their
and points of destination. Week end letters chief engineer, whilst Sir Charles Bright and
must be written in plain language of the Mr. Latimer Clark acted as consulting en
country of origin or destination. gineers to the proprietors. Notwithstand
All Week End Letters not destined to ing the extra knowledge and experience gained
London or Liverpool will be mailed beyond in regard to the subject generally, this ex
London unless otherwise arranged by .sender. pedition met with as many mishaps as the
If destined to points in Great Britain other first expedition of 1857; but in 1866—as
than London or Liverpool the added charge for in 1858—the same arrangements ultimately
telegraphic delivery will be as given under achieved success, since which the construction,
"Cable Letters," same rules also apply for laying, and working of submarine telegraphs
words, etc. lias passed from the pioneer stage to that of
A nine-won! message has been despatched ordinary routine.
from n newspaper office in New York back to The engineering methods were similar to
the starting point, the lapse of time being those adopted eight years previously; but the
exactly sixteen and one-half minutes. The line proved a lasting success, owing to the
message traveled via Honolulu, Manila, Hong advances made in electrical science and in the
Kong. Singapore, Bombay, Suez, Gibraltar practical working of cables. On the electrical
and the Azores. side, in addition of the late Lord Kelvin, the
names of Varley and Willoughby Smith must
The first telegraph line in the United always be honorably associated with the
States was opened for business in 1844; the subject, and the late Sir John Pender did more
telephone was introduced in 1876 by Prof. than any man for the commercial develop
A. G. Bell. ment of submarine telegraphy.
THE CABLE ALPHABET.
The cut above shows the Morse Code as recorded by a syphon recorder. Syphon recorder?
are used for receiving cable messages. It will be observed thnt the spaces are represented by
horizontal lines, dots by loops above the space lines, and dashes by loops below the space lines.
CARIBBEAN Ma
caour
AT
D( arroquill. etteri
TRI
e NIDAD
Via
l
Via ibhas
San
Fernando
CON
29
Cad C
ie U uto A onde
abuco
z oE LAD
D0 yrbiWrio canderbo
Olse 1000TA . Qui Cayennya
AFRICA AND
D'ventus
CABLES TO INDIA
AND SO .AMERICA
Popayan
4
S'DOLOMBIA
O
I
I Quito ve
Guyaquil Obidos
Dakar
EJECUADO
e
0
Elena Manaosa up et
r Maranham
Isores
Cours
lengo
Ratbuat ✓
Gu Cam
о
Therezina
Roberra Leone
с
RG .Baxsam
Boneka Kankan
в
Cams
Pernambuco
4
A
BRAZIL
Timbuctos
x
St. Thomas
Cachoeira
TOT
merrin
dalagos
Cu Detalii
_ yaba
SLOVO
Coyez
runo
Laan
Jandaria
Bonny
Paz
Dela
Bengucky
Pst.Relena Mousamedes
Principe
Swakopmund 's
tondan BOLIVIA
Arica
Poole
Saya
Dlamayu
Libro vilo
Sucre
DA
NoCameroons
Cape Town
Cotagaita
Malang
robot
Quinca
KimberlyV
Vindbuk
Oy
Mafekiny
non
Chibia
PARA
SOUDAIN
Colesby
Shtatorásage Brun Santa
FRÍO
de
Jo
Janeiro
T
Salisbury
Mosski Day
Mar
Si ia
Vietoriad
bili bopdonssyO'S
P
L . Vie Wy
Paldera - iagras
SOUTH
Blanty
Karongaa
Vis a
Collta catherida
I
Pretorit
Port Elizabeth
UZUL
A PACIFIC
an
C
Ohannex
INELOruguyang
Massowah
O
O
Souakin W
(Lour
A
" . Palesthuys
Morambique
pouto
S
T laManínu
km7
lagoa Bay
Lourcnco
Obok
e opport ora.s
Ancuso L
Lilou Sul
Pro
do
Gande
Valparais YR
.Quarte Paysayti
wit
Aalind
nzibar
enco Marq
orana
R68
. afael Woordopeda
Mami
Assaba deo
ENSOS
ues
BU
es Salaam
AYRE XOVETTO
TalcahuandChillan REPUBLIC
ARABIA
C
s
dores
Ceceptioni Norquin Eve
Bijunga
E
Blancas
Bahia Rocochea
A
:
Anion
Negro
Rio
Ouren
SAIPIDA
X
s
Seychelles
SOUTH
AMERICA
Mauritius
INDIAN
65
Chubut
harga
297
298 . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
- - -
" SAVE " " OUR " " SOULS "

WIRELESS ROOM OF U . S . REVENUE CUTTER " GRESHAM ."
CHAPTER X.
Li1
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
s
Wireless telegraphy is, in theory, closely are now ordinarily produced by a dynamo and
ilfied to heliography, or signaling with flashes a step-up transformer except for telegraphing
electricallyThe
"flight. andlight used, however,
to the isnaked
produced over short distances. But even with these
Ls invisible eye, changes we would not be able to telegraph
:*ing to the fact that it is made up of very over any appreciable distance if dependent
Sag waves, called Hertzian waves, which vi upon the Hertz resonator for receiving a mes
brate too slowly to affect the retina. The eye sage, for, owing to the fact that the waves
'an onlv discern waves which make from spread out in all directions from the trans
1.000 billions to 7,000 billions vibrations per mitting antenna, the receiving antenna is
nmrate. However, the Hertzian ray resem-
'■tes light in that it can be reflected by a acted upon by a very small proportion of the
power expended by the transmitter, and this
metallic plate and can be refracted by a prism proportion decreases very rapidly as the dis
of pitch, can be brought to a focus with a tance between the transmitter and the receiver
îteh lens, and may be polarized. Owing to increases. In order then to detect the rays
the great length of the Hertzian waves, almost at long distances, a very sensitive instrument
nil tubstances are transparent to them. The called the "coherer" has been invented. The
Hertzian waves were discovered by Professor coherer in its usual form consists of a glass
rleiprich Hertz, a young German philosopher, tube with two metal pistons fitted therein be
Siring hU experiments with the spark dis- tween which a quantity of nickel filings is
harge
■il in of
1884!Leyden jars and of the Ruhmkorff placed. The latter forms an imperfect elec
and 1887. trical contact between the pistons, and takes
He found that when a spark leaped the gap the place of the spark gap in the receiving
jftween the terminals, electric oscillations antenna. When the oscillations are set up in
took place in these terminals which set up the antenna by the Hertzian waves, due to
magnetic w:iv»m in the surrounding space, their high pressure or voltage, they break
^pable in turn of setting up similar oseilla- through the imperfect contact of the coherer,
'nas in any adjacent conductor lying at an causing the filings therein to cohere or. string
ogle to them. The waves were detected by together and thus produce a much better
i-inga " resonator," which was merely a circle electric path through the coherer. The action
Of ft rectangle of copper wire formed with a is microscopic anil cannot be detected with
zap in one side. When the induction coil was the naked eye. However, the coherer, aside
■n Operation and the resonator coil was held from being a part of the antenna circuit, is
near the coil, a tiny stream of sparks would also made a part of a local battery circuit,
l**p across the resonator gap. To better which contains a telegraph receiver, and when
• mderstand
sample twothis phenomenon
vertical rods in atake
poolasofa water
crude ever the electric oscillations open a good path
through the filings for the local circuit, the
uxi on each a float free to slide vertically on telegraph instrument will be energized by the
the rod. Now, if one of these floats be moved local battery only. In order to break this
'jp and down upon its rod, it produces waves path after the oscillations have ceased, or. in
ia the water just as the electric oscillation other words, to cause the filings to decohere,
produces waves in the ether. These spread they are constantly jarred apart by means of
out in all directions and on reaching the other the "tapper," which is in reality an electric
float cause it to oscillate up and down, just bell with the gong removed and the clapper
as the magnetic waves produce electric oscilla- striking the coherer tube instead. Carbon
'tons in the resonator. granules may be substituted for metallic fil
Without going into a detailed history of ings, and in this case no tapper Ls necessary,
the development of wireless telegraphy from the coherer being self-restoring.
Hertz's experiments, it may be stated that In transmitting messages a telegraph key
the essential difference between the apparatus in the primary circuit of the induction coil is
med by Hertz in his experiments and the operated according to the usual Morse code,
"*veral systems now commonly in use lies in and this causes sparks to leap the spark gap
'he receiver. The transmitter is practically at corresponding intervals. These signals will
the same. A vertical wire called the antenna then be transmitted by the Hertzian waves to
■ connected to one terminal of the coil, and the receiving station, where they will be re
the other terminal is connected with the earth, corded by the telegraph receiver. The co
the purpose- being to increase the electrical herer is not by any means the only wave de
rapacity of the terminal rods and produce tector in use. Every wireless telegraph com
larger waves. Instead of producing the oscil pany has one or more different types of
lations by means of an induction coil, they detectors. s
20!)
The Dover -Calais and Folkestone-Boulogne 62 cents ; to any part of France , Germany or
turbine steamers have been equipped with the Belgium , 9 cents a word ; to Switzerland, Italy
Marconi wireless apparatus. The expense for and Austria , 10 cents a word , and to Denmark ,
telegrams from the ship to any part of Eng Sweden and Norway , 11 cents a word , with 3
land is 6 cents, with a minimum charge of minimum charge in each case of 75 cents.
NDON
AUSTRIA
AN
T K
W
R E
сн I NA
AP
Caspian
A
Sea
R
A
B
PERSIA
I
A
F
INDIA
PACIFIC
R
BANGALORE
BANGALORE 8
I
c
G
N
ATL
I
S
OCEAN
ANT
Sumatra
OCEA
New Guinea
1 INDIAN
IC
Java
N
Madagascar
PRETORIA OCEAN AUSTRALIA
NEW
Tasmania 83 ZEALAND
Tasmania
ZEALAND
MARCONI WIRELESS STATIONS FOR THE IMPERIAL TELEGRAPH SERVICE .
MARCONI HIGH POWER STATION AT NAVY STATION AT ARLINGTON . V

SOUTH WELLFLEET . MASS . Observed timewill be sent out regularly
(CAPE COD . ) from this station .
WIRELESS STATIONS.
A complete list of wireless telegraph sta have gone down to the bottom without news
tions of the world, including shore stations, of the disaster and with none of the passengers
merchant vessels, revenue cutters and vessels and crew saved, except possibly a few of them
of tne United States Navy, is published peri who escaped by life boats, had it not been for
odically by the Bureau of Steam Engineering this most practical invention. It was two
of the Department of the Navy. The edition days after "La Bourgoync" sank before the
for January 1, 1912, consists of 105 pages. story of the catastrophe became known. The
Copies of this publication can be obtained next interesting use of the wireless was per
from the Superintendent of Documents, haps the detection and arrest of Dr. Crippen
L'nited States Printing Office, Washington. for the crime of murder. There is no more
weird story in the annals of crime than how
I). C, at a cost of 15 cents. The section de the unseen wireless brought Dr. Crippen to
voted to wireless telegraphy in this book as the noose. Stations that were practically un
regards the United States is taken from this known became suddenly vitalized, and to-day
work and is corrected to June 12, 1912. but Cape Sable, Belle Isle, Fame Point and Father
many who would like to have the call letters, Point are household words.
etc. of foreign wireless shore stations, also the On the 14th of April, at 11.4G P. M.. ship's
iâJl letters, etc.. of vessels of the l'nited States time, the "Titanic" struck an iceberg. Within
Navy, the I'nited States Annv, revenue cut fifteen or twenty minutes the Captain visited
ters, and all steamships which are equipped the wireless room and instructed the operator
with wireless, should purchase this inexpen to get assistance. The two calls "C.Q.D."
sive pamphlet. Space forbade the publica ana "S.O.S." began to flash from the aerials,
tion of this list in full. and the message of despair from the sinking
Wireless communication was an established vessel was heard by the " Mount Temple, " the
fact for more than ten years before the ships "Frankfurt" and the " Oarpathia." The Cap
"Republic" and "Florida" collided on Jan tain of the "Carpathia" immediately turned
uary* 23. 1909. The wonderful salvage opera around and succeeded in reaching the "Ti
tion which was only rendered possible by the tanic" after she sank, and rescued a portion
prompt action of the. vessel summoned by of her passengers and crew. Had it not been
wireless called instant attention to the im- for the wireless the probabilities are that very
j of wireless as a safeguard from the few, if any, survivors would have remained to
ers of the sea. The "Republic" might tell the awful tale.
TIA.VTIC OCEAS
WIRELESS STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. A GREAT

CENTER OF WIRELESS ACTIVITY.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH SHORE STATIONS OF THE UNITED

STATES AND CANADA.
Power Wave
Name and Location Call Range in
Letters . Nautical in Length in
Character of
of Station .
Miles. Kilowatts . Meters .
Station .
UNITED STATES.
ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS .
Eastport, Me. . . . 400 - 1 .000 800 - 1 ,500 Commercial.
Portland , Me. . . 1,000 Gov. (Navy ) .
OMITTED
LETTERS
. Gov . (Army) .
SUBJECT
CHANGE
Fort Levitt , Me. . .
HENCE
Portsmouth , N . H . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ).
Amesbury , Mass . . . . . Experimental.
Cambridge, Mass . . . CALL
AND
ARE
ARE Do .
Gov . ( Army)
Fort Andrews, Mass . .
.TO
Brant Rock , Mass . . . . . ariable . Experimental.
Chatham , Mass . . . . . 480 Commercial.
Chelsea , Mass . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental.
Boston , Mass . . . Variable . Do .
Boston , Mass . . . . 1,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Boston , Mass . . . . . . Variable . Experimental.
Cape Cod , Mass . . . . 1 ,000 Do.
Cape Cod , South We . . . . . Commercial.
Cape Cod , Mass . . . 1 ,500 Do .
Siasconsett , Mass . . . 350 Do.
400 - 1. 000 5501 Do .
Quincy , Mass . . . . . . Private .
Quincy , Mass. . .
Nantucket Shoals Lightship 400 Gov . (Navy ) .
Newport , R . I . . , 000 Do.
Providence , RI. . Commercial
Point Judith , R . I . 325 Do .
Block Island , R . I. . . . . 280 Private .
New London , Conn . 480 Do .
Sea Gate , N . Y . . . 350 Do .
Sagaponack , N . Y . . . 350 Do .
Fire Island , N . Y . . 1,000 Gov. (Navy ).
N . Y . (42 Broadway) . -500 350 – 1 ,000 Commercial.
N . Y . (111 Broadway ) . 425 Do.
N . Y . (Wanamaker 's ) . Private .
N . Y . (Herald , Battery ) . . . 640 Do.
N . Y .. . . . 3 ,000 Experimental.
v
Brooklyn
a
t Ho od, N . Y h. i 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
eFort Ve
H . G ". Wright, N. Y . Gov . (Army) .
Do .
Fort Tottenc,V N . Y . .
o, N . Y . . . .
Fort Wood Do.
c
Fort Hancock , N . J.. Do.
Atlantic City , N . J . . 300 - 600 Do.
Cape May, N . J . . . . Do .
Camden ,NJ. . . 150 -500 550 Do .
Philadelphia , Pa .
maker ' s ) . . . ... Private .
Philadelphia , Pa . ( Bellevue
Stratford ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 550 Commercial.
Philadelphia , Pa . . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Cape Henlopen , Del. 1 ,000 Do .
Sparrows Point, Md. . 750 Commercial.
Annapolls , Md. . . . . 1 .000 Gov . (Navy ) ,
Washington , D . C . . . 1 .000 Do .
Washington , D . C . . Experimental.
Washington , D . (Mills
Building ) . . Gov . (Army).
Washington , D . C . (Bureau
of Standards) . . . Do .
Arlington , Va . . . Gov . (Navy ).
Fort Monroe, Va. . . Gov . (Army) .
Fort Monroe, Va. . Do
Norfolk , Va . . . 150 ommercial
Norfolk , Va . . . . 1,000 Gov . (Navy) .
"High Power Marconi Station .

? Under construction three large wireless towers.
TELEGRAPH SHORE STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA.—Continued.
Name and I.ocatlon Call Range in Power Wave Character of

of Station. letters. Nautical in Length In
Miles. Kilowatts. Meters. Station.
ATLANTIC AND OULF
coasts—Continued.
Beaufort. N. C S l.OOOGov (Navy).
Diamond Shoals 1 400
Cape Hatteras. N. C. . . . 450-1,000 5 GOO Commercial.
Charleston. S. C 6 1,000 Gov. (Navy).
Frying Pan Shoals 2 400 Do.
Savannah, Oa 150-000 2 450 Commercial.
Jacksonville, Fla 150-300 2 600 Commercial.
E Augustine. Fla qH 2 1,000 Gov. (Navy).
Jupiter. Fla E-> 6 1.000 Do.
Key West. Fla h 25 and 2 1.000-2.000 Gov. (Navy).
Tampa. Fla 500-1,500 5 000 CommerciiML
Pensacola. Fla 7. 5 l.OOOjGov. (Navy).
Mobile. Ala O 2 400 Commercial.
Fort Morgan. Ala 63 100 2 350 Do.
New Orleans, La 300-500 6 5001 Do.
New Orleans. La •<M 700 5 and 25
5
1.750 Private.
1.000 Gov. (Navy).
New Orleans, La H
Burrwood. La 75 m 250 Private.
Grand Island. La O 450-1.000 2 1,000 Commercial.
Port Arthur, Tex y 200 2 450 Do.
Port- Arthur. Tex w Do.
Galveston. Tex 9 200-400, 450 Do.
Fort Sam Houston, Tex.1 a Gov. (Army).
INTERIOR. z
< Do.
Fort Leavenworth, Kans. w
Fort Riley. Kans a Do.
Fort Omaha. Neb z Do.
GREAT LAKES.
Buffalo. N. Y 75 Variable. Commercial.
Erie. Pa Do.
Ashtabula. Ohio o 500 Do.
Cleveland. Ohio P 150 Variable. Do.
Cleveland. Ohio 1,000 Do.
Toledo. Ohio I),,
Detroit. Mich iso Variable. Do.
Detroit. Mich m Variable. Experimental.
Detroit. Mich 5 Variable. Commercial.
Detroit, Mich 00p 5 750 Do.
Port Huron, Mich H in 850 Do.
Bay City. Mich a .". 750 Do.
Saiinaw. Mich < 5 500 Do.
Mackinac Island, Mich. . 100 2 Variable. Do.
Ludfngton. Mich 150 2 Variable. Do.
Harbor Beach. Mich 2 Variable. Do.
Isle Royal. Mich 2 Variable. Do.
Grand Haven. Mich 100 - Variable. Do.
Benton Harbor. Mich.. w►J 100 2 Variable. Do.
Chicago, III. (Hotel) 150-200 2 Variable. Do.
900 Do.
Chicago. HI..
Milwaukee. Wis jj< 200
7Ki
5 Variable. Do.
Manitowoc. "Wis u 150 2 Variable. Do.
Waupaca. Wis 2 Do.
Scandinavia. Wis I Do.
Sault Ste. Marie. Mich. . 250 5 Variable. Do.
Marquette, Mich 7', 900 Do.
Frankfort, Mich 150 2 Variable Do.
Manistique. Mich 150 2■> Variable. Do.
ralumet. Mich 150 Variable. Do.
Duluth. Minn B Variable. Do.
Grand Marais, Minn. . . . 150 2 Variable. Do.
"Projected.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPIT SHORE STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND

CANADA. - Continued.
Range in Power Wave

Name and Location Call in | Character of
Letters. Nautical Length in Station
of Station .
Miles . Kilowatts . Meters .
-NNOWN erering
PACIFIC COAST .
Friday Harbor, Wash . Commercial
Scattle , Wash . . . . . 1 ,500 Do .
Do .
mororerer
Seattle , Wash . . . . . 5001
NNOIN
Seattle , Wash . . . . . . Private .
Roche Harbor, Wash . . . . Do.
OMITTED
LETTERS
SUBJECT
CHANGE
Bremerton , Wash . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ).
in
HENCE
Tacoma , Wash . . . . . . . .. . . 400 Commercial.
cON
Tatoosh Island , Wash . . . . . 1 , 000 Gov . (Navy ).
CALL
AND
ARE
North Head , llwaco , Wash . . 1 ,000 Do .
Fort Worden , Wash . . . . . . . .
TO
. . Gov . (Army).
Astoria , Oreg . . . . . . . . 425 Commercial.
Marshfield , Oreg . . . . . . . Do.
Fort Stevens, Oreg . . . , Do.
Cape Blanco , Denmark 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Eureka , Cal . . . . . . . . . . 425 Commercial,
Eureka , Cal. . . . . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Farallon Islands, C 1 ,000 Do ,
San Francisco , Cal. . . 600 Commercial.
8 . F . . Cal. (Presidio ) . . . Gov . (Army) .
Yerba Buena Island , S . 600 Gov . (Navy ) .
Mare Island . Cal. . . 1 ,000 Do .
San Luis Obispo , Cal. . . . . 100 Commercial.
Point Arguello , Surf, Cal. . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
-0oorw86wberw
San Pedro , Cal. 425 Commercial.
Los Angeles, Cal. . 425 Do .
Los Angeles , Cal. . . 500 Do .
Avalon , Cal. . . . . 500 Do .
ONNNNNN
Avalon , Cal. . . . 4251 Do .
San Diego, Cal. . . 1 ,000 Gov. (Navy ) .
ALASKA
Pribilof Islands . . . 1 .000 Gov . (Navy ) .
6
Dutch Harbor . . . . . 1 ,000 Do .

w
Unalga Island " . . . . 1 ,000 Do .

Kodiak . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 000 Do .
Cordova . . . . . . . . . 1 , 000 Do .
Sitka . . . . . . . . 1 .000 Do .
Circle City . . . . Do .
Fort Egbert. . . Do .
Fairbanks . . . . . . Do .
• Fort Gibbon . . Do .
Fort St. Michael Do .
Kotlik Do .
Nome , . . . . . . Do .
Nulato . . . . . . . . Do .
Petersburg . . . . Do.
Wrangell . . . . . . Do .
Ketchikan . . . . . mmercial
Juneau . . . . .
Do .
Karluk . . . . . . Do .
Kogginung . . . . Do .
Chignik Do .
Nushagak . . . . . . Do.
Clarks Point . Do .
Nak Nek . . . Do .
CANADA
Indian Harbor , Labrador . . . . Government.
Domino Island . Labrador . 150 2201
Do.
American Tickle, Labrador . . Do.
Venison Island , Labrador . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . Do .
Battle Harbor , Labrador . . . . 150 . . . 220 Do .
Projected .
WIRELESS TELEGRAPII SIIORE STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND

CANADA. Continued .
Name and Location Call Range in Power Wave Character of

of Station . Letters . Nautical Length in Station .
Miles . Kilowatts. Meters .
CALL RS
CANADA - Continued .
Chateau Bay. Labrador.. . SUBJEC
CHANG
LETTE ET . . Government.
Belle Isle . Newfoundland.. . 230 600 Do .
ARE
Point Rich , Newfoundland .. . 230 600 Do .

TO
OMITTED
Cape Ray, Newfoundland . . 270 600 , 1 ,600 Do .
Cape Race , Newfoundland .. 350 600 , 1 ,600 Do.
HENCE
Harrington , Quebec . . . . 135 300 Do.

Heath Point, Anticosti Isd . 230 600 Do .
AND
ARE
Grindstone, Magdalen Isd . 13 600 Do.

Fame Point , Quebec . . . . 23 600 Do.
.
Clarke City , Quebec . . . . . 23 600 Do .

Father Point, Quebec . . 230 600 Do .
Grosse Isle , Quebec . . 100 300 Do.
Quebec , Quebec . . . . . . . 100 300 Do .
Three Rivers, Quebec 13 600 Commercial.
Montreal, Quebec . . 19 600 Do .
North Sydney . . . . . . . 13 300 Do .
Cape Breton , Glace Bay. . .. Gov ernment.
Pictou , Nova Scotia . . . . . . 100 300 Do .
Camperdown , Nova Scotia 230 600 Commercial.
Sable Island , Nova Scotia . 300 600 Government.
230 600 Do .
Cape Sable , Nova Scotia . .
St. John , Partridge Island . 230 600 Do.
Port Arthur, Ontario . . . 350 600 Do .
St. Thomas , Ontario . 400 Commercial.
Prince Rupert, B . C . . 250 600 Government.
Dead Tree Point. B . 225 600 Do .
Ikeda Head , B . O .. 250 600 Do .
Triangle Island , B . C .. . . 350 . 600 Do .
Cape Lazo , Vancouver, B . C . 175 600 Do .
Estevan , Vancouver, B . C . .. 100 600 Do .
Point Grey , Vancouver, B . C . 100 600 Do .
Pachena , Vancouver, B . C . . 250 . . . . 600 Do .
Victoria , B . C .. . .. . . . . . . . . 200 . 600 Do
AR
RI R
NG U
TOM O BRITISH BD
AR CMIE NE ISLES
KS TYAT CLIFDEN
F
M
BELLE ISLE AND
DL
AT A
GRO
HE
R
M
C DE LONDON
QUESS TRICHE HUR
CASQUESS THR BE
POLO
EER
TAO GL NW F
E RAY
A CAPE RACE
MONTREAL PE
LAC
SARBDO BAY
E PA
M SA COLTAN
5 C A AP
E CO
BL I. LE
VIGOA
2 0 P E D Own
E
UNITEDo ARANGUEZO
SPAIN .
DIRCEO NATO
WONA
STATES CADIZ
A T 1 AA N T IC : //
TENERIFFE
LAS PALM
O CE A N AFRICA
COMMERCIAL TELEGRAPH STATIONS CONSTRUCTED BY MARCONI'S WIRELESS

TELEGRAPH CO . LTD ., AND IN OPERATION .
On June 12, 1912, there were 1,577 mer TRANSATLANTIC MARCONIQRAMS.
chant ships equipped with wireless telegraph Marconigrams for transmission to G reat
installations. The total number of commer Britain and Ireland and to ships at sea- are
cial coast stations was 2H6. accepted at all offices of the Western Union
Under the Imperial Wireless System all of Telegraph Co. and the Great North-Western
the stations will be fitted with apparatus for Telegraph Co.
the automatic transmission and receipt of The established rules and regulations
messages, guaranteeing a speed of not less governing the method of counting and charg
than fifty words a minute. Arrangements* are ing of Cable Messages are applicable to
progressing and the work will be carried out Marconigrams.
as expeditiously as possible for the construc RATES.
tion of stations placing < J reat Britain in direct
communication with New York, instead of .5-
having the messages pass through Glace Bay; 5 =
also for the construction of stations in San FROM TO u
Francisco for communication through the
Hawaiian Islands with the Philippines, China
antl Japan. Arrangements are also being an=
made for stations to send messages from
New York south to Cuba, Panama, and Points in Maine, New Hampshire,
subsequently to each South American State. Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
The New York Times has made more use Island, Connecticut, New York City,
of the wireless station than perhaps any other Yonkers, N. Y., Hoboken, Jersey City
paper in the world, and nearly all of their Union Hill, N. J., Points in the Mari
foreign news in the Sunday edition is trans time Provinces, New Brunswick,
mitted by wireless. When the new stations Nova Scotia and in the Eastern
in London and New York are completed wire Canadian Provinces, Quebec and
less messages will be received in less than ten to. is
minutes from the time of their dispatch, inde
pendent between these two points. When the Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, (ex
stations are completed the Marconi Company cept Hoboken, Jersey City and" Union
will be independent of land lines and will pro Hill.) New York (except New York
vide a service which will not be surpassed for City and Yonkers), Pennsylvania and
speed and accuracy. The world's rights in .18
the wireless compass of Messrs. Bellini and
Tosi has also been acquired by the Marconi Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,
Company. This will undoubtedly prove of Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi,
considerable value when worked In conjunc North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina,
tion with existing wireless installations aboard Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
ships, enabling the Captain to define the posi and Wisconsin, Pensacola, Fla.,
tion of an approaching ship or of the laud in Burlington, Clinton, Cedar Rapids,
a dense fog. Davenport, Dubuque, Ft. Madison.
The United States Navy is now planning Keokuk and Muscatine, la. , New
the construction of a chain of wireless stations Orleans, La., Duluth, Hastings, Lake
embracing two oceans and a continent within City, Minneapolis, Redwing, St. Paul.
the range of this chain, so that naval vessels, Stillwater, Wabasha and W?inona,
whether near the African const or in Chinese Minn., Hannibal, La., St. Louis, Mo. .21
waters, will be under direct control from Arkansas, Colorado, Florida (except
Washington by aerial communication. Funds Pensacola and Key West). Iowa (ex
for this plan were not forthcoming at the last cept Burlington, Clinton, Cedar
session of Congress. The first section is now Rapids, Davenport, Dubuque, Ft.
in course of erection at Arlington, Va., and Madison, Keokuk, and Muscatine),
will be ready shortly after the publicntion of Kansas, Louisiana (except New
this book. Each of the stations is to have a Orleans), Manitoba, Minnesota (ex
semi-radius of 3,000 miles or more. cept Duluth, Hastings, Lake City,
The Arlington station consists of three steel Minneapolis, Redwing, St. Paul.
towers in the form of an isosceles-triangle. At Stillwater, Wabasha and Winona)
the apex of the triangle the tower is 050 feet Missouri (except Hannibal. Louisiana
high, or 95 feet higher than the tip of the and St. Louis), Montana. Nebraska
Washington monument. At the base are two New Mexico, North Dakota, Okla
towers, each 450 feet in height. The antennae homa, South Dakota, Texas, Wyo-
are to be strung from the tallest tower to the J2i
other two. These immense towers arc strik
ing features %f the landscape as viewed from Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada
any point of vantage in Washington. It is Oregon, Utah and Washington, Ke>
contemplated to move all of our naval vessels West, Fla., Vancouver, Victoria and
by the use of these towers. The range of the .27
Arlington station will cover practically all of
the North Atlantic ocean. Guantanamo, Cuba,
falls easily within the range of this station, Deferred messages subject to a maximum
and regular communication with the station delay of 24 hours and written in plain English
to be erected at Panama will be had with language arc also accepted at one-half these
"\ equal facility rates.
នននននននននននននននននននន
TO SHIPS
307
Galveston
Siasconset
.Augustine
,Pensacola
Jacksonville
Charleston
Charleston
Hatteras
,cCharleston
.,cGrand
Arthur
Lheck
CGate
,N.Ccheck
ass
c,. heck
Victoria
Tampa
STEAM
Port
IN, ity
Sea
.Philadelphia
Francisco
heck
.Navy
Isl a
.Yor
Point
Yard
or
Grey
Wstoria
,S.Cor
,O.ASeattle
St
or
M
VIA
,
or
or
n
re
.Baltimore
Orleans
,B.C
,
.Savannah
,Cal
.San
Sayville
Cape
May
.New
Orleans
.Boston
Woods
,Mass
,Pa
.Norfolk
,La
Mobile
,Md
,N.J
Hole
New
,Ga
,N.Y
,Ala
,Va
.
.
Tex
.Flo
Flo
N.Y
WIRELESS WORD RATES
.
.
For Traas. Ocean Vessels 20 20 20 28 20 20 20 20
For Coastwise Vessels 10t 10 10 + 15 + 10 + 10 + 10 | 11 | 10 : 107 107 107 10t 10 : 17 : 10 : 107| 101
To the above wireless rates add land line rate below
Alabama . . 06060606060606 05 05 05 05 05 03 05 05 05 10 10
Alaska . . 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 | 42 42 42 40
Alberta . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Arizona . . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Arkansas . . .
British Colum
California . . .
Colorado . . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . .
District of Colu
Florida . . .
Georgia . . .
Idaho . . . .
Illinois . . .
Indiana .
low . . .
Kansas . .
Kentucky .
Labrador . .
Louisiana
Maine . . . .
Manitoba . .
Maryland
Massachusetts. .
Michigan . .
Minnesota .
Mississippi.
Missouri . . .
Montana . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . .
Nevada . . .
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
New Hampshire
New Jersey . . .
New Mexico . . .
New York City . .
New York .
North Carolina .
North Dakota . .
Nova Scotia . .
Ohio . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . . . . .
Ontario , Sec .
Sec. 2, 3 .
Sec. 4 . .
Oregon . . . . . .
Philadelphia . .
Pennsylvania . . . 10
Prince Edward Is nd
Quebec . . . . . 10
Rhode Island . . . 10
Saskatchewan . .
South Carolina . .
South Dakota .
Tennessee . . 05 05 05 06 10 10
Texas . . . . . . 08 08 08 08
Utah .
Vermont. .
08 08 06 06
04 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 10 10
Virginia . . 05 05 05 04 02 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 08 10 10
Washington 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 08 06 03
West Virginia 0505 04 04 04 04 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 08 10 10
Wisconsin 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 08 08
Wyoming . . . . 080808 08 09 08 09 09 08 08 09 08 090903
Yukon . . . 1 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 48 47
The wireless rate for coastwise vessels of the Booth , Lamport and Holt, Quebec
Royal Mail Steam Packet and United Fruit Co. lines, is 14 cents per word , from all shore
stations in the United States .
888888888888888888887838338
88888888888828838388888888=
,Michខខខខខខខខ
STEAMSHIPS
Camperdam
Ashtabula
Cleveland
Harbor
Quebec
Halifax
.,cFriday
Rivers
Harbor
,Three
Benton
.,NScheck
Sable
Wheck
Cape
,P.EItcheck
Bear
Race ape
London
,N.Scheck
Hali
a
. id
Lud
Marais
Isl
,Grand
or
,Ctonn
.Milwaukee
Minn
.tNew
VIA
C
,N
,or
or
TO
,
.Montreal
Brooklyn
Sackville
*orohn
Bellingham
Jfax
.Detroit
.Cape
,Wis
Duluth
Buffalo
,N.BSt
IChicago
Ray
ington
cbeck
,Nid
Pictou
,Que
., ich
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
,N.Y+
,N.B
M
,N.Y
,N.S
.,L
,
Ohio
.
WIRELESS WORD RATES
For Trans. Ocean Vessels 7
For Coastwise Vessels 14 : 05 10 05 107 16 06 06 05 05 05 10 05 05 05

Alabama . .
10 08 08 0S 0S 08 08 0606060606 06
Alaska . . . . 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42
Alberta . . . 09 0909090909 10 10 10 10
Arizona . .
Arkansas . . .
British Colu
California . . .
Colorado .
Connecticut .
Delaware . . .
District of Columbia .
Florida .
Georgia . .
Idaho . . . . .
Illinols . . .
Indiana . .
Iowa . . . . . .
Kansas . . . .
Kentucky .
Labrador . .
Louisiana .
Maine . .
Manitoba .
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan . .
Minnesota . .
Mississippi. . .
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska . . . .
Nevada .
New Brunswick ,
Newfoundland . .
New Hampshire . . .
New Jersey .
New Mexico . . . .
New York City .
New York .
North Carolina
North Dakota .
Nova Scotia
Ohio . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . . .
Ontario , Sec. 1 .
Sec . 2 , 3
Oregon . .Sec.
.
4
.
Philadelphia . . .
Pennsylvania . . . .
Prince Edward Islan
Quebec , . .
Rhode Island . . .
Saskatchewan
South Carolina .
South Dakota . .
Tennessee . . . . .
Texas . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . .
Virginia
Washington . 03 10 10 10 10 10
West Virginia . . 10 05 06 06 08 06 06 04 05
Wisconsin . . . 08 06 08 09 08 08 09 06 06
Wyoming . . . . . . 08 08 09 08 08 08 08 0SOS 0300 060805 03
Yukon . . . . . . . . . .
. 47 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 | 52 | 52 | 50 52 50 30
* For steamers bound to Canadian Ports . t For steamers in Northumberland Straits .
tt For Sound steamers of the Montauk Steamboat Co. , and the Fall River , New
Bedford , Providence and Colonial Lines only.
The wireless rate for coastwise vessels of the Booth , Lamport and Holt, Quebec,
Royal Mail Steam Packet and United Fruit Co. lipes is 14 cents per word , from all
shore stations in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK 309
Portsmouth
STEAMSHIPS
Ptolborne
Elizabeth
.CSarnia
Navy
.Manistique
Yard
Washington
.,Cape
Crescent
nt
,Kingston
Portland
Me
Toronto
Wa
VIA
,O
check
,
TO
.check
Port
.,
ort
Arthur
,Me
SMarie
,Mich
|Tatoosh Island
.,ich et
CDiego
.Port
nt
,Ont
.Duluth
.,alif
MCalum
Newp
,Minn
San
,D.C
.,O
,
I.,R
H'N
WIRELESS WORD RATES
Far Trans. Ocean Vessels

For Coastwise Vessels 07 05 05 05 05 11: 10 : 10 10 : 11: 107
à
Alabama . . . . . . . . 08 08 06 08 10 08 064 06 06 06 10 10
Alaska. . . 4240 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 35 38
Alberta . . . 10 08 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 06 08
Arizona . . | 10 10 10 10 10 0806
Arkansas . . . . 06 06 06 10 10
British Columbia .
California .
Colorado . . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . . .
District of Colu
Florida . . .
Georgia . . .
Idabo . . . .
Illinois . .
Indiana . . .
lowa . . . . . .
Kansas . . .
Kentucky
Labrador. . . .
Louisiana . .
Maine . . . .
Manitoba .
Maryland . . .
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota . .
Mississippi.
Missouri . . .
Montana . .
Nebraska . . .
Nevada , . . .
New Brunswick
Newfoundland .
New Hampshire .
New Jersey . . . . .
New Mexico . .
New York City . . .
New York . . . . .
North Carolina
North Dakota .
Nova Scotia . .
Ohio . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . 08
Ontario , Sec . 1 .
99
Sec. 2 , 3
Sec. 4 . .
Oregon . . . . . .
Philadelphia . .
Pennsylvania
Prince Edward
Quebec . . . .
Rhode Island . . .
Saskatchewan . .
South Carolina .
South Dakota . . 08
Tennessee . . . . 10 10
Texas . . . . . 08 08
Utab . . . . 06 05
Verm ont .. . 10 10
Virginia ... 05 03 10 10
Washington 10 10 03 06
West Virginia 0510 0.5 05 04 10 10
Wisconsin . . 06 06 06 06 08 08 08
Wyoming . . 08 08 06 08 10 08 og 08 08 08 08
Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 50 52 50 52 52 52 52 52 47 48
The wireless rate for coastwise vessels of the Booth , Lamport and Holt, Quebec,
Royal Mail Steam Packet and Uoited Fruit Co. lines, is 14 cents per word from all
shore stations in the United States .
MARCONI TELEGRAPH
COMMUNICATION CHART
DECEMBER 1904.
AN EARLY WIRELESS CHART

MORTIf <Tl«HTIC
MARCONI TELEGRAPH.
COMMUNICATION CHART.
SEVEN YEARS LATER THE INTERLACING LINES SHOW POSSIBLE INTERCOM

MUNICATIONS WHICH HAVE ROBBED THE SEA OF MANY OF ITS TERRORS.
PHENOMENAL INCREASE IN WIRELESS ACTIVITY.
CHAPTER XI.
TELEPHONE STATISTICS OF THE
WORLD.
There were approximately 12,453,000 tele Successful trials have also been made between
phones and 29,560,000 miles of telephone wire London and Geneva, a distance of 560 miles,
in use in the world January 1, 1912. A careful and from London to Bale,' a distance of 600
estimate places the world s telephone invest miles.
ment January 1, 1912, at about $1,729,000,000
which is very nearly the value of all gold
coin and bullion in the United States. The
annual number of telephone conversations
may be placed at 22,000,000,000, which is
about 6ve times the annual number of pas
sengers carried by all the railroads of the
world.
For the purpose of this compilation the
world's telephone statistics are generally tabu
lated in four territorial divisions, as follows:
UHXD
Recent progress in the art of submarine
telephone cable manufacture will have far
The geographical distribution of telephones reaching consequences. At the present time
and wire is shown below: there are over 400 miles of submarine tele
phone cable in use in the world, and of this
total al>out one-half is represented by the four
cables between France and England, and the
two between Belgium and England. The long
est submarine telephone cable lies between
La Panne (Belgium) and St. Margaret's Bay
(England), a distance of 55 miles.
t*sa> The European international long distance
land line systems have likewise received im
portant ndditions, due to the opening of the
line between Paris and Madrid, 900 miles, and
the direct line between Berlin and Rome still
The year 1911 is the thirty-fifth since the under construction, a distance of over 1,000
miles. As regards the Continent, there is now
invention of the telephone by Prof. Alexander scarcely
Graham Bell. A survey of the progress of with anyany important city that cannot talk
other important city. By far the
telephone service during the past year, anil of largest mterurban or toll telephone plant in
the many notable events in connection with Europe has been built by the German Govern
this progress, justifies the statement that all ment, which according to the latest official
civilized nations have awakened to the value
of the telephone in commercial and social life. statistics,
interurban
had about one-half of the total
or toll telephone wire of Europe.
In the United States commercial service has Finally, it is worthy of note that during the
been opened between New York and Denver, year
2,160 miles, this being now the longest dis tems have made rapid advances railway
1911 the great I nited States sys
toward the
tance over which oral communication is given general use of the telephone for train dispatch
commercially. In Europe long distance service
has been greatly extended by utilizing both ing. Since the introduction of the use of the
the new loaded cable- between Great Britain telephone for that purpose, over 200 of the
and Belgium—by which telephone service is United States railroads have adopted that sys
expected to bo given between London and telegraph on the
tem. In fact, telephone has supplanted the
over 50,000 miles of railroad,
Berlin—and the new telephone cable, con which is over 20%
structed also on the Pupin principle, t>etween of the country. Aofcareful the total railroad mileage
estimate places the
Dover and Calais. The latter enables conver miles of wire used by railroad companies for
sation tc b«carried on between Glasgow, Edin
burgh and Paris, and also between Aberdeen train dispatching at 120,000, and the corre
th French capital, a distance of 910 miles. sponding number of telephones at 10,000.
and1 the
311
312
Considering telephones per 100 population Referring first to the traffic curves, the tele
and referring only to the United States, Can phone has gained 277% and the telegraph
ada and Europe, the following chart shows 36%. In other words, the percentage increase
their respective condition during the past ten in telephone traffic is about eight times that
years. At the beginning and end of the period in telegraph traffic. During the same period
the exact figures are: the increase in wire plant was 4489J, for the
United telephone as compared with 57% for the tele
States Canada Europe graph, so that the percentage increase in tele
Jan. 1, 1902 2.3 1.2 0.3 phone wire is also approximately eight times
Jan. 1,1912 8.8 4.2 0.7 that of telegraph wire.
From this it appears that it takes Europe The following chart depicts the telephone
about two years to advance 0.1. Assuming conversations of the world for the years 1901
that European telephone progress continues at to 1911 inclusive, for the United States. Eu
this rate, to reach the present development of rope, and all other countries, and shows the
the United States (8.8), Europe must gain 8.1, proportion of each to the total.
which at the rate of 0.1 every two years would TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS 0T T>* WORLD
require 162 years. As such a forecast makes C0yPARING THE UNITED STATES.EURQff AND
no allowance for the impetus in future progress TH£ REST OF THE WKUD
due to the use of rates better adapted to the
needs of the public and important advances
in the art, the above period will be shortened
materially. One thing, however, is certain:
Europe offers yet a vast field for telephone
progress, because at the beginning of 1912 it
has reached only the dovelopment of the United
States Jan. 1, 1898.
Telephones peii 100 Population

United States, Canada and
Europe, 1902 to 1912.
It is worthy of note that the United States,
Jan. 1, 1912, had over one-half the total tele
phone wire of the world, and nearly twice the The chart annexed depicts the total esti
total mileage of Europe, while the latter at the mated telephone investment of the world, sub
same date had almost the same telephone wire divided according to territorial divisions at
mileage as the United States had at Jan. 1, Jan. 1st of each year from 1902 to 1912 inclu
1907. The pronounced increase in the wire sive. During this period the world's invest-
mileage of "all other countries" is largely due
to more accurate information.
The combined number of telephone conver DlSTRIBAJTION OF
sations of the rest of the world is but one-half TELEPHONE INVESTMENT Of THE WORLD
that of the United States. The telegraph traf jahuooc »jan \na
fic of the United States presents quite a con
trast. Placing the world's telegraph traffic
during 1910 at about 579,000,000, the United
States took but 17%of the total, while Europe
had 62%. In other words, Europe has about
the same proportion of the world's telegraph
traffic as the United States has of the world's
telephone traffic.
Going back to the first authentic publica
tion of telephone traffic in the United States
(1883) the total number of telephone conver
sations was estimated to be 217,000.000. Dur
ing the intervening twenty-eight years the
United States traffic has reached, as shown
above, the colossal total of over fourteen bil
lion, an increase of 6500%, or an average an
nual increase of 232%.
The annual increases, both in the telephone
and telegraph traffic and in the wire plant of
the world are shown on the chart on page 315,
covering the period 1900-1910. The curves
represent the percentage increases over the
traffic during 1900 and mileages at the end of
the year 1900.
TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD , JANUARY 1, 1911
ment almost quadrupled , increasing from Telephones Increase during Percent Telephones Population
8482,000,000 to $ 1,729,000 ,000 . Over one-half Division January | 1910 per 100 per
of this enormous increase was in the United 1911 Naber Total Population Se Mile
States, where the annual increase averaged United States 7.595,938 500 . 246 8.6 674
approximately $66 ,000 ,000 . This was about DA,93 45 .184 183
$ 27 .000.000 more than the corresponding aver Europe
age increase in Europe . At the commencement Austria . . 112.606 16 .764 173
4 . 297
Belgium
of the year 1912 the total estimated invest Bossa .
ment in the United States ( $ 1 ,025 .000 .000 ) Bulgaria
7095
Desmark 94, 331
was about twice that in all Europe (8593 ,000, Finland . . .
232.74
000 ) and was over one-half the investment of Franta . . . 21.579
German Empire 1.068 ,849 100748
the whole world . At the same date Canada is Greas Britain . . 45.235
estimated to have $ 44 ,000 ,000 invested in tele Greece . . 1722
7 . 491
Husgary . .
phones and all other countries " $67,000 ,000 . Italy 20 ,139
Luxembourg
64,500 10 . 6
Netherlands
RELATIVE TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT Norway
Portugal . . .
63.000
6 .763
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES, Romania .
Russia ..
15.000
190 ,850
RIZ
20, 377
1. 075 155
2,635
JAN . 1 , 1911. Servis . .
Spain . .
.
. 25.000
99
13, 195 J2
Sweden 187.441
TELEPHONE STATIONS Switzerland 78 .736 236
119
COMPARING THE UNITED STATES WITH EUROPE * Total . . . ... .. 1 2, 966,553 265,225
0 .8 02 65
South America .. . . . 85.74 13.542
23
JAN .L1911 3.99 .385 92.191 6 000
All other countries
Total World . .. . . 11.201993 1,016, 08 09 1000 0
GEC 88500
63200
STRUCT
have over 100,000 telephones each . The com
79.700
70 000
GENDER
bined number of telephones in six important
BASCO
AUSTRIA
112800
European States — Belgium , Norway , Den
RUSSIAFNLAND mark , Hungary , Italy , and the Netherlands
SWEDEN
181000 187400 is still less than the number of telephones in
New York City , while Chicago has more tele
CANADA FRANCE phones than France , and Boston more than
284,000 232700 Austria ; the three Scandinavian kingdoms
GREAT BRITAIN combined do not equal the total number of
648,800 telephones in New York City by about 57 ,000 .
The following chart presents graphically the
GERMAN EMPIRE
statistics shown in the above table in the col
umn " Telephones per 100 Population . " De
1,069,000 spite considerable activity in some European
TELEPHONES PER 100 POPULATION
O RUSSIA
JAN 1,1911
SPAIN
MUNDARY
UNITED STATES ITALY

AUSTRIA
7 ,596 .000
Bendra
FRANCE
NETHERLANDS
GALAT BRITAIN
GERMAN LUPIRE
SWITZERLAND
NORWAY
TELEPHONES IN USE . SWEDEN
The statistical table shows the telephone
development of the world January 1, 1911. DENMARK
At that date the United States had 67.4 % of AVERADE O EUROPE
the total telephones, Europe had 26 .3 % , Can
ada 2.5 % , thus leaving but 3 .8 % for all other SOUTH AMERICA
countries. tThe high percentage increase dur CANADA
i for hBosnia
mg 1910 evelo , Greece
t andBrServia , is due
hat, as at areitajust begin
ped countries
sct that these
hefact UNITED STATES
to15the III
ning to be developed .
The table shows, that, as in former years , TELEPHORES
TELEPHONE ALOnosopara
100 MBITANTS o
the German Empire and Great Britain remain
the leaders in European telephone develop countries, the relative positions have not
ment, the German Empire having about 306 changed during the past year. Denmark still
aulGreat Britain 22 % of all European tele leads Sweden by a small inargin . As the aver:
pbones. Of the remaining countries, only one, age for Europe January 1 , 1911, was 0 . 7 tele
France, exceeds 200 ,000 telephones, and only phones per 100 population , the development
three others - Austria , Russia and Sweden of the United States at the same date - 8 . 1 per
100 population - was almost twelve times that MULES OP TELEPHONS WIRS
of Europe . South America advanced to 0 .2
telephones per 100 , and Canada to 3.7 , or Division Win
1
more than five times the development of Jus 1911
ខ្លះៗ
Europe . Uaited States . .. . . . 16,431.590
Looking at the telephone development from Canada . . .
the point of population per station , it appears
។ះខ្លីៗ
Europe
that the United States January 1 , 1911 , aver Austria . . . .
Belgia
aged one station to each 12 inhabitants , as
ខ្លះៗ
ជួោះ។
against the European average of one to 148 . Bulgaria . .
Dentar .
Of the European States, Denmark and Sweden Finlasd . . .. .
are about equal, the former having one station 821.169
German Empire . . 1,593,504
to every 28 , and the latter one station to every Great Britain 2,116 .68
Greece . ..
29 inhabitants . The German Empire and Hongary . . . . . 201.436
Great Britain have about twice, France six Italy . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg 1612
times and Austria eight times the population Netherlanda .
per station of Sweden . Karvay . . . . .
21.114
Portugal . .
In actualnumber of telephones, Jan . 1, 1911 Roomaaia .. . . .
18.630
Berlin, London and Paris , with a combined Servis . . . . . .
total of 403,500 telephones, are about even Spais .. .
Sweden .. . .. . . .
+
with New York (402 ,000 ) . The latter approxi Switzerland

mates very nearly the combined telephones of Total . . ... 719,300
14 European States . Seuth America . .. . . . ..
All other countries . 7202. 188
Total World .
WIRE MILEAGE .
The next statistical table and chart view
the telephone development of the world in COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENT OF
point of wire plant January 1, 1911. At date
the grand total of telephone wire mileage AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CITIES
BY FIVE YEAR PERIOOS
was about 27,000,000 , of which the United Europy
States possessed 61.7 % , Europe 32.5 % , Can JAN 1 America
LONDON ANO NEW YORK
1895
ada 2.6 % , South America 0 .5 % and all other 1900
countries 2.7 % . Thus the United States has 1908
almost twice the total telephone wire of all 1919 in ni
Europe. The German Empire, though pos 1011
sessing the largest number of telephones of 1895 PARIS AO PHILADELPHIA

any of the European States, has but one-fifth ! 1900
the telephone wire of the United States, and 1905
Great Britain but one-eighth . 1910

1911
TELEPHONE WIRE MILEAGE OF THE WORLD 1895 VIENNA AND BOSTON

CCCCC
JAN IN 1911 1900

21082000 MILES 1905
SALOMON
1910
UNITED STATES - 16.754000 1911
BERLIN MO CHICAGO
1900
KWA
1905
1895
1900
STOCKHOLM ANO LOS ANGELES
S AVA
EUROPE - & 700.000

1911
Oo
. 183
Telephones per 100 Po ulation
The table on the opposite page shows the

CANADA - 110.000
estimated total length of telephone and tele
graph wires January 1 , 1911, including rail
road telephone and telegraph wire .
South AWEFOCA - 136.000 The statistics place the total length o
telephone and telegraph wires in the world
ALL OTHER COUNTRUS.ro000
January 1, 1911, at 34 ,500 ,000 miles. Of thi
total, telephone wire took 78 % : telegraph wire
(including cables) 17 % , and railroad telegraph
wire 5 % . Again , the United States took 6297
of the total telepbone wire, and 34 % of the
total telegraph wire (excluding cables and
railroad telegraph wire ) .
LENGTH OF WORLD ' s TELEPHONE AND It is evident from the chart that Canada
TELEGRAPH WIRE . has by far the lowest density of population ;
next comes South America and then Norway .
(Partly Estimated) while Sweden is about equal to the United
States , and Italy to Germany . In telephone
JANUARY 1, 1914 development Canada ranks next to the United
States. Denmark and Sweden , which have
TELEPHONE WIRE : Miles about the same development, are still con
Daited States. 16,634,000 siderably below one-half the telephone de
Canada . .. . . 709,000 velopment of the United States.
Escope . . . . 8,762,000
AB other countries .. 857.000
.8888888888888888
26,962.000 THE GROWTH OF
L' S RAILROAD TELEPHONE WIRE. ... ... 120 .000 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH TRAFFIC
8888888
Total Telephone Wire. 27.082,000 AND WIRE MILEAGE COMPARED
THE WORLD
TILEGRAPH WIRE:
Vested States .. 1,849,000
153,000
Esrope . . . . . . 2 .352.000
A other countries. . . 1.000 .000
ar
d
Yfe
en
o
re
5,444,000
wa
on
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH WIRE (in cables). .... 314,000
Percent
e
ag
gh
le
le
RAILROAD TELEGRAPH WIRE. . ..... ..... ...... 1726 ,000
Mi
Total Telegraph Wire ... ....... . 7.484.000 e
h
Graad Total 34,566,000 no t ic
Top Tat
A more comprehensive view of the relation
between telephone development and popula
tion is gained from the following chart. This
chart compares European countries , the United
States and Canada , representing in each case Thegraph Wine Mileage atend of yeat
both population per square mile and tele
phones per 100 population . The greatest popu Telegraph Taric
lation per square mile is found in Belgium , 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
which has 663 inhabitants to the square mile ,
and the largest number of telephones per 100 Mbre: Growth expressed as a percentage
population is found in the United States,which increase over the 1900 figures
January 1, 1911, had 8.1 telephones per 100
population .
COMPARISON OF
DENSITY OF POPULATION
ANO
TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT TELEPHONE INVESTMENT PER CAPITA
год
JAN 1. 1911
Mert Denga n in Belgium and telephone development ( talones
UNITED STATES,CANADA AND EUROPE
OD pepelation the United States en OOK
JAN VE
UNITED STATES . .
7 - A AAC
DENMARK
CANADA -
SWITZERLAND
DENMARK
FRANCE
SWEDEN
GREAT BRITAIN
GERMAN EMPIRE
NORRAY
STATES
URITED
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
FRANCE
AUSTRIA .
HUNGARY ,
AVERAGE O EUROPE
C OUSTY OF POPULSIOR TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT

2 .
SWITZERLAND
LEVANT
ANADA
GREAT
BAITA
NYIT
:
-
Cry
ANNUAL INCREASES OF
TELEPHONE WIRE MILEAGE OF THE WORLD
DIVIDED BY COUNTRIES
1901 TO 190
1900 (909 1910
Telephone Investment. world, so thatthc above total of $1,560,800,000

represents an increase of 10% over the corre
The statistics referring to investment do not sponding investment Jan. 1, 1911. In the
always represent the actual replacement values l_ nited States alone, the estimated increase in
of the various telephone plants, as such infor investment during 1910 amounted to $97,-
mation is not recorded by the majority of 600,000, or, excluding Europe, considerably
foreign telephone administrations. The only more than the total cost of all telephone plants
data available in many cases are the aggregate in service in the entire world.
In regard to the more detailed investment
amounts that have been put into the business statistics given on the following page, perhaps
since its inception. The world's telephone in the most striking feature of the table is the
vestment January 1, 1911, is estimated at high figure for investment per telephone in
$1,561,800,000, equivalent to $139 per tele many of the important Euroj>ean States. For
phone. This total investment is thus approxi instance, Austria, Belgium, France, Great
mately equal to the value of the corn crop of Britain, Hungary, Spain, and Switzerland all
the United States in 1911. show an investment per telephoneof over $200.
Of this total investment of $1,561,800,000, The German Empire, Great Britain, and
France combined have slightly more than two-
the United States invested $956,700,000, or thirds the entire telephlephone investment of
61.2 per cent, of the total; Canada $36,700,- Europe.
000, or 2.4 per cent, of the total; Europe Excepting the German Empire and Great
$518,400,000, or 33.2 per cent, of the total; Britain, none of the European States exceeds
and all other countries $50,000,000, or 3.2 $100,000,000, and the majority have invested
per cent, of the total. less than $20,000,000 apiece. Of the Scandi
Figured on the respective number of tele navian kingdoms, Sweden has approximately
phones on Jan. 1, 1911, the investment per twice the investment of Denmark, which in
telephone is: turn has about
Viewing twice that
telephone of Norway.
investment from a per
United States $126 capita basis, a very different situation i* re
Canada 129 vealed. A glance at the chart on page 315
Europe 175 shows that of the European countries Switzer
All other countries 118 land leads, and Denmark has advanced to
Total world 139 second position; on the other hand, though
the German Empire occupied first rank W
The investment representing "all other point of total investment, it takes fifth place in
countries" includes $16,456,000 for the Com point of investment per capita. The per capita
monwealth of Australia and New Zealand, investment of the Unitea States ($10.27) i*
$4,795,000 for the Union of South Africa, about nine times that of Europe ($1.18). Of
$15,223,000 for Japan, and about $6,668,000 the European countries shown on the chart,
for Brazil and Chili together. Hungary has the lowest per capita investment
During the year 1910, $145,500,000 was ($0.59), and Austria has not yet reached an
added to the telephone investment of the investment of $1.00 per capita.
investment telephone and Earnings for 1909—Telephone

Telegraph, and Telegraph.
It is interesting to compare the telephone The figures for gross telephone earnings in
investment of the world with that of the tele European countries are official, but those
graph (including submarine cables). In the quoted for "all other countries" are mostly
absence of any definite information covering estimated. The total gross telephone earnings
the entire world on that subject, only an esti of the world for the year 1909 may be placed
mate can be made. Using the total telegraph at $329,000,000, of which the United States
wire* mileage, January 1, 1911, as a basis, the earned $221,471,000 (67.4%), Canada $6,752.-
telegraph investment may be estimated at 000 (2%), Europe $91,331,000 (27.8%), and
about $700.000,(X)0. There are also 314,000 all other countries $9,163,500 (2.8%).
miles of submarine cables representing an esti The adjoined table shows the gross tele
mated investment of $150,000,000, so that phone earnings of the various European coun
the total telegraph investment of the world tries, ranging from $241,000 (Portugal) to
January I, 1911, may be placed at $1,050,- $32,331,000 (German Empire). The average
000.000, as compared with a telephone invest earnings per telephone for total Europe was
ment of $1,5*11,777,000 at the same date. $35.40.
This makes a total investment of $2,619,- On account of the almost universal custom
497,000 for telephone and telegraph (includ af European governments of conducting the
ing submarine cables) for the world, January telephone as a branch of the postal and tele
1. 191 1. Of this total 6*) per cent, is invested graph services, practically no European gov
in telephones. 27 per cent, in telegraphs and ernment keeps its accounts in such a manner
13 per cent, in cables. as to reveal the true net financial result of its
telephone service.
Traffic—Mail, Telegraph and
Telephone.
Instructive as it would be to compare the
traffic of the other two branches of transmis
sion of intelligence—the mail and the tele
11 !1<u; graph—with the telephone traffic of the world,
such a comparison would only be speculative
l*o.
***.■.-j on account of the lack of statistical material
i,l«i.S0
HJJCi.w There is, however, sufficient statistical infor
U113J mation to permit a comparison of the traffic
J7MB
IJtWJW of these three services, both in the United
«-fT )*»I\V'<|>nr. States and in Europe, during the year 1£09.
:m.ii.
4- ■■i:- The result is as follows:
Out of a total of 20,669,000,000 messages
transmitted by the three services in Europe,
Ml IX 15.387,000,000 (74.4 per cent.) were by first
class mail matter, 345,000.000 (1.7 per cent.)
by telegrams and 4,937,000,000 (23.9 percent.)
by telephone. In the United States, out of a
total of 2 1 ,508,000,000 messages, 8,793,000.000
(40.9 per cent.) were by first class mail matter,
98,000,000 (0.4 per cent.) by telegrams and
12.617.000,000 (58.7 per cent.) by telephone.
The figures show that although Europe has
about three and a half times the telegraph
traffic and nearly twice the first-class mail
traffic, it has only one-third the telephone
us*.**) l.m.430 traffic of the United States.
The first class mail, telegraph and telephone
II 151 traffic per 1,000 population for Europe and
the United States during 1908 and 1909 was
k >.'•■ as follows:
41.101AS For Europe; 35,533 pieces of first class mail
matter in 1909, as against 34,766 in 1908, an
increase of 2.2 per cent.; 798 telegrams in
)JU■ •r ' u.-j .-■15J 1909, as against 769 in 1908, an increase of
3.7 percent.; 11.400 telephone conversations
i cii ■■■ J,"..
| * •?.17* in 1909, as against 10,585 in 1908, an increase
v.. VJ SJ] ..--I of 7.7 per cent. For the United States:
Z7\<m7 96,090 pieces of first class mail matter in 1909,
17/13151 as against 90.062 in 1908, an increase of 6.7
W.J7! mjm per cent.; 1.076 telegrams in 1909, as against
i *j'..it:
. - '/.< « >'<^n
jjw.ioo
1,039 in 1908, an increase of 3.5 per cent;
137.882 telephone conversations in 1909, as
against 134,335 in 1908, an increase of 2f.
per cent.
A Comparison With Other RATIO Of MAIL. CUROPC

TELEGRAPH ANDSTATES
TELEPHONE I
Industries. wW UNITED
The magnitude of the United States tele
phone investment per capita may be empha
sized by comparing the telephone with some
of the other leading United States industries.
Such a comparison is based on recent special
reports by the United States Census Office,
publishing the requisite data as of January 1,
1910. The chart shown below gives the result
of a comparison of the telephone business with
ten large United States industries. Despite
the fact that the telephone has been in use but
thirty-five years, the telephone investment per
capita January 1, 1910 is the fourth largest,
yielding only to the Iron and Steel, Lumber,
and Gas and Heating industries.
PER CAPITA INVESTMENT OF LEADING
UNITED STATES INDUSTRIES
and TOTAL NUMBER of EtlPUJTEES
4 1. 1910
The New York Telephone Company dis

tributed 1,500,000 new telephone directories
of the issue dated May 8, 1913. It required
the service of 600 men working fifteen days to
make the deliveries of this book, which com
prises 864 pages. The number of subscribers
listed is 296,000, not including the many
thousands of branches in apartment houses,
hotels and pay stations. The approximate
coat of the telephone directory* is $1,200 a dav,
or $438,000 annually. The first telephone
directory was issued in 1878; at that time
the total number of subscribers was 252.
One of the earliest experiments for repro
ducing sounds by means of sound boards
connected by a rod was W heatstone's "Magic
Lyre,'/ 1831. In 1861 Philip Reis conducted
experiments to reproduce human speech by
means of electric pulsation. In 1875 Prof.
Bell invented the electric telephone, which
he patented in 1876. Edison patented an
invention of his July, 1877.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
7,500,000
7 , 400 ,000
7 , 300 ,000
7 , 200 , 000
7 , 100 ,000
7 , 000 , 000
6 . 900 ,000
DIAGRAM 6 , 800 , 000
6 , 700 ,000
SHOWING THE GROWTH IN 6 ,600 .000
6 ,500 , 000
SUBSCRIBERS' STATIONS 6 ,400 ,000
6 , 300 ,000
CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM 6 ,200 , 000
6 , 100 , 000
OF THE
6 ,000 ,000
5 ,900 , 000
BELL TELEPHONE 5 , 800,000
5 .700. 000
5 ,600 . 000
COMPANIES 5 ,500 ,000
5 , 400 , 000
FROM
5 , 300 ,000
SUBSCRIBERS
5 , 200,000
JAN . 1, 1876 — JAN . 1, 1913. 5 , 100 ,000
'STATIONS
5 , 000 , 000
NUMBER
On January 1, 1913, there was one Bell Tele 4 , 900 .000
phone Station to each 13 of the Total Popula . 4 , 800 , 000
tion of the United States. 4 ,700 , 000
OF
4 ,600 , 000
4,500 ,000
4,400 ,000
4 , 300 . 000
4 ,200 , 000
4,100 ,000
4 ,000 ,000
3,900 ,000
3 ,800 ,000
3,700,000
3,600 ,000
3 ,500 ,000
3,400 ,000
3 , 300, 000
3 ,200 .000
3, 100 ,000
3,000,000
2 ,900 ,000
2 ,800 ,000 2
2 , 700 ,000
2 ,600 . 000
2 ,500 , 000
2 ,400 ,000
2 , 300 , 000
2 , 200 . 000
2 , 100 , 000
2 ,000 .000
1 , 900 , 000
1 , 800 , 000
1 , 700 . 000
1 ,600 , 000
1 ,500 , 000
1 ,400 .000
1 , 300 , 000
1 , 200, 000
1 ,100 ,000
1 ,000 ,000
900 . 000
800 , 000
700, 000
600 ,000
500 . 000
400 ,000
300 , 000
200 , 000
100 ,000
0
1876 1878 1880 1882 1804 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1895 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1901 1910 1912 ' 13
JANUARY 1ST OF EACH YEAR .
The growth of the Bell System , its broader railroad stations in the United States . The
usefulness and resulting prosperity, are shown total wire mileage has been increased to
nearly 14 ,610 ,813 miles, of which over half is
in the annual report of the American Tele underground , and the new 450 -mile subway
phone and Telegraph Company for 1912 by
the financial statement and other comparative between Boston and Washington has been
completed .
statistics.
At the end of the year 1912 there was a The traffic over the Bell lines shows a daily
total of 7,456 ,074 subscriber stations, of which average of 25 ,572,345 or at the rate of
8 ,950 ,000 ,000 connections a year.
2,502,627 were operated by connecting com
panies . There was spent in plant additions $76 ,
The Bell toll lines now reach 70,000 places, 626 ,900 in the year. There was applied to
maintenance and reconstruction during the
which is 5,000 more than the number of post year $66 ,705 ,000 , making a total provision for
offices and 10 ,000 more than the number of the last ten years of $ 409 ,000 ,000 .
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES.

CONDENSED STATISTICS.
Dec . 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Dec . 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Increaso,
1895 . 1900 . 1905. 1910 . 1 1911. 1912 . 1912 .
Mies of Exchange Pole Lines . . . . 25 ,330 30,451 67,698 120 ,175 131,379 143,842 12,463
Milas of Toll Pole Lines . . . . . . . . 52,873 101,087 145,535 163,351 171, 161 7 ,810
162,702
Total Miles of Pole Lines . 78,203 282,877 20,273
131,538 213,233 294,730 315 ,003
Miles of Vaderkround Wire . . 184,515 705 ,269 2,345,742 5,992,303 6 ,831,667 7 ,804,528 972,861
Mhes of Submarine Wire . 2,028 30 ,301 3 ,365
Mia of Aeris ! Wire . . . . . . 4 , 203 9,373 24 ,6361 26,936
488,872 1,252,329 3,424,803 5,625,273 6,074 ,012 6,775 ,984 701,972
Total Miles of Wire . 675,415 1, 961,801 5 ,779,918 11, 642,212 12,932,616 14,610,813 | 1,678,198
Comprising Toll Wire ............., 215 ,687 607,599 1,265 ,236 1 ,963,994 | 2 , 060,514 | 2 ,189,163 128 ,649
Comprising Exchange Wire . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,354,202 | 4 ,514 ,682 9,678,218 10 , 872,101 12,421,650 1,549,549
Total . . . 675,415 1 ,061,801 5 ,779,918 11,642,212 12,932,615 14 ,610 ,813 1 ,678 ,198
Total Exchange Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,837 508 ,262 | 1, 135 ,449 | 2 ,082, 960 2 ,306,360 2 ,576 ,789 270 ,429
Sumber of Central Offices . . . . 1 ,613 2 ,7754 ,532 4 ,933 5 ,0145 , 182 168
Norber of Bell Stations . . . .
Sumber of Bell Connected Stations* . . . 281,695 800 ,880 2,241,367 4,030 ,668 4,474,171 4,953,447 479,276
27, 807 55 ,031 287, 348 | 1,852,051 | 2 , 158,454 | 2,502,627 344,173
Total Stations.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOLA Salons 309,502 855,911 2,528,7155 ,882,719 6,632,625 7,456,074 823,449
Nezber of Employees .. . . . .. . ... .. 14,517 37,067 89,661 120,311 | 128,439 140,789 12,350
Number of Connecting Companies,
Liass and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ,845 21,454 24 ,013 2,559
Lachange Connections Daily ... ...... 2,351,420 5,668,986 13,543,468 21,681,471 23 ,483,770 25 ,572,345 2,088,575
Tall Connections Daily . .. ... ....... 51,123 | 148 ,528 368,083 602,539 644,918 737,823 92 ,905
'Includes Private Line Stations.
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES .

ALL DUPLICATIONS BETWEEN COMPANIES EXCLUDED .
COMPARATIVE EARNINGS AT FIVE YEAR INTERVALS, 1885 -1912.
Year 1885. Year 1890. Year 1896. Year 1900. Year 1905. Year 1910. Year 1912 .
Cross Eaming . . . . . . . . . $ 10,033,600 $ 16 ,212,100 $ 24 ,197,200 | $ 46 ,385,600 | $ 97,500,100 $ 165,612,881 $ 199,172 ,154
5 , 124 ,300 9 ,067 ,600 15,488 ,400 30,632,400 46 , 189,400 | 114,618,473 | 142,285,464
Net Earning , . . . . . . $ 4 ,909, 300 $7 , 144 ,500 $ 8 ,708, 800 $ 15,753,200 $ 31,310 ,700 $50, 994,408 856 ,886 ,690
Interest . . . . 27,700 278,700 2,389,000 5 ,836 ,300 11,556 ,864 14 ,205, 365
Palance. . .
Dividende . . . $ 4 ,881,600 $6 , 865 ,800 $ 13, 363,600 $ 25,474,400 $39,437 ,544 | $42,681,325
3 ,107,200 14, 101,300 5 , 066 ,900 7 ,893,500 15,817,500 25, 100 ,786 29,400,215
Surplus Earnings
$1,774,400 $2,764,500 $2,986,400 $5,470,100 89,656,900 $14,270,758 $13,221,110
PRINTERS' MARKS.
Period , TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR #
, Comma. 8C does not appear that the earliest printer bad e
- Ilyphen . any method of correrting errore beloro the form
: Colon . was on the press / The learned the lessed cor .
rectors of the first two centuries of printing were
“; Semicolon . pot proof readers in our scnsc / thcy wylire rather
Apostrophe . what we'should Term office editors . Their labors
were chicfly to see that the proof corresponded to
Ve Quotations. the copy, but that the printed page was correct
Em quadrat. in its latinity best the opt e re and
Oncem dash . that the sense was right. They carod be little
about orthography, bad letters or purely printere
Two-om parallel dash . errors, and when the text seemed to them wrong
Push down space. they consulted fresh authorities or altered it on
their own responsibility . Good proofs in the
Close up . not # modem
mod sense, were possible until profresinnal
v Less space . readers were employed / men who had hrsta
Carel- left out, insert. printer's education , and then spent many years
ia the correction of proof. The orthography o !
Turn to proper position . English , which for the past century has under
Insert space, gone little change, was very fluctuating until after
Movo to left or to right, the publication of Johnson 's Dictionary , and capi
tals, which have been used with considerable reg
ularity for the past(80 years , were previouslyle used
Move up or move down . regolata
ite .
Transpoge. on the [miss on hit plan . The approach to regu
stat. Let it standi larity , 60 far as we have may be attributed to the
growth of a class of professional proof readers, and
o Delo -- take out. ' it is to them that we owe the correctness of mod
Broken letter, ern printing More erfors have been found in the
Bible than in any other one work . For many gene
Paragraph. crations it was frequently the case that Bibles
No 9 No paragraph . were brought out stealthily , from fear of govern
r mental interference . They were frequently
ww . Wrong font. printed from imperfect texts , and were often mod .
op lg . # Equalize spacing. ified to meet the views of those who publised
them The story is related that a certain woman
É o capo Capitals in Germany, who was the wife of a Krinter, and
= or s e , Small capitals. had bocome disgusted with the continual anser.
Lower-case . tiong of the superiority of man over woman which
ehe had heard , hurried into the composing room
By op 1 Superior or inferior. while her husband was at gupper and altered a
- o ital. Italic. sentence in the Bible , which he was printing , so
rom . Roman . V /v that it read Narr, instead of lerr, thus making
that
the verse read " And he shall be thy fool" instead
Brackets . of And he shall be thy Xord . " The word net
Parentheses. was omitted by Barker, the King 's printer in En
gland in 1632,in printing theseventh commandinenta
He was fined 3000 on this account.
NUMBER OF WORDS AND EMS TO THE SQUARE INCH .
Number of words. Num

Sizes oftype. ber of
ems.
Solid . Leaded.
14- point.
12- point.
11- point. .
10 point.
& -point. . .
6 -point. .
5 -point.. .
CHAPTER XII.
POST OFFICE AFFAIRS*

PART I.
STATISTICAL INFORMATION.
UNITED STATES POST OFFICE.
SUMMARY OF ALL CLASSES DOMESTIC MAIL SERVICE IN OPERATION
JUNE 30. 1912.
Number of routes 12.208
i-ength of routes, miles 2.761.466.751
Number of miles traveled per annum 403.384.878.76
Annual rate or expenditure 79, 150.763.6.1
Average rate of cost per mile of length 286.62
Average rate of cost per mile traveled, cents 16.04
Average number of trips per week. . . : 17.17
SOURCE OF REVENUE. EXPENDITURE BY ITEMS FOR YEAR
1912.
Total for
Sale of postage stamps, fiscal year. Service in post offices:
stamped envelopes, postal Salaries of postmasters. . . S28.648.426.33
cards, etc $221,563,619.00 Salaries of clerks, etc 42,479.908.91
:*Vcond-class postage, paid in City Delivery Service . . . 34.252.952.62
money 9.399.140.61 All other expenditures. . . 1 1.216.032.31
Third and fourth class post Total SH6.508.220.17
age, paid in money 5.444.615.19
Box rents 4.645,664.04 Railway Mail Service S20.876.963.37
Miscellaneous receipts 209.263.76 Rural Delivery Service 41.900.514.79
Letter postage, paid In money 71,700.92 Transportation of domestic
Fines and penalties 55.201.95 mail:
Dead letters 33.122.39 By railroads S51.819.411.82
By other means of trans
Revenue from money-order portation 13.204,261.75
business 4.843,364.74
L'npaid money orders more Total S65.023.673.57
than 1 year old Transportation of foreign
mall $3,716,181.11
Payments on account of
Total S246.744.015.88 i invalid money orders . 509.387.28
RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION.
apartment-car
of 1.508service,
clerks. manned
SERVICE AND EXPENDITURE. by 1.040
crews, There were also
Number of routes- 1,377 apartment railway post-office lines,
3.40(1 manned
length of routes, miles 226,071.02 electric carby 4.287 crews, of 5.554 clerks: 17
Annual travel, miles 458.648.623.77 tines, with 18 crews, of 19 clerks:
Annual rate of expenditure $46,336,293.86 53 steamboat lines, with 86 crews, of 86 clerks:
a total of 1.606 lines of all kinds, manned by
\\erage rate of cost per mile 15.323 clerks, representing the working
of length 204.96 force of the lines. In addition there were
Average rate of cost per mile 32 officials. 129 chief clerks. 622 transfer
traveled, cents 10.10 clerks employed In handling the mails at
Average number of trips per
week 19.51 important junction points. 521 clerks detailed
to clerical duty in the various offices of the
On June 30. 1912. there were in operation service, and 448 clerks employed in terminal
159 by railway post offices—an aggregate of 17,075
1 r>07fullcrews
railway post-office
clerkslines, manned nil employees in the service*
of 8.066 (including
[clerks). Of these 159 full lines, 1 11 had ( Continued on page 324.)
•This chapter Is divided into two parts: the first gives statistics relative to the Post Office
Affairs of the United States and the World, the second deals with information relative to rates,
etc., domestic and foreign and the "Parcel Post." Revised through the courtesy of Post-
mister-General Burleson.
323
(Continued from page 323.) between certain points by aeroplanes . Suct

service was merely temporary and was to
of the 1. 388 full railway post -office cars in intended to be permanent. In each instand
use and in reserve , 545 are all -steel cars, 182 where the mail has been carried the servir
steel-underframe cars , and 661 wooden cars , has been performed by a sworn carrier as
and of the 4 ,029 apartment cars in use and in without cost to the department. Sur
reserve , 181 are all-steel cars , 221 steel- under service was authorized in 16 different State
frame cars, and 3 .627 wooden cars . Reports received of the performance of th
During the fiscal year the department has service by aeroplanes under the various order
permitted further experimental aeroplane issued permitting such service indicate tha
mail service . There have been 31 orders in many instances service was performed in
issued permitting the mail to be carried reasonable satisfactory manner .
MAIL SERVICE IN OPERATION YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 , 1912.
Service. Number Aggregate Annual rate of

length . expeaditures
Miles .
Star routes in Alaska . 4 , 248. 00 $ 196, 896 . 93
Steamboat routes . . . . . . . 237 31, 875. 57 752,610. 06
Mail-messenger routes . . 694 5 , 183. 17
Pneumatic -tube routes . . 1 , 620 , 151. 35
54. 8451 932, 366, 70
Wagon routes ( in cities ) . . 1 . 241. 17 1 ,698, 236 . 46
Railroad routes . . . .. . . 3 , 403 226 ,071. 02 46 , 336 , 293. 86
Railway post -office cars . . . 4 , 367. 129 . 16
Electric and cable car routes . 7 , 472 . 90 688 , 555. 77
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12, 208 276. 146. 8751 56 , 590 , 140 . 29
Star routes in Alaska (emergency ) 138, 002 . 00
Steamboat routes (pound rate ) . . . # 86 , 671 . 03
Railroad transportation , miscellaneous:
Periodicalmails . . . . . .. 1400 ,612. 76
Mail weighings, etc . . . . . . 244, 876. 25
Freight on mail bags, postal cards, etc . . 2 407 ,511. 2
Railway Mail Service officers and clerks, including acting
clerks ) . . . . . . . .
Mail equipment. . . * 20 , 878, 963 . 37
436 , 309. 15
Miscellaneous expenses . . á 588. 68
Total inland service . . . . ..
Foreign mails: 79, 150,783.65
Aggregate cost . .. . . . . 83, 704, 632. 92
Less intermediary service to foreign countries .. . . ... $508, 649.65
3, 185,883.27
Total.. .. . . .
82,346, €46. 92
1 Authorization , Actual expenditures. Estimated actual expenditures.
COMPARISON OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES FOR THE FISCAL YEAH

ENDED JUNE 30, 1912 , WITH THOSE OF THE PRECEDING YEAR .
Fiscal year.
Items.
1911 1912
REVENUES .
Ordinary postal revenues $ 23 507 ,557.29 $241.422 .336 . 56
Revenues from money -order business . . . . . 72. 266 .31 5 .321.679 .02
Total revenues from all sources $237, 79,823.60 $ 246 ,744 ,015.58
EXPENDITURES.
Expenditures on account of the fiscal year . . . . . $ 238 ,623.350 .37 $ 248,624 . 940.29
Total revenues during the year . . . . . 237 ,879 ,823 .60 246 ,744 .015 .85
Excess of expenditures over revenues . $ 743 ,526 .77 $ 1 , 880 .924 .41
Amount of losses by fire , burglary , bad debts , etc . . 11.778 .80 4 .OSS.90
Deficit in the postal revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 ,305. 57 1, 885 ,013.31
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXPENDITURES, APPROPRIATIONS AND ESTIMATES FOR ALL

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES EXCEPT RURAL DELIV
ERY AND STAR ROUTE SERVICE .
Expenditures Appropriation Estimate

for fiscal year for fiscal year for fiscal year
Service, etc . ended June 30, ending June 30, ending June 30 .
1912 . 1913 . 1914 .
Star service in Alaska . . 18232,826 . 58 $ 250,000 .00 $ 508 ,300 .00

Steamboat service . . . . . 820 ,470 . 18 853,700 .00 909. 900 .00
Mail-messenger service . . 1 ,605 ,514 .60 1,681. 900 .00 2 , 167 ,300 . 00
Pneumatic - tube service . 932,566 . 36 987,400 .00 962 . 200 .00
Wagon service ( in cities) . . . 1 .690 ,682 . 04 1 ,732, 000.00 2 , 160,600 . 00
Mail bags , etc . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 ,505 .39 282 ,000 .00 355 ,500 .00
Labor in mail -bag repair shop . . . 99 ,003 .59 102,000. 00 108 ,300 .00
Bubworkshop , Chicago , m . . . . . 2 .461.97 2 ,400 .00 2 ,400 . 00
Mal locks and keys . . . . . 11 ,302 .90 12 ,000 .00 15 ,000 .00
Labor in mail-lock repair shop . . 33 , 991.91 36 ,500 .00 38 , 000. 00
Railroad transportation . . . 47 ,298 , 087 .47 47 ,646 , 000 .00 49 ,661, 000 .00
Tabulating information relative to railroad
companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,431. 99
. .
Freight on mail bags, postal cards, etc . . . 424 ,774 . 18 2648 , 200 .00 500 ,000 .00
Railway post - office cars . . . . . . . . 4 .521, 324 .35 4 ,707, 000 .00 5 ,393,000 .00
Railway mail service . . . 20 ,876 . 963. 37 25 , 209,224 .00 26 .673 .488. 00
Electric and cable car service . . . 682, 544 .65 728 .000 .00 847 ,400 . 00
Total inland service . . . 79,522 ,451.53 84 ,878, 324 .00 90 , 302,388 . 00
Foreign mail service :
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3 ,241,564 .72 3 ,748 ,400 .00 3 , 981,900 .00
Assistant superintendent , New York , NY. 2 ,500 .00 2 ,500 .00 2 ,500 .00
Balance due foreign countries . . . 472 ,116 .39 486 ,400 . 00 475 .000 .00
Delegates to International Postal Union
at Madrid . 5 , 000 .00
Miscellaneous expenses . . . . 1 .000 .00 1,000.00
Aggregate . . . . 83,238 ,632.64 89, 121,624 .00 94,762,788 .00
1 Star service, except in Alaska , transferred to office of Fourth Assistant Postmaster General,
Includes $ 123,200 made immediately available for deficiency for fiscal year 1912.
The postal business of all states of the world .

Arngel number of delivered pieces of mail (internal, international and transit) in thousands (1906 1907).
America : 14 ,643,129 Europe : 25 .618 . 740 thousand delivered pieces of mail, Asia : 2,677,498
- 26 ,090 Straits
Great Britain Seti
France yan O 15 . 100 Fr Indo
United States German Empire and Ireland China and oth Poss
1446 7230 Philippine
of America 3049,000 Brix
Islands
8 .941,000 3,640 Hongkong
8 ,817,300 thousand pieces 20,603 • 3.600 Post Poss
Portugai and Macao
• 3,370
12,660,000 thousand pieces 107,600
China Keau - Chau
thousand pieces Re Denmark
Serbien 262, 000 2,190 Siam
fiul
310, 000 54 ,530 36,600 Korea 2 ,090 Persia
.Indies . French West Austr.-Hund Bulgaria Dutch East 1,200 Cyprus
Argentina B with Bosnia Norway ind , 33 , 980
7.100 Indies 1890 54 ,000 • 102 Somos
58 , 000 Guatemala Dominic . Rep . 171.210 Ceylon
6 ,500 1,630 2233.000 Turkey 30 , 300 96 Ent
Paraguay New -Found Lousand pics Rumania 42,726 North Brno
Braz 151, 250
567,320 6,460 Land 1,168 Africa : 367, 245 thousand pieces.
Boliva Venezuela
5 ,870 1,090 3 Luxemburg Algeria 04.860 Brit
322,380 . Costa Rica , Honduras Russia Netherlds . 33. 760 79,600 1.530 Ang
509 , 300 West- Africa
• 4,420 1.030 Egypt 04.700 Mada - 1.030 Orange
Colombia Surinam 608 ,00 Greece 70.600 barand Comoros ver CO
4 , 230 896 33,450 Cape Colony • 3 .510 Munts
Porto Rico Dan West Switzerld . 982 Kamerun
411,020 70020 3 . 140 the Bean
3 .130 Indies 610 Gitar at
Nicaragua CON
2 .620 • 560 Curaçao Spain
42,660
• 3 ,108 . 510 5 Thom
CH 1416 . 00
336 ,700 M bove and Princ
82.000 Salvador
2,120 . Brit.Honduras • 3 , 100 German
430 360 To
Cod Bermudas 410 Haiti Australia Toll Cal
34630 705 . 987 thousand Beces 160 . 7 .
- 2050 3 .090 But st" 325 Si
Ponu French 350 St Pierre Australia Hawa Filand's 0660 Germ 4 . Sansar
20 .770 • Guana 1.988 and Miquelon Southweta 1980 78 St Helena
Ecuador Brit. Guiana Falkland Is 693 000 OFC Pas manos 5 , 320 French Vandels and ALSO
1950 51Eres
87 3527 510 1 . 940 R
POSTAL SERVICE ON
No. No. No. Number of Letters . Number of Post Cards.
of of of
Name of Post Letter Em
Countries . Postage Not Single With
Offices. Boxes. ployees. Prepaid . Prepaid . reply pais
2 3 7
Germany . . . . . 50 ,777 155 ,766 233,270 * 2 ,476 ,780 ,330 43,392,5401,617 ,230 ,530 Inc. Col
Austria . . . . . 10 ,312 44 ,467 71. 2627 603 ,418 , 660 | 10 ,401,620 447 ,389 ,720 4 ,069 . 23
Belgium . . . 1 ,658 11, 143 10 ,874 | 139, 531,772 605 , 228 96 ,005 ,799 335 ,03
Denmark . . 1 ,629 11,981 8 ,455 97 ,485 , 230 389 ,916 31,837 ,730 89,65
France . . 14 , 379 79, 274 15 ,773 1 ,219 ,760 ,025 3 ,852,599 527 .516 ,500 75.43
Great Britain .. 24 , 387 71,986 110 ,462* 3 ,044 , 549 ,000 Inc. Col. 4 881, 971,000 Ine . Col.
Italy . . . . 11,089 39,767 233,811 261,727 ,940 4 .794 .832 138 , 955 , 214 | 10 ,373 .53
Japan . . . 7 ,790 67 ,694 50 ,320 347,068 ,083 Inc. Col. 4 966 , 142,328 Inc. Col.
Mexico . . . 2 , 911 2 , 285 72,008 58 , 100 ,443 33 ,8011 6 , 468 .698 27 ,81
Norway . . 3 ,496 5 ,271 9 ,322 49, 316 ,000 163,000 13,321,000 246 , 20
Netherlands . 1 ,511 6 ,210 6 , 174 111.718 ,854 844 , 350 89 ,919 ,830 620 ,80
Portugal . . . . 4 ,081 6 , 135 10 ,623 28 ,661,037 91,005 16 , 736 ,613 18 ,64
Russia . . . . 16 ,452 31,714 8 ,492 724 ,871,540 | 21, 329,899 ] 304 ,953,527 14 , 392,09
Spain . . . . 5 ,573 9, 005 95 ,187 114 , 217 , 1741 . . 9 , 304 , 872 83, 35
Sweden . . . 4 ,1217 .940 11,397 118,524 , 171 296 .602 ) 33.943.727 363.21
Switzerland 9 , 968 13,472 17,462 149,083, 319 258 ,720 87,797 ,757 490 , 69
* Includes employees in postal, telegraph and telephone service

† Includes employees in postal and telegraph services.
Copyright 1913 b
FOREIGN MAIL SERVICES.

The cost of the Foreign Mail Service dur The weights of the mails dispatched by se
ing the fiscal year ended June 30 , 1912 , was to foreign countries was :
distributed as follows: Pound:
Trans -Atlantic service . . . $ 1,623, 720 .81 Letters and post cards. . . . .
Trans- Pacific service . . . . . . 206 ,503. 07 Other articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 , 085, 1
Miscellaneous service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754, 795 . 30
Panama Railroad service for transit
of mails of United States origin . . 67, 937.48 Total . 21 ,063,54
Sea post service . . . . . . . . 73, 296 . 13
Steamboat transfer service, New In the Trans- Pacific service , steamers a
York , and other miscellaneous United States register carried a total a
expenditures 929, 280. 13 23,495 ,841 grams, equal to 51,698 pounds of let
ters, and 313, 228,417 grams, equal to €90 .66
Making the aggregate cost of the pounds of prints ; and the total compensatio:
service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $$ 3 , 704, 532. 92 they received was $ 116 , 868. 47 .
PRINTING POSTAL CARDS.

This work is now done in the Government
Printing Office at Washington . COILING POSTAGE STAMPS
THE WORLD — Domestic.
Total
Money orders.
Samples
of including
Printed Commercial merchandise . free Number Value in
matter. papers . matter. dollars.
8 9 10 11 12 13
1,533,666 ,130 19,990,630 67, 372,810 5 .951,037 ,230 174 , 933 ,220 $ 2 , 178 ,084 ,236 . 15
160,884 , 250 . 16 ,117 , 220 1 , 348,714 ,830 31.773, 970 310 ,536 ,607 .63
339 , 301.099 3,558 ,074 6 ,770 ,530 683,232,614 4 ,462 , 189 87 ,348, 323 .68
17 , 119 ,932 747, 232 147,669,690 4 ,683, 249 52 ,526 ,336 . 90
1,340 ,676 ,756 54 ,303,215 72,181, 122 3 ,333 ,800 ,657 62, 271, 463 559 ,824 ,312 .65
1 ,219 ,894 , 000 Inc. Col. 4 Inc. Col.4 5 , 146 ,414 ,000 139,358 ,000 439,781, 392 .80
729 , 157 ,500 10 , 123,490 10 ,821,920 1 , 238,648 ,556 24 ,064, 001 496 ,239, 303 . 30
237 .483,69419 ,813,806 6 , 987,629 1 ,637, 180 ,446 18, 364 ,012 124 ,737 , 126 .76
86 ,975 ,467 128 ,409 264 , 704 155 ,709 ,662 1,402, 130 22,214 , 368. 90
9 ,000 ,000 106 ,000 294 ,500 78 ,780 ,700 922 ,519 14 ,332,634 .85
257 ,608,546 2 ,456 ,220 477 ,306 , 258 6 , 344 ,914 35 ,936 ,077 .87
32 . 167 , 567 749,080 1 ,092 ,778 82,530 ,618 794 ,6538 11,767 .636 .92
146 , 789 ,940 12,592 , 170 10 , 794 ,581 1 ,457 ,547,584 41,930 , 398 1, 074, 242, 550 . 17
139 ,615 , 236 1 ,429 ,626 281.373 .898 292 ,348 1 .781,509 .66
45 ,357 ,535 598 ,647 1 ,053, 161 205 , 363,522 8 , 204 , 3796 78,501,785 . 19
67 ,062, 703 1 ,477 ,836 321,271,273 5 , 991,885 124 ,734 ,419 .70
: Prepayment of ordinary letters is required in Spain .

Includes money orders by telegraph .
Munn & Co. , Inc.
VALUE OF POSTAGE STAMPS ISSUED IN THE UNITED STATES,

YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912
Adhesive postage stamps. Ordinary. Postage-due.
l-cent . 3, 702, 640 , 699 8,580 ,399

Icent, in coils . . . . . . . 58,533,500
Leeat, in stamp books. . . . 206 ,507,976
cent . . . 5, 056 , 061,799 *** 26,163,699
Seent, in coils .. 185,242,000
2-cent, in stamp books , 291, 153, 156
Sent . . . . 67, 439 , 299 612 , 099
3-cent, in coils .. 1,005,500
Lent . . 91, 499 , 199
454 , 000
Loant, in coils .. 109 ,973, 499 2 , 199
Ssent, in coils . 39 , 000
bent . . 38,756,499
Scent . . . 27, 282, 499
15 cent . 78 , 169, 699 73 , 099
1ent. 13, 573, 119
30-cent.
- eat 696 , 123
1ollar . 143 , 336
3dollar . 1 , 238
Sdollar . . 1 , 608
16.cent special-delivery .. 15 , 196 , 378
10 -cant registry . . . . 16,598 ,659
Total. . .. . 9, 960, 968 , 785 42 , 308, 363
Valge..... .. . ..... $181 , 121,762.59 $ 1,241, 166.99
The total Issue of postage stamps , stamp books, fiscal year ending June 30, 1912 , was $ 227 ,593,
stamped envelopes, newspaper wrappers , postal 704. 10. The international reply coupons was
the smallest item , the amount being only
cards and international reply coupons for the $ 6 , 251. 34.
POSTA
SERVI
OF
THE CE
D
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Vuinber
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.of Number
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cards .issued
Money
orders
328
Foreign Printed Samples Total

Commercial
postal .
matter .
papers of including
matter L'ostage Not .
Single With me nd
'el rchafree .Number in
Value
received .prepaid .
prepaid reply
.
paid .matter .
dollars
5 6 10
Germany
,
7923)6,23
.97
1333In 60
40
80
51
30
81
41
1
83(C097
11
48
26
90
01
90
ol 5,06 49
20 1.,0 6
51
$6231
Austria
. 112
,1
083
14
5
3 13
04
64
50
80
40 50
,5
0
9628
80
10
48 ,050
291 2,7
6
3
289
59
00
20
8 12 ,7128
4 40 4
,087
.3700
11
4
71
926
0 52
,0
655
29
23
747 33
3.Belgium
12 54
280
64
88
67
08
28
446
35
93
68
56
78
32 10
.5,2
3417 58
Denmark ,1
6 48
505
7
34
0
9
39
3,428
17 17
.119
08
15
14
43
67
27
23
73
69
9 24
29
97 2.,2 32
35688
.France 8,352 9
0
5
240
5402
47
2,209|173868 91
75
16
55
26
77
1
93
39
36
35
32
57
88
011
81
:!14 0
2,6
.27024 81
Great
Brita
0
*2
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Inc
34
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0,211.(5)C
284110 I00
5
3
00
29
09
12
06
ol
ol
86
nc
00
80 .59
1
8,6 031
48
125
20
2818Italy
15
3
711
269
,124
4 6
97
.1 10
60
75
90
15
61
50
1
31
45
30
90
i 36
32
52
06
45 53
1.,2 40
279
Japan
. 139
8
,6
85413
.1
62
163
0
28
4 97
62
466
9 28
03
63
87
41
62
165
85
02
21
36
30 ,8
.5
5 50 452
.Mexico 121
6
,1)19 186
5
939
2,976
0 59
25
31049
05
07
173
1 98
83
54
84
27
19
,86 ,8
.3
34 00
07
.Norway ,20524153
18106
23
220
,4 39
82
00
331
3700
098
00
001 44
,0
.31 67
02
,7 Netherla
317
8249.7
1671
13
0 4
,6
51
13 06
88
5
68
90
)214
194 33
41
82
27
55
741
52
10
71 nds .7
,97012303
Portugal
. 9
,11
6 16.8
25
178
33
40 34
31
167 25
51
23
17
2,5666
67
67
63
52
50
33
457 584
.8
,63 56
Russia
. 4736
,15117,6
28
24 5
72
1.0 2
,3735
39
61
24
47
69
74
43
88
32
850
17
09
145
57
36
89
09
15 6
,20.2026
14
1
.Spain 2
113249
3
55
.8 1
19
2,9
6282
31
3071
17
12
58
40
78
416
96
88
02
38
34
.Sweden 311
6,4,2143
55
603
24
7856+99 11
02
05
22
08
73
16
68
935628364
99
144
53 09
5
9,2.86 56
646
,020
5232,180
78
217
6
14 81
09
3Switzerland
47
990
9 63
71
553
61
..789
35
68
27
41
74
12
17 4
1,8
.13095
24
913
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10008 33000 Sample

Book Sample
Book
10008
33000 IS RECEIPT
DO MONEY
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ORDER
COUPON
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47
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MOTIT YMLU ONTVANTANDOM
POSTA
SERVI
OF
WORLD
C L
CE
ontinue
.)-THE d
.
Letters
of
Number cards
post
of
Number .
paid
orders
Monoy
Foreign Printed Sa amples
Commercial Total
postal .
matter papers
. including
matter Postage Not Singl
. e .With mercha free .
Number Va
in lue
.
out
sent .prepaid .
prepaid reply
.paid ,
matter .dollars
1 3 8 10
Germ
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69410.(3)1Inc
,8334
420
70
26
40
03
89
00
10
201
13
31
92
ol
50 ,34740
33 .9,8$5325
40
4
Aust
. ria 116
76
,0
270
8
22060
80
30
19
40
2132
9
59
7
3
491
4
6570
00
06
11
09 ,75237
39 . 66
57
,8
7 56
5
Belgium 20
0639
,832
30
3
587 176
4
14
7
,2 35
65
51
47
05
39
97
07
322
88
01
30
52 ,3763
67 5556
11
.1,913
,Denmark 148
.5317
,919 ,928
6512 39
35
3602
51
03
49
390
7525
37
61
76
67 ,820
247 320
,6
.5 87
76
Fran
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108
79310
8
,1225 0
16
,85 26
06
04
66
93
06
33
47
73
102
3
40016
13
01
76
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,660 21
,1
.886
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7
.Brita
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31
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,6762
02
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00
nc
87
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ol
93
88
ol .760
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77
Italy
. 6 120271
3121
23
,8 94
80
1,7
16
5 16
68
70
33
41
80
01
056
11
80
12
08
159
35
88 ,569
514 86680
.2,595
.Japan 618
15
,3 21 8, 78
30 258
6
88
,390 86
1
7
345
534
34
,9 62
44
23
33
50
67
92
11 ,72292 . 632
,5
4346
.Mexico ,2554
17
3 11
.615
41
0 ,4
14 59
32
31
70
85
96
47
01
51
623849
66 ,592
169 38924
,0
.3 20
.Norway 73
,31702
66
1 04
42
56
72 992
15
,1 7 .8
43293
10
,0 49
55
09
41
19 ,453
305 23959
.9,573
.Netherlands 7
67
14
5
1
47
,20
1163
3
8205 .025
22
6 66
10
12
35
13
06
88
12
54
30
81
01 ,308
467 40417
.9,4 40
Port
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.6
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1 70
71
22 11
,5 31
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76
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12 ,677
646 627
10
,7
.490
7
.Spain 15
7
,8
161
37
0
.2 31
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108 ,816 96
26
93
62
78
98
81
90
84
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.Sweden 1
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61
163
.5
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4 45
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.Switzerland 7
459
215
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96
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1913
Copyright
M
.,I&Cnc
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telegraph
by
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matter
free
STANDA
SIGNAL
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1913
&CCopyright
.,IMunn
y
(d)
329
330 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
ESTIMATED TOTAL MAIL DELIVERED AND COLLECTED BY RURAL DELIVERY
CARRIERS ANNUALLY, BASED ON A COUNT IN MAY, 1911.
Delivered Collected Total.

Class ofmatter.
Number . Weight. Number. Weight. Number . Weight
First class : Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.

Letters. .. 462 , 346, 951 12 , 224, 392 260, 288 ,602 6 , 086 , 496 722 , 635 , 533 18 , 310 , 888
Postal cards. . 220, 824 , 766 2 ,707, 168 128 , 116 , 628 1 , 530 ,636 348 , 941, 394 4 , 237, 80
Miscellaneous . . 1,488 ,779 303 , 453 302, 740 65,276 1, 791, 519 348, 728
Total.. . G84 ,660 ,496 15 ,235 ,013 388 , 707 ,9707 ,682,408 1,073 ,368,466 22,917, 421
Second class :
Newspapers . . . 996 ,710, 156 175 , 322, 207 1 , 459, 579 333 , 379 998 , 169, 735 175 , 655, 55
Magazines. . . . . 95 , 318 , 80129 , 165 , 207 225 , 608 82, 890 95 , 544 , 409 | 29 , 248 , 057
Free in county 169 , 349, 819 24 , 557 , 233 124, 710 19 , 286 169 . 474 .529 24 , 576 , 309
Transient. 11, 606 , 341 2 , 542 ,016 3 , 178, 762 600, 019 14 , 785 , 103 3, 142,
Total.... 1, 272, 985, 117 231,586,663 4 , 988 , 659 1, 035 ,574 1, 277,973, 776 232 ,622 , 231
Third class :
Books. . 4 ,033 , 761 3 , 364 ,075 256 , 209 175 , 066 4 , 289, 970 3 , 539, 141
Circulars . 258 , 855, 88620 , 331, 815 3 , 804 , 808 271, 034 262 , 660 , 69420 , 603 , 49
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . 34,723 ,7367 ,810 , 204 - 1, 637 ,869 361 ,915 36 , 361, 505 8,202, 119
Total................. 297 ,613 , 383 31,536 ,094 5 ,698, 886 808,615 303,312 , 269 32,344 ,709
Fourth class:
Merchandise packages . . . 30, 161, 408 | 14 ,266,782 3,255, 4291 , 463, 269 33,416,837 15, 730, 051
Franked and penalty :
Franked letters . . . . . 4, 125 ,727 295, 126 230 ,619 10,898 4 , 356 , 376 306 ,024
Franked documents . 6 , 450 , 9691 , 292, 804 108 , 277 27 , 404 6 , 559, 246 1,320 ,215
Penalty letters . . . . 11, 591, 630 548, 580 1, 060 , 715 58 ,511 12 ,652, 345 607 , 091
Penalty documents . . 3 , 600, 444 487, 313 102 , 139 18 , 659 3 ,702, 583 505 ,972
Total. .. 2 ,623, 823 1, 501,780 115 , 472 27 , 270,550 2 , 739, 295
Foreign :
Letters . . . . . 4 ,683, 176 200, 392 2 , 295, 487 110, 171 6 ,978 ,603 310 ,503
Miscellaneous . . . .. 2 , 262, 328 374 ,018 305 , 852 44, 292 2 , 568 , 150 418 ,310
Total 6 , 945, 504 574,410 2 , 601, 339 154 , 463 9 , 546 , 843 728, 873
Registered :
Letters . 1 , 165, 474 119 , 937 734,593 65, 300 1, 900, 067 185, 237
Miscellaneous. . .. . .... 376 , 651 225 , 557 129, 617 52, 718 506 , 268 1 278 , 275
Total... .. 1,512, 125 345 , 494 864, 210 118,018 2 , 406 , 335 463,512
Grand total.. ..... .... 2, 319, 676, 803 296, 168, 279 107,618,273 (11, 377, 819 2, 727,295 ,076 307, 545,098
RURAL DELIVERY. the year before. In 1912 there were 42, 199
On June 30 , 1912, service was in operation routes , the appropriation was $ 12 . 790 , 000 , the
on 42, 199 routes served by 42, 081 carriers at an expenditure $ 41, 859,422, an increase of $ 4, 733,
annual cost of $ 40, 655 , 740 . 792 over the expenditure of 1911.
The total nileage of rural routes in opera
tion June 30, 1912, was 1, 021,492, and the daily AMOUNT OF MAIL HANDLED .
travel by carriers was 1 ,012 , 722 miles , the aver In May, 1911, a count was made of the
age mileage per route being 24. 20. The aver amount and weight of mail of all classes de
ag cost per mile traveled was $0 . 1307. livered and collected by the rural-delivery
carriery. From this count the estimate giren
GROWTH OF THE SERVICE . in the table above has been made of the
There were 42 , 199 routes in operation on amount and weight of mail handled annually
June 30, 1912 ; of these , 699 routes were oper on rural routes.
ated tri -weekly , being an increase of 91 over The first aerial dispatch of United States
the previous year. mail occurred in September, 1911 , when 43,000
In 1897 there were 82 routes, for which an pieces were carried from Aeroplane Postal Sta
appropriation of $ 40,000 was made; the ex tion No. 1 on Nassau Boulevard to Mineola,
penditure that year was $ 14.840. In 1900 there Long Island . The progress being made in the
were 1, 259 routes, the appropriation was $ 430 , science of aviation encourages the hope that
000, the expenditure $ 420 ,433 , which was an ultimately the regular conveyance of mail by
increase of $ 270, 421 over that of the preceding this means may be practicable . Such a sery
year. In 1905 the number of routes was 32,055 , ice, if found feasible, might be established in
the appropriation $ 21, 116 , 600 , the expenditure many districts where the natural conditions
$ 20, 864, 885 , an excess of $ 8 , 219, 610 over that of preclude other means of rapid transportation
PARCELS DISPATCHED TO AND RECEIVED FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES DUR
ING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912, AND INCREASE
OVER PREVIOUS YEARS.
Dispatched Received.
Country.
Percent Weight. Per cent Number. Per cent Weight. Percent
Number. increase. increase increase.
Pounds. Pounds.
Australia 14,978 19.12 47,944 29.43 2,720 6.04 7,694 4.91
Austria 12,217 34.38 33,417 49.63 2,248 8.08 13,253 7.08
Bahamas. •1,277 '6.18 10,608 '2.59 631 '8.92 1,188 3.93
Barbados 4,822 20 27 12,085 25.91 1,132 11.30 1,888 5.77
Belgium 4,913 12 37 11,082 25.78 2,738 7.16 13,888 9.95
Bermuda....' 6,054 32.64 12,588 36.66 2,038 37.70 4,677 ,41. 55
Bolivia 8,355 30 22 66,287 34 84 107 28.91 386 86.47
Brazil 7,353 322.76 30,904 315.32 102 («) 299 (')11.52
British Guiana. .... 2,237 '2.31 5,608 16.13 385 14 24 774
Chile 9,566 46.31 50,219 47.42 667 6.71 2,032 '13.75
China. . 9,835 4.82 36,084 27.64 2,666 18.76 8,075 25.19
Colombia 23,084 28.41 151,843 32. 57 1,186 164. 14 7,691 398. 12
Costa Rica 14,827 17.26 91,920 29.07 1,589 367.35 8,211 638.39
Danish West Indies 3,290 23.54 8,475 22.35 309 56.06 788 72.05
Denmark 9,009 25.35 16,505 31.35 7,941 7.46 24,087 12.86
Dutch Guiana 380 33.80 1,093 36.79 47 27.69 119 '52.96
Ecuador 7,728 3Z 37 46,722 43.24 308 47.36 46.89
France 12,820 30.18 28,987 73.22 6,620 94.22 44,218 248.72
Germany 65,078 19.39 165,725 15.34 126, 463 9.46 825, 189 6.61
Great Britain 189, 152 13.42 328,649 17.64 137,735 la 98 613,962 31.52
Guatemala 6,795 '40 39 37,853 '26.18 744 552.63 3,568 659.15
British Honduras. . 4,100 11.93 10,071 17.03 686 175.50 1,486 217.62
Republic of Honduras! 7,646 43. 18 44,975 66.72 707 1,069.01 3,231 2,207.85
Haiti 1,143 69.64 3,732 113.74 46 (') 267 (')
Hongkong.. 2,293 7.50 7,533 11.27 1,760 58.41 4,894 92.22
Hungary 6,878 20.75 18,478 46.30 2,748 96.57 17,096 108.61
Italy 47,727 1107 112,034 19.85 10,300 ■31.68
13.14
76,965 '31.39
Iimaica 16,335 25.83 33,804 28.92 2,738 5,595 21.39
Japan 38,080 13.81 108,202 21. 14 40, 415 9.48 138,580 15. 75
Leeward Islands. . 2,727 14.77 7,818 13.22 389 '6.58 990 4.21
Mexico 78,529 6.44 407,529 11.67 18,657 6. 19 48,690 17.94
Netherlands 4,158 23.34 9,933 21.63 1,851 77.98 7,977 100.83
Newfoundland 7,535 3157 12,014 24 08 1,789 8.03 3,002 4.78
New Zealand 8,421 25.72 30,554 35.70 1,208 17.16 3,358 2L71
Nicaragua 6,651 24.50 36,565 26.76 328 556.00 1,520 1,025.92
Norway..., 16,324 14.79 28,549 24 98 14,923 3.39 35,671 23.40
Peru 8,852 25.38 53,352 36.74 536 38.86 1,351 19.-45
Salvador 5,336 22.47 34,250 26.51 103 27.16 433 27.72
Sweden 23,490 14.32 46,019 38.75 7,757 16.07 30,524 58.26
Trinidad 3,734 7.70 9,827 2.75 781sn 1.43 1,758 10.91
Uruguay 2,206 102.56 10,536 171. 19 19.40 236 19.79
Venezuela 7,984 20.99 48,218 28.12 194 '2.51 6X5 •9.03
Windward Islands 991 6.88 2,510 7.36 218 15.34 520 18.72
Curacao4 320 1,014 30 75
Total 718,828 2,270,215 406,456 1,967,779
• No parcels received during year ended June 30, 1911. Convention effective May 29, 1911.
■ No parcels received during year ended June 30, 1911. Convention effective Hay 1. 1911.
• Convention effective Jan. 1. 1912.
During the last fiscal year the Department To reward postal employees for the Inven
paid 11,295. 508.63 for the manufacture of tion of labor-saving devices legislation was ob
stamped envelopes and newspaper wrappers. tained as follows:
L'nder the new contract beginning July 1, 1912, "The Postmaster General Is hereby author
the prices for the four-year term will be $297,- ized to pay, In his discretion, rewards to
SS0 less than the same quantities would have postal employees whose inventions are adopted
coat under the old contract. for use in the postal service, and for that pur
The annual rate of expenditure for the sal pose the sum of $10,000 is hereby appropri
aries of presidential postmasters on July 1, ated."
Th? nostal service Is using nearly 2.000,000,9r
1911, was $14,566,700. as follows: First class,
Sl.ttS.SOO; second class, $4,576,100: third class, yards of Jute twine yearly for tying pac'
$8,561,700. uf letters.
MAILINGS OP SECOND CLASS PUBLICATIONS.
Totals of the number of publications
of the various frequencies of issue and rates 1912:
during the fiscal year ended June 30
news agents mailing at the pound rat* of Subscribers' copies:
postage June 30, 1912. Free in county 58.017.031
Dally 2.514
Trl-weekly 89 S.amplc copies at rate
At cent-a-pound
cent-a-pound
927.200.451
Semi-weekly 050 rate 12.679.904
Weekly 17,217 Total
Semi-monthly 507 Total atmailings
cent-a-pound rate . 939.940.3.V.
at cent-a-pound
Monthly ] 5,277 rate and free-in-county 997.957.'.»s<i
Hi-monthly 254 Estimated weights of mailings of second-
Quarterly 1,351 class matter at other than the cent-a-poumi
Other periods 255 and free-ln-county rates during the fiscal year
Total 28,144 In1912. based on the special weighing of mails
1907:
News agents 3.200
Publications admitted under the act of
March 3. 1879 20.057 At 1 transient second-class rate of Pounds.
Publications admitted under the act of cent for each 4 ounces 29.494.990
July 10. 1894 1,409 AtAt special rate of 1 cent a copy. . 1.825.4V->
Publications admitted under the act of special rate of 2 cents a copy 3,732.097
June G, 1900. 18 Total 35.052..569
Total 28,144 RECAPITULATION.
Stamps were first introduced in America by Weight class
of mailings of second-
matter at the cent-a-
the English Stamp Act of 1765; this act was pound and free-in-county rates 997.957.9Sf
opposed by the First American Congress in Weight of mailings at other rates 35.052.5fiS!
Nov. 1705 and repealed In 1770.
Number of pounds of second-class matter Aggregate weight of mailing of
mailed at the cent-a-pound and frce-|n-county second-class matter. . ... 1,033.010.55.")
REGISTERED MAIL ITEMS WITH STAMP BOCKS.
TOTAL AMOUNTS FOR THE YEAR During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912
KNDING JUNE 30, 1912. 25.736,946 stamp books were issued, having a
Pa!d registrations:
Domestic letters 25.761,038 value of $8,145,512.34.
Domestic parcels 7,295.130 STAMP COILS.
Foreign letters 3.924,037
Foreign parcels 777,762 During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912
OIncial paid 154.507 459,204
Total paid registrations 37,913,734 stampingstamp coils were issued for use in
machines. Tho total value of tin'
Official free. Inclusive of postal stamps which were made up in coils was
savings system 4,095.987 $4,363,273.60.
Official free, on business of
postal savings system only. . . 79,556 POSTAL CARDS.
Omcial free (special) 145.723
Total free registrations 4 ,32 1 ,200 During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912.
Total number of letters and 909.411.045 postal cards were issued, having ft
parcels registered, paid and value of $9,320,562.40. By far the largest
free 42,235,000 number of postal cards were the one-cent
Distribution letters and parcels card bearing a portrait of the late President
re-registered free McKlnley. There were 944.927.198 cards
1.385.498 issued
Aggregate number of letters and of this variety in 1911.
parcels registered, paid, of STAMPED ENVELOPES AND NEWS
ficial free, and distribution
free 43,620,498 PAPER WRAPPERS.
Total free and distribution re During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912.
gistered free 5,706.764 449,248,500 ordinary stamped envelopes and
Amount collected for registry
fees 3.791,373.40 wrappers were issued, the value being $15S.-
777.72, while 1,235.375.681 return card
GROWTH OF THE DOMESTIC MONEY- envelopes were issued, having a value of
ORDER SYSTEM. $25,546,037.55. making a total of 1.684.-
For the year ending June 30. 1912, the total 624.101. with a value of $33,704,816.27.
number of money-order offices in operation
was 52,815; the number of orders issued was Fees of 8 cents each on special delivery
84,539.212, their value $583,337,003.06: the mail were claimed by postmasters last year to
number of orders paid and repaid. 84,680.907 : the total amount or $1,469,177.80. Indicating
their value $584,358,032.94; the number of ex that 18,364,722
cess of payments and repayments over issues. were delivered, pieces of mall of this character
147.095. their value $1,021,028.98; the 223 pieces over being an increase
last year, or 9.58 ofper1.608.-
cent.
amount in fees received. $4,967,746.84; These figures relate
average amount of orders. $6.90; average respective of class. to all post offices, Ir
amount of fees. $0.0582.
IMITATIONS OF STAMPS.
No adhesive stamps, of any form or design ble stamps, provided they do not in form resem
■■L wht
whatever, other than lawful postage stanit: lawful postage stamps, and do not bear
are■ permitted to be affixed to the address side numerals, may be affixed to the reverse side
( [omestic mail matter, but such adhesive of domestic mail matter.
of uomt
PART II.
PRACTICAL POSTAL INFORMATION.
DOMESTIC MAIL MATTER.
CLASSIFICATION. for a message, etc., but the space to the right
1. Domestic mall matter includes matter de for(b)theAddresses address only. postal cards . . . may
posited In the malls for local delivery, or for be either written,upon printed or affixed thereto, at
transmission from one place to another within the option of the sender.
the United States, or to or from or between (c) Very thin sheets of paper may be at
the possessions of the United States, and Is tached to the card on condition that they com
divided Into four classes:
First. Written and sealed matter, postal both writing and printing.Such sheets may bear
pletely adhere thereto.
cards
Second.and private mailing
Periodical cards.
publications. (Rates for may (d) Advertisements, Illustrations or writing
publishers and news agents only.) appear on the back of the card and on
Third. Miscellaneous printed matter (on the(e) left The
third of the face.
addition to a postal card of matter
paper).
Fourth (Parcel Post). All matter not in other than as above authorized will annul Us
cluded In previous classes. privileges as a postal card and subject it, when
2. Porto Rico and Hawaii are included In sent In theof mails, to postage according to the
the term "United States." The Philippine character wholly or
the message—at the letter rate If
partly in writing or the third-claas
Archipelago, Guam. Tutuila (Including all ad rate if entirely In print. In either case the
jacent Islands of the Samoan group which are
possessions of the United States), and the postage card will
value of the stamp Impressed upon the
not be impaired.
<"inal Zone are Included in the term "Posses (f) Postal cards must be treated In all re
sions of the United States." The term "Canal spects as sealed letters, except that when un-
Zone" Includes all the territory purchased dellverable
from the Republic of Panama, embracing the returned toto thetheaddressee they may not be
"Canal Zone" proper and the islands in the "double" postal cards sender. will be
Undeliverable
returned to the
Bay of Panama, named Perlco, Naos, Culebra sender If known.
and Flamenco. (g) Postal cards bearing particles of glass,
3. Domestic rates and conditions apply to
mail matter addressed to officers or members metal, mica,are sand, tinsel or other similar
of the crew of vessels of war of the United substances unmal lable, except when en
States, to matter sent to the United States closed In envelopes tightly sealed to prevent
Postal Agency at Shanghai, China, and, with the escape of such particles with proper postage
attached, or when treated in such manner as
certain exceptions, to that sent to Canada. will
Cuba, Mexico and the Republic of Panama. beingprevent the objectionable substances from
rubbed off or injuring persons handling
The domestic rate applies also to letters, but
Dot to other articles, addressed to Oreat Brit- theNote.—Used malls.
postal cards which conform to
tin. Ireland and Newfoundland, and to letters the conditions prescribed for post carda may be
for Germany despatched only by steamers remalled with one cent postage prepaid
«hich land the malls at German ports.
4. Pamphlet of General Postal Information.— thereon.
A pamphlet of general postal information has 8. Double postal cards should be folded be
been issued for five distribution to the public fore mailing. Intact double postal cards should
through postmasters.and Itpostage
containsrates
the for
classifi
cation, conditions do be9. folded before malting.
Either Half Usable Separately.—Either half
mestic and foreign mail matter. The Informa of a double domestic postal card may be used
tion given herewith Is usually sufficient. A separately, but postmasters will not separate
new edition of the pamphlet has Just been them.
10. Mailing Reply Part With Initial Half At
FIRST-CLASS MATTER. tached.—If the initial half of a double postal
card be not detached when the reply half la
B. Written matter, namely: Letters, postal mailed for return, the card Is subject to post
cards, private mailing cards (post cards), and age according to the character of the message.
•A matter wholly or partly in writing, whether The enclosure In a double postal card of un-
waled or unsealed (except manuscript copy authorlzed matter annuls Its privileges as ft
*rtompanylng proof sheets or corrected proof postal card.
sheets of the same) and the writing authorized 11. Reply Postal Cards to and from the Phil
br law to be placed upon matter of other ippines.—The reply half of the Philippine
classes. All matter sealed or otherwise closed double postal card of 1-cent denomination,
Mtinst Inspection Is also of the first class. overprinted with the word Philippine, shall be
Note.—Typewriting and carbon and letter press valid for postage when mailed in the United
copies thereof are held to be an equivalent of States and addressed to points In the Philip
handwriting and ore classed as such In all pine Islands. The United States 1-cent double
cases. postal card may be mailed from the United
DROP LETTERS. States to the Philippine Islands, and by ax*
rangement with the Bureau of Posts of the
1 See page 336. Philippines the reply half of the card is valid
for postage when mailed In the Philippine!
POSTAL CARDS. and addressed to points in thiB country.
7- Postal cards Issued by the Post Office De
partment may bear written, printed, or other PRIVATE MAILING CARDS (POST CARDS).
>dditions aa follows: 12. Private mailing cards ("post cards' ) in
W Thelinefaceplaced
of the approximately
card may be divided
vertical one-thirdby ofa the domestic mails must conform to the
'he distance from the left end of the card: lowing conditions:
(a) A "post card" must be an unfolded
the apace to the left of the line to be used
of cardboard not exceeding 9 by 14 centi written name, except single cards enclosed
meters (approximately 3 9-16 by 5 9-16 Inches) with third or fourth class matter, and bearing
nor lesa than 7 by 10 centimeters (approxi the name of the sender. Certificates, checks,
mately 2 3-4 by 4 inches). receipts, etc.. filled out In writing. CommuDi-
(b) It must In form and ' in the quality and catlons entirely In print, with exception of
weight of paper be substantially like the Gov name of sender, sent in Identical terms by
ernment postal card. many persons to the same address. Copy
(c) It may be of any color not Interfering (manuscript or typewritten) unaccompanied by
with a legible address and postmark. proof sheets thereof. Diplomas, marriage or
(d) It may or may not, at the option of the other certificates, filled out in writing. Enve
sender, bear near the top of the face the lopes bearing written addresses. Folders made
words "Post Card." of stiff paper, the entire inner surface of whicb
(e) The face of the card may be divided by cannot be examined except at the Imminent
a vertical line; the left half to be used for a risk of breaking the Beat, and those having
message, etc., but that to the right for the many folds or pages, requiring the use of an
address only. Instrument of any kind in order to thoroughly
(f) Very thin Rheets of paper may be at examine the inner surfaces are subject to the
tached to the card, and then only on condition first-class rate of postage. Hand or typewrit
that they completely adhere thereto. Such
sheets may bear both writing and printing. ten matter and letter press or manifold (car
(g) Advertisements and Illustrations may ap bon) copies thereof. Imitations or reproduc
pear on the back of the card and on the left tions of hand or typewritten matter not mailed
half of the face. at the post office window or other depository
(h) Cards, without cover, conforming to the designated by the postmaster In a minimum
foregoing conditions, are transmissible In the number of twenty Identical copies. Legal and
domestic malls (Including the possessions of other blank printed forms signed officially.
the United States) and to Cuba, Canada, Mex Letters (old or re-malled) sent singly or in
ico, the Republic of Panama, and the United bulk. Manuscripts or typewritten copy, when
States poRtal agency at Shanghai, China, at the not accompanied by proof sheets thereof. Mar
postage rate of 1 cent each. riage certificates filled out In writing. Old
(i) When post cards are prepared by printers letters sent singly or In bulk. Original type
and stationers for sale It Is desirable that they written matter and manifold or lettcr-pres*
bear in the upper right-hand corner of the face copies thereof. Price lists (printed) containing
an oblong diagram containing the words "Place written figures changing Individual Items. Re
postage stamp here, ' ' and at the bottom of ceipts (printed) with written signatures. Sealed
the space to the right of the vertical dividing matter of any class, or matter so wrapped aa
line the words "This space for the address."
(J) Cards whichbydothese
not conform to the not to be easily examined, except original
tions prescribed regulations are. condi
when packages of proprietary articles of merchandise
sent In the malls, chargeable with postage put up so that each package may be examined
according to the character of the message—at In its simplest mercantile or sample form, and
the letter rate if wholly or partly in writing, seeds and other articles that may be enclosed
or at the third-class rate if entirely In print. In sealed transparent envelopes. Stenographic
(k) Cards bearing particles of glass, metal, or shorthand noteB. Typewritten matter, orig
mica, sand, tinsel or other similar substances inal letter-press and manifold copies thereof.
are unmallable, except when enclosed in en Unsealed written communications. Visiting
velopes tightly sealed to prevent the escape of cards (written), except single cards enclosed
such particles, or when treated In such manner with third or fourth class matter, and bearing
as will prevent the objectionable substances the name of the sender.
from being rubbed off or injuring persons han
dling the malls. Cards mailed under cover of SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
sealed envelopes (transparent or otherwise) are
ing14. notice
Includes newspapers and periodicals
chargeable with postage at the first-class rate;
If enclosed In unsealed envelopes they are sub of entry as second-class matter.bearA
ject to postage according to the character of pamphlet containing the laws governing mail
the message—at the first-class rate If wholly able matter of the second class and regulations
or partly In writing, or the third-class rate if thereunder will be furnished postmasters. In
entirely in print; and the postage stamps terested publishers and news agents.
should be affixed to the envelopes covering the THIRD-CLASS MATTER.
same. Postage stamps affixed to matter en 15. Printed matter under the following condi
closed In envelopes cannot be recognized in tions Is third-class matter;
payment of postage thereon. 16. Printed Matter Defined.—Printed matter
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN FIRST-CLASS Is the reproduction upon paper by any process,
except handwriting and typewriting, not having
MATTER. the character of actual personal correspond
13. Assessment notices (printed) with amount ence, of words, letters, characters, figures or
due written therein. Albums (autograph) con images, or any combination thereof. Matter
taining written matter. Blank books with produced by the photographic process (includ
written entries; bank checks filled out in writ ing blueprints) is printed matter.
ing, either canceled or uncanceled ; legal and 17. Circulars. —A circular Is defined by law to
other blank printed forms signed officially. be a printed letter which, according to In
Dlank forms, filled out in writing. Cards or ternal evidence, Is being sent in identical terms
letters (printed) bearing a written date, where to several persons. A circular may bear a
the date Is not the date of the card, but gives written, typewritten or hand-stamped date,
Information as to when the sender will call name and address of person addressed and of
or deliver the sender, and corrections of mere typo
datesomething otherwisewillreferred
is the when something occur to,or orla graphical errors.
18. Where a name date
(except thatthan
of the
acknowledged to have been received. Cards
(printed) which by having a signature attached dressee or Bender), (other that adof
are converted Into persona] communications, the circular), figure, or anything else 1b writ
%ucb as receipts, orders for articles furnished ten, typewritten or hand stamped in the body
' addressee, etc. Cards (visiting) bearing of the circular for any other reason than to
correct a genuine typographical error. It U
335
subject to postage at the first-class (letter) depository designated by the postmaster, in
rate, whether sealed such
or unsealed. a minimum number of twenty Identical copies.
IS. Exception.—If name, date or other Roots. School copy books containing printed
matter be hand stamped, and not of a personal Instructions. Scions. Seeds. Sheet music.
nature, the character of the circular as such Tags and labels, printed. Valentines, printed
is 20.notReproductions
changed thereby. on paper. Visiting cards (printed). Wood
or Imitations of handwrit cuts and engravings (prints).
ing and typewriting obtained by means of the 24. Permissible additions to third-class mat
printing press, neostyle, hectograph, multi- ter.—
graph, or similar process, will be treated as (a) Such words as "Dear Sir," "My dear
third-class matter, provided they are mailed at friend," "Yours truly," "Sincerely yours,"
the post office window or other depository ' "Merry Christmas. ' ' ' 'Happy New Year, ' '
designated by the postmaster In a minimum "With best wlBhes" and "Do not open until
number of 20 perfectly Identical, unsealed Christmas." or words to that effect, written
copies. If mailed in a less quantity they will upon third class matter are permissible In
be subject to the first-class rate. scriptions.
JL Correspondence of the blind; mailable at (b) Inscriptions in public library books.—
the23. third-class rate.roots, scions, etc.; mailable Public library books, otherwise transmissible
Seeds, bulbs, in the malls at the third-class rate of postage,
at the third-class rate of postage. shall not be subjected to a higher postage rate
22a. Identical pieces of third-class matter because of bearing thereon or therein. In
mailed without stamps affixed. writing or by means of hand-stamp, the shelf-
number, date of donation or acquisition (or
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN THIRD-CLASS both), or any mark of designation which may
MATTER. be reasonably construed as an " Inscription* '
within the meaning of the law in the limited
13. Address tags and labels (printed). Ad- sense of a permanent library record, placed
rertlsements printed on blotting paper. Al thereon by the librarian and in that connec
manacs. Architectural designs (printed). As tion
sessment notices, wholly In print. Blank notes
(printed). Blanks (printed legal) and forms (c) only.
A written designation of contents—such
of Insurance applications, mainly In print. as "Book," "Printed matter," "Photo"—shall
Blind. Indented or perforated sheets of paper be construed as a permissible "inscription"
containing characters which can be read by upon mail matter of the third class.
the blind, except such as are entitled to free (d) Incidental use of third-class matter as
transmission. Blue prints. Books (printed). receptacles for coin.—The rate of postage on
Bulbs. Calendar pads mainly In print. Cal matter essentially third class (printed matter
endars (printed on paper). Canvassing and upon paper) Is not affected by the fact that
prospectus books with printed sample chapters. Incidentally it contains a perforation which
Cards printed on paper. Cards, printed, may be used for carrying coin.
with perforations for carrying coin. Cards, (e) Serial numbers.—Serial numbers written
Christmas, Easter, etc., printed on paper. or Impressed upon, and so inserted in what
Catalogues. Check and receipt books would otherwise be third-class matter, do not
imsinly In print). Circulars. Clippings increase that rating.
(press) with name and date of paper stamped (f) Permissible enclosures.—"There may be
or written In. Correspondence of the blind. enclosed with third-class matter. without
Coupons, printed. Engravings and wood cuts changing the classification thereof, a single
(printed on paper). Grain in its natural con visiting or business card ; a single printed
dition (samples of). Imitations of hand or order-blank, or a single printed combination
typewritten matter, when mailed at the post order-blank and coin-card with envelope bear
office window or other depository designated ing return addresB ; or a single postal card
by the postmaster In a minimum number of bearing return address. ' '
3© identical copies. Indented or perforated FOURTH-CLASS (PARCEL POST) MATTER.
sheets of paper containing characters which 25. Fourth-class matter Is all mailable matter
can be read by the blind, except such as are not Included in the three preceding ctisses
t-ntltled to free transmission. Insurance applica which is so prepared for mailing as to be easily
tions and other blank forms mainly in print. withdrawn from the wrapper and examined,
Labels and tags bearing printed addresses. except that sealed packages of proprietary arti
Ltgal blanks (printed) and forms of insurance cles of merchandise (not in themselves un-
applications, mainly In print. Lithographs. mallable), such as pills, fancy soaps, tobacco,
Maps printed upon paper, with the necessary etc., put up in fixed quantities by the manu
mountings. Memorandum books, mainly in facturer for sale by himself or others, or for
print Music books. Newspaper "headings" samples, In such manner as to properly protect
or clippings. Notes (blank printed). Order the articles, so that each package In its sim
blanks and report forms, mainly In print. plest mercantile or sample form may be ex
Photographs, printed on paper. Plans and amined, are mailable as fourth-class matter.
architectural designs (printed). Plants, Post It. embraces merchandise and samples of every
age stamps (cancelled or uncancelled). Pob- description, and coin or specie.
t&l cards, bearing printed advertisements, 26. Postage must be paid by stamps affixed,
mailed In bulk. Post cards, bearing on the unless 2,000 or more identical pieces are
message side Illustrations or other printed mailed at one time when the postage at that
matter, mailed In bulk. Press clippings with rate may be paid In money. New postage
name and date of paper stamped or written must be prepaid for forwarding or returning.
in. Price lists, wholly in print. Printed The affixing of special delivery ten-cent stamps
Mink notes. Printed calendars. Printed labels. In addition to the regular postage entitles
Printed plans and architectural designs. fourth-class matter to special delivery.
Printed tags and labels. Printed valentines. Articles of this class liable to injure or
Proof-theets (printed) with or without manu- deface the malls, such as glass, sugar, needles,
'frlpt. Receipt and check books (mainly In nails, pens, etc., must be first wrapped In a
print). Reproductions or Imitations of hand bag, box, or open envelope and then secured
°t typewriting, by the neostyle, hectograph, in another outside tube or box, made of metal
mimeograph, electric pen, or similar process, or hard wood, without sharp corners or edges,
▼hen mailed at the post office window or other and having a sliding clasp or screw lid, tb1
33G SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
securing the articles In a double package. The printed. Oil paintings, framed or unframed.
public should bear In mind that the first Order blanks and report forms, mainly blank
object of the department is to transport the (spaces covered by ruled lines being regarded
malls safety, and every other interest is made as blank), are fourth-class matter. However,
subordinate. one copy may be enclosed with third-clasi
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN FOURTH-CLASS matter without subjecting such matter to post
MATTER. age at the fourth-class rate. Paper bags and
wrapping paper, printed or unprinted. Paper
27. Albums, photograph and autograph napkins, Patterns, printed or unprinted. Pen
(blank). Artificial flowers. Bees (queen) when or pencil drawings. Photograph albums. Pho
properly packed. Bill heads. Blank address tographic negatives. Postal cards (blank) in
tags and labels. Blank books. Blank books bulk packages. Post-cards (blank). Printed
with printed headings. Blank cards or paper. matter on other material than paper. Printed
Blank diaries. Blank postal cards In bulk playing cards of all kinds. Private mailing
packages. Blank post-cards. Blotting paper or post-cards (blank). Queen bees, when prop
(blank). Botanical specimens, not susceptible erly packed. Record books, mainly blank
of being used for propagation. Calendar pads, Rulers, wooden or metal, bearing printed ad
mainly blank. Calendars or other matter vertisements. Samples of cloth. Samples of
printed on celluloid. Card coin-holders (not flour or other manufactured grain for food
printed). Cards (blank). Cards, printed play purposes. Sealed merchandise: Soap wrap
ing, of all kinds. Celluloid, printed or un- pers. Stationery. Tags (blank). Tape meas
prlnted. Check books, mainly blank. Christ ures. Tintypes. Valentines printed on ma
mas and Easter cards printed on other material terial other than paper. Wall paper. Water
than paper. Cigar bands. Coin. Combination color painting. Wooden rulers, bearing printed
calendar and memorandum pads, mainly blank. advertisements. Wrapping paper, printed or
Crayon pictures. Cut flowers. Cuts (wood or unprinted.
metal). Daguerreotypes. Dissected maps and 28. Permissible writing or printing upon or
pictures. Drawings, framed or unframed. with fourth-class matter:
Dried fruit. Dried plants. Easter cards, when (a) The written
matter additions
printed on other material than paper. Electro permissible upon
type plates. Engravings, when framed. En third-class may be added to fourth-
velopes, printed or unprinted, except when ad class matter without subjecting the latter to a
dressed and enclosed singly with third-class higher than the fourth-class rate of postage.
(b) The written
matter. Flowers, cut or artificial. Framed fourth-class matter additions
may be permissible
placed upon upon
the
engravings, pictures and other printed matter. matter Itself, or upon the wrapper or cover
Geological specimens. Grain, not Intended for thereof, or tag or label accompanying the
planting. Letter heads. Maps, printed on same.
cloth. Merchandise samples. Memorandum (c) A written designation of the contents,
books and calendar pads, mainly blank. Mer such as "candy," "cigars." "merchandise."
chandise sealed : Proprietary articles (not in etc.. is permissible upon the wrapper of fourth-
themselves unmailable), such ;in pills, fancy class matter.
soaps, tobacco, etc., put up in fixed quantities (d) Such Inscriptions as "Merry Christmas,"
by the manufacturer for sale by himself or "Happy New Year," "With best wishes," and
"Do not opentogether
until Christmas," or words
others, or for samples, In such manner as to
properly protect the articles, and so that each that effect, with the name and adto
package in Its simplest mercantile or sample dress of the addressee and of the sender may
form may be readily examined. Metals. Min be wrttten on mail matter of the fourth class,
erals. Napkins, paper or cloth, printed or un or upon a card enclosed therewith, without
affecting its classification.
RATES OF POSTAGE.
FIRST-CLASS MATTEB. established, or at offices where the pat
Kates of postage on first-class matter. rons cannot be served by rural free-de
— (a) On letters and other matter, livery carriers.
wholly or partly in writing, except the (e) Letters mailed at a post office for
writing specially authorized to be placed delivery to patrons thereof by star route
upon matter of other classes, and on currier and those deposited in boxes
matter sealed or otherwise closed against along a star route or rural free deliv
inspection—2 cents an ounce or fraction ery route are subject to postage at
thereof. the rate of two cents an ounces or frac
<b) On postal cards—1 cent each, the tion thereof.
price for which they are sold. (f) Letters prepaid 1 cent received by
(c) On private mailing cards (post a postmaster, under cover (through the
cards) conforming to the requirements malls), with postage prepaid on the
of Postal Laws and Regulations—1 cent bulk package at the letter rate, cannot
each. be distributed for local delivery or trans
(d) On "drop letters," 2 cents an mission In the malls. Each letter mast
ounce or fraction thereof when mailed be prepaid at the regular first-class rate.
at letter-carrier post offices, or at offices (g) A letter which—after a proper ef
which are not letter-carrier offices if fort has been made to deliver it—is re
rural free delivery has been established turned to the sender, may not be re
and the persons addressed can be served nin iled without a new prepayment of
by rural currier ; and 1 cent for each postage, and it should be enclosed in
ounce or fraction thereof when mailed at a new envelope, to secure prompt trans
offices where letter-carrier sevice is not mission.
SECOND-CLASS MATTER. TABLE NO. 2,

When mailed by the public.—The rate Payable In Apia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia,
of postage on newspapers and periodical Cape Colony, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt,
publications of the second class, when Germany, Great Britain and Ireland. Honduras,
seat bj others than the publisher there Hongkong, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Liberia,
Luxemburg. Natal and Zululand, New South
of, or a news agent, is ] cent for each Wales, New Zealand, Orange River Colony,
4 ounces', or fractional part thereof, on Peru. Portugal, Queensland, Russia, Salvador,
each separately addressed copy or pack South Australia, Switzerland. Tasmania, the
age of anaddressed copies, to be prepaid Transvaal, Uruguay and Victoria, Western
Uy stamps affixed. Australia.
Note.—There Is no such rate of post For orders from $ 0.01 to $ 2.50 10 cents
For orders from $ 2.51 to $ 5.00 15 cents
age as 4 cents a pound. For orders from $ 5.01 to $ 7.50 20 cents
When mailed by publishers news For orders from $ 7.51 to $10.00 25 cents
agents- —Copies of publications admitted to For orders from $10.01 to $15.00 30 cents
the second class of mailblic;mutter when mailed For oiders from $15.01 to $20.00
For orders from $10.01 to $30.00
35 cents
40 cents
by the publishers thereof to subscribers and For orders from $30.01 to $40.00 45 cents
aa sample copies within the limitations of For orders from $40.01 to $50.00 60 cents
■ection 436 Postal I.av:s and Regulations, For orders from $50.01 to $60.00 60 cents
are subject to postage at the rate of 1 cent a For orders from $60.01 to $70.00 70 cents
pound to be prepaid in money on the bulk For orders from $70.01 to $80.00 80 cents
weight of all copies, except as provided by For orders from $S<>.01 to $90.00 90 centB
■ection 433, Postal Laws and Regulations. For orders from *80.01 to $100.00 $1.00
THIRD-CLASS MATTER. TABLE NO. 3.
The rate of postage on mail matter of the Payable In any foreign country with which
third class is 1 cent for each 2 ounces or the United States exchanges money orders not
fraction thereof, on each individually ad enumerated in Tables Noa. 1 and 2 above.
dressed piece or parcel, prepaid by stamps For orders from $ 0.01 to $ 10.00 10 cents
affixed, except as provided by Bection 459, For orders from $10.01 to $ 20.00 20 cents
Postal Laws and Regulations. For orders from $20.01 to $ 30.00 30 cents
For orders from $30.01 to i 40.00 40 cents
Note.—There la no such rate of post For orders from $40,01 to $ 50.00 50 cents
agf as S cents a pound. For orders from $50.01 to $ 60.00 60 cents
For orders from $60.01 to $ 70.00 70 cents
FOURTH-CLASS (PARCEL POST) MATTER. For orders from $70.01 to $ 80.00 80 cents
See Pages 340 and 342. For orders from $80.01 to $ 90.00 90 cents
For orders from $90.01 to $100.00 $1.00
MONEY ORDER SYSTEM. International orders.—There are now In op
Fees charged for money orders Issued on eration conventions for the exchange of money
orders between the United States and sixty-
domestic form.— two countries named below:
TABLE NO. 1. •Antigua. Liberia.
Parable In the United States (which includes* Apia, Samoa. Luxemburg.
Guam, Hawaii. Porto Rico and Tutuila, Samoa*; Austria. *Martin!que.
or payable In Bermuda, British Guiana, •Bahama Islands. "Mexico.
British Honduras, Canada, Canal Zone (Isth •Barbados. *Montserrat.
mus of Panama). Cuba. Mexico, Newfound Belgium. I Natal and Zululand.
land, at the United States Postal Agency at •Bermuda.
Bolivia. Netherlands.
•Nevis.
Shanghai (China), in the Philippine Islands, •British Guiana. 'Newfoundland.
or the following islands In the West In •British Honduras. New South Wales.
dies: Antigua. Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, •Canada. New Zealand.
Grenada, Jamaica, Martinique, Montscrrat,
N'eDs, St. Kitts, St. Lucia. St. Vincent, •Canal Zone.
fCape Colonv. Norway.
tOrange River Colony.
Trinidad and Tobago, and Virgin Islands.
Tor orders from $ O.01 to $ 2.50 3 cents Chill.
Costa Rica. Peru.
•Philippine Islands.
For orders from $ 2,51 to $ 5.00 5 cents •Cuba. Portugal.
Por orders from $ 5.01 to $10.00 8 cents Denmark. Queensland.
Por orders from $10.01 to $21.00 10 cents •Dominica. Russia.
For orders from $20.01 to $30.00 12 cents Egypt, *St. Kitts.
For orders from $30.01 to $40.0" 15 cents France, Algeria and *Salnt Lucia.
For orders from $40.01 to $50.00 18 centB Tunis. *Salnt Vincent.
For orders from $50.01 to $60.00 20 cents Germany. Salvador.
For orders from $60.01 to $75.00 25 cents Great Britain and South Australia.
For orders from $75.01 to $100.00 30 cents Ireland. Sweden,
It. Postmasters at domestic money-order of- Greece. Switzerland.
•Grenada.
flees must bear in mind that they are not
author Honduras (Republic). Tasmania.
tThe Transvaal.
ment inredanyto foreign
Issue country
money orders for those
pay Hongkong (China). •Trinidad and Tobago.
other than
enumerated above. When an intending remit Hungary. Uruguay.
ter applies at a domestic office for a money Italy (including San Victoria.
order payable in any other foreign country Marino). *Vfrgin Islands.
'-he postmaster should direct him to the near •Jamaica. Western Australia.
est International money-order office. Japan.
22. Fees chanced for money orders issued on • Draw orders on domestic money-order form.
International form.—
f Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange River Col DELIVERY AND FORWARDING OF REGIS
ony and Natal (with Zululand) have been con TERED MAIL
solidated Into the South African Union, and Either the sender or the addressee of do
all money-orders for payment in those coun mestic registered mail may restrict Its deliv
tries] are now certified by the Exchange office ery. Registered mail which is not restricted
at New York to the Exchange office at Cape In delivery may be delivered to any responsi
Town. Money orders to and from Natal and ble person who customarily receives, the ordi
Zululand formerly were reissued at London. nary mail of the addressee.
Payment may now be made on the orlg nal All registered matter, except that which
orders, provided the corresponding advices has once been properly delivered, may be for
have been duly certified. warded without additional charge for registry
INTERNATIONAL REPLY-COUPONS. fee, upon the written request of any person
International reply-coupons, of the denomi to whom it Is deliverable. In cases of emer
nation of 6 cents each, are issued for the gency, when the postmaster is satisfied that
purpose of sending to correspondents abroad. no fraud is intended, a telegraphic order from
The foreign correspondent may exchange each the addressee may be honored.
coupon for postage stamps of the country In Written orders to forward mall, signed by
which he is located, equal In value to 5 cents addressees or their agents duly authorized to
In United States money, using the stamps for control such matter, must be construed to
reply postage. The countries In which the apply to both ordinary and registered mail,
reply-coupon Is valid are as follows: unless such orders specifically state that regis
Argentine Republic. tered mail shall not be so forwarded, or sep
Austria and the Austrian post offices In the arate and special written orders are furnished
Levant. Chill. directing other disposition of registered mail.
Belgium. Corea. REGISTRY RETURN RECEIPT TO BE FUR
Bosnia-Herzegovina. Costa Rica. NISHED ONLY WHEN REQUESTED
Brazil. Crete. BY THE SENDER.
Bulgaria. Cuba.
Denmark, Including Greenland, Iceland and Section 3928 of the Revised Statutes reads t:
the Faroe Islands; the Danish West Indies. follows:
Egypt. "Whenever the sender shall so request, a
France, the French post offices in China, receipt shall be taken on the delivery of any
Morocco, and Turkey ; the French colonies of registered mall matter, showing to whom and
Algeria. Dahomey, Guadeloupe and dependen when the same was delivered, which receipt
cies, Guiana (French), Guinea (French), Indo shall be returned to the sender and be re
china. Ivory Coast, Martinique, Mauretania, ceived In the courts as prima facie evidence
New Caledonia, Oceanica, St. Plerre-Mlquelon, of such delivery."
Senegal, Senegal-Niger; French establishments In accordance with this Btatute postmasters
in India. do not prepare receipt cards for return to the
Germany, the German protectorates and Ger senders of domestic registered mail which does
man post offices In Africa, Asia, Australasia, not bear the Indorsement "Receipt desired" or
and Turkey. words of similar Import. When an article
Great Britain, British post offices In Morocco bearing such indorsement is received for regis
and Turkey ; British colonies of Australia, tration, the registration receipt Issued to the
Bahamas, Bechuanaland, Canada, Cape of Good sender and the registration record are required
Hope, Ceylon, Cook Islands, Dominica, East to be similarly indorsed.
Africa, Gibraltar, Gold Coast, Honduras (Brit See page 340 relative to return receipts for
ish), Hong Kong and Hong Kong offices In Insured domestic parcel post mall.
China, India, Labuan, Malta, Mauritius Islands, REGISTRATION FEES.
Natal, Newfoundland, New Guinea, New Zea
land, Papua, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somali - The fee for the registration of mall matter,
land, Southern Nigeria, South Rhodesia, Straits foreign and domestic. Is fixed at ten cents for
Settlements, Tasmania, Transvaal, Trinidad, each piece. In addition to postage, and both
Uganda, Zululand; British Protectorates of the postage and fee must be prepaid at the time
Solomon, Gilbert and Ellice Islands. of registration.
Greece. Honduras (Republic of). Fourth -claBS (domest ic parcel post) matter
Haiti. Hungary. may not be registered, but may be Insured
Italy, and Italian colonies of Benadlr and against loss In the mails by the prepayment
Erythrea. of a fee of ten cents in postage stamps, to
Japan and Japanese post offices in China and be affixed to each parcel. See page 340.
Manchuria. Luxemburg. The Department haB discontinued the issu
Liberia. Mexico. ance of the special ten-cent registry stamp.
Netherlands, Netherlands Guiana, the Nether No further supply of this stamp shall be
lands Indies. printed. The registry fee may be prepaid by
Norway. means of any stamps which are valid for the
Portugal, Including the Azores and Madeira. prepayment of postage.
Roumanla. Sweden. INDEMNITY FOR REGISTERED MAIL.
Salvador. Switzerland. Indemnity will be paid on account of the
Slam. Tunis. loss of registered mall in the postal service:
Spain. Turkey. (a) For the value of domestic registered mail
Persons who buy the reply coupons should of the first class (sealed! up to $50.
Inform their correspondents abroad that the (b) For the value of domestic registered mail
reply coupon Is not 1 tsel f good for postage, of the third class, unsealed, up to $26.
but must be exchanRed at the post office for a See page 340 in regard to Indemnity for lost
postage stamp. The postmark of the soiling Insured and C. O. D. parcels.
post office must be stamped legibly In the (c) In any amount claimed, within the limit
circle on the left-hand side of ail reply cou of 50 francs (approximately $9.65). on account
pons sold to the public. of the loss, In the International malls, of >
registered article of any clasB, regardless of tries addressed for delivery In the United
its value, exchanged between the United States States. Consequently articles (except sealed
and any country embraced within the Universal packages which are not letters) mailed In any
Postal Union, except on account of losses one of those countries which are entitled to
arising under circumstances beyond control pass In the domestic malls of that country
( force majeure' * ) and International ' 'Parcels free of postage, are likewise entitled to trans
Post" registered mail. mission free of postage to the United States.
First-class domestic matter must be sealed Prepayment of postage upon any article
before being registered. mailed in the United States, except the reply
half of a double postal card, can be effected
only by means of United States postage stamps.
FOREIGN MAILS. Postage due: Postage due upon articles ex
changed with these countries Insufficiently pre
POSTAGE RATES ON ARTICLES FOR CAN paid, is collectible upon delivery at the single
ADA. CUBA. MEXICO, THE REPUBLIC OF rate.
PANAMA. THE UNITED STATES POSTAL
AGENCY AT SHANGHAI AND THE UNITED
STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL AT YOKO SECOND-CLASS MATTER FOR CANADA.
HAMA. JAPAN. The postage rate applicable In the United
Articles addressed for delivery in Canada. States to "second-class matter" addressed for
Tuba, Mexico and the Republic of Panama are delivery in Canada Is 1 cent for each A ounces
sabject to the same postage rates and condi or fraction of 4 ounces, calculated on the
tions which would apply to them if they were weight of each package and prepaid by means
addressed for delivery in the United States: of postage stamps affixed ; except that the
Except that: postage rate to publishers and news agents
(a) Letters and postal cards must be dis applicable to legitimate dally newspapers Issued
patched to Canada and Mexico if prepaid one as frequently as six times a week addressed
full rate of postage and to Cuba and Panama to bona fide subscribers In Canada, Is 1 cent a
whether prepaid or not. Other articles for For printed matter of all kinds, 1 cent for
Cuba and Panama must be prepaid at least la office of mailing as second-class matter.
part(b) and for Canada and Mexico
and in"commercial
full.
"Prints," "samples"
papers" may be sent subject to the postage RATES OF POSTAGE ON ARTICLES FOR
rates, weight limit and other conditions ap FOREIGN COUNTRIES OTHER THAN
plicable to similar articles In Postal Union
Balls, ABOVE.
(e) Articles other than letters In their usual Articles for or from foreign countries (except
and ordinary form are excluded from the malls, Canada,* Cuba, Mexico and the Republic of
unless they are so wrapped that their contents Panama and the United States Postal Agency
'an be easily examined by postmasters and at Shanghai, as Indicated above, are not des
ruiitoms officers. Any article enclosed In an ignated "First-class matter," **Second-class
envelope, as the word "envelope" is generally matter," etc.; but are classified as "Letters."
Q*ed. without regard to ita size. Is considered "Post cards," "Printed matter." "Commer
to be "in the usual and ordinary form" of a cial papers" and "Samples of merchandise."
letter. But unsealed packages may contain, and are subject to the postage rateB Indi
in sealed receptacles, articles which cannot be
■afely transmitted in unsealed receptacles, pro cated below:
vided the contents of the closed receptacles For letters, 5 cents for the first ounce, or
tre plainly visible or are precisely stated on fraction of an ounce, and 3 cents for each
the covers of the closed receptacles and that additional ounce, or fraction of an ounce.
the package Is so wrapped that the outer cover Stamps or forms of prepayment, whether cur
can be easily opened. rent or obsolete, canceled or uncanceled, as
Packages of fourth-class matter that weigh well as printed articles constituting the repre
*>ver four ounces and not .over four pounds six sentative sign of monetary value, and articles
r>unce* may be sent to Canada. Cuba. Mexico In typewriting or Imitation of typewriting, are
and the Republic of Panama, at the eighth subject to postage at the letter rate. Monetary
zone rate of postage (see Page 3*0t. The par value Is held by the International Bureau of
cels for Mexico and the Republic of Panama the Universal Postal Union to attach to bonds,
must be accompanied by customs declarations. bank notes, commercial bills of exchange, etc..
which have been fully executed by the makers;
I'nmailable.—The following articles arc un For postal cards. 2 cents each, for single,
bailable under any condition, viz. : and A cents each for double cards,
All andsealed each 2 ounces or fraction of 2 ounces.
generalpackages which, from aretheir
■orm appearance, evidently not For commercial papers. S cents for the first
letters; publications which violate the copy- 1" ounces or less, and 1 cent for each addi
rlxht laws of the country of destination; tional 2 ounces or fraction of 2 ounces.
poltona. explosive or Inflammable substances; For samples. 2 cents for the first A ounces
I've or dead (not dried) ahlmals, insects (ex- or less, and 1 cent for each additional 2
l*Pt bees) and reptiles; fruits and vegetables ounces or fraction of 2 ounces.
which quickly decompose, and substances Registration fee. in addition to postage. 10
*hieh exhale a bad odor; lottery tickets or cents.
' Irculars; all obscene or immoral articles, Letters for England, Ireland, Scotland. Wales
articles which may destroy or damage the and Newfoundland. 2 cents per ounce, and
Balis, or Injure the persons handling them; letters for Germany dispatched only by steam
wd
liquidsto and
Cubafatty
and substances,
the Republicexcept
of Panama, ers which land the malls at German ports. 2
samples cents per ounce.
'hereof.
The domestic postage rates and enndit'ons of •Newfoundland is not included in the Do
'"anada, Cuba, Mexico and the Republic of
Panama apply to articles mailed in those coun minion of Canada.
DOMESTIC PARCEL POST.

The provisions of the act approved August INSURED AND C. O. D. PARHELS-FEES
24, 1912, authorizing the establishment of the CHARGED AND INDEMNITY PROVIDED-
Parcels Post System embodying a zone sys RETURN RECEIPTS
tem of postal rates according to certain pre
scribed distances from a given territorial cen A mailable parcel on which the postage is
ter to take effect Jan. 1, 1913, provides that fully prepaid may be Insured against loss In
fourth-class mail matter is to embrace all an amount equivalent to its actual value, but
other matter. Including farm and factory prod not to exceed
ucts, not now embraced by law in either the Ave cents, and in$25,an onamount payment of a fee of
equivalent to Us
first, second, or third-class, not (exceeding actual
twenty pounds in weight when mailed for de ceed $50, on payment of $25.
value in excess of but not to ex
a fee of ten cents
livery within the first and second zones, nor)
exceeding eleven pounds In weight (when for in stamps, such stamps to be affixed.
delivery in any of the other «ones). nor
greater in size than 72 inches In length and Bach
girth combined, nor in form or kind likely to First Addit. Eleven
injure the person of any postal employee or Pound. Pound. Pounds.
damage the mall equipment or other mall mat
ter and not of a character perishable within a .07 .OS .57
period reasonably required for transportation .06 .«8
and delivery. , .09 .07 1.00.79
For parcels post purposes the United States .09
and its several Territories and possessions, ex ... .11 .10 1.11
cepting the Philippine Islands, are divided into .12 1.32
units of area thirty minutes square, identical The sender of a mailable parcel on which
with a quarter of the area formed by the In
tersecting parallels of latitude and meridians the postage Is fully prepaid may have tue
of longitude. price of the article and the charges thereon
There Is a flat rate of one cent per ounce collected from the addressee on payment of i
up to four ounces regardless of distance. Above fee of ten cents in stamps affixed, provided
four ounces, rates are by the pound or fraction $100. Such atoparcel
the amount be collected does not exceed
will be Insured again*
thereof, and varying with the distance as
Riven in the adjoining table and table on Continued on page 342.
page 312.
APPROXIMATE TIME OF MAILS, AND DISTANCES BETWEEN NEW YORK AND
Statute
CERTAIN PLACES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES .
Statute
miles
miles
Days
. ys
Da
.
Name of place . Name of place.
.
via
Accra (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 8 , 075 Gaboon (Africa ) . London . . 9 , 055
Whica ) . . ..
Addah (Africa ... . . . . . . . . London . . 8 , 130 Geneva (Switzerland). . . . London 8-9 4 , 410
Adelaide ( South Australia ).. .London . . 38 15, 315 Genoa ( Italy ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . 4 ,615
Adelaide (South Aus tralia ) .. . Gibraltar . . . . London . 5 , 150
. . . . . . . . Vancouver 12 . 845 Glasgow (Scotland ) . . . . . London . . 8 3 , 370
Anbie
Aden 7 . 875 Gothenburg (Sweden ) London . . 4 . 755
Akvab (British Burmah ) . . . . London . . 11 ,670 Goree ( Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 6 ,600
Alexandria (Egypt) . . . . . . . .London . . 6 , 150 Granada (Spain ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 . 355
Algiers ( Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 030 Grand Bassam (Africa ) .. . . . London . . 7 , 395
Ambriz (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 9 ,785 Grand Canary Island . . . . . . London . . 5 .695
Amsterdam (Netherlands) . . London . . 3 , 985 Grenada (Windward Islands).. 2 , 325
Antigua (Leeward Islands 1 , 790 Greytown (Nicaragua). New Orleans. . 2 ,815
Antverp (Belgium ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 . 000 Guadeloupe (West Indies) . . . . . . 1 , 865
nw al
Aspi (Peru
Arica l , se) e. .". Colo ni . . . .Panama . 20 4 .835 Guatemala City (Guatemala ) , ... . . . . .
New Orleans . . 7 2 , 645
Albens (Greece ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . Guayaquil (Ecuador) . . . . . . Panama . . 3 295
COWNOON
Auckland (New Zealand ) . . Guaymas (Mexico ) . . . . . . . . R R . 3 , 025
cd San Francisco.:) 10 , 120
owe
Hague ( The Netherlands ) . London . . 3 , 950
Rahia (Brazil). . 5 , 870 Half Jack (Africa ) . . London . . 7 , 670
Basle (Switzerland ) London . . 4 , 420 Ilalifax (Nova Scotia ) . . . . 645
Bangkok ( Siam . . .
other
the
FrLondon
anci , 41 13 , 125 Hamburg (Germany ) . . . Direct . . 4 . 820
Bangkok (Siam ) . . San sco . . 43 12 . 900 Hamburg (Germany ) . . London . . 4 , 340
. San . . .. .. .. 6 -8 2 , 145
Barbados (West Indies ) . . . . . Hamilton (Bermuda ). . 780
Barcelona (Spain ) . . . . London . . 9 4 . 790 Havana (Cuba ) . . . . . . : 1 , 366
Batavia (Java ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 12 , 800 Havre ( France ) . . . . . . . 3 , 940
OSS!
Bathurst ( Africa ) . . London . 6 . 705 Hong - Kong (China ) . . . 10 , 590

Bayonne (France ) . . . . London . . 4 ,510 Honolulu (Hawaii ). . . San Francisco .
. .e
5 , 645
Belize (British Honduras) Icel
In d an
haanmb . rici . . . . . . .London . .
. . . Af 5 , 350
w Orleans. . 2 . 360 . . . . London . . 11 , 240
Berlin (Germany ) . . . . . London . . 4 , 385 Interlaken (Switzerland ) . . . London . . 4 . 525
Berne (Switzerland ) . . . . London . . 4 ,490 Iquique (Chile ) . . . Panama. . 4 . 965
Beirut ( Syria ) . : London . . 6 , 475 Isles do Los ( Africa . . . . London . . 7 , 050
ooooowoon
Bombay (British In London . . 9 , 765 Jacmel (Haiti) . . . . . 1 , 910
Bonny (Africa ) . . .. London . . 8 , 590 Jeddah (Arabia ) . . . London . . 7 , 090
Bordeaux ( France ) . . London . . 4 . 385 Kingston ( Jamaica ) . 1 .820
Bremen (Germany ) . . . . . . . . . London . . ] 7 - 8 4 , 235 Kurrachee (British India ) . . London . . 10 ,330
Brindisi ( Italy ) . . . . . London . . 5 , 205 Lagos (Africa ) . . . . . , London . . 8 , 310
Brisbane (Queensland Australia ) . . . . . . La Guayra ( Venezuela ) . . . 2 , 258
Vancouver. . | 28 12 , 190 Lisbon ( Portugal) . . . . . London . . 5 . 335
Brussels (Belgium ) . . . . . . . . . London . . 7 - 8 3 , 975 Little Popo (Africa ) . . . . London . . 8 , 185
Budapest (Hungary ) . . . . . . . Landon . . 4 . 910 Liverpool (England ) . . . . 3 , 540
we
Buenos Ayres (Argentine Republic ) . . . . 24 8 .045 Livingston (Guatemala ) . . . .

Bunder Abbas (Persian Gulf ) .London . . 9 , 500 New Orleans. . 2 . 495
Bushire (Persian Gull ) . . . . . .London . . 30 9 , 950 Loanda (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . London . . 9 , 855
Busteh (Persian Gulf ) . . . . . . London . 10 . 160 London (England) . . . . . Plymouth . . 3 . 740
Cadiz (Spain ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 10 5 , 375 London ( England) .. Fishguard . . 3 . 760
Cairo (Egypt) . . . . .London . 12 6 , 280 Lucerne (Switzerland . . . London . . 4 .480
Calcutta (British India). . . . . London . . 11 . 120 Lyons (France ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 4 , 340
Caldera (Chile ) . . . . . . . . . . . . Panama. . 31 5 , 455 Maceio (Brazil) . . . . , 5 , 555
Callao (Peru ) . . . . . . Panama. . 15 4 , 145 Madeira Island . .. London . . 5 , 345
Cameroons (Africa ) . . . London , 31 8 . 805 Madras
a (British
Briti India
sh India )
).. :
. :
. . . London . . 10 . 525
Cape Coast Castle (Afr . . London . 24 8 ,810 Madrid Spain
(
(Spai n ) . . .. . . . . . . . . London . . 4 , 925
Cape Haitien (Haiti) .
Cape Palmas (Africa ). . London .
1 , 466 Magdalena Bay (Mexico) . .
7 , 570 San Francisco . . 4 , 375
Cape Town (South Africa ).. . London . . 11 , 245 Malaga (Spain ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 320
Camil (Spain ) . . . . . London . . 5 ,545 Malta Island . . . . . London . . 5 , 280
Carthagena ( Colombia ) . Panama. . 2 , 445 Maracaibo ( Venezuela ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 280
Cherbourg (France ) . . . . . . . . : : :: 3 ,780 Maranham (Brazil) . . . 3 . 805
Christiania ( Norway ) London . . 4 , 650 Marseilles (France ) . . . . . . . . London . . 4 , 560
Cienfuegos . Havana . . Martinique (West Indie 1 , 980
Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela )
Coblja (Bolivia ) . . . .
2 , 715 Mauritius Island . . . . . .
Mayaguez ( Porto Ri
. . London . . 12 , 350
Panama . . 5 , 135 1 ,830
Cologne (Germany ) . London . . 4 , 115 Mazatlan (Mexico ) . . . San Francisco . . 4 , 795
Colon (Panama ) . . . . 2 , 281 Melbourne ( Victoria, Australia ) . . . . . .
Congo (Africa ) . . . . . London . . 9 , 605 Vancouver . . 30 12 , 265
Constantinople ( Turkey ) . . . . London . . 5 , 810 Mexico City (Mexico ) . . . . . . . . R . R . . . 3 . 750
Copenhagen ( Denmark ) London . . 18 4 , 575 Milan ( Italy ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 4 ,615
Coquimbo ( Chile ) . . . . . . . . Panarna . . 5 , 685 Mollendo (Peru ) . . . . . . . . . . Panama . . 20 4 ,655
Crete ( Turkey ) . . . . . London . . 16 5 , 835 Monrovia (Liberia , Africa ). . London . 7 . 335
Curacao (West Indies) 2 ,030 Montevideo (Uruguay) . . . . . . . 23 7 . 165
Cyprus (British ) . . . London . . 14 6 , 345 Moscow ( Russia ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 535
Delagua Bay (Africa ). . . . . . .London . . 30 11,520 Moulmein (British Burmah ) . London . 36 12 .020
Demerara (British Guiana ) . 11 2 ,605 Mozambique (Africa ) . . . .
Doinínica (Leeward Islands) 1 ,920 London and Brindisi . . 10 , 470
Dresden (Germany) . . . . . . . 4 ,555 Munich ( Bavaria ) . . . . . . . . . London . . 4 . 610
Falkland Islands . . . . . . . . . 9 , 120 Muscat (Muscat) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 35 9 . 230
.
Faroe Islands. . . . London : 14 4 , 740 Naples ( Italy ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 195
Fernando Po ( A London . . 8 , 745 Nassau (Bahamas) . 1 , 105
Fiji Islands . . . . ancouver. . 8 , 855 Natal (Africa ) . . London . . 12 , 062
Florence (Italy) London . . 4 , 800 Nice (France ) . . .. London . . 4 ,700
Fraktort -on many) . . . . . Nuremberg (Bavaria ) . . . . . . London . . 4 , 395
London . . Is 4 , 250 Odessa (Russia ) . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 455
Statute
statute
APPROXIMATE TIME AND DISTANCE - Continued .
.miles
miles
Days
.
Name of place . Name of place
.
acontece
Onnon
voi
via ric
AWANA
Old Calabar (Africa ) . . . . . . . . London . . 38 8 , 675 Santander (Spain ) . . . . . . . . .London . . 4 , 875
Oporto (Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . London , 5 ,405 Santiago (Chile ) . . . . . . . Panama . . 6 ,010
Santos (Brazil) . . . * * * * *
com
Pago Pago, (Samaon Islands) . ..
San Francisco . . 4 , 160 Savanilla (Colombia 2 ,380
Panama (Panama) . . . . . . . . Colon . . 2 , 355 Senegal (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 6 . 505
Papeete ( Tahiti) . . . . . . San Francisco . . , 212 Seychelles Islands Ocean ) . . . .
Para ( Brazil ) . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 460 London . .
Paris ( France ) . . . . . . . 4 ,020 Shanghai (China ) . . . . Berlin . . 14 . 745
Payta ( Peru ) . . . . . . Panama . . 3 , 545 Shanghai (China ) . . . . . Vancouver . .
Penang (Straits Settlements) Sierra Leone (Africa ) . . . . . . London . . 7 , 135
London . 11 , 733 Singapore (Straits Settlements ) . . . . .
Pernambuco (Brazil) . . 5 , 425 London . . 12 , 175
Perth (West Australia ) . . 14 , 415 Singapore (Straits Settlements ) . . . . .
Point de Galle (Ceylon ) . . . 10 , 405 San Francisco . . 12, 240
Port au Prince (Haiti) . . . . . 1 , 600 Southampton (England ) . . . . . . . 3 ,680
Port Limon (Costa Rica ) . . Stockholm (Sweden ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 , 975
New Orleans. . 2 , 865 Strassburg (Germany) . . . . London . .
Puerto Cabello (Venezuela ) . . 2 , 160 Stuttgart (Germany ) . . . . . . london . .
Puerto Plata (San Domingo ) . . 1 , 570 Suez (Egypt) . . . . , . . . London . . 6 , 370
Quebec (Canada ) . . . . 555 Sydney (New South Wales) .
Queenstown (Ireland ) 3 , 250 Vancouver . . 11. 570
Quilimane (Africa ) . . . London . . 10 ,840 Tampico (Mexico ) . . . .New Orleans . . 2 , 250
Quitta (Africa ) . . London . . 8 , 150 Teneriffe (Canary Islands) . London . . 5 , 645
65o
Rangoon ( British London . . 11 , 900 Tiflis ( Caucasus ) . . . . . . . . London . . 6 ,630
Riga ( Russia ) . . . . . London . . 5 , 190 Tours (France ) . . . . . . . . . , London . . 4 . 165
Rio de Janeiro ( B 6 , 204 Trieste (Austria ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 . 910
Rome (Italy ) . . . . . London . . 5 ,030 Trinidad (West Indies) 2 , 370
Rotterdam (Netherlands) .. . . London . 3 ,935 Turin (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . .London . .
Saigon ( Cochin China ) . . . . . . London . . 12 , 920 Turk 's Island (Bahamas) . . 1. 320
Saigon (Cochin China ) . San Francisco . . 12 , 240 Valparaiso (Chile) . . . Panama . 5 . 915
Woo
St. Helena Island . . . . . . . . . . London . . 9 , 280 Venice (Italy ) . . . . . . London . . 4 .780
St. John 's (Newfoundland ) . . 1 , 245 Il Vera Cruz (Mexico )
ra uz ci . . . . . . . . R R .. 4 . 010
young
Ve
Vera Cr Me
when
OOO
St. Kitts (Leeward Islands ) . . . . 1 , 800 Cruz (Mexico ) . . . . . . Steamer . . . 2 500

St. Lucia (Windward Islands). 2 ,025 Vienna (Austria ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 4 ,740
St. Petersburg ( Russia ) . . . . . Lo ion 5 , 370 Vigo (Spain ) . . . . . . London . . 5 , 500
St. Thomas (West Indies ) . . . . 1 , 650 Wellington (New Zealand ) . . . . . . . .
St. Vincent (Cape de Verde Islands ) . . . . San Francisco . . 10 . 490
London . . 6 .625 Whydah (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 8 . 225
St. Vincent (Windward Islands) . . . . . 2 , 245 Winnebah ( Africa ) . . . London . . 8 . 055
Salt Pond (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . London . 8 , 050 Yarmouth (Nova Scotia ) . 518
Samana (San Domingo ) . . . 1 ,700 Yokohama (Japan ) . . 20 7 , 345
San Domingo City (San Do 1 , 920 Zanzibar (Africa ) . . . . . . . London . . 30 9 ,820
San Juan (Porto Rico ) . . 1 , 730 Zurich (Switzerland ) . . . . . . London . .
Santa Marta (Colombia ) . . . .Panama . . ! 13 2 , 310 |
DOMESTIC PARCELS POST - Continued from Page 340 .

loss, without additional charge, in an amount Return receipts, signed upon delivery, will
equivalent to its actual value, but not to be obtained for the sender of an insured
exceed $ 50 . parcel if the wrapper is plainly endorsed 03
A C. 0. D . parcel will be accepted for the address side " Return receipt desired "
mailing only at a money -order office and No return receipt will be furnished the sender
when addressed to a money -order office . of a C. 0 . D. parcel, as the money order
A parcel may be forwarded without the pay- issued in his favor at the office of delivery
ment of an additional c . 0 . D . fee. serves that purpose .
The pound rates of postage in the first and second zones shall be as follows:
First zone. First zone.

Second Second
Weight. zone Weight. zone
Local Zone rate . Local Zone rate .
rate . rate . rate . rate .
1 pound $0 .05 $ 0 .05 $0 .05 11 pounds. . $0 .10 $0 .15

2 pounds .06 .06 12 pounds. ...
3 pounds .07 07 13 pounds . . 11
Raha
4 pounds . 08 14 pounds .
5 pounds 15 pounds. . . 12
6 pounds . 10 16 pounds. 13
7 pounds 17 pounds. . . 13
8 pounds . 12 18 pounds . .
9 pounds . . 13 19 pounds .
10 pounds 20 pounds. . .
NOTE. -- The rate for local delivery shall apply to all parcels mailed at a post
ofce from which a rural route starts , for delivery on such route, or mailed at
any point on such route for delivery at any other point thereon , or at the office
froin which the route starts , or on any rural route starting therefrom , and on all
matter mailed at a city carrier office, or at any point within its delivery Mmits ,
for delivery by carriers from that office, or at any once for local delivery .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK : 343
INTERNATIONAL PARCEL POST.

COUNTRIES TO WHICH PARCELS MAY BE SENT ; MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, VALUE
AND RATES OF POSTAGE APPLICABLE TO PARCELS ; AND EXCHANGE POST OFFICES
WHICH DISPATCH AND RECEIVE PARCEL POST MAILS .
Parcel-post packages may also be malled in Hawail, Porto Rico, The Philippines, Guam , Tutulla
and the Canal Zone, to the following countries and colonies with which the United States have
marcel-post conventions, subject to the rules and regulations as are herein prescribed .
Allowable dimensions
Exchange post offices.
Greatest
Greatest
and weight of parcels .
Greatest
weight
length
Limit
length
value
Postage
com
girth
Greatest
girth
and
of
.
.
bined
rate
lames of countries.
.
.
United States. Foreign
.
Nope, San Francisco . . . . . . . Sydney, Melbourne Bris

1 Honolulu . . . . . . .
} bane, Adelaide, Perth ,
) Hobart, Launceton .
ist , including the Austrian
Bees la the Ottoman Empire at
Alexandrette , Beyrout, Caifa
Quadis Casca , Cavalls, Chios,
Durdaneles, Dedeagh, Durazzo,
bebola Kla, Janina, Jeru None New York .. .. . . .. . .. Tylest.
s , Kerassonda, Mersins, | Chicago. . . . . .
Wytlese, Prevesa , Retimo, Rbodes,
Salontea , Samson, San Giovanni
2 Nedus; Santi Quaranta ,
Beated d'Albanie, Smyrna, Tre
Woond, Tripoli (Syris ), Valona,
countries
Vattei (Samos ) .
fraction
Nassau .
ound
None. . . . . . . do .
ound
cents
Barbados None. . . do . . . Bridgetowe

all
None .
ap12
of
or
. . . . do .. . . . . Antwerp.
to
None . . . . .do .. . . . . Hamilton .

None. New York and San Fran La Paz.
cisco .
None. New York Bahia , Para,
O de Pernam
to each abuco,
nd % RIRio Janairo
and Sao Paulo .
None. All offices authorized to exchange mais between the
two countries .
None. New York, San Franciscol Valparaiso.
None 1 All offices authorized to exchange mails between the
two countries.
Costa Rica . None. Do.
*Caracs (including Aruba, Bonaire, Wilhemstad ,
Sabe, St Eustatins and the Dutch None. New York . . . .
pert of St. Martins ) .
Das West Indies (St Croir, St. None. Do .
Jensed St. Thomse) .
Dezek (zeluding Faroe Islands None .
New York ...
Boston .. . . . . . Copenhagen.
und Loelaarl) . Chicago . . . . . .
Descritican Republic .. None. New York . . . Santo Domingo
( New York
Excada . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . $ 50 New Orleans . Guayaquil
San Francisco .
Dateh Guias . .. . None . New York . . . Paramaribo.
None. New York . Cherbourg and Havre .
France(exduding Algeria and Corsica) New York
Garssy (including Cameroon , Chicago . .
Togg , German East Africa, Ger Boston . . . . . Hamburg
mas South-west Africa, Pro None St. Louis . Bremen
tectorade of Kosebow and certain Philadelphia
German post offices in China ), Baltimore . .
New York ,
Chicago . . . . . .
Boston . . . . . . London.
None. Philadelphia . . Liverpool
Great Britala, Including Ireland...... 34 6 .. . 11 St. Louis . . . . . Dublin
Baltimore . . . . .
San Francisco
New York . Guatemala City,
Guatemala ......... None. Now Orleans. . . . . Retalhuleu and Puerto
| San Francisco . . . Barrios
Gasleape ( nebading Marie Galan
Deseade, Les Sainta, St. Bar
tholomew and the French por Node. | New York,
San Juan, P . R . ..
Basse- Terre
Ece of 8 . Martins.)
BE None . New York.. . . . .. Port au Prince .
Reeded (British)............ Note. New Orleans . . . . Belise.
Tegucigalpa
( New York Puerto Cortes
Nore. New Orleans .. . . .
Heiz (Republic of)..... ( San Francisco . . .
Amapala
1 ) Trujúllo.
Parcels cannot be registered.
COUNTRIES TO WHICH PARCELS MAY BE SENT; MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, VALTTS
AND RATES OP POSTAGE APPLICABLE TO PARCELS; AND EXCHANGE POST OFFICES
WHICH DISPATCH AND RECEIVE PARCEL POST MAILS—Continued.
Allowable dimensions Exchange post offices.
and weight of parcels.
IGrcenatgetsatadRicrotmh
Names of countries. 4 i
bined. I ■ * United
1 1
i
o1 t3
Ft Ft tit. f San Francisco. .
Hong-Kong. See section 107 below. e 11 Norte, Ij Seattle
Tacnma
I Honolulu
Hungary 6 11 None f New York
Italy, Cmeluding Rep. of San Marino, \ Chicago
1' i Colonirs of Bcnadir and
Erylbrea, and the Italian officeain
the Ottoman
(North Africa),Empire
DoraiSOat(Albania).
Bengali 1 Philadelphia-.
Gihta (Constantinople), Jerusalem l 11 Chicago
(Palestine), Csnra (Crete). Pera New York . .
(Constantinople), Salonic* (Rou- Boston
nvlia), ScuUri (Asia Minor).
Smyrna (.Asia Minor), Stainhaul
(Constantinople). Tripoli-in-Bar-
bary, Valona (Albania). f Boston
Jamaica, Including the Turks and 9 11 None. ' Philadelphia. .. Port At
Caicos Islands. Baltimore
Japan, Including Formosa, Karafutol San Francisco.. Yolroha
(Japanese Sachalien) and Korea, I 6 11 None. Seattle
Taroma Kobe.
Nagasai
See section 107 below. J Honolulu
Leeward Islands (Antigua with Bar- 1
budaand Redonda.St. Kltts, Nevis ' e 11 None. New York | /St John.
with Anguilla Dominica, Montser- .Antigua.
rat and the Virgin Inlands).
Mexico i t None. All two offices authorised to exchange malls between til
countries.
Martinique e 11 ( NewJuan,
None. \San York.P.. . R.. Fort-de-Fraace.
•Netherlands 6 11 None. New York Rotterdam.
New York
Newroundland e 11 None. Boston
Philadelphia...
New Zealand, Including Fanning Island 8 11 None. I San Francisco..
Honolulu ,
f New York San Juan del Norts.
Nicaragua c 11 None, {I San
New Orleans
Francisco. . CorInto.
New York
t 11 Boston
None. Chicago.
New York ... . Colon, Bocae del Tore-
Panama (See section 2).. i 11 None. New San
Orleans. . .
NewFrancisco.
York .
Peru « 11 None. San New Orleans
Francisco..
Salvador. e 11 None (New York.,. ,.
San Francisco.. San Salvador.
New York
Sweden e 11 None. Boston
Chicago Port of Spain.
Trinidad,
•Uruguay Including Tobago. . « 11 None. New York Montevideo,
6 11 None. New Yorkauthorised to i>xichange malls betwerc U»
Veneiuela e 11 None. Alltwoofficescountries.
Windward Islands (Grenada, SL Vin e 11 None. do.
cent, theGrenadinesandSt Lucia).
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
Classen, who are likewise Presidential appoint
The Postmaster General la the executive head ees, he appoints all postmasters and all other
of the Federal postal service. He appoints all officers
officers and employees of the Post Office De Subject and employees' of the service at large-
to the approval of the President. ne
partment except the four Assistant Postmas makes postal treaties with foreign government?
ters General and the Purchasing Agent, who are He awards and
Presidential appointees. With the exception of the management executes contracts and dlrf15
of the foreign mall aenlct-
postmasters of the first, second, and third
INTERNATIONAL PARCELS POST.
Parrel Post Conventions with Argentine Re* lumbia—2 feet greatest length and 4 feet
public. Cuba., Portugal, Russia, Spain and the greatest girth.
French Colony of St. Pierre and Miquelon are The weight of the parcel post mallB dis
tending, with prospect of an early and suc patched from the United States during the
cessful conclusion of the negotiations. year was 2,270,215 pounds, an Increase of 446,-
592 pounds, or 24.4 per cent. The number of
wasA very important modification
• with ofthetheTreasury
service parcels dispatched was 718,828, of an average
reached by agreement weight of 3.15 pounds, an increase in number
Department to the effect that the value limit of 103,568, or 16.8 per cent. The weight of
for the contents of parcels might be elimin the parcel post mails received was 1,967,779
ated. Negotiations were at once underaken, pounds, an Increase of 287,055 pounds, or 17
with the result that there is now no valuo per cent. The number of parcels received was
limit, except as regards Ecuador: 406,456, of an average weight of 4.84 pounds,
We now have conventions with forty-eight an increase In number of 47.237, or 13.1 per
foreign countries. The following are the es- cent.
B*otiaI characteristics of the service: The fact that the percentages of increase in
Postage rate, uniform at 12 cents per pound. the number of parcels and In total weights
Limit of weight, uniform at 11 pounds. are greater as regards the parcels sent than as
Limit of value, uniformly none, with the regards those received from abroad is again
single exception of Ecuador, $50. gratifying, and Indicates the steady and con
Limit of size, uniform at 3 feet 6 inches tinuous growth of the service as an advanta
potest length ; 6 feet greatest combined geous means of increasing the country's ex
length and girth, except to Mexico and Co ports.
INFORMATION FOR SHIPPERS.

Admissible Articles.—Any article absolutely ward singly charged with new and distinct
prohibited admission to the regular malls for parcel post rates. for Loss.—The Department
any country Is also Inadmissible to Parcel Post is NonotResponsibility
responsible for the loss of or damage
malls for that country; except that no article
Is excluded from Parcel Post mails solely be to any parcel.
cause it is dutiable in the country of destina Registration.—The Bender of a parcel ad
tion. dressed to any of the places indicated in the
foregoing table, except Barbados, Dutch
How to Mail Parcels.—A parcel must not Guiana,
posted in a letter-box, but must be handed Martinique,France, Great Britain, Guadeloupe,
The Netherlands and Uruguay may
to the postmaster or other official in charge have the parcel registered by paying a regis
of the post office.
Address, etc.—Every parcel must bear a com tration fee of 10 cents, and will receive the
"return receipt" without additional charge
plete and legible address, not written In pen therefor,
cil, and marked conspicuously "Parcel Post." when he provided he demands a return receipt
malls the parcel.
Packing.—Every parcel must be securely and Undeliverable Parcels Returned to United
substantially packed; but in such a way that
It can be opened without damaging its cover, States.—An undeliverable parcel returned to
in order that Its contents may be easily exam the United States, upon which the return
ined by postmasters and customs officials. postage has not been prepaid. Is Bubject on
Postage.—Postage on every parcel must be delivery to the sender to a postage charge
fully prepaid at the rate applicable thereto as equal to the amount of postage originally pre
indicated In the tables on pages 343-344. paid on the parcel; which amount should be
Letters Must Not Accompany Parcels.—A marked on the parcel by the United States
communication of the nature of personal cor exchange post office which receives It back
respondence must not accompany or be writ from abroad, and collected by the post office
ten on any parcel (but an open bill or Invoice which delivers it to the sender.
may be Included). If such written matter be Customs Declarations.—A "customs declara
round it will be placed In the mails if sep tion" properly fllled out must be Becurely at
arable, and If inseparable the entire parcel tached to every parcel. The contents must
must be rejected. be accurately described. General terms Buch
Separately Addressed Packages.—Parcels must as "merchandise" and "samples" will not
not contain packages addressed to persons answer.
other than the person named on the outside Customs Duties.—Customs duties cannot be
address of the parcel itself. If such enclosed prepaid;
packages be detected they must be sent for when the they will be collected of addressees
parcels are delivered.
POSTAL SAVINGS SYSTEM.

The Third Assistant Postmaster General, as SyBtem, he transacts all business involving
the official of the Post Office Department securities and the Investment of funds. He
charged with the general supervision of the conducts all correspondence of the Postal Sav
financial operations of the postal service, ings System and examines the accounts of
supervises the conduct of postal savings busi postmasters, hanks and other financial agents
ness at post offices. As the representative of receiving and disbursing funds.
the Board of Trustees of the Postal Savings
THE
TO
SENT
ARTICLES
ON
COUNTRIES
FOREIGN
CERTAIN
IN
POSTAGE
OF
RATES
UNIT
STATE
. ED
S
346
of
States
cmoney
.),U1the entimes
acurrency
equivale
F(5re
rench nt
ent
nited
first
the
for
rate
Letter -
addi
each
For ,
cards
postal
Single Other
articles
p
, er
50
-unit
.weight .
unit
tional .each 2ograms
.to
,ezqual
for
Charge for
Charge
Countries ,
registration -receipt
.return
of
Currency of
Currency of
Currency Currency
of
.
country .
country .
country .
country
Centimes,
Centimes .
Centimes .
Ant
. igua .2}pence (1).p
pence
14
.1 enny pe
. nny p
.2 ence 2 ence
.p
.Rep
Argent
ubline
ic .12
centavos .12
(2)5centavos
centavos .centavos ,12
centavos .2centavos
.Ascension 2)pence .1p
() enny
ence pe
. nny 2 ence
.p )2.pence
.Australia d
.o p
(3).2 ence p
.1 enny penny p
.3 ence .
Do
.Austria he
25ller helle
1(2).150
.helle rr h.5 eller .25
heller .
heller
25
Bah
. amas .1penny (1).p.1penny
enny penny 2 ence
.p ,2pence
oberno
Bar
. bados pe
21nce .(1)d
po ence .do .do Do
.
Oro NOT CRONICA

.Pro
Bectec
huator
nalate
and (3).2p
denceo .do ,Do
ON
.Belgium centimes
.25 cent
(2).15
10 imes .5centimes 25
centimes
.25
.centimes
-
Ber
. muda p
.2 ence p
1(). enceenny penny
. ence
.2p.p2 ence
Pa ia na
.,vBol a
ivima centavos
.22 centc
8 enta
(2).14 vos
avos c
.6 entavos
,vBol
Fra
.San
ia ivi
nciasco centavos
.20 cent
(2).12
6centa avos
vos c .
centavos
.10
centavos
10
.4 entavos
Bos
H nia
.- erzegovina 25
.heller helle
(2).15
10 r h.5 eller 25
.25
heller
noun
Bra
. zil 200
.reis 100
reis
200
(3)..reis *.
reis
50 400
.
reis
,200
reis
.Bulgaria .,
stotinki
25 stoti
(2).15
.10
stotinki
nki .5stotinkl .225
stotinki
5
Carroco G
.Canada .2cper
oz
ents 1 ent
.c Canadian
domes c.5 ents
tic
.rates
.
Islands
Cayman .
pence
21 .(1)pence
enny .penny ..2pence
pence
24
Cape
Colonyt
. .do (3).2pence d
.. o .penny p
4. ence D
Ceylon
. cts
15 c ent
.o
rupee
.of c )6(19 ts
rup
.,o f eeimes rup3 ts
c.,o f ee rupee
cts
,oof
cts
.10
rupee
f
.10
.
Chile 20
centavos
. c
cen.8 ent
(2)10 avo
tav ogs c
.4 entavos 20
centavos
.centavos
20
Elso
,aChina
of
offices
foreign
mpire .
cents
10
GO10
).(26cents c
.4 ents .c
2 ents 10
cents
. .
cents
10
.
i. n
,Republic
.Colombia
of .5gold
centavos 2g(3)5cold
.cen enttav s
avoos .1gold
centavo g10 old
centavos
.5gold
,Independent
.Congo
of
State centimes
25
. cen cen
(3).25
.10 tim
times c
5. entimes centimes
.
.25
centimes
10
Costa
Rica
. .
centimos
10 cenc
(3)10
.4 ent imo
tim oss c
.2 entimos 10
centimos
.6centimos
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,by
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Copyright
:PH
Geo
all
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From
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WA ONDER
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Copyright 1912 , Munn & Co., Inc.

THE WOOLWORTH BUILDING .
Highest omce Bullding in the World . 51 stories ; 750 feet above sidewalk level.
CHAPTER XIII.
PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS, AND

COPYRIGHTS.*
Revised by Loyd H. Sutton, of the United Stales Patent Office.
GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING PATENTS.

What is a Patent?—The term comes public property, and the article
patent or letters patent is derived from may be freely manufactured by any
iittcrae patentcs, signifying tbat which one. It can never thereafter, as in so
is open or disclosed, in contradistinc many cases in the Middle Ages, be
tion to lettre do cachet, that which come a lost art.
is sealed or secret. This term is the Who Hay Obtain a Patent?—In
keynote of the whole principle upon order to secure a valid patent, the ap
which the patent system is built up, plicant must declare upon oath that he
namely, disclosure. The disclosure believes himself to be the original and
must be honest, absolute and unre first inventor or discoverer of the art,
served. The penalty for mental crook machine, manufacture, composition or
edness or for ignorance in giving out improvement for which he solicits a
fully and freely the nature of the in patent ; that he does not know and
vention is severe and direct, and is does not believe that the same was
nothing less than forfeiture of the pat ever before known or used ; that the
ent itself. The reason for this is per invention has not been in public use or
fectly logical and arises from the very on sale in the United States for more
meaning, spirit and nature of the re than two years before the application
lationship existing between the pat was filed, and not described in any
entee and the government. The term printed publication or patent in this
»f a patent is 17 years. During this or any foreign, country for more than
term of 17 years the patentee obtains two years prior to the tiling of his
a monopoly under which he secures ex application ; and that the invention
clusive right of manufacture, use and has not been patented to himself or
sale. The patent itself, however, is in to others with his knowledge or con
the nature of a contract between the sent in this or any foreign country
patentee and the government, presum for more than two years prior to his
ably for their mutual benefit. The application, or on an application for
government grants to the inventor the a patent filed in any foreign country
exclusive right of manufacture and by himself or his legal representatives
sale for 17 years on condition that the or assigns more than twelve months
inventor shall disclose fully the nature prior to his application. Any one
of his invention or discovery, and shall who can subscribe to the above condi
allow the public the unrestricted use tions may apply for a patent, irre
of the invention after this terra has spective of race, color, age or nation
expired. If he fail in making full dis ality. Minors and women and even
closure, he has not lived up to the convicts may apply for patents under
terms of the implied contract and the our law. The lights even of a dead
patent thereby becomes null and void. man in an invention are not lost, for
H sometimes happens that an inventor an application may be filed in his
discloses freely part of the invention, name by his executor or administrator,
but cunningly conceals some essential and the rights of his heirs thereby
step in the process, but if the case is safeguarded. The patent in this case
tested within the courts and the real would issue to the executor or ad
facts are brought to light, the patent ministrator and would become subject
will be declared invalid. At the end to the administration of the estate like
of the term of 17 years the patent be any other property left by the de
• Compiled originally for Munn & Co., Patent Attorneys.
351
?.r>2 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
ceased. Even the rights of an insane one of fact, and one of the greatest
person may not be lost, as the appli importance, and upon the showing that
cation may be filed by his legal guar the inventor is able to make during
dian. If foreign patents for the same the prosecution of the case, depends
invention have been previously issued, largely the future success of the pat
having been filed more than twelve ent. The evidence adduced in proving
months before the filing of the United that the invention is not new must be
States application, the patent will be tangible and accessible. A patent
refused. The applicant must state his would not be refused or overturned on
nationality. It often happens that two a mere mental concept. There must
or more individuals have jointly be some evidence of a substantial char
worked upon the invention, and in this acter that serves to show that the
case the several inventors should joint earlier idea was reduced to practice
ly apply for the patent. Should they or at least that there was such a de
not so apply, the patent when issued scription or drawing made as would
will be invalid. If they are merely be sufficient for one skilled in the art
partners, however, and not co-invent to reduce the invention to practice.
ors, they should not apply jointly for If it has not been actually reduced to
a patent, as the inventor alone is en practice, it must be a concrete, not an
titled to file the application. He may, abstract, idea.
however, assign a share in the patent It is essential that the application
to his partner, coupled with the re for a patent should be filed before the
quest that the patent should issue to invention has been in public use or on
them jointly. It is of the greatest im sale for a period of two years. If the
portance that these distinctions should inventor has publicly used or sold his
be clearly understood ; otherwise, the invention for a period of two years it
patent may be rendered invalid. becomes public property and he cannot
What May be Patented?—Any regain the right to obtain a patent.
new and useful art, machine, manufac He may, however, make models and
ture or composition of matter, or any experiment with his invention for a
new and useful improvements thereon. much longer period, provided he does
The thing invented must be new and not disclose his invention to the public
useful. These are conditions precedent or put it into actual use or on. sale
to the granting of a patent. Of these for a period of two years. The word
two conditions by far the more impor "useful" is not one which usually
tant is the former, and it is concerning gives either the Patent Office or the
the interpretation of this word "new" inventor a great deal of trouble, as
and its bearing upon the invention any degree of utility, however insignifi
that the principal work and labor in cant, will serve to entitle the inventor
volved in passing an application safely to a patent. It has often happened
through the I'atent Office is involved. that an invention which appears, at
When the invention has been worked the time the patent is applied for, to
out by the inventor and he is pre have no special utility, in later years,
pared to file his application, he or his owing to new discoveries or improve
attorney prepares the necessary papers ments in the arts, is found to possess
as provided for by law, namely : An the greatest merit and value. Unless
Oath, a Petition, a Specification con an invention is positively meretricious,
sisting of a description of the inven therefore, if is difficult to assume that
tion and concludng with claims which it either has no utility or never will
specifically set forth what the inventor have any. Patents are granted for
claims to be the novel features of the "any new and useful art, machine,
invention, and drawings which are pre manufacture or composition of matter,
pared and filed with the case, and in or any improvement thereon." It is
due course the application is ready seen from the terms of the statute
for examination in the Patent Office. that almost any creature of the inven
The question of whether the invention tive faculty of man becomes a proper
is new is then considered. The exam subject for a patent. The exceptions
ination consists in searching through are very few. Patents will not be
the files of the Patent Office among granted, for example, for any inven
the patents that have been already tion that offends the law of nature.
issued, and through such literature as Under this category may be mentioned
may bear upon the subject. The ques perpetual motion machines. Inven
tion of whether an invention is new is tions of an immoral nature will not be
considered. Medicines and specifics Appeal may be taken from the Exam
are not now proper subjects for letters iner of Interferences to the Board of
patent, unless some important new dis Examiners-in-Chief, and from the
covery is involved. Board of Examiners-in-Chief to the
Abandoned Applications.—While Commissioner, and thence to the Court
abandonment may arise in different of Appeals of the District of Colum
ways, its most frequent occurrence re bia. Not all the claims for a patent
sults from a failure to properly pros are necessarily involved, but only such
ecute the application. An applicant as cover the particular feature of the
is given one year by the statute in invention which is declared to be in
which to respond to an action on his interference. The unsuccessful appli
application by the Patent Office. This cant by eliminating the claim or
period of one year runs from the day claims in controversy and all other
on which the letter from the Office is claims readable upon the disclosure of
dated. If the last day of the year the successful applicant, may procure
falls on Sunday the applicant's response allowance of other claims in his appli
must be in the Patent Office on the cation. The disclosure of the success
preceding day, i. e., Saturday. Where ful party virtually becomes a part of
an applicant waits until the close of the prior art and in the further pros
the year before acting on his case he ecution of the case it will be so treat
dues so at considerable risk, and if his ed. In determining the question of
response fails to arrive at the Office priority of invention witnesses are ex
by the last day of the year little amined and the proceedings are con
leniency will be shown him in re ducted much in the same manner as
viving the case except upon a showing in a suit at law. The first step in the
■jf good and sufficient cause. Not only proceeding consists in filing with the
must the applicant's response come Commissioner a preliminary state
within the year, but it must be fully ment made under oath, giving the date
responsive to the last action by the Of at which the invention was first con
fice. In other words, his action on the ceived and reduced to some tangible
application must be all that the state form, such as the making of drawings,
of the case requires as shown by the the construction of a model, or the
last Office letter. An abandoned appli disclosing of the invention to another.
cation may be revived upon petition to The object of the subsequent examina
the Commissioner if the applicant can tion and cross-examination is to sub
show that the delay in the prosecution stantiate the date of invention as
of the case was unavoidable. claimed by the applicants respectively,
Appeals.—If an application for a and to establish the priority of inven
patent has been twice rejected, the ap tion.
plicant may appear from the Primary Reissues.—A reissue is granted to
Examiner to the Board of Examiners- the original patentee, his legal repre
in-Chief. He may further carry the sentative or the assignees of the entire
appeal to the Commissioner of Patents interest, when the original patent is
and in case he is not satisfied with the inoperative or invalid by reason of a
latter's decision he may carry the ap defective or insufficient specification,
peal finally to the Court of Appeals of or by reason of the patentee claiming
'he District of Columbia. ns his invention or discovery more
Interference.—If two or more in than he had a right to claim as new,
dividuals have made inventions which provided the error has arisen through
tan be expressed by the same claim or inadvertence, accident or mistake, and
'•laitns, which must be patentable, in without any fraudulent or deceptive
terference proceedings may be insti intention. The reissue application
tuted to determine which applicant is must be made and the specification
the original or first inventor. Inter sworn to by the inventor or inventors
ference proceedings are instituted be if he or they be living. What is in
tween applicants whose applications advertence, accident or mistake has
are pending or between a pending ap been the subject of much litigation and
plication and a patent already issued, as a general rule the courts require
provided the latter patent has not been a clear showing of such. No new
issued for more than two years prior matter can be introduced into the re
to the filing of the conflicting applica issue application, but its subject mat
tion. The proceedings are conducted ter must be capable of being found
before the Examiner of Interferences. within the four corners of the original
application. As two years' publication the name of the patentee or his as

of the subject matter of an invention signee. The courts having jurisdie
is a bar to the issue of a patent, the tion over such cases have the power
courts as a general rule will not sus (1) to grant injunctions against tli*'
tain a reissue patent the claims of violation of any right secured by the
which are broader than those of the patent; (2) to allow the recovery of
original patent where the reissue ap damages sustained by the complainant
plication is filed more than two years through such infringement, or the
after the grant of the original patent. profits obtained by the infringer aris
The original patent must be surren ing from such infringement. The de
dered when a reissue application is fendant may be compelled to furnish
made. The reissue patent is good an accounting showing the amount of
only for the unexpired term of the the articles manufactured and sold and
original patent. the profits derived from such sale.
Patented Articles Must he Design Patents.—Design patents
Marked.—Articles manufactured and are issued for any new or original de
sold under a patent must be so marked sign, whether it be a work of art.
that the public shall have notice that statue, bas-relief, design for prints or
the article is a patented one. This fabrics, or for any new design or
notice consists of the word "Patented," shape or ornament in any article of
together with the date when the patent manufacture. The scope of the de
was issued. Damages cannot be re sign patent was formerly very broad,
covered in an infringement suit unless but recent decisions and enactments
the patented articles are so marked or have greatly restricted its availability
it be shown that the defendant was and a design patent cannot now be ob
duly notified of his infringement, but tained unless it possesses some inher
continued after such notice to in ent artistic quality. Mere utility is
fringe. not sufficient to entitle a new design
Infringement.—In case of an ac to letters patent. The terms of design
tion for the infringement of a patent, patents are 3Vi, 7 or 14 years.
the importance of the question of nov Assignments.—A patent or any in
elty appears from the special pleadings terest therein may be sold or assigned
which the defendant may enter, which like any other piece of property. An
are as follows : inventor may sell or assign his in
1. That for the purpose of deceiving terest or a part interest in his inven
the public the description and specifi tion, either before the application is
cation filed by the patentee in the Pat filed or while the application is still
ent Office was made to contain less pending. Under these circumstances
than the whole truth relative to his the patent may be issued to the as
invention or discovery, or more than is signee or to the inventor and assignee
necessary to produce the desired ef jointly. The patent, if already issued,
fect ; or, may be assigned by the owner whether
2. That he had surreptitiously or he be the inventor or assignee. The
unjustly obtained the patent for that conveyance is effected by an instru
which was in fact invented by another, rnent in writing stating the conditions
who was using reasonable diligence in under which the patent is assigned,
adapting and perfecting the same; or, and the assignment should be recorded
3. That it had been patented or de in the Patent Office to protect the as
scribed in some printed publication signee, as the assignment is void n<
prior to his supposed invention or dis against any subsequent purchase or
covery thereof : or, mortgagee for a valuable consideration
4. That he was not the original and unless it is recorded in the Patent
first inventor or discoverer of any Office within three months from the
material and substantial part of the date thereof.
thing patented ; or. (Note: The provisions of the Pat
5. That it has been in public use or ent Statutes relating to the filing of
on sale in this country for more than caveats were repealed by Act of July
two years before his application for 1, 1910.)
a patent, or had been abandoned to
the public. The stamp Patent Applied For" or
Damages for infringement of a pat 1 atent Pending " simply means that aa
ent may be recovered at law by action application for patent has been filed in tht
on the case, or in equity by bill, in I atent Office. Action against infringers can
not be taken until the patent actually issues.
MATERIAL FOR FIGURES SHOWING TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS

TO DECEMBER 31, 1911.
Issued
During During
Year. Year.
109 1883 .. 21.196
1S37.. 436 1884 .. 19,147
im.. 616 1885 .. 23.331
ms. 404 1886 . . 21.797
1840.. 458 1887 .. 20.429
1841... 490 1888 . . 19.585
1M2.. 488 1889 .. 23.360
mt.. 494 1890 .. 25.322
IS44.. 478 1891 .. 22,328
1S41-. 476 1892 a, 66i
1VI6.. 566 1893 22.768
M7.. 495 1894 19.875
MM.. 584 1895 20,883
IMS.. 1894 21.867
1650.. 884 1897 22.098
1SS1.. 767 1898 20.404
1852.. 890 1899 23.296
1852.. 8(6 1900 24.660
1,769 1901 25.558
1853 1,892 1902 27.136
ISM. 2,316 1903 31,046
18S7 2,686 1904 30.267
1SS8. 3.467 1906 29.784
18B 4,166 1906 31.181
1140 4.J63 1907 36,880
1841 3.040 1908 32,767
ltd 3,221 1909 36.574
U43 3.781 1910 35.168
1(44. 4,638 1911 32.917
IMS 6,099 United Slates 1,023,051
1844 8.874 France 456,644
1S47 12.301 Great Britain 443.035
1*48 12,644 Germany 259.634
1649 12,967 Belgium 248.200
ITO 12,167 Canada 141.406
1*71 11.687 Italy and Sardinia. 106.902
1173 12.200 Austrla-HuiiKary 82,933
1873. 11,616 Austria 70.463
1874 12.230 Switzerland 53,449
UTS 13.291 Hungary 50,474
1874 14.172 Spain 46.915
1877 12,920 Sweden 35,325
1878. 12.345 Russia 26.917
187». 12.133 Norway 23.856
1S80 12.926 Denmark 23,023
1881 16.548 Japan 21,191
1S82. 18.135
THE UNITED STA1 2S PATENT SYSTEM.
The fundamental principle? upon Times to Authors and Inventors, the
which the present commercial suprem exclusive Right to their respective
acy of the United States is based can Writings and Discoveries."
he found in three provisions of the Upon this foundation stands the
Constitution : First, the granting of United States Patent Office, established
free speech ; second, the offer of re for the purpose of carrying out the in
muneration for the use of the prod tentions of the framers of the Consti
ucts of the brain by providing a lim tution and developed far beyond their
ited period during which a man shall fondest dreams, by American ingenuity
enjoys the fruits of his efforts ; and and perseverance.
third, the protection of personal prop The value of our patent system is
erty by the provision that no person eloquently outlined by Senator I'latt,
shall be deprived of his property with of Connecticut. In speaking on a bill
out due process of law. for the reorganization of the Patent
The Constitutional provision men Office, he said :
tioned as second is as follows : "The "To my mind, the passage of the act of
Congress shall have power * * * to 1836 creating the Patent Office marks the
promote the progress of Science and most important cporh in the history of our
Useful Arts by securing for limited development—I think the most important
event in the history of our Government from The theory of patents is essentially
the Constitution until the Civil War. The es based on the principle of monopoly.
tablishment of the Patent Office marked the Hence we have the nature and scojk-
commencement of that marvelous develop of patents changing through the cen
ment of the resources of the country which is
the admiration and wonder of the world, a turies with the change in the concep
development which challenges all history for tion of the rights of the people. In
a parallel; and it is not too much to say that its origin the patent was a royal grant
this unexampled progress has been not only of special privilege to a favored sub
dependent upon, but has been coincident with, ject in the form of a private monopoly.
the growth and development of the patent
system of this country. Words fail in attempt Political evolution has restricted it to
ing to portray the advancement of this country a grant for a limited number of years
for the last fifty years. We have had fifty of an exclusive right to make, use and
years of progress, fifty years of inventions ap vend that which is the product of the
plied to the every-day wants of life, fifty years inventor's brain. The discoverer of
of patent encouragement, and fifty years
of a development in wealth, resources, grand new products in the arts, and the in
eur, culture, power, which is little short of ventor of new processes or machines or
miraculous. Population, production, business, improvements in machines, adds to
wealth, comfort, culture, power, grandeur, the public wealth and is entitled to
these have all kept step with the expansion of a protection in their enjoyment as a
the inventive genius of the country; and this
progress has been made possible only by the recompense. The knowledge of this
inventions of its citizens. All history confirms protection acts also as a stimulus to
us in the conclusion that it is the development endeavor. Therefore all civilized na
by the mechanical arts of the industries of a tions to-day recognize and protect the
country which brings to it greatness and power inventor's rights.
and glory. No purely agricultural, pastoral
people ever achieved any high standing among A few patents for inventions were
the nations of the earth. It is only when the granted by the provincial government
brain evolves and the cunning hand fashions of the American colonies and by the
labor-saving machines that a nation begins to legislatures of the States, prior to the
throb with new energy and life and expands adoption of the Federal Constitution.
with a new growth. It is only when thought
wrings from nature her untold secret treasures On the 5th of September, 17S7, it was
that solid wealth and strength are accumu proposed to incorporate in a consti
lated by a people." tution a patent and copyright clause.
When the Japanese Government was con The germinating principle of this
sidering the establishment of a patent system, clause of the Constitution has vitalized
they sent a commissioner to the United States
and be spent several months in Washington, the nation, expanded its powers be
every facility being given him by the Commis yond the wildest dreams of its fathers,
sioner of Patents. One of the examiners said: and from it more than from any other
"I would like to know why it is that the cause, has grown the magnificent man
people of Japan desire to have a patent ufacturing and industrial development
system."
"I will tell you," said Mr. Takahashi. which we to-day present to the world.
" You know it is only since Commodore Perry, President Washington realized the
in 1854, opened the ports of Japan to foreign importance of formulating a law to
commerce that the Japanese have been trying stimulate inventions, and in his first
to become a great nation, like other nations annual message to Congress, in 179(1,
of the earth, and we have looked about us to
see what nations are the greatest, so that we said :
could be like them; and we said, 'There is the "I can not forbear intimating to
United States, not much more than a hundred you the expediency of giving effectual
years old, and America was not discovered by encouragement as well to the intro
Columbus yet four hundred years ago'; and duction of new and useful inventions
we said, 'What is it that makes the United
States such a great nation? ' And we investi from abroad as to the exertion of skill
gated and found it was patents, and we will and genius in producing them at
nave patents." home."
The examiner, in reporting this interview, Congress was quick to act, and on
added: *'Not in all history is there an instance April 10, 1790, the first law upon the
of such unbiased testimony to the value and
worth of the patent system as practiced in the subject was enacted. It constituted
United States." the Secretary of State, the Secretary
The demonstration thus given the commer of War, and the Attorney-General a
cial world during the last three-quarters of a board to consider all applications for
century of the effect of beneficent patent laws patents. Owing to the fires that have
has led to their modification in all the chief
industrial countries, and the salient feature of destroyed the early records of the
our system—a preliminary examination as to Patent Office, some question has arisen
novelty and patentability prior to the grant as to the number of patents issued
of a patent—nas in late years been incorpor under this act ; but from the best in
ated into the patent systems of many foreign formation obtainable, the number is
countries.
placed at fifty-seven. The first patent patents granted prior to March 2, 1861. might,
issued was to Samuel Hopkins, July upon due application and a proper showing,
31, 1790, for making pot and pearl be extended by the Commissioner of Patents
for a term of seven years from the expiration
ashes. of the first term.
The archives of the department show By the revision of the patent laws in 1874
that the issuance of a patent in those the prohibition against the extension of pat
days was a state occasion. The Presi ents was dropped, and since that time Con
dent and cabinet met in solemn con gress has had the power to extend Letters
Patent. Congress extended five patents grant
clave and, after having deliberated ed under the act of 1836, and in nine instances
upon whether it was proper for the authorized patentees to apply to the Commis
inventor to have the sole right to the sioner of Patents for extension of their patents.
manufacture of the child of his brain, So far as one has been able to discover, no
presented him with the papers be patent granted for a term of seventeen years
has been extended by Congress.
stowing this privilege upon him. Hop It was not until 1842 that the statute was
kins was warmly congratulated by passed authorizing the grant of patents for
President Washington and the event designs. Under that act design patents were
was recorded in all the diaries of those granted for seven years. Subsequently provi
present. sions were made for granting them for terms of
three and one-half, seven, and fourteen
At this period the clerical part of the work years, at the election of the applicant.
preparatory to the issuance of a patent was By the act of March 2, 1861, the Board of
performed in the State Department. It would Examincrs-in-Chief was established. Prior to
be interesting to see Thomas Jefferson, the that time, and during the incumbency of Com
Secretary of War, and the Attorney-General, missioner Holt, temporary boards of examin
critically examining the application and scru ers to decide appeals had, been appointed by
tinizing each point carefully and rigorously. him, and later on he created a permanent
The first year the majority of the applications board of three examiners who were to decide
failed to pass the ordeal, and only three pat on appeal rejected cases and submit their de
ents were granted. In those days every step cisions to him for approval.
in the issuing of a patent was taken with great The act of 1870 made the first provision for
care and caution. Mr. Jefferson always seeking an Assistant Commissioner and an Examiner
Ui impress upon the minds of his officers and of Interferences. Another provision in that act
the public that the granting of a patent was a was the power given the Commissioner, sub
matter of no ordinary importance. ject to the approval of the Secretary of the
The act of 1793 superseded the act of 1790, Interior, to establish regulations for the con
and remained in force as amended from time duct of proceedings in the Office.
to time until the act of 1836 was passed. The On January 1, 1898, an act passed March 3,
act of 1793 was the only act ever passed in 1897, went into force. Some of the provisions
ihis country which provided for the issuance of this act were that applications for patents
of Letters Patent without the requirement of should be completed and prepared for exami
an examination into the novelty and utility of nation within one year after the filing of the
the invention for which the patent was sought. application and that the applicant should
The act of 1836, with modifications, re prosecute the same within one year after an
mained in force until the revision of the patent action thereon or it should be regarded as
laws in 1870. This revision was largely a con abandoned (prior to that time two years was
solidation of the statutes then in force. the limit) ; that an inventor should be debarred
Under the revision of the statutes of the from receiving a patent if his invention had
United States in 1874 the act of 1870 was been first patented by him or his legal repre
repealed; but the revision substantially resentatives or assigns in a foreign country, pro
enacted the provisions of the act of 1870. vided the application for the foreign patent
Under the acts of 1790 and 1793 Letters had been filed more than seven months (made
Patent were granted for a term of fourteen twelve months by Act of March 3, 1897). prior
years. There was no provision for extension; to the filing of the application in this country;
but while the act of 1793 was in force Congress and that ii the invention for which a patent
extended some thirteen patents. was applied for had been patented or de
The act of 1836 provided that Letters Pat scribed in any printed publication in this or
ent should be granted for a term of fourteen any foreign country for more than two years
years, and provision was made for an exten prior to the application a patent could not
sion for a term of seven years upon due appli issue.
cation and upon a proper showing. Until 1848 The first provision for affording accommo
petitions for extensions were passed upon by dations for the Patent Office was in 1810, when
a hoard consisting of the Secretary of State, Congress authorized the purchase of a building
the Commissioner of Patents, and the Solicitor for the General Post-office and for the office of
of the Treasury. After that time power was the Keeper of Patents. The building purchased
vested solely in the Commissioner of Patents. was known as "Blodgett's Hotel," and stood
The patent act of March 2, 1861 (section 16). on the site now occupied by the south front
provided that all patents thereafter granted of the building until recently occupied by the
should remain in force for a term of seventeen Post-office Department, and now used by sev
years from the date of issue, and the,extension eral bureaus of the Interior Department. The
of The
suchconsolidated
patents was patent
prohibited. east end of this building was used for the rec
act of 1870, while ords, models, etc., of the Patent Office. This
providing that patents should be granted for building was destroyed by fire December 13,
a term of seventeen years, also provided that 1836. On July 4, 1836, an act was passed ap
preprinting $108,000 for the erection of a suit Benjamin Butterworth, November 1, 1883.
able building for the accommodation of the M. V. Montgomery. Ma-xsh 23, 1885.
Patent Office, and within that month the B. J. Hall, April 12, 1887.
erection of the building was begun. C. E. Mitchell, April 1, 1889.
It was the present south front of the Patent William E. Simonds, August 1, 1891.
Office, excluding the south ends of the east John S. Seymour, March 31, 1893.
and west wings. The basement (which is Benjamin Butterworth, April 7, 1897.
now the first or ground floor) was to be used Charles H. Duell, February 3, 1898.
for storage and analogous purposes, the first F. I. Allen, April 11, 1901.
or portico floor for office rooms, and the second E. B. Moore, June 1, 1907.
floor was to be one large hall with galleries on Commissioner Fisher was the first to
either side, and to have a vaulted roof. This publish his decisions and to have the copies of
hall was to be used for exhibition purposes, the specifications and drawings made by
for the display of models of patented and un photo-lithography. He also instituted the
patented inventions, and also as a national practice of requiring competitive examina
gallery of the industrial arts and manufactures. tions for entrance to and promotions in the
During the erection of the Patent Office examining force of the office.
building, temporary quarters were provided Beginning in 1843 and annually thereafter
in the City Hall. In the spring of 1840, the the Patent Office reports were published,
building was completed and the Office moved which, until 1853, contained merely an
into it. The sum of $422,01 1.65 was ex alphabetical index of the names of the in
pended on this building. The patented models ventors, a list of the expired patents, and the
were then classified and exhibited in suitable claims of the patents granted during the week.
glass cases, while the national gallery was ar In 1853 and afterwards small engraved copies
ranged for exhibition of models and specimens. of a portion of the drawings were added to
By the act of .March 3, 1849, the Interior the reports to explain the claims.
Department was established and the Patent The act of 1870 authorized the Commis
Office attached thereto. This same act ap sioner to print copies of the claims of the
propriated $50,000 out of the patent fund to current issues of patents and of such laws,
begin the east or Seventh street wing, which decisions, and rules as were necessary for the
was completed in 1852 at a cost of $000,000. information of the public. In conformity
$250,000 of which was taken from the revenue with this provision there was published weekly
of the Patent Office. In 1852 the plans for a list giving the numbers, titles, and claims of
the entire building, as it now stands, were the patents issued during the week im
prepared. The west wing was completed in mediately preceding, together with the names
1856 and cost $750,000. Work on the north and residences of the patentees. This list
or G street wing was begun the same year. was first published under the name of The
In 1867 this wing was finished at a cost of Official Gazette of the United States Patent
$575,000. The entire building cost $2,347,- Office, on January 3, 1872. In July, 1872,
011.65. portions of the drawings were introduced to
In May, 1802, President Jefferson ap illustrate the claims in the patented cases.
pointed Dr. William Thornton as a clerk at The Official Gazette has now become one of
$1,400 per year, to have charge of the issuance the most valuable and important of Govern
of patents. He took the title of Superintend ment publications. Each Senator and
ent, and continued to act in that capacity Hepresentalive is authorized to designate
until his death, March 28, 1828. He was eight public libraries to receive this publica
succeeded by Dr. William P. Jones, who tion free. One copy is also furnished free to
acted until his removal in the early part of each member of Congress. It is also sent all
President Jackson's administration. John I). over the world in exchange for similar publica
Craig followed Dr. Jones, and in 1S34 he was tions by other Governments, and its paid
succeeded by B. F. Pickett, who served but a subscription list is constantly increasing.
brief period. The last Superintendent was Industrial demand and invention go hand
Henry L. Ellsworth, who became the first in hand. They act and react, being inter
Commissioner under the act of 1836, and dependent. Any change in industrial con
served until 1845. The other Commissioners ditions creating a new demand is at once met
under that act were: by the invention of the means for supplying
Edmund Burke, May 4, 1845. it, and through new inventions new industrial
Thomas Ewbank, May 9, 1849. demands are every' year being created. Thus
Silas H. Hodges, Novembers, 1852. through the process of evolution the industrial
Charles Mason, May 16, 1853. field is steadily expanding, and a study of the
Joseph Holt, September 10, 1857. inventions for any decade will point out the
William 1). Bishop. May 27, 1850. lines of industrial growth for the succeeding
Philip F. Thomas, February 16, I860.
1). P. Hollowav, March 28, 1861. decade.
T. C. Theaker, August 17, 1865. The one millionth patent was issued
Elisha Foote, Julv 29, 1868. August 8, 1911, to Frank H. Holtou
Samuel 8. Fisher, April 26, 1869. of Akron, Ohio, on an improvement
Commissioner Fisher continued as Com in inflated automobile tires. Patent
missioner for a short time under the act of
1870. Other Commissioners under that act number one had been issued in lS-'iO
have been : to John Ruggles for a locomotive en
M. D. Leggett, January' 16. 1871. gine. Patent number 500,000 was is
John M. J'hacher, November 4, 1S74. sued June 20, 1803. It therefore took
K. H. Duel], October 1. 1875. 57 years to reach the half million
Ellis Spear, January 30, 1877.
H. E. Paine, November 1, 1878. number but only 18 years more to
E. M. Marble, May 7, 1880. reach the whole million number.
The following figures will give an idea of the The marked growth in the number
relative development of American inventions , of patents to aliens to be noted in
beginning with 1850 , remembering that
9 .957 patents were issued up to July 28 , 1836 . recent years is explained by the very
when the present series of patents was com liberal features of our patent system .
menced , and that 6 ,980 patents were issued Foreigners stand here on an equal foot
from July 28 , 1836 to December 31, 1849 ing with citizens of this country , and
NUMBER OF PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS ISSUED they are neither subjected to restric
DURING EACH CALENDAR YEAR , AND tions in the matter of annuities or
NUMBER OF LIVE PATENTS AT THE BE taxes payable after the grant of a pat
GINNING OF EACH CALENDAR YEAR . ent, nor required to work an inven
Number tion in this country to maintain it in
of Patents force, as is the case in most foreign
Issued Dur- Number
ing the of Live countries.
Year. Year. Patents. Moreover, the thorough examination
1850 . . . 884 6 , 987 made by our Patent Office as to the
1851 . . 757 7 , 769
890 8 , 099 novelty of an invention prior to the
846 8 , 474 allowance of an application for a pat
1 , 759 8 , 928 ent - an examination that includes not
1855 . 1 , 892 10 , 251 only the patents and literature of our
2, 315 11, 673
1857 . 2 , 686 13,518
own country bearing on the art or in
1558 . . 3 ,467 15 , 714 dustry to which the invention relates,
159 . . 4 , 165 18, 714 but the patents of all patent-granting
1 : 60 . . 4 ,363 22, 435 countries and the technical literature
141. 3 , 040 26, 252
1563 . . 3 , 221 28 , 795
of the world - -and the care exercised
3 , 781 31, 428 in criticising the framing of the claims
4,638 34, 244 have come to be recognized as of great
1955 . 6 ,099 38 , 034 value in the case of inventions of
1566 8 , 874 43,415
1967 . . . 12 , 301 51, 433
merit, and hence the majority of for
eign inventors patenting in this coun
1168. . . 12 ,544 62,929
12 , 957 73, 824 try take advantage of this feature of
12, 157 85 , 005 our patent system , and secure the ac
11 . 687 94, 910
12 . 200 104, 022
tion of the Patent Office on an appli
11, 616 112 , 937 cation for a patent before perfecting
1974 . 12 , 230 120 , 551 their patents in their own and other
123 13, 291 128, 547 foreign countries, taking due precau
14, 172 141, 157 tion to have their patents in the dif
12,920 155 , 200 ferent countries so issued as to se .
12, 345 168, 011
12 , 133 177, 737 cure the maximum term in each , so far
12, 926 186 ,408 as possible.
15 ,548 195 , 325 In 1911, 4 ,058 patents were granted
18 , 135 206 , 043
1883 21, 196 218, 041 to citizens of foreign countries. The
11 . 19, 147 230. 360 relative distribution is as follows :
183 23,331 237 , 204
18 21. 797 247, 991 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 1, 320
20. 429 256,831 England . . . 935
Canada . . . . . 554
19,585 265, 103
23 , 360 273, 001 France 347
25 ,822 284, 161 Austria - Hungary . . . .. . .. 140
22 ,328 297 . 867 Switzerland 108
Other European countries . . . . . .. 406
22,661 307, 965
All other countries. . 248
22. 768 317, 335
1234 .. 19 , 875 325, 931
ikus . . . 20 ,883 332, 886 The working of an invention has
21, 867 341, 424 never been required under our patent
22, 098 351, 158
laws, though in most foreign countries
20 ,404 360 , 330
23, 296 365 , 186 an invention must be put into com
24 ,660 370 , 347 mercial use in the country within a
25 ,558 373, 811 specified period or the patent may be
27 , 136 380 , 222
31 ,046 384. 027
declared void . In the case of patents
30, 267 393, 276 for fine chemicals and like products,
29, 784 403, 114 which require a high order of tech
31, 181 413, 313 nical knowledge and ability for their
35 , 880 421, 134
199. . . . . 32 ,757 431, 692
inception , and skilled workmen for
36 , 574 442, 121 their manufacture, the effect of this
PO. . 35 , 168 456 , 034 requirement that the industry must
Dil .. . , 32,917 be established within the country , has
86, 231 496 ,824
been most salutary in building up Patents

chemical industries within the home and One to
country, to some extent at the ex Statc3 and Territories. Designs, even*—
pense of other countries where the l.;:;
l.:-:
working of a patent is not obligatory.
This shows most strongly in the case l r.
of carbon dyes and in the patents for i
chemicals of the class known as car 6. Illinois ...3.172
bon compounds, which includes nu 8. New Jersey ...1.360
merous pharmaceutical and medicinal 10. Nevada
compounds of recent origin, aldehydes, . . . 39 :
alcohols, phenols, ethers, etc., and 11. Ohio ..::*
many synthetic compounds, as vanil : ::.
lin, artificial musk, etc. :.: ..
Late years have shown a greatly ... 410
increased number of patent applica 2 i' ;
... 70S .: .-
tions filed by women. With the in ... 112 3 ivs
crease in number there has been a 19. Missouri . . . 945 ::..<■•:
corresponding broadening of the field 21. Utah ... 103 3 f.,
of their endeavors. When the 1910 C 7.
census came to the question of patents 3.749
it listed 944,525 patents granted to S.S16
men in this country since the beginning 25. Minnesota ... 476 4.370
of the patent system, but 8.596 patents 4,57!
27. Kansas ... 382 4.t-T
were credited to women, nine-tenths of 28. Maryland , . . 272
one per cent, of the total issue. But 29. Arizona , 41 i .<-.
the percentage of patents granted to 30. Maine 142 5..":>
woman increases yearly. Thus, from . 81
32. South Dakota 109 -.
1790 until 1888 there were 2,455 pat :.
ents granted women, and from 1888 to . . . 61
1895, 2,526, in seven years more than «.:■>
f ;■
doubling the total that had been ac 36. New Mexico ... 60
37. Texas ... 591
cruing for the previous ninety-eight 38. Oklahoma ... 235 7.
years. And from 1895 until 1910 there 39. Florida ... 104 - •>.-:- 7.1' T
were 3,015 patents more, bringing the s ■-
total number up to 8,596, as stated. .. 1(5 10.03S
In the presence of much discussion ... 191 11.551
of the relative protection which the ... 224 11,(47
several sections of the United States ... 135 11,583
... 175 12.4S4
receive under our patent system, it 47. Alaska 6 12.871
will be instructive to consider the ... 163 13.117
distribution of patents granted during 49. Mississippi . 113 15.lo4
a normal year. The table below shows no. South Carolina ... 65 23,311
the states and territories arranged in a word here and there may make tbo
an order showing the ratio of patents difference between protection and no
granted in 1911 to the population of protection. If the invention is worth
the several states and territories. patenting it is worth as good a patent
Attention is now directed to how a as is obtainable, and the inventor
patent is obtained under the system should not forget that the patent may
in the United States. We will sup have to go through the mill of tech
pose a new form of door hinge has nical construction in the courts at
been invented. What is the procedure great expense.
that the inventor should resort to? Then a preliminary search should
In the first place it is highly de be made. The applicant can makf
sirable to employ a competent attorney, such at the Patent Office or his at
one skilled in the patent law and torney will have such made. This
practice. The inventor may prepare search is made for the purpose of
and prosecute his own applic ation and determining if the device is old. Again
his case will receive the same careful it should be remembered that many
attention in the Patent Office as if patents are never used as a basis for
he had employed an attorney. But manufacture for one reason or an
it should not be forgotten that Patent other, so that, while the inventor may
practice is technical. The change of never have seen a device like that
which he has devised and may have an examiner skilled in the art to which
produced it from wholly original the device appertains. Then begins
thought and experiment, yet someone the prosecution of the case. The first
else may have reached the same re- step is to make an examination of the
.-ult before, patented it, and then done case.
nothing more with it. The American patent system is
Assuming that the preliminary known as the examination system be
starch brings forth no device like the cause of the careful examination given
Siinge under discussion the next thing each application to determine the
is to prepare the application papers. validity of the claims presented for
These include a petition, an oath, a patenting. The examination system is
drawing, a specification and claims. the ideal system, provided the exam
The petition is addressed to the ination can be made with sufficient
Commissioner of Patents setting forth care to minimize the likelihood of the
applicant's residence and other formal issue of patents for inventions not of
matters and prays the grant of letters a patentable nature. The field of
patent. The oath states that appli search, however, yearly increases, and
cant believes himself to be the original, it becomes more and more difficult
first and sole inventor and the other through lack of time to make a perfect
statutory prerequisites. Forms for examination. Something more than
both are given in a publication entitled three million domestic and foreign pat
"Rules of Practice in the United States ents have been issued, while the num
I'atent Office," which may be obtained ber of scientific publications has enor
from the Patent Office or these forms mously increased. It is only by means
will be prepared for execution by the of a perfect classification that this
attorney. great mass of matter can be so divided
The drawing must be of a prescribed as to be conveniently accessible for use
sixe and clearly illustrate the construc in the examination of any individual
tion of the device. case.
The specification is a detailed de The claims are compared with the
scription of the device referring to let disclosures of these United States and
tered or numbered parts of the draw foreign patents to see if they are met
ing, for amplification. The descrip in terms by devices old in the art. If
tion and drawing must contain a dis so they are rejected, and the applicant
closure of the construction, nature and is so informed, and the patents or
use of the device so full, clear and publications, together with the reasons
complete as to enable others skilled if they are not self-evident, are enu
in the art to make and use the same, merated in a letter written from the
for the public must be informed that office.
they may make and use the device Applicant has then one year in
after the patent has expired. which to take action on his case. He
The claims are short statements, may amend his claims to avoid the
drawn in technical form, setting forth references cited or he may ask for re
the elements of the machine or im consideration. The application is then
provement or the steps of the process taken tip for further examination.
'hat applicant believes he has invented. During the prosecution of the case
These should be as broad as the state questions of interference, appeal, peti
of the art warrants, and should be tion, etc., may arise. The procedure
drawn with very great care to be of in such events is more or less techni
any value. Only one skilled in patent cal and unless applicant has employed
practise should undertake the prepara an attorney he should study carefully
tion of claims. Too much emphasis the "Rules of Practice," before he-
cannot be laid on this point. fcrfed to, for instructions. The nature
These application papers, together of this section will not admit of fur
with $15 for a filing fee. are now to ther detail in meeting the very great
be sent to the Patent Office. Here number of different situations that may
they are received by the Application arise.
Division and duly recorded in books Assuming, however, that the claims
kept for that purpose, and each ap are found to be patentable and the
plication is given its serial number. specification and claims unobjection
The application is then sent to that able in form, the application is passed
divifsion in the office where devices of to issue. The application is sent to
that nature are examined and given to the Issue and Gazette Division and
the applicant is informed that the pat invention is the hope of obtaining a
ent will issue upon the receipt of the valuable patent, and without this in
final fee of $20. He has six months ducement inventions would be few anl j
in which to pay this fee. When paid far between, and America would, with-J
the application is given its patent num out the patent system, be far in ar-j
ber, the specification and claims are rears of the rest of the world, instead!
printed, the drawing is photolitho- of leading it, as it does to-day. ThM
graphed and the printed copy and the few pregnant sentences of the patent!
drawing, together with a copy of the statutes—sentences the force of whosel
form of patent grant with seal affixed, every word has been laboriously ad-I
is sent to the Commissioner for his judicated by our highest tribunal, the I
signature. The patent has then issued Supreme Court of the United States—1
a«d is sent to the inventor. are responsible for America's most^
The country is enriched by inven characteristic element of prosperity,
tions and offers for them a small pre the work of her inventors, to whom be
mium ; this premium is a seventeen longs the credit.
years' monopoly of their fruit—no It should continue to be the policy
more, no less. Having purchased the of the government of a nation whose
invention for this insignificant price, inventors have given to the world the
the purchase is consummated by the cotton gin and the reaper, the sewing
publication in the patent records of machine and the typewriter, the elec
the details of the invention so that he tric telegraph and telephone, the ro
who runs may read. The whole thing tary web perfecting printing press and
is a strictly business transaction, and the linotype, the incandescent lamp
this character is emphasized by the and the phonograph, and thousands of
fact that the inventor is required to other inventions that have revolution
pay for the clerical and expert labor ized every industrial art, to encourage
required to put his invention into invention in every lawful way and to
shape for issuing. His patent fees are provide that, so far as may be neces
designed to cover this expense, and do sary, the money paid to the Govern
bo, with a considerable margin to ment by inventors be used for their
spare. Thus the people of the United benefit. The wisdom of the policy has
States are perpetually being enriched been demonstrated.
by the work of inventors, at absolutely The world owes as much to invent
no cost to themselves. ors as to statesmen or warriors. To
The inventor does not work for love them the United States is the greatest
nor for glory alone, but in the hopes debtor, so much have they advanced
of a return for his labor. Glory and American manufactures. Their labor-
love of his species are elements actuat
ing his work, and in many oases he saving machinery does work that it
invents because he cannot help himself would take millions of men using hand
—because his genius is a hard task implements to perform. In this cen
master and keeps him at work. But tury the debt will be piled still higher,
none the less, the great incitement to for inventors never rest.
DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS.

Benjamin Franklin; b. Boston. 1706; d. builds Bteamboat In France 1803; launches
1790; at 12, printer's apprentice, fond of use passenger boat Clermont at N. T. 1807, and
ful reading; 27 to 40, teaches himself Latin, steams to Albany; 1812, builds steam ferry
etc.. makes various useful Improvements; at boats; 1814, builds first steam war vessel.
40, studies electricity; 1752, brings electricity Jelhro Wood. Inventor of the modem cast-
from clouds by kite, and Invents the lightning iron plough; b. White Creek. N. Y.. 1774: d
rod. 1834; patented the plough 1814; previously the
Ell Whitney, Inventor of the cotton-gin; b. plough was a stick of wood plated with Iron :
WestborouKh, Mass., 1765; d. 1825; went to lawsuits against infringers consumed hi*
Georgia 1792 as teacher; 1793, Invents the cot means; Secretary Seward said: "No man ha*
ton-gin, prior to which a full day's work of benefited the country pecuniarily more than
one person was to clean by hand one pound of Jethro Wood, and no man haa been as in
cotton ; one machine performs the labor of adequately rewarded."
five thousand persons; 1800, founds YVhitncy- Thomas Blanchard; b. 1788, Sutton. Mass ;
vllle, makes firearms, by the Interchangeable d. 1864; invented tack machine 18"6: builds
system for the parts. successful steam carriage 1825; builds the
Robert Fulton; b. Little Britain, Pa.. 1766: stern-wheel boat for shallow waters, now in
d. 1825; artist painter; Invents steamboat 1793; common use on Western rivers; 1843, patents
Invents submarine torpedoes 1797 to 1801; the lathe for turning Irregular forms, now In
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 3C3
rommoa use all over the world for turning Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the Inventor
iaats. spokes, axe-handles, gun-stocks, hat- of the telephone; b. 1847 at Edinburgh, Scot
t. locks, tackle-blocks, etc. land, moved to Canada 1872 and afterwards to
Rosa W inane, of Baltimore; b. 1798, N. J.; Boston ; here he became widely known as an
<L 1877; author of many Inventions relating to instructor In phonetics and as an authority in
railways; first patent, 1828; he designed and teaching the deaf and dumb; In 1873 he began
patented the pivoted, double truck, long pas the study of the transmission of musical tones
senger cars now in common use. His genius by telegraph; in 1876 he invented and patented
also assisted the development of railways In the speaking telephone, which has become
Iiuseia. one of the marvels of the nineteenth century
Cyrus H. McCormlck, inventor of harvesting and one of the greatest commercial enterprises
machines; b. Walnut Grove, Va.. 1809; d. of the world; In 1880 the French Government
18*4; In 1851 he exhibited his invention at awarded him the Volta prize of $10,000 and he
thv World's Fair, London, with practical suc has subsequently received the ribbon of the
cess. The mowing of one acre was one man's Legion of Honor from France and many honor
day's work ; a boy with a mowing machine ary degrees, both at home and abroad ; Or.
sow cuts 10 acres a day. Mr. McCormlck's Bell still continues his scientific work at his
[stents made him a millionaire. home In Washington and haa made valuable
Charles Goodyear, inventor and patentee of contributions to the phonograph and aerial
tbe simple mixture of rubber and sulphur, the navigation.
basis of the present great rubber industries Samuel Colt; b. Hartford. Conn., 1814; d.
throughout the world; b. New Haven, Conn., 1862; he studied chemistry and became a lec
1840; d. I860; In 1839, by the accidental mix turer on that subject; in 1835 be secured pat
ture of a bit of rubber and sulphur on a red- ents on a revolving pistol, a model of which
hot stove he discovered the process of vul- he had made while a boy when at sea; he
anlzatlon. Tbe Goodyear patents proved im built and maintained a large armory In Hart
mensely profitable. ford, Conn; In 1847 he contracted to make
Samuel F. B. Morse, Inventor and patentee 1,000 weapons for General Taylor; In 1843 he
of electric telegraph ; b. Charlestown, Mass. , laid and successfully tested the first sub
1791; d. 1872; artist painter; exhibited first marine telegraph cable.
drawings of telegraph 1832; half-mile wire in Thomas A. Edison; b. 1847, at Milan, Ohio;
operation 1835; caveat 1837; Congress appro from a poor boy in a country village, with a
priated $30,000 and in 1884 first telegraph line limited education, he has become the moBt
from Washington to Baltimore was opened ; fertile Inventor the world has ever known; his
after long contests the courts sustained hln most Important Inventions are the phonograph
talents and he realized from them a large In 1877, the incandescent electric lamp, 1878;
lortune. the quadruplex telegraph, 1874-1878; the elec
Ellas Howe, Inventor of the modern sewing tric pen, 1876 ; magnetic ore separator, 1880 ,
machine; b. Spencer, Mass., 1819; d. 1867; and the three-wire electric circuit, 1883; his
raach Inlat ; sewing machine patented 1846 ; first patent was an electric vote-recording ma
from that time to 1854 his priority was con chine, taken in 1869 ; early In life Edison
tested and he suffered from poverty, when a started to run a newspaper, but his genius
decision of the courts in his favor brought lay in the field of electricity, where as an
him large royalties and he realized several expert telegrapher he began his great repu
Billions from his patent. tation ; his numerous Inventions have brought
James B. Eads; b. 1820; d. 1887; author and him great wealth ; a fine villa in Llewellyn
constructor of the great steel bridge over the Park, at Orange, N. J., Is his home, and his
Mississippi at St. Louis, 1867, and the Jetties extensive laboratory near -by Is still the scene
telow New Orleans, 1876. His remarkable of his constant work; he la the world's most
energy was shown in 1861 when he built and persevering inventor, and there are few fields
delivered complete to the Government, all of work Into which hts inventive genius has
within sixty-five days, seven Iron-plated not entered; in late years he has done much
steamers, 600 tons each; subsequently other work In connection with the preparation of
Bteamers. Some of the most brilliant suc detachable molds for cement houses.
cesses of the Union arms were due to hla Captain John Ericsson ; b. 1803 in Sweden ;
extraordinary rapidity In constructing these d. in New York, 1S89 ; at 10 years of age,
resetla. designed a sawmill and a pumping engine;
Prof. Joseph Henry; b. Albany, N. T., 1799; made and patented many inventions in England
i. 1878; in 1828 invented the present form of In early life; in 1K29 entered a locomotive in
the electro-magnet which laid the foundation competition with Stephenson's Rocket; in 1836
for practically the entire electrical art and Is patented In England his double-screw propeller
probably the most important single contribu and shortly after came to the United States'
tion thereto. In 1831 he demonstrated the and Incorporated It In a steamer; In 1861,
practicability of the electric current to effect built for the United States Government the
mechanical movements and operate signals at turret Ironclad Monitor; was the inventor of
a distant point, which was the beginning of the hot-air engine which bears his name; also
the -electro-magnetic telegraph; he devised a a torpedo boat which was designed to dis
system of circuits and batteries, which con charge a torpedo by means of compressed air
tained the principle of the relay and local beneath the water; he was an Indefatigable
'Irctilt, and also Invented one of the earliest worker and made many other inventions; his
Hectro-magnetic engines. He made many sci diary, kept dally for 40 years, comprehended
entific researches In electricity and general 14,000 pages.
Pbvitcs and left many valuable papers there Charles F. Brush ; b. near Cleveland, Ohio.
on. In 1826 he was a professor in the Albany 1849; prominently identified with the develop
Academy: was Professor of Natural Philosophy ment of the dynamo, the arc light and the
at the College of New Jersey In 1832. and in Btorage battery. In which fields he made many
>S4t was chosen secretary of the Smithsonian important Inventions; In 1880 the Brush Com
Institution at Washington, where he remained pany put Its electric lights into New York
until hla death. Prof. Henry was probably the City and has since extended Its installations
treatest of American phys1c1sts. Into most of the cities and towns of the Unl*
States; In 1881, at the Paris Electrical Expo Austria-Hungary, 1857; hia first invention,
sition, he received the ribbon of the Legion made at Budapest. Hungary, in 1881, was &
of Honor. telephone repeater; he came to the United
George WestinghouBe, Jr. ; b. at Central States in 1884 and later became a naturalized
Bridge, N. Y., 1846; while still a boy he citizen ; hla work has been largely in elec
modeled and built a Bteam engine ; his first trical fields, but of late he has done much
profitable invention was a railroad frog; his work in the direction of developing steam
most notable inventions, however, were in turbines.
railroad airbrakes, the first patents for which Emile Berliner ; b. in Hanover. Germany,
were taken out in 1872; the system now known May 20, ISM ; he invented the loose contact
by his name has grown to almost universal telephone transmitter and many other impor
adoption and constitutes a great labor saving tant improvements in telephone; in 1SST be
and life saving adjunct to railroad transporta Invented the gramophone, the talking machin*
tion ; Mr. Westlnghouse, whose home is at well known as the Victor type; he wu
Pittsburg, was one of the earliest to develop awarded the John Scott medal by the Franklin
and use natural gas from deep wells; In late Institute.
years he has made and patented many inven Wilbur Wright; b. In Henry County, Ind\,
tions in electrical machinery for the develop April 16, 1867; d. May 3i>. 1912; Orvtlle Wrigbt,
ment of power and light, and has commer b. Aug. 19, 1871; the Wright brothers became
cially developed the same on a large scale. Interested in mechanical flight in 1896; at the
Ottmar Mergenthaler ; b. 1854, at Wurtem- suggestion of Prof. S. P. Langiey, Secretary
berg, Germany; d. 1899; inventor of the lino of the Smithsonian Institution, they went to
type machine; his early training as a watch the sand hills of Klllderll, N. C. In 1900. to
and clock maker well fitted him for the pains carry out a series of field experiments; they
taking and complicated work of his life, which developed a motor far in advance of those
was to make a machine which would mold the before used in connection with mechanical
type and set It up In one operation; In 1872 flight and by 1905 they had a flying machine
Mergenthaler came to Baltimore and entered a in which they flew nearly 35 miles at Dayton,
machine shop, in which he subsequently be Ohio; the first public exhibition of importance
came a partner; the first linotype machine was waa given in this country at Fort Myer in
built in 1886 and put to use In the composing 1908 by Orville Wright; Wilbur Wright at
room of the New York Tribune; to-day all this time was making record flighta at Le
large newspapers and publishing houses are Mans, France; from then until Wllbur*a death
equipped with great batteries of these ma the two were constantly associated in develop
chines, costing over $3,000 each, and each ing their heavier than air machines; they be
performing the work of five compositors.
Nicola Tesla; b. in the border country of came the world's best known aviators.
ABSTRACTS OF DECISIONS.
Where an inventor has completed his in It is well settled law that a patent can not
vention, if he neither applies for a patent nor issue for a result sought to be accomplished by
puts it to practical use. a subsequent inventor the inventor of a machine but only for the
who promptly applies is entitled to the patent, mechanical means or instrumentalities by
and the first one is deemed to have abandoned which that result is obtained. One cannot
his rights. Pattee.v. Russell, 3 O. G., 181; describe a machine which will perform a
Ex parte Carre, 5 O. G., 30; Johnson v. Root, certain function and then claim the function
1 Fisher, 351. itself and all other machines that may be
As between two rival inventors, the test of invented by others to Derform the same
priority is the diligence of the one first to function. In re Gardner, 140 O. G„ 25S.
conceive it. If he has been diligent in per A mere aggregation or combination of old
fecting it, he is entitled to receive the patent. devices is not patentable when the element?
If he has been negligent, the patent Ls awarded are unchanged in function and effect. They
to his opponent. Robinson on Patents, Sec. are patentable when, "by the action of the
375. elements upon each other, or by their joint
The construction and use for two years in action on their common object, they perform
public of a working machine, whether the in additional functions and accomplish addi
ventor has or has not abandoned it, excludes tional effects." Robinson on Patents, Sec.
the grant of a patent to a subsequent in 154.
ventor. An abandonment in such case inures A change of shape enabling an instrument
to the benefit of the public and not to the to perform new functions is sometimes in
benefit of a subsequent inventor. Young v. vention. Wilson v. Coo, 18 Blatch, 532;
Van Duser, 16 O. G., 95. Collar Co. v. White, 7 O. G., 690, 877.
Just where the line of invention lies in an A pntent which is simply for a method of
accomplished result is frequently difficult for transacting business or keeping accounts i*
the courts to determine. That it must ex not valid. U. S. Credit Svstem Co. v.
tend beyond the merely novel and useful and American Indemnity Co., G3 0. G., 318.
into the domain of original thought has been The mere combination of articles disclosed
determined. The extent of the mental in two former patents will not constitute in
process, however, is immaterial. The result vention, unless it results in producing a new
may come out of long consideration or it may and useful article not applied by the**1
be the revelation of a flash of thought. familiar with the state of the art. In re
Snyder v. Fisher, 78 O. G., 485. Faber. 136 O. G., 229.
A function result or principle is not Patentable novelty may be found in an
aten table, but a party is entitled to claim improvement which simplifies a complicated
h is invention as broadly as the prior art train of mechanism by eliminating some of
permits. Ex parte PiskoJIS; Gourick, 85-15. the elements with the result that defects due
to the presence of those elements are done invention he abandons the remainder,
away with. Brown v. Huntington Piano Co., Toepfer v. Goetz, 41 O. G.p 933.
IM Fed., 735. Claims should be construed, if possible, to
It involves no invention to omit a part sustain the patentee's right to all he haa
together with its function. Ex parte invented. Ransom v. Mayor of N. Y. (1856),
McElroy. 161 O. 0., 753. Fisher, 252.
Where the claims are distinguishable over The law requires that manufacturers of
the prior art by mere arbitrary variations patented articles give notice to the public
which amount only to changes ot mechanical that the goods are patented by marking
design and which accomplish no new result, I thereon the date of the patent or giving
held that such claims are unpatentable. equivalent notice. When this law is not
Ex parte Hill, 117 O. G., 2365. | complied with, only nominal damages can be
The substitution of one material for another recovered. Wilson v. Singer Mfg. Co., 4
involves invention where the substituted I Bann. & A. 637; McCourt v. Brodic, 5 Fisher,
material Is used in a relation in which it had 384.
not before been used and in which it ac To prevent fraudulent impositions on the
complished new and very beneficial results public it is forbidden that unpatented articles
which were long sought by those skilled in the be stamped "Patented," and where this is
art. George Frost Co. et al v. Cohn.et al, done with intention to deceive, a penalty of
119 Fed., 505. one hundred dollars and costs for each article
There is no invention apparently involved so stamped is provided. Any person may
in putting some other mechanism well known bring action against such offenders. Walker
in the art and well adapted for such use in the v. Hawxhurst, 5 Blatch. 494; Tompkins v.
place of previously used mechanism in an old Butterfield, 25 Fed. Rep 556.
device operating in an old way when such The assignor of a patented invention is
substitution docs not involve any material estopped
rearrangement. New Departure Bell Co. v. patent orfrom denying the validity of his own
Kevin Bros. Manufacturing Co. 75 O. G.,2196. ferred. Hehiscannot own title to the interest trans
become the owner of an
Mere change of proportion Is not sufficient older patent and hold it against his assignee.
to avoid a charge of infringement and is not, Robinson on Patents, Sec. 787, and notes.
therefore, sufficient to establish difference of Any assignment which does not convey to
invention. Thompson-Houston Electric Co. the assignee the entire and unqualified
v. Western Electric Co. et al. 75 O. G., 347. monoply which the patentee holds in the
In claiming a patent for the discovery of a territory specified, or an undivided interest
useful result in any art, machine, manu in the entire monoply, Is a mere license.
facture or composition of matter by the use Sanford v. Messer, 2 O. G., 470.
of certain means, the applicant must specify Where a patented machine was sold by
the means he uses in a manner so full and complainant with a license agreement that it
exact that any one skilled in the science to was to be used only with ink made by com
which it appertains can by using the means plainant and defendant with knowledge of
he specifies without any addition or sub such license agreement sold to the owner of
traction from them produce precisely the such machine, ink not made by complainant
result he describes. In re Blackmore, 140 with the expectation that this ink was to be
0. G.t 1209. used in connection with such machine, held
A patentee is bound by the limitations that the acts of defendant constituted con
imposed on his patent, whether they are tributory infringement of complainant's
voluntary or enforced by the Patent Office, patent. IT. S. Supreme Court. Henry et al
and. if he accepts claims not covering his entire v. A. B. Dick Co., 176 O. G., 751.
FOREIGN PATENTS.
Canada, Dominion of.—The laws of Can tion has been disclosed in the specifications of
ada follow somewhat closely the practice in British patents granted within fifty years of
the United States. The term of a patent is the filing of the British application. While this
eighteen years. The general practice, however, is the extent of the examination by the Patent
^ to divide the fees, making payment only for Office, it is sufficient to invalidate a British
a term of six years at one time. Applications patent to show in court that the invention was
are subjected to examination as to novelty and published, or was in public use, in Great Brit
usefulness, as in the United States. The appli ain before the date of the invention of the
cation must be filed in Canada not later than British application. In Great Britain the true
during the year following the issue of the inventor should apply for the patent in his
I'nited States or other foreign patent. If the own name; but if the invention has been con
inventor neglects to file his application within ceived in a foreign country, the first introducer
the twelve months, the invention becomes may obtain the patent whether he be the true
public property. It is not permissible to im- inventor or not. Under these circumstances,
iwrt the patented article into the Dominion therefore, a foreign assignee may apply for the
after twelve months from the date of the Cana patent in his own name without the true in
dian patent. Within two years from said date ventor being known. After the fourth year
the manufacture and sale of the article under there are annual taxes, gradually increasing in
the patent must have been begun. These exac amount. The patent becomes void if the tax
tions may be relaxed under certain conditions. is not paid. No time Ls set within which the
Great Britain.—The term of the patent is manufacture of the invention must be com
fourteen years. An examination is made in menced, but after three years if the manufac
Great Britain to ascertain whether the inven- ture has not begun, the patentee may be com- y
METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING. SINGER BUILDING.
Photographs to scale % tnch=100 feet.
prlled to grant licenses, or the patent may be of annual taxes and must be worked within
declared invalid. five years.
France.—The term of a patent is fifteen Spain.—The term of the patent is twenty
, years. There is no examination as to novelty, years, subject to the payment of annual taxes.
and the patent is granted to the first applicant, It must be worked within two years. The pat
whether or not he be the true inventor. The ent is issued to the first applicant, whether or
life of the patent depends upon the payment not be the true inventor. The working
of annual taxes. The patent must be worked provisions are modified under the terms of
in France within two years from the date of the International Convention.
the signing of the patent. If these conditions Switzerland.—The term of the patent is
are not complied with the patent becomes fifteen years, subject to an annual tax. Work
public property but 'the working provisions ing must take place within three years. The
referred to are modified by the terms of the true inventor or his assignee can obtain a
International Convention, under which the patent but when the Swiss patent is granted
revocation of a French patent is prevented to a citizen of the United States it is un
when the patent is granted to a citizen of a necessary for him to work the patent pro
country which is a member of the Convention vided the invention is being worked in the
until after the expiration of the third year United States.
counting from the filing of the French ap Norway.—The term of a patent is fourteen
plication. years. The patent is subject to a small annual
Germany.—The term of a patent is fifteen tax. The application must be filed in the name
years. The patent is issued to the first appli of the true inventor or his assignee. Applica
cant, but if he is not the true inventor he tions must be filed within twelve montns of
should, before filing the application, obtain the publication of the patent in any foreign
the written consent of the inventor. The ap country. The patentee may be compelled to
plication is subjected to a rigid examination. grant licenses. The application must be
The patent is subject to an annual progressive filed either before the issue of the United
tax, and must be worked within a period of States patent or during the year following
three years but the working provisions in the filing of the United States application.
Germany are modified by a treaty between Sweden.—The term of a patent is fifteen
the United States and Germany, under the years. The patent is subject to an annual tax.
provisions of which the revocation of a The conditions are similar to those existent in
CJerman patent granted to a citizen of the Norway. Working is not now necessary in
United States is prevented when the patented Sweden, but the patentee may be compelled
article is manufactured in the United States. to grant licenses should he fail to carry on
Austria.—The term of a patent is fifteen the manufacture in Sweden.
years. The practice is somewhat similar to the Denmark.—The laws are similar to those
practice in Germany, although the examina of Sweden but the patent should be worked
tion is generally not so exacting. The patent within three years.
is subject to an annual tax and it must be Portugal.—The term of the patent varies
worked within a period of three years. from one to fifteen years, the fees payable
Hungary.—The term of a patent is fifteen depending upon the term of the patent. A
years. The laws are similar to those of Ger patent must be worked within two years but
many. There is a progressive annual tax and the working provisions arc modified by the
the patent must be worked within a period of provisions of the International Convention
three years. under which the working is not required when
Belgium.—The term of a patent is twenty the patentee is a citizen of a country which is
vears. The first applicant obtains the patent a member of the Convention until after the
whether or not he is the true inventor. There expiration of three years from the date of
is a small annual tax, and the patent should filing of the application in Portugal.
he worked within one year of the working Netherlands.—The term of a patent is
eUewhere but the -working provisions in fifteen years. The patent is granted to the first
Belgium are modified under the terms of the applicant. The patentee must have a bona
International Convention which prevent the fide industrial establishment where the pat
revocation of a Belgian patent granted to a ented article is manufactured within five years
ritUen of a country which is a member of the or the patent is revocable. The patent is sub
Convention until alter the expiration of three ject to an annually increasing tax.
years counting from the filing of the Belgian Australia.—The Australian patent pro
patent Application. tects an invention in Victoria, New South
Iyaly.—The maximum term of a patent is Wales, Queensland. South Australia, Taa
fifteen years. The patent is granted to the mania. West Australia and Papua, but not in
first applicant. The patent is subject to an New Zealand, which has its own patent law.
annual tax. The patent becomes invalid if it The term of the Australian patent is fourteen
U not worked within one year or if work under years, a tax being due before the expiration of
it has been suspended for a whole year, where the seventh year. When the patent is not
the term is five years or less; or. where the worked a compulsory license or revocation of
term is more than five years, if it is not worked the patent may be enforced after two years
within two years or work under it has been from the granting of the patent but Australia
suspended for two years but the working is a member of the International Convention,
provisions in Italy are modified by the pro and the working provisions are therefore
visions of the International Convention, with modified by the terms of the convention.
reference to which see "France," referred to New Zealand.—The term of the patent is
ahove. fourteen years, taxes being due before the end
Russia—The term of the patent is fifteen of the fourth and seventh years. Compulsory
years. The patent is subject to the payment licenses may be obtained.
;;G8 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
British India.—The patent is granted for within three months from the date of issue
fourteen years with a possible term of ex of the foreign patent. There are no taxes
tension. The application should be filed after the issue of the patent. If the Mexican
within one year of the issue of the patent in patent is not worked the patentee may ho
any other country and before the invention has required, after the expiration of three years
been publicly used or made publicly known of the patent term, to grant licenses per
in any part of British India. Taxes are mitting others to manufacture in Mexico.
payjtble uefore the end of the fourth year and South American Republics.—Patents are
annually thereafter. If the patent is not issued by all of the South American Republics.
worked to an adequate extent within four The principal countries in which patent pro
years the patentee may be compelled to grant tection is sought are Brazil, in which the laws
licenses to prevent the revocation of the arc quite favorable to foreigners and where the
patent. term is fifteen years; Chile, where the term t-
Turkey.—Patents are granted for five, ten generally ten years, and Argentina, where the
or fifteen years. The application must be filed terms are five, ten and fifteen years, according
by the inventor or his assignee. The patent is to the merits of the invention. Patents arc
flubject to an annual tax. The patent must be also frequently secured in Venezuela, Peru,
worked within two years. Ecuador, Colombia and Paraguay, but only
Porto Rico.—Protection is secured by fil for certain classes of invention, owing to the
ing a certified copy of the United States pat expense involved in procuring the patents.
ent with the Secretary of the Government and South Africa.—Patents are obtainable in
by complying with certain legal formalities. four important states. Cape Colony, Transvaal,
Philippines.—The modus operandi is the Congo Free State and Orange Free State. In
same as that just described as applying to Cape Colony the term is fourteen years. Then-
Porto Rico. are no conditions as to working the patent.
Cuba.—Since Cuba has become an inde The law is otherwise similar to that of Great
pendent republic it has established a patent Britain.
system. The term of the patent is seventeen Japan.—The term of the patent is fifteen
years. Working should be established within years. The applicant must be the inventor or
one year but the term for the working of the derive his title from the inventor. There ia an
Cuban patent is modified by the provisions examination of the application. The patent ia
of the Convention. No taxes after the issue subject to an increasing tax. and must U*
of the patent. worked within three years. The taxes for the
Mexico. —The term is twenty years. The first, second and third years of the patent
application must be filed in Mexico either term are paid before the patent is issued. The
within twelve months from the date of filing subsequent taxes are paid annually after the
of the first application in another country or expiration of the third year of the patent term .
THE PATENT LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The have
shall Constitutional
power * Provision.—The
• • to promoteCongress
the Interior, shall superintend or perform all du
ties respecting the granting and Issuing o(
progress of Science and Useful Arts, by se patents directed by law ; and he shall hav*
curing for limited Times to Authors and In charge of all books, records, papers, modeU.
ventors the exclusive Right to their respective machines, and other things belonging to the
Writings and Discoveries. Patent Office.
Sec. 482. The examiners-in-chlef shall t>?
STATUTES. persons of competent legal knowledge and sci
ORGANIZATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE. entific ability, whose duty It shall be, on the
written petition of the appellant, to revise and
Title XI, Rev. Stat., p. 80: determine upon the validity of the adverse
Sec. 475. There shall be In the Department decisions of examiners upon applications for
of the Interior an office known as the Patent patents, aud for reissues of patents, and in
Office, where all records, books, models, draw Interference cases; and when required by the
ings, specifications, and other papers and Commissioner, they shall hear and report upoo
things pertaining to patents shall be safely claims for extensions, and perform such other
kept and preserved. like duties as he may assign them.
Sec. 476. There shall be in the Patent Of Sec. 483. The Commissioner of Patents, sub
fice a Commissioner of Patents, one Assistant ject to the approval of the Secretary of the
Commissioner, and three exainlners-ln-chlef, Interior, may from time to time establish repu
who shall be appointed by the President, by tations, not inconsistent with law, for the
and with the advice and consent of the Sen conduct of proceedings In the Patent Office.
ate. All other offices, clerks and employees Sec. 488. The Commissioner of Patents may
authorized by law for the Office shall be ap require all papers filed in the Patent Office,
pointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon if not correctly, legibly, and clearly written.
the nomination of the Commissioner of Pat to bo printed at the cost of the party filing
ents. them.
Sec. 480. All officers and employees of the Title XIII, Rev. Stat., p. 169:
Patent Office shall be Incapable, during the Sec. 892. Written or printed copies of any
period for which they hold their appoint records, books., papers, or drawings belonging
ments, to acquire or take, directly or Indi to the Patent Office, and of letters patent
rectly, except by Inheritance or bequest, any authenticated Jiy the seal and certified by lb*
right of interest In any patent Issued by the Commissioner ' or Acting Commissioner thereof
Office. Khali be ' evidence , in all cases wherein the
Sec. 481. The Commissioner of Patents, originals could be evidence; and any person
under the direction of the Secretary of the making application therefor, and paying tb«
fee required by ltw, shall have certified copies fore his Invention or discovery thereof, and
thereof. not patented or described In any printed pub
Sec. 893. Copies of the specifications and lication In this or any foreign country, before
drawings of foreign letters patent certified as his invention or discovery thereof, or more
provided In the preceding section, shall be than two years prior to his application, and
prima facie evidence of the fact of the granting not In public use or on sale in this country
of iuch letters patent, and of the date and for more than two years prior to his appli
contents thereof. cation, unless the same is proved to have
Sec. 894. The printed copies of specifica been abandoned, may, upon payment of the
tions and drawings of patents, which the fees required by law, and other due proceed
Commissioner of Patents is authorized to print ing had, obtain a patent therefor.
for gratuitous distribution, and to deposit In The Secretary of the Interior and the Com
the capilols of the States and Territories, and missioner of Patents are authorized to grant
in the clerks' offices of the district court, any officer of the Government, except officers
(hall, when certified by him and authenticated and employees of the Patent Office, a patent
by the seal of his office, be received in all for any invention of the classes mentioned In
courts as evidence of all matters therein con section 4886 of the Revised Statutes when such
tained. invention Is used or to be used in the public
Sec. 973. When judgment or decree Is ren service, without the payment of any fee; Pro
dered for the plaintiff or complainant, in any vided, That the applicant In his application
suit at law or in equity, for the Infringement shall state that the invention described therein.
of a part of a patent, in which it appears If patented, may be used by the Government,
that the patentee, in hla specification, claimed or any of Its officers or employees in prose
to be the original and first inventor or dis cution of work for the Government, or by
coverer of any material or substantial part of any other person in the United States, without
the thing patented, of which he was not the the payment, to him of any royalty thereon,
original and first Inventor, no costs shall be which stipulation shall be Included in the
recovered, unless the proper disclaimer, as patent.
Sec. 4887. No person otherwise entitled
provided by the patent laws, has been entered thereto shall be debarred from receiving a
at the Patent Office before the suit was patent for his Invention or discovery, nor
brought.
Sec. 1537.(SeeNo Sees.patented
4917. 4922.)
article connected shall any patent be declared invalid by reason
with marine engines shall hereafter be pur of Its having been first patented or caused to
chased or used In connection with any steam be patented by the inventor or his legal rep
vessels of war until the same shall have been resentatives or assigns In a foreign country,
submitted to a competent board of naval engi unless the application for said foreign patent
neers, and recommended by such board, In was filed more than twelve months, In cases
writing, for purchase and use. within the provisions of section 4886 of the
Title 1673.
XVII,NoRev. Stat.,shall
p. 292: Revised Statutes, and four months In cases
Sec. royalty be paid by the of designs, prior to the filing of the appli
United States to any one of its officers or cation In this country, In which case no
employees for the use of any patent for the patent shall be granted in this country.
system, or any part thereof, nor far any such An application for patent for an Invention
patent In which said officers- or employees or discovery or for a design filed In this
mar be directly or Indirectly interested. country by any person who has previously
Title LX, Rev. Stat., 1878. chap. 1, p. 945: regularly filed an application for a patent
Sec. 4883. All patents shall be Issued in for the same Invention, discovery, or design
the name of the United States of America, In a foreign country which, by treaty, con
under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall vention, or law, affords similar privileges to
be signed by the Commissioner of Patents, and citizens of the United States shall have the
ihey shall be recorded, together with the spe same force and effect as the same application
cifications. In the Patent Office in books to be would have if filed In this country on the
kept for that purpose. date on which the application for patent for
Sec. 4884. Every patent shall contain a the same invention, disrovery, or design was
abort title or description of the invention or first filed In such foreign country, provided
discovery, correctly Indicating its nature and the application in thlB country Is filed within
design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs twelve months In cases within the provisions
nr assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of section 4886 of the Revised Statutes, and
of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within four months in cases of designs, from
the invention or discovery throughout the the earliest date on which any such foreign
t'nfted States and the Territories thereof, re application was filed. But no patent shall be
ferring to the specification for the particulars granted on an application for patent for an
thereof. A copy of the specification and draw Invention or discovery or a design which had
ings shall be annexed to the patent and be been patented or described in a printed pub
* part thereof. lication In this or any foreign country more
Sec. 4885. Every patent shall issue within than two years before the date of the actual
a period of three months from the date of filing of the application in this country, or
the payment of the final fee, which fee shall which had been in public use or on sale In
be paid not later than six months from the this country for more than two years prion
time at which the application was passed and toSec.
such4888.
filing.Before any inventor or discoverer
allowed and notice thereof was sent to the shall receive a patent for his Invention or
applicant or his agent; and if the final fee discovery, he shall make application therefor,
not paid within that period the patent in writing, to the Commissioner of Patents,
shall be withheld. and shall file In the Patent Office a written
Sec. 4886. Any person who has invented or description of the same, and of the manner
discovered any new and useful art, machine, and process of making, constructing, compound
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any ing, and using It. In such full, clear, con
new and useful Improvements thereof, not cise, and exact terms as to enable any person
known or used by others In thia country, be skilled In the art or science to which It ap
pertains, or with which it is most nearly con be made and the specification sworn to by the
nected, to make, construct, compound, and inventor or discoverer; and in all cases of an
use the aame; and In case of a machine, he application for a reissue of any patent. the
shall explain the principle thereof, and the appllcat ion must be made and the corrected
best mode in which he has contemplated ap specification signed by the inventor or dis
plying that principle, bo as to distinguish it coverer, if he Is living, unless the patent
from other Inventions; and he shall particu was Issued and the assignment made before
larly point out and distinctly claim the part, the eighth day of July, 1870.
Improvement, or combination which he claims Sec. 4896. When any person, having made
as his invention or discovery. The specifica any new Invention or discovery for which a
tion and claim shall be signed by the in patent might have been granted, dies before
ventor and attested by two witnesses. a patent is granted, the right of applying Iot
Sec. 4889. When the nature of the cose and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his
admits of drawings, the applicant shall fur executor or administrator, In trust for the
nish one copy signed by the inventor or his heirs at law of the deceased, in case he shall
attorney in fact, and attested by two wit have died intestate; or If he shall have left
nesses, which shall be filed In the Patent a will disposing of the same, then in trust
Office; and a copy of the drawing, to be fur for his deviseeB, in as full manne" and on the
nished by the Patent Office, shall be attached same terms and conditions as the wme might
to the patent as a part of the specification. have been claimed or enjoyed by him in his
Sec. 4890. When the invention or discovery lifetime; and -when any person having made
Is of a composition of matter, the applicant, any new Invention or discovery for which a
If required by the Commissioner, shall furnish patent might have been granted becomes in
specimens of ingredients and of the compo sane before a patent Is granted the right of
sition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose applying for and obtaining the patent shall
of experiment. devolve on his legally appointed guardian,
Sec. 4891. In all cases which admit of conservator, or representative In trust for his
representation by model, the applicant. If estate in aa full manner and on the same
required by the Commissioner, shall furnish terms and conditions as the same might hare
a model of convenient size to exhibit advan been claimed or enjoyed by him while sane
tageously the several parts of his invention or and when the application Is made by such
discovery. legal representatives the oath or affirmation
Sec. 4892. The applicant shall make oath required to be made shall be so varied in
that he does verily believe himself to be the form that It can be made by them. The exec
original and first Inventor or discoverer of the utor or administrator duly authorized under
art, machine, manufacture, composition, or the law of any foreign country to administer
Improvement for which he solicits a patent; upon the estate of the deceased inventor shall,
that he does not know and does not believe in case the said inventor was not domiciled
that the same was ever before known or used; In the United States at the time of his death,
and shall state of what country he Is a citi have the right to apply for and obtain the
zen. Such oath may be made before any patent. The authority of such foreign exec
person within the United States authorized utor or administrator shall be proved by cer
by law to administer oaths, or, when the tificate of a diplomatic or consular officer of
applicant resides in a foreign country, before theTheUnited States.
any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or foregoing section, as to Insane persons.
commercial agent holding commission under Is to cover all applications now on file In
the Government of the United States, or before the Patent Office or which may be hereafter
any notary public. Judge, or magistrate having made.
an official seal and authorized to administer Sec. 4897. Any person who has an interest
oaths In the foreign country in which the In an invention or discovery, whether as In
applicant may he, whose authority shall be ventor, discoverer or assignee, for which a
proved by certificate of a diplomatic or con patent was ordered to Issue upon the pay
sular officer of the United States. ment of the final fee. but who fails to make
Sec. 4893. On the filing of any such appli payment thereof within six months from the
cation and the payment of the fees required time at which It was passed and allowed, and
by law, the Commissioner of Patents shall notice thereof was sent to the applicant or
cause an examination to be made of the al his agent, shall have a right to make an
leged new invention or discovery; and if on application for a patent for such invention
such examination it shall appear that the or discovery the aame as in the case of an
claimant Is Justly entitled to a patent under original application. But such second appli
the law, and that the name is sufficiently useful cation must be made within two years after
and important, the Commissioner shall Issue the allowance of the original application. But
a patent therefor. no person shall be held responsible In damages
Sec. 4894. All applications for patents shall for the manufacture or use of any article or
be completed and prepared for examination thing for which a patent was ordered to Issue
within one year after the filing of the appli under such renewed application prior to the
cation, and in default thereof, or upon failure lBsue of the patent. And upon the hearing
of the applicant to prosecute the same within of renewed applications preferred under this
one year after any action therein, of which section, abandonment shall be considered as a
notice shall have been given to the applicant, question of fact.
they shall be regarded as abandoned by the Sec. 4898. Every patent or any Interest
parties thereto, unless It be shown to the therein shall be assignable in law by an in
satisfaction of the Commissioner of Patents strument in writing, and the patentee or his
that such delay was unavoidable. assigns or legal representatives may in like
Sec. 4895. PatentB may be granted and is manner grant and convey an exclusive right
sued or reissued fo the assignee of the Inventor under his patent to the whole or any specified
or discoverer; but the assignment must first part of the United States. An assignment,
be entered of record in the Patent Office. And grant, or conveyance Bhall be void as against
In all cases of an application by an assignee any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a
for the issue of a patent, the application shall valuable consideration, without notice, unless
It Is recorded in the Patent Office within three a patent, with or without altering his specifica
months from the date thereof. tions, the Commissioner Bhall order a re-ex
II any such assignment, grant, or convey amination of the case.
ance of any patent shall be acknowledged be Sec. 4904. Whenever an application is made
fore any notary public of the several States for a patent which, in the opinion of the
or Territories or the District of Columbia, or Commissioner, would Interfere with any pend
any commissioner of the United States Circuit ing application, or with any unexpired patent,
Court, or before any secretary of legation or he shall give notice thereof to the applicants,
consular officer authorized to administer oaths or applicant and patentee, as the case may
or perform notarial acta under section 1750 of be, and shall direct the primary examiner to
the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such proceed to determine the question of priority
acknowledgment, under the hand and official of Invention. And the Commissioner may
seal of such notary or other officer, Bhall be Issue a patent to the party who Is adjudged
prima facie evidence of the execution of such the prior inventor, unless the adverse party
assignment, grant or conveyance. appeals from the decision of the primary ex
Sec. 4899. Every person who purchases of aminer, or of the board of examiners-in-chief,
the inventor or discoverer, or, with his knowl as the case may be, within such time, not
edge and consent, constructs any newly In less than twenty days, as the Commissioner
vented or discovered machine, or other patent shall prescribe.
able article, prior to the application by the Sec. 4905. The Commissioner of Patents may
Inventor or discoverer for a patent, or who establish rules for taking affidavits and depo
Mils or uses one so constructed, shall have sitions required In cases pending in the Pat
the right to use, and vend to others to be ent Office, and such affidavits and depositions
used, the specific thing so made or purchased, may be taken before any officer authorized by
without liability therefor. law to take depositions to be used In the
Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all pat courts of the United States or of the State
entees, and their assigns and legal represen where the officer resides.
tatives, and of all persons making or vending Sec. 4906. The clerk of any court of the
»ay patented article for or under them, to United States, for any district or Territory
u-ive sufficient notice to the public that the wherein testimony is to be taken for use in
same is patented either by fixing thereon the any contested case pending In the Patent
word "patented." together with the day and Office, shall, upon the application of any party
year the patent was granted ; or when, from thereto, or of his agent or attorney, issue
the character of the article, this cannot be a subpoena for any witness residing or being
done, by fixing to it, or to the package where within such district or Territory, commanding
in one or more of them is Inclosed, a label him to appear and testify before any officer In
containing the like notice; and In any Buit for such district or Territory authorized to take
Infringement, by the party falling so to mark, depositions and affidavits, at any time and
no damages shall be recovered by the plain place In the subpoena stated. But no witness
tiff, except on proof that the defendant was shall be required to attend at any place more
duly notified of the Infringement, and con than forty miles from the place where the
tinued, after such notice, to make, use, or subpoena is served upon him.
rend the article so patented. Sec. 4907. Every witness duly subpoenaed
Sec. 4901. Every person who. In any man and In attendance shall be allowed the same
ner, marks upon anything made, used, or sold fees as are allowed to witnesses attending the
by htm for which he has not obtained a pat courts of the United States.
ent, the name or any imitation of the name Sec. 4908. Whenever any witness, after be
(<f any person who has obtained a patent ing duty served with such subpoena, neglects
therefor, without the consent of such pat or refuses to appear, or after appearing re
entee, or his assigns or legal representatives; fuses to testify, the Judge of the court whose
or clerk Issued the subpoena may, on proof of
Who, In any manner, marks upon or affixes such nenlect or refusal, enforce obedience to
to any such patented article the word "pat the process, or puniBh the disobedience, as in
ent" or "patentee," or the words "letters other like cases. Hut no witness shall be
patent," or any word of like Import, with deemed guilty of contempt for disobeying such
lnteat to imitate or counterfeit the mark or subpoena, unless his fees and traveling ex
device of the patentee, without having the penses in going to. returning from, and one
license or consent of such patentee or his day's attendance at the place of examination,
isslgna or legal representatives; or are paid or tendered him at the time of the
Who, In any manner, marks upon or affixes service of the subpoena; nor for refusing to
to any unpatented article the word "patent"
or any word Importing that the same is pat disclose any secret invention or discovery
ented, for the purpose of deceiving the public, made or owned by himself.
•hall be liable, for every such offense, to a Sec. 4901*. Every applicant for a patent or
penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, for the reissue of a patent, any of the claims
*lth costs ; one-half of said penalty to the of which have been twice rejected, and every
Person who shall sue for the same, and the party to an interference, may appeal from
other to the use of the United States, to be the decision of the primary examiner, or of
rwovered by suit In any district court of the the examiner In charge of interferences In
United Slates within whose Jurisdiction such Buch esse, to the board of examiners-ln-chief ;
offense may have been committed. having once paid the fee for such appeal.
Sec. 4903. Whenever, on examination, any Sec. 4910. If such party Is dissatisfied with
tlilm for a patent Is rejected, the Commis the decision of the examlners-in-chtef, he may,
sioner shall notify the applicant thpreof. giving on payment of the fee prescribed, appeal to
hitn briefly the reasons for such rejection, to the Commissioner fn person.
gether with such information and references Sec. 4911. If such party, except a party to
u may be useful in Judging of the propriety an Interference, is dlKsallsfled with the de
"f renewing his application or of altering his cision of the Commissioner, he may appeal
•peciflcation ; and if, after receiving such to the Supreme Court of the District of Co
notice, the applicant persists in his claim for lumbia, sitting in banc.
SECTION OF WOOD OR METAL LIQUID
SECTION OF GLASS SECTION ELEVATION OF SANDSTONE
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CONSTANTLY DRIVEN MOTOR ROTARY TRI PHASE GENERATOR
MAGNETO GENERATOR TRANSFORMER ( SVAR CONU)
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Sec 4912. When an appeal Is taken to the the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, shall
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, exceed the sum of five thousand dollars, In
tbe appellant shall give notice thereof to the the same manner and under the BBtne regula
Commlealoner, and file in the Patent Office tions as heretofore provided for in cases of
within luch time as the Commissioner shall writs of error on Judgment or appeals from
appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set decrees rendered In the supreme court of the
forth In writing. District of Columbia.
Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing Be It enacted by the Senate and House of
such appeal, give notice to the Commissioner Representatives of the United States of Amer
of the time and place of the hearing, and on ica in Congress assembled. That In any case
receiving such notice the Commissioner shall heretofore made final In the court of appeals
give notice of such time and place in such of the District of Columbia, It shall be com
manner as the court may prescribe, to all petent for the Supreme Court to require, by
parlies who appear to be interested therein. certiorari or otherwise, any such case to be
The party appealing shall lay before the court certified to the Supreme Court for Its review
certified copies of all the original papers and and determination, with the same power and
evidence in the case, and the Commissioner authority In the case as if It had been car
-hall furnish the court with the grounds of his ried by nppeal or writ of error to the Supreme
'leclsion. fully set forth in writing, touching Court.
all the points Involved by the reasons of Sec. 9. That the determination of appeals
ippeal. And at the request of any party In from tbe decision of the Commissioner of
terested, or of the court, the Commissioner Patents, now vested in the general term Of
and the examiners may be examined under the supreme court of the District of Columbia,
oath. In explanation of the principles of the in pursuance of the provisions of section 780
thing for which a patent is demanded of the Revised Statutes of the United States,
Sec. 4514. The court, on petition, shall hear relating to the District of Columbia, shall
and determine such appeal, and revise the hereafter be and the same la hereby vested
decision appealed from In a summary way, In the court of appeals created by this act;
on the evidence produced before the Commis- And In addition, any party aggrieved by a
Monfr, at such early and convenient time as decision of the Commissioner of Patents In
the court may appoint; and the revision shall any Interference case may appeal therefrom to
he confined to the points Bet forth In the said court of appeals.
reasons of appeal. After hearing the case the Title LX, Rev. Stat., 1878, p. 950:
court shall return to the Commissioner a cer Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent Is Inopera
tificate of Its proceedings and decision, which tive or invalid, by reason of a defective or
■halt be entered of record In the Patent Of- Insufficient specification, or by reason of the
nVe. and shall govern the further proceedings patentee claiming as his own Invention or
in the case. But no opinion or decision of the discovery more than he had a right to claim
fourt In any such case shall preclude any as new. If the error has arisen by inadvertence,
r*reon Interested from the right to contest accident, or mistake, and without any fraud
'he validity of such patent in any court ulent or deceptive Intention, the Commissioner
wherein the same may be called In question. shall, on the surrender of such patent and
Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on applica the payment of the duty required by law,
tion Is refused, either by the Commissioner cause a new patent for the same invention,
of Patents or by the Supreme Court of the and in accordance with the corrected speci
District of Columbia upon mayappealhavefrom the fication, to be Issued to the patentee, or, in
Commissioner, the applicant remedy case of his death or of an assignment of the
by bill in equity; and the court having cog- whole or any undivided part of the original
olzance thereof, on notice to adverse parties patent, then to his executors, administrators,
and other due proceedings had, may adjudge or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term
that such applicant Is entitled, according to of the original patent. Such surrender shall
law. to receive a patent for his invention, as take effect upon the Issue of the amended
specified in his claim, or for any part thereof, patent. The Commissioner may, in his dis
as the facts In the case may appear. And Buch cretion, cause several patents to be Issued for
adjudication. If Itshall
he authorize
In favor of the the right distinct and separate parts of the thing pat
f>r the applicant, Commis ented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon
sioner to Issue such patent on the applicant payment of the required fee for a reissue for
filing In the Patent Office a copy of the ad each cf such reissued letters patent. The spe
judication, and otherwise complying with the cifications and claim in every such case shall
requirements of law. In all cases where there bo subject to revision and restriction in the
's no opposing party, a copy of the bill Hhall same manner as original applications are.
he served on the Commissioner: and all the Every patent bo reissued, together with the cor
expenses of the proceed I ng shall be paid by rected specifications, shall have the same ef
the applicant, whether the final decision Ib In fect and operation In law, on the trial of all
his favor or not. actions for causeB thereafter arising, as if the
R. S.. U. S.. Sup., Vol. 2, c. 74, Feb. 9. same had been originally filed In such cor
1^3.
he. andBe there
It enacted, etc.. established
Is hereby, That thereIn shall
the rected form; but no new matter shall be In
troduced Into the specification, nor In case
District of Columbia a court, to be known as of a machine patent shall the model or draw
the court of appeals of the District of Colum ings be amended, except each by the other;
bia. but when there la neither model nor drawing-
See. 6. That the said court of appeals amendments may be mad© upon proof satis
shall establish a term of the court during factory to the Commissioner that such new
each and every month in each year excepting matter or amendment was a part of the orig
the months of July and August. inal Invention, and was omitted from the spe
Sec. 8. That any final Judgment or decree cification by Inadvertence, accident, or mis
of the said court of appeals may he re-exam take,
ined and affirmed, reversed, or modified by the Sec. as4917.
aforesaid.
Whenever, through inadvertence,
Supreme Court of the United Statea, upon accident, or mistake, and without any fraud
*nt of error or appeal. In all causes In which ulent or deceptive Intention, a patentee hai
claimed more than. that of which be was the Fifth.—That it had been In public use or
original or first inventor or discoverer, his on sale In thla country for more than two
patent shall be valid tor all that part which years before hia application for a patent, or
la truly and justly his own, provided the had been abandoned to the public
same is a material or substantial part of the And in notices as to proof of previous in
thing patented; and any Buch patentee, his vention, knowledge, or use of the thing pat
heirs or assigns, whether of the whole or any ented, the defendant shall state the names of
sectional interest therein, may, on payment the patentees and the dates of their patents,
of the fee required by law, make disclaimer and when granted, and the names and resi
ut such parts of the thing patented as he dences of the persons alleged to have invented
shall not chose to claim or to hold by virtue or to have had the prior knowledge of the
of the patent or assignment, stating therein thing patented, and where and by whom It
the extent of his interest in such patent. Such had been used; and if any one or more of
disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by the special matters alleged shall be found for
one or more witnesses, and recorded in the the defendant, Judgment shall be rendered for
patent office; and it shall thereafter be con him with costs. And the like defenses may
sidered as part of the original specification to be pleaded in any suit In equity for relief
the extent of the interest possessed by the against an alleged infringement ; and proofs
claimant and by those claiming under him of the same may be given upon like notice
after the record thereof. But no such dis In the answer of the defendant, and with the
claimer shall affect any action pending at the like effect.
time of Its being filed, except so far as may Sec. 4921. The several courts Tested with
relate to the question of unreasonable neglect Jurisdiction of cases arising under the patent
or delay in filing it. laws shall have power to grant Injunctions
Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering according to the course and principles of
patents, any person interested In any one courts of equity, to prevent the violation
of them, or In the working of the invention of any right secured by patent, on such
claimed under either of them, may have re terms as the court may deem reasonable .
lief agalnBt the interfering patentee, and all and upon a decree being rendered in anr
parties interested under him, by suit in equity such case for an infringement the complain
against the owners of the Interfering patent ; ant Bhall be entitled to recover, in addition
and the court, on notice to adverse parties, to the profits to be accounted for by the
and other due proceedings had according to defendant, the damages the complainant has
tha course of equity, may adjudge and declare sustained thereby ; and the court shall asses?
either of the patents void in whole or in part, the same or cause the same to be assessed
or inoperative or invalid in any particular under its direction. And the court shall have
part of the United States, according to the the same power to Increase such damages, in
interest of the parties In the patent or the Its discretion, as is given to increase the
Invention patented. But no such judgment damages found by verdicts in actions in the
or adjudication shall affect the right of any nature of actions of trespass upon the case.
person except the parties to the suit and those But In any suit or action brought for
deriving title under them subsequent to the the infringement of any patent there shall
rendition of such Judgment. be no recovery of profits or damages for any
Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement infringement committed more than six years
of any patent may be recovered by action on before the filing of the bill of complaint or
the case, in the name of the party inter the issuing of the writ in such suit or action,
ested either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. and this provision shall apply to existing
And whenever in any such action a verdict is causes of action.
rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter Sec. 2. That said courts, when sitting In
Judgment thereon for any sum above the equity for the trial of patent causes, may
amount found by the verdict as the actual Impanel a Jury of not leas than five and
damages sustained, according to the circum not more than twelve persons, subject to
stances of the case, not exceeding three times such general rules in the premises as may,
the amount of such verdict, together with the from time to time, be made by the Supreme
coats. Court, and submit to them such questions of
Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement fact arising In such cause as such circuit
the defendant may plead the general issue, court shall deem expedient.
and, having given notice In writing to the
plaintiff or his attorney thirty days before, And the verdict of such Jury shall be
may prove on trial any one or more of the treated and proceeded upon in the same
following special matters: manner and with the same effect as in the
First. —That for the purpose of deceiving the case of issues sent from chancery to a court
public the description and specification filed by of law and returned with such findings.
the patentee in the Patent Office was made Sec. 4922. Whenever, through Inadvertence,
to contain less than the whole truth relative accident, or mistake, and without any wilful
to his Invention or discovery, or more than default or Intent to defraud or mislead the
is necessary to produce the desired effect; or. public, a patentee has. In his specification,
Second.—That he had surreptitiously or un claimed to be the original and first Inventor
justly obtained the patent for that which was or discoverer of any material or substan
in fact invented by another, who was using tial part of the thing patented, of which
reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect he was not the original and first Inventor
ing the same; or. or discoverer, every such patentee, his ex
Third.—That it has been patented or de ecutors, administrators, and assigns, whether
scribed in some printed publication prior to of the whole or any sectional Interest In the
his supposed invention or discovery thereof, or patent, may maintain a suit at law or in
more than two years prior to his application equity, for the infringement of any part
for a patent therefor; or. thereof, which was bona fide his own, if It
Fourth.—That he was not the original and Is a material and substantial part of the
first Inventor or discoverer of any material thing patented, and definitely distinguishable
and substantial part of the thing patented; or, from the parts claimed without right, not
withstanding the specifications may embrace Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a pat
mare than that of which the patentee was entee, at the time of making his application
the first inventor or discoverer. But in every for the patent, believed himself to be the
luch case in which a judgment or decree original and first Inventor or discoverer of the
chall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs thing patented, the same shall not be held
shall be recovered unless the proper disclaimer to be void on account of the Invention 01
hu been entered at the Patent Office before discovery or any part thereof having been
the commencement of the suit But no patentee known or used in a foreign country, before
shall be entitled to the benefits of this his Invention or discovery thereof, if it had
section If he has unreasonably neglected or not been patented or described In a printed
delayed to enter a disclaimer. publication.
DESIGNS.
Sec. 4929. Any person who has invented any by him from the manufacture or Bale, is
new, original, and ornamental design for an aforesaid, of tho article or articles to which
article of manufacture, not known or used the design, or colorable imitation thereof,
by others in this country before his invention has been applied, exceeds the sum of two
thereof, and not patented or described in any hundred and fifty dollars, he shall be further
printed publication in this or any foreign liable for the excess of such profit over and
ountry before his Invention thereof, or mor» above the sum of two hundred and fifty dol
than two years prior to his application, and lars; and the full amount of such liability
riot in public use or on sale In this country may be recovered by the owner of the letters
for more than two years prior to his applica patent, to his own use, in any circuit court
tion, unless the same Is proved to have been of the United States having Jurisdiction of
abandoned, may. upon payment of the fees the parties, either by action at law or upon
required by law and other due proceedings a bill in equity for an injunction to restrain
had, the same as In cases of invention or such infringement.
discoveries covered by section 4886. obtain a Sec. 2. That nothing in this act contained
patent therefor. shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any
Sec. 4930. The Commissioner may dispense remedy at law or in equity which any owner
with models of designs when the design can of letters patent for a design, aggrieved by
he sufficiently represented by drawings or the Infringement of the same, might have had
photographs. If this act had not been passed; but such
Sec 4931. Patents for designs may be granted owner shall not twice recover the profit made
for the term of three years and six months, from the infringement
or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates
the applicant may, in his application, elect. for patent fees:
See. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior On filing each original application for a
to the second day of March, 1861, shall be
entitled to extension of their respective pat- patent, except in design cases, fifteen dollars.
On Issuing
fats for the term of seven years, In the same design cases, twenty each original patent, except in
dollars.
Bauer and under the same restrictions as In design cases : For three years and six
are provided for the extension of patents months, ten dollars ; for Beven years, fifteen
for inventions or discoveries Issued prior to dollars; for fourteen years, thirty dollars.
•be second day of March, 1861. On every application for the reissue of a
Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions patent, thirty dollars.
*hich apply to obtaining or protecting pat On *******
filing each disclaimer, ten dollars.
ents for inventions or discoveries not incon-
sirtent with the provisions of this Title, shall On an appeal for the first time from the
apply to patents for designs. primary examiners to the examlners-ln-chief,
CHAPTKR 105.—An Act to Amend the Law tenOndolevery lars.
appeal from the examlners-ln-chief
Relating to Patents. Trade-marks, and Copy to the Commissioner, twenty dollars.
rights.
Be it enacted, etc. . That hereafter during papers, Includingcopies
For certified of patents and other
the term of letters patent for a design, It cents per hundred words. printed copies, ten
certified
'hall be unlawful for any person other than For recording every assignment, power of
'he owner of said letters patent, without the attorney,
license of such owner to apply the design words or orunder, other paper, of three hundred
one dollar ; of over three
ûred by such letters patent, or any colorable
Imitation thereof, to any article of manufac dollars; and for each one
hundred and under thousand words, two
additional thousand words
ture for the purpose of sale, or to sell or or fraction thereof, one dollar.
'xpose for sale any article of manufacture to Certified copies of such drawings and speci
which such design or colorable Imitation shall, fications
*ithout the license of the owner, have been of Patentsmayto bepersons furnished by the Commissioner
applied, knowing that the same has been so payment of the presentapplying therefor upon
rates for uncertified
applied. Any person violating the provisions. copies, and twenty-five cents additional for
°r either of them, of this section, shall be
liable in the amount of two hundred and each For
certification.
copies of drawings, the reasonable cost
Bfty dollars; and in case the total profit made of making them.
PATENT RIGHTS VEST IN ASSIGNEE IN BANKRUPTCY.
Sec. 5W6. All property conveyed by the bank
rupt In fraud of his creditors; all rights In or eBtate, real or personal, and for any cause
of action which he had against any person
"laity, choses in action, patent rights, and
■'"pyrights : all debts due him. or any person arising from contract or from the unlawful
tr,T his use. and all liens and securities there- taking
of the
or detention, or Injury to the property
bankrupt ; and all his rights of re-
for; and all his rights of action for property deeming such property or estate; together with
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PEPERENCE BOOK
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the like right, title, power, and authority
to sell, manage, dispose of, sue for, and in Congress assembled. That whenever an In-
vention described In and covered by a patent
recover or defend the same, as the bankrupt of tbe United States shall hereafter be used
might have had If no assignment had been by the United States without license or the
made, shall. In virtue of the adjudication of owner thereof or lawful right to use the
bankruptcy and the appointment of his as- same, such owner may recover reasonable com
tignee. but subject to the exceptions stated pensation for such use by suit In the Court
!□ the preceding section, be at once vested of Claims: Provided, however, that said Court
is [ In ] such assignee. of Claims shall not entertain a suit or re
Sec. 70. Title to Property. The trustee of ward compensation under the provisions of
the estate of a bankrupt, upon his appoint this Act where the claim for compensation Is
ment and qualification, and his successor or based on tbe use by the United States of
successors. If he shall have one or more, upon any article heretofore owned, leased, used by
his or their appointment and qualification, or In the possession of the United States :
■ball In turn be vested by operation of law Provided further. That In any such suit the
«ith the title of the bankrupt, as of the date United States may avail Itself of any and all
he was adjudged a bankrupt, except In so far defenses, general or special, which might be
as (t Is to property which Is exempt, to all pleaded by a defendant In an action for In
(1) documents relating to his property; (2) fringement, as Bet forth In Title Sixty of the
interests In patents, patent rights, copyrights, Revised Statutes, or otherwise; And provided
md trade-marks. further. That the benefits of this Act shall
PUBLIC—No. 306. June 25, 1910. not inure to any patentee, who, when he
An act to provide additional protection for Bervlce such
makes claim, is In tbe employment or
of the Government of the United States;
owners of patents of the U □ Ited States and or the assignee of any such patentee ; nor
for other purposes. shall this act apply to any device discovered
B* It enacted by the Senate and House of or
Representatives of the United States of America of his employment oremployee
invented by such
service.
during the time
COURTS.
Public—No. 475. March 3, 1911 record and cause be sent up to It for Its
An Act to codify, revise and amend the laws consideration, and thereupon shall decide the
relating to the Judiciary. whole matter In controversy in the same man
Title—The Judiciary. ner as if It had been brought there for review
by writ of error or appeal.
Sec 24. The district courts shall have orig Sec. 250. Any final Judgment or decree of
inal Jurisdiction as follows: the court of appeals of the District of Co
Seventh. Of all suits at law or in equity lumbia may be re-examined and affirmed, re
arising under the patent, the copyright, and versed, or modified by the Supreme Court of
ihe trade-mark laws. the United States upon writ of error or appeal,
Sec. 48. In suits brought for the Infringe In the following cases:
ment of letters patent, the district courts of *••*•••••
trie* United States shall have Jurisdiction, In Except as provided In the next succeeding
lav or In equity. In the district of which the section, the Judgments and decrees of said court
Attendant Is an Inhabitant, or In any district of appeals shall be final in all cases arising
in which the defendant, whether a person, laws, under • the• *. patent laws, the copyright
partnership, or corporation, shall have com
mitted acts of Infringement and have a regu Sec. 251. In any case in which the Judgment
lar and established place of business. If such or decree of said court of appeals la made final
salt Is brought In a district of which the by the section last preceding. It shall be
defendant Is not an Inhabitant, but In which competent for the Supreme Court of the
•uch defendant has a regular and established United States to require, by certiorari or
place of business, service of process, summons, otherwise, any such case to be certified to It
or subpoena upon the defendant may be made for Its review and determination, with the
by service upon the agent or agents engaged same power and authority In the case as If
in conducting such business in the district In it had been carried by writ of error or ap
vhlch suit The
is brought. peal to said Supreme Court. It shall also
Sec. 128. circuit courts of appeals shall be competent for said court of appeals. In
exercise appellate Jurisdiction to review by any case In which Its Judgment or decree
appeal
district or courts,
writ or•••••in
error final decisions
all incases
the Is made final under the section last preceding,
at any time to certify to the Supreme Court
other than those In which appeals and writs of the United States any questions or proposi
of error may be taken direct to the Supreme tions of law concerning which It desires the
Conrt •••••; the Judgments and de Instruction of that court for their proper de
crees of the circuit courts of appeal shall be cision; and thereupon the Supreme Court
final • • • in all cases arising under may either give Its Instruction on the ques
the patents laws, under the copyright tions and propositions certified to It, which
lasrs. • • *. shall be binding upon said court of appeals In
Sec. 239. In any case within Its appellate such case, or It may require that the whole
jurisdiction, as defined In section one hundred record and cause be sent up to It for Its
and twenty-eight, the circuit court of appeals consideration, and thereupon shall decide the
at any time may certify to tbe Supreme Court whole matter In controversy In the same man
fit tbe United States any questions or proposi ner as If It had been brought there for review
tions of law concerning which It desires the bySec. writ of error
Instruction of that court for Its proper deci courts *!56. The orJurisdiction
appeal. vested In the
sion ; and thereupon the Supreme Court may proceedings of the United States In the cases and
Htiter give Its Instruction on the questions clusive of thehereinafter mentioned shall be ex
and propositions certified to It, which shall be courts of the several States.
Mndlng upon the circuit court of appeals In right, Fifth. Of all cases arising under the patent-
»uch case, or It may require that the whole or copyright lawa of the United States.
PRINTS AND LABELS.

Excerpts from an Act approved March 4, tic work, the notice shall Include also the
1909, entitled an Act to amend and consolidate year in which the copyright was secured by
the Acts respecting copyright, relating to publication. In the case, however, of copies
prints and labels. of works specified In subsections (f) to ik),
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of inclusive, of section five of this Act, the
Representatives of the United States of America notice may consist of the letter C Inclosed
in Congress assembled, That any person en within a circle, accompanied by the initials,
titled thereto, upon complying with the pro monogram, mark, or symbol of the copy
visions of this Act, shall have the exclusive right proprietor: Provided. That on some
right: accessible portion of such copies or of th*
(a) To print, reprint, publish, copy, and margin, back, permanent base, or pedestal
vend the copyrighted work; or of the substance on which such copies shall
Sec. 7. That no copyright shall subsist in be mounted, his name shall appear. But la
the original text of any work which is In the case of works in which copyright is sub
the public domain, or In any work which was sisting when this Act shall go into effect,
published in this country or any foreign the notice of copyright may be either In
country prior to the going into effect of this one of the forms prescribed herein or in
Act and has not been already copyrighted in one of those prescribed by the Act of June
the United States, or in any publication of eighteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four.
the United States Government, or any re Sec. 23. That the copyright secured by this
print, In whole or In part, thereof: Provided, Act shall endure for twenty-eight years from
however. That the publication or republica the date of first publication, whether the
tion by the Government, either separately or in copyrighted work bears the author's true nam?
a public document, of any material in which or Is published anonymously or under an
copyright Is subsisting shall not be taken to assumed name: Provided, That in the ca***
cause any abridgment or annulment of the of any posthumous work or of any periodical,
copyright or to authorize any use or appropri cyclopaedic, or other composite work upon
ation of such copyright material without the which tho copyright was originally secured by
consent of the copyright proprietor. the proprietor thereof, or of any work copy
Sec. 8. That the author or proprietor of righted by a corporate body (otherwise than
any work made the subject of copyright by this as assignee or licensee of the individual au
Act, or his executors, administrators, or as thor) or by an employer for whom such
signs, shall have copyright for such work un work Is made for hire, the proprietor of such
der the conditions and for the terms specified copyright shall be entitled to a renewal an-i
in this Act. Provided, however, That the extension of the copyright in such work for
copyright secured by this Act shall extend to the further term of twenty-eight years when
the work of an author or proprietor who is application for such renewal and extension
a citizen or subject of a foreign state or shall have been made to the copyright office
nation, only: and duly registered therein within one year
(a) When an alien author or proprietor Bhall prior to the expiration of the original term
be domiciled within the United States at the of copyright : And Provided further. That In
time of the first publication of his work; the case of any other copyrighted work. In
or cluding a contribution by an Individual au
(b) When the foreign state or nation of thor to a periodical or to a cyclopaedic or
which such author or proprietor is a citizen other composite work when such contribution
or subject grants, either by treaty, conven has been separately registered, the author of
tion, agreement, or law, to citizens of the such work if still living, or the widow, widow
United States the benefit of copyright on er, or children of the author. If the author
substantially the same basis as to its own be not living, or If such author, widow, wid
citizens, or copyright protection substantially ower, or children be not living, then the au
equal to the protection secured to such foreign thor's, executor's or in the absence of a will
author under this Act or by treaty; or when his next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal
such foreign state or nation Is a party to and extension of the copyright in such work
an international agreement which provides for for a further term of twenty-eight years wher
reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by application for such renewal and extension
the terms of which agreement the United shall have been made to the copyright office
States may, at Its pleasure, become a party and duly registered therein within one year
thereto. prior to the expiration of the original term of
The existence of the reciprocal conditions copyright : And provided further, That In
aforesaid shall be determined by the President default of the registration of such application
of the United States, by proclamation made for renewal and extension, the copyright in
from time to time, as the purposes of this any work shall determine at the expiration c!
Act may require. twenty-eight
Sec. 9. That any person entitled thereto by Sec. 24. Thatyearsthefrom first publication.
copyright subsisting in
this Act may secure copyright for his work any work at the time when this Act goe?
by publication thereof with the notice of copy into effect may. at the expiration of thf
right required by this Act; and such notice term provided for under existing law, ba
shall be affixed to each copy thereof pub renewed and extended by the author of «uch
lished or offered for sale In the United States work If still living, or the widow, widower,
by authority of the copyright proprietor, ex or children of the author, if the author b?
cept In the •case* of• books seeking ad interim not living, or if such author, widow, widower,
protection. or children be not living, then by the au
Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright re thor's executors, or in the absence of a will,
quired by section nine of this Act shall con his next of kin, for a further period such
sist either of the word "Copyright" or the that the entire term shall be equal to that
abbreviation "Copr.", accompanied by the secured by this Act. including the renewal
name of tho copyright proprietor, and If the period : Provided, however. That If the work
work be a printed literary, musical, or drama be a composite work upon which copyright
«&3 originally secured by the proprietor there applied only to pictorial Illustrations or works
of, then such proprietor shall be entitled to connected with the fine arts, and no prints or
the privilege of renewal and extension granted labels designed to be used for any other
coder this section : Provided, That applica articles of manufacture shall be entered under
tion for such renewal and extension shall be the copyright law, but may be registered in
made to the copyright office and duly registered the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of
therein within one year prior to the expira Patents is hereby charged with the supervi
tion of the existing term. sion and control of the entry or registry of
Sec. 42. That copyright secured under this such prints or labels, in conformity with the
or previous Acts of the United States may regulations provided by law as to copyright of
be assigned, granted, or mortgaged by an prints, except that there shall be paid for
instrument in writing Bigned by the proprietor recording the title of any print or label, not
of the copyright, or may be bequeathed by a trade-mark, six dollars, which shall cover
wilL the expense of furnishing a copy of the
Act approved June 18, 1874, relating to record, under the seal of the Commissioner of
registration of prints and labels. Patents, to the party entering the same. ,
Sections 3, 4, and 5 of the act of Congress Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws In
relating to- patents, trade-marks, and copy consistent with the foregoing provisions be,
rights, approved June 18, 1874 (1 8 Stat. L. , and the same are hereby, repealed.
ft. 78) are as follows: Sec. 5. That this act shall take effect on
Sec 3. That in the construction of this act and after the first day of August, eighteen
the words "engraving, cut, and print'1 shall be hundred and seventy-four.
TRADE -MARKS.
Act of February 20, 1905 (As Amended). makes the application to be the owner of the
AN ACT To authorize the registration of trade trade-mark sought to be registered, and that
marks used In commerce with foreign na no other person, firm, corporation, or associa
tions or among the several States or with tion, to the best of the applicant's knowledge
and belief, has the right to use such trade
Indian tribes, and to protect the same.
Be It enacted by the Senate and House of mark in the United States, either In the
identical form or in such near resemblance
Representatives of the United States of Ameri thereto as might be calculated to deceive; that
ca in Congress assembled. That the owner such trade-mark Is used la commerce among
it a trade-mark used in commerce with for the several States, or with foreign nations, or
eign nations, or among the several States, or with Indian tribes, and that the description
*ith Indian tribes, provided such owner shall and drawing, presented truly represent the
t* domiciled within the territory of the United trade-mark sought to be registered. If the
States, or resides In or is located in any for-
' country which, by treaty, convention, or applicant resides or Is located In a foreign
law, affords similar privileges to the citizens country, the statement required shall. In ad
dition to the foregoing, set forth that the
ot the United States, may obtain registration trade-mark has been registered by the appli
for auch trade-mark by complying with the fol cant, or that an application for the registra
lowing requirements: First, by filing In the tion thereof has been filed by him In the
J'Uent Office an application therefor, in writ foreign country in which he resides or Is
es, addressed to the Commissioner of Pat located, and shall give the date of such
ents, signed by the applicant, specifying his registration, or the application therefor, as
r-aine, domicile, location, and citizenship ; the the case may be, except that In the applica
■ lass of merchandise and the particular de tion In such cases it shall not be necessary to
scription of goods comprised In such class to
which the trade-mark is appropriated; a state- state merce
that the mark has been used i n com
with the United States or among the
meat of the mode In which the same is ap- States thereof. The verification required by
[lied and affixed to goods, and the length of this section may be made before any person
time during which the trade-mark has been within the United States authorized by law
o»d; a description of the trade-mark- itself
stall be included, if desired by the applicant to administer oaths, or, when the applicant
resides in a foreign country, before any min
or■inscription
required by the commissioner, provided
Is of a character to meet the ap such ister, charge d'affairec, consul, or commercial
proval of the commissioner. With this state agent ment
holding commission under the Govern
of the United States, or before any no
ment shall be filed a drawing of the trade tary public. Judge, or magistrate having an
mark, signed by the applicant, or his attorney, official seal and authorized to administer oaths
a*4 such number of specimens of the trade in the foreign country In which the applicant
mark as actually used as may be required by may be whose authority shall be proved by a
the Commissioner of Patents. Second, by pay certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer
ing into the Treasury of the United States the of the United States. •
rasa of ten dollars, and otherwise complying Sec. 3. That every applicant for registra
*itb the requirements of this act and such tion of a trade-mark, or for renewal of regis
regulations as may bo prescribed by the Com tration of a trade-mark, who Is not domiciled
missioner of Patents. within the United States, shall, before the
Sec. 2 That the application prescribed in Issuance of the certificate of registration, as
the foregoing section, In order to create any hereinafter provided for. designate, by a no
right whatever In favor of the party filing it, tice In writing, filed in the Patent Office,
must be accompanied by a written declaration
verified by the applicant, or by a member some person residing within the United States
on whom process or notice of proceedings
of the firm or an officer of the corporation affecting the right of ownership of the trade
or association applying, to the effect that the mark of which such applicant may claim to be
applicant believes himself or the firm, cor the owner, brought under the provisions of
poration, or association In whose behalf he this act or under other laws of the United
States, may be served, with the same force ceding February twentieth, nineteen hundra
and effect as if served upon the applicant and five: Provided further. That nothing her*
or registrant in person. For the purposes of In shall prevent the registration of a tr&dfe
this act it shall be deemed sufficient to mark otherwise registrable because of Its bem
serve such notice upon such applicant, regis the name of the applicant or a portion thereof
trant, or representative by leaving a copy of Sec. 6. That on the filing of an appllcatifl
such process or notice addressed to him at for registration of a trade-mark which con
the last address of which the Commissioner of plies with the requirements of this act, km
Patents has been notified. the payment of the fees herein provided lor,
Sec. 4. That an application for registration the Commissioner of Patents shall cause U
of a trade-mark filed In thlB country by any examination thereof to be made, and If onJ
person who has previously regularly filed in such examination It Bhall appear that the aw
any foreign country which, by treaty, conven plicant is entitled to have his trade-martl
tion, or law, affords similar privileges to cit registered under the provisions of this act!
izens of the United States an application for the commissioner shall cause the mark to t>tj
■registration of the same trade-mark shall be published at least once In the Official Gazettaj
accorded the Bame force and effect as would of the Patent Office. Any person who bellevafl
be accorded to the Bame application if filed he would be damaged by the registration of a
In this country on the date on which appli mark may oppose the same by filing notice of
cation for registration of the same trade-mark opposition, stating the grounds therefor, in th*|
was first filed in such foreign country: Pro Patent Office within thirty days after the pob-j
vided. That such application is filed In th b lication of the mark sought to be registered,
country within four months from the date on which said notice of opposition shall be veri
which the application was first filed In such fied by the person filing the same before ooe
foreign country: And provided. That certificate of the officers mentioned in section two of
of registration shall not be Issued for any this act. An opposition may be filed by a
mark for registration of which application has duly authorized attorney, but such opposltiou
been filed by an applicant located In a foreign shall be null and void unless verified by the
country until such mark has been actually opposer within a reasonable time after such
registered by the applicant In the country in filing. If no notice of opposition Is filed
which he Is located. within said time, the commissioner shall Issue
Sec. E. That no mark by which the goods a certificate of registration therefor, as here
of the owner of the mark may be disting inafter provided for. If on examination an
uished from other goods of the same class application Is refused, the commissioner shall
shall be refused registration as a trade-mark notify the applicant, giving him his reason*
on account of the nature of such mark unless therefor.
such mark- Sec. 7. That In all cases where notice of
fa) Consists of or comprises immoral or opposition has been filed the Commissioner of
scandalous matter. Patents shall notify the applicant thereof and
(b) Consists of or comprises the flag or the grounds therefor.
coat of arms or other insignia of the United Whenever application Is made for the regis
States, or any simulation thereof, or of any tration of a trade-mark which is substantially
State, or municipality, or of any foreign na Identical with a trade-mark appropriated to
tion, or of any design or picture that has goodB of the same descriptive properties, for
been or may hereafter be adopted by any which a certificate of registration has bevn
fraternal society as its emblem: Provided, That previously Issued to another, or for registra
trade-marks which are identical with a regis tion of which another has previously made
tered or known trade-mark owned and In use application, or which so nearly resembles such
by another, and appropriated to merchandise trade-mark, or a known trade-mark owned and
of the same descriptive properties, or which so used by another, as, In the opinion of the
nearly resemble a registered or known trade commissioner, to be likely to be mistaken
mark owned and in use by another and ap therefor by the public, he may declare that
propriated to merchandise of the same de an interference exists as to such trade-mark,
scriptive properties, as to be likely to cause nnd in every case of Interference or opposition
confusion or mistake In the mind of the pub to registration he shall direct the examiner in
lic, or to deceive purchasers, shall not he charge of interferences to determine the ques
registered: Provided, That no mark which tion of the right of registration to such trade
consists merely in the name of an individual, mark, and of the sufficiency of objections to
firm, corporation, or association not written, registration, In such manner and upon such
printed, impressed, or woven In some par notice to those Interested as the commissioner
ticular or distinctive manner or in association may by rules prescribe.
with a portrait of the Individual or merely in The commissioner may refuse to register the
words or devices which are descriptive of the mark apuiliiHt the registration of which objec
goods with which they are uBed. or of the tion Is filed, or may refuse to register both of
character or quality of such goods, or merely two interfering marks, or may register the
a geographical name or term, shall be regis mark, as a trade-mark, for the person first to
tered under the terms of the act: Provided adopt and use the mark, if otherwise entitled
further. That no portrait of a living Individual to register the same, unless an appeal Is taken,
may be registered as a trade-mark, except by as hereinafter provided for, from his decision,
the consent of such Individual, evidenced by by a party Interested in the proceeding, within
an instrument in writing: And provided fur such time (not less than twenty days) as the
commissioner
Sec, 8. Thatmayevery
ther. That nothing herein Bhall prevent the prescribe.
registration of any mark used by the appli applicant for the regis
cant or his predecessors, or by those from tration of a trade-mark, or for the renewal
whom title to the mark 1b derived, in com of the registration of a trade-mark, which
merce with foreign nations or among the sev application is refused, or a party to an inter
eral States, or with Indian tribes, which wan ference against whom a decision has been ren
In actual and exclusive use as a trade-mark dered, or a party who has filed a notice of
of the applicant or his predecessors from opposition as to a trade-mark, may appeal
whom ho derived title for ten years next pre from the decision of the examiner in charge
of trade-mark?, or the examiner in charge of were issued, but shall be renewable on the
Interferences, as the case may be, to the com same conditions and for the same periods as
missioner In person, having once paid the lee certificates issued under the provisions of this
for such appeal. act, and when so renewed shall have the same
Sec 9. That If an applicant for registration force and effect as certificates Issued under this
of a trade-mark, or a party to an interference act.
as to a trade-mark, or a party who has filed Sec. 13. That whenever any person shall
opposition to the registration of a trade-mark, deem himself Injured by the registration of a
or party to an application for the cancellation trade-mark in the Patent Office he may at any
of the registration of a trade-mark, Is dissatis time apply to the Commissioner of Patents
fied with the decision of the Commissioner of to cancel the registration thereof. The com
Patents, he may appeal to the court of ap missioner shall refer such application to the
peals of the D.strict of Columbia, on comply examiner In charge of interferences, who is
ing with the conditions required in case of empowered to hear and determine this question
an appeal from the decision of the commis and who shall give notice thereof to the regis
sioner by an applicant for- patent, or ft party trant. If it appear after a hearing before the
to an Interference as to an invention, and the examiner that the registrant was not entitled
same rules of practice and procedure shall to the use of the mark at the date of his
govern In every stage of such proceedings, as application for registration thereof, or that tho
far as the same may be applicable. mark is not used by the registrant, or has
Sec 10. That every registered trade-mark, been abandoned, and the examiner shall so
and every mark for the registration of which decide, the commissioner shall cancel the regis
application has been made, together with the tration. Appeal may be taken to the com
application for registration of the same, shall missioner In person from the decision of ex
be assignable in connection with the good will aminer of interferences.
of the business In which the mark la used. Sec. 14. That the following shall be the
Such assignment must be by an Instrument in rates for trade-mark fees:
writing and duly acknowledged according to On filing each original application for regis
the laws of the country or State In which the tration of a trade-mark, ten dollars: Provided,
game is executed; any such assignment shall That an application for registration of a
be void as against any subsequent purchaser trade-mark pending at the date of the passage
for a valuable consideration, without notice, of this act, and on which certificate of regis
unless it ts recorded in the Patent Office tration Bhall not have Issued at such date, may,
within three months from date thereof. The at the option of the applicant, be proceeded
commissioner shall keep a record of such as with and registered under tho provisions of
signments. this act without the payment of further fee.
Sec 11. That certificates of registration of On filing each application for renewal of the
trade-marks shall be issued in the name of the registration of a trade-mark, ten dollars.
United States of America, under the seal of On filing notice of opposition to the regis
the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the tration of a trade-mark, ten dollars.
Commissioner of Patents, and a record thereof, On an appeal from the examiner In charge
together with printed copies of the drawing of trade-marks to the Commissioner of Patents,
and statement of the applicant, Bhall be kept fifteen dollars.
in books for that purpose. The certificate On an appeal from the decision of the ex
shall state- the date on which the application aminer In charge of Interferences, awarding
'or registration was received in the Patent ownership of a trade-mark or canceling the
Office. Certificates of registration of trade registration of a trade-mark, to the Commis
marks may be issued to the assignee of the sioner of Patents, fifteen dollars
applicant, but the assignment must first be For certified and uncertified copies of cer
entered of record in the Patent Office. tificates of registration and other papers, and
Written or printed copies of any records, for recording transfers and other papers, the
books, papers, or drawings relating to trade- same fees as required by law for such copies
narks belonging to tho Patent Office, anil of of patents and for recording assignments and
certificates of registration, authenticated by other papers relating to patents.
the seal of the" Patent Office and certified by Sec. 15. That sections forty-nine hundred and
the commissioner thereof, shall bo evidence thirty-five and forty-nine hundred and thirty-
in all cases wherein the originals could be six of tho Revised Statutes, relating to the
evidence; and any person making application payment of patent fees and to the repayment
therefor and paying the fee required by law of feeB paid by mistake, are hereby made ap
shall have certified copies thereof. plicable to trade-mark fees.
Sec. 12.—That a certificate of registration Sec. 16. That the registration of a trade
shall remain in force for twenty years, except mark under the provisions of this act shall be
that In the case of trade-marks previously prima facie evidence of ownership. Any per
registered In a foreign country such certificate son who shall, without the consent of the
shall cease to be in force on the day on owner thereof, reproduce, counterfeit, copy,
*hich the trade-mark ceases to be protected or colorably imitate any such trade-mark and
In such foreign country, and shall in no case affix the same to merchandise of substantially
remain In force more than twenty years, unless ttie same descriptive properties as those set
renewed. Certificates of registration may be forth in the registration, or to labels, signs,
from time to time renewed for like periods on prints, packages, wrappers or receptacles Intend
payment of the renewal fees required by this ed to be used upon or in connection with the
act, upon request by the registrant, his legal sale of merchandise of substantially the same
representatives, or transferees of record In the descriptive properties as those set forth in such
Patent Office, and such request may be made registration, and shall use, or shall have used,
et any time not more than six months prior such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or color
to the expiration of the period for which the able imitation in commerce among the several
certificates of registration were issued or re States, or with a foreign nation, or with the
newed. Certificates of registration in force at Indian tribes, shall be liable to an action for
the date at which this act takes effect shall damages therefor at the suit of the owner
remain in force for the period for which they thereof ; and whenever In any such action a
:iS2 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
verdict Is rendered for the plaintiff, the court certified copy of all the papers on which the
may enter Judgment therein for any sum above said Injunction was granted that are on file
the amount found by the verdict as the actual In his office.
damages, according to the circumstances of Sec. 21. That no action or suit shall u>
the case, not exceeding three times the amount maintained under the provisions of this act Id
of such verdict, together with the costs. any case when the trade-mark Is used In un-
Sec. 17. That the circuit and territorial : lawful business, or upon any article Injurious
courts of the United States and the supreme in itself, or which mark has been used with
court of the District of Columbia shall have [ the design of deceiving the public In the pur
original jurisdiction, and the circuit courts of chase of merchandise, or has been abandoned,
appeal of the United States and the court of or upon any certificate of registration fraudu
appeals of the District of Columbia shall have lently obtained.
appellate Jurisdiction of all suits at law or In Sec. 22. That whenever there are interfering
equity respecting trade-marks registered in ac registered trade-marks, any person interested
cordance with the provisions of this act, aris in any one of them may have relief against
ing under the present act, without regard to the Interfering registrant, and all persons In
the amount in controversy. terested under him, by suit in equity against
Sec. 18. That writs of certiorari may be the said registrant, and the court, on notice
granted by the Supreme Court of the United to adverse part ies and other due proceedings
States for the review of cases arising under had according to the course of equity, may
this act in tho samo manner as provided for adjudge and declare either of the registration!
patent cases by the act creating the circuit void In whole or in part according to the In
court of appeals. terest of the parties in the trade-mark, and
Sec. 19. That the several courts vested with may order the certificate of registration to be
jurisdiction of cases arising under the present delivered up to the Commissioner of Patent*
act shall have power to grant Injunctions, ac for cancellation.
cording to the course and principles of equity, Sec 23. That nothing in this act shall pre
to prevent the violation of any right of the vent, lessen. Impeach, or avoid any remedy at
owner of a trade-mark registered under this law or in equity which any party aggrieved by
act, on such terms as the court may deem any wrongful use of any trade-mark might
reasonable ; and upon a decree being rendered have had if the provisions of this act had Dot
in any such case for wrongful use of a trade been passed.
mark the complainant shall be entitled to re Sec. 24. That all applications for registration
cover, in addition to the profits to be accounted pending in the office of the Commissioner of
for by the defendant, the damages the com Patents at the time of the passage of this act
plainant has sustained thereby, and the court may be amended with a view to bringing
shall assess the same or cause the same to be them, and the certificates issued upon iiucb
assessed under Its direction. The court shall applications, under Its provisions, and the
have the same power to increase such dam prosecution of such applications may be pro
ages, in its discretion, as is given by section ceeded with under the provisions of this act. '
sixteen of this act for Increasing damages Sec. 25. That any person who shall procure
found by verdict in actions of law; and In registration of a trade-mark, or entry thereof,
assessing profits the plaintiff shall be required in the office of the Commissioner of Patents
to prove defendant's sales only; defendant must by a false or fraudulent declaration or repre
prove all elements of cost which are claimed. sentation, oral or In writing, or by any false
Sec. 20. That in any case Involving the moans, shall be liable to pay any damage!
right to a trade-mark registered In accordance sustained in consequence thereof to the Injured
with the provisions of this act, in which the party, to be recovered by an action on tot
verdict has been found for the plaintiff, or an case.
Injunction issued, the court may order that all Sec. 26. That the Commissioner of Patents
labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, or Is authorized to make rules and regulations,
receptacles In the possession of the defendant, not Inconsistent with law, for the conduct of
bearing the trade-mark of the plaintiff or proceedings In reference to the registration of
complainant, or any reproduction, counterfeit, trade-marks provided for by this act.
ropy, or colorable imitation thereof, shall be Sec. 27. That no article of imported mer
delivered up and destroyed. Any injunction chandise which shall copy or simulate th«
that may be granted upon hearing, after notice name of any domestic manufacture, or manu
to the defendant, to prevent the violation of facturer or trader, or of any manufacturer or
any right of the owner of a trade-mark regis trader located in any foreign country which,
tered in accordance with the provisions of this by treaty, convention, or law affords similar
act, by any circuit court of the United States, privileges to citizens of the United States, or
or by a Judge thereof, may be served on the which shall copy or simulate a trade-mark
parties against whom such injunction may be registered in accordance with the provisions
granted anywhere In the United States where of this act or shall bear a name or mark
they may be found, and shall be operative, and calculated to induce the public to believe that
may be enforced by proceedings to punish for the article is manufactured In the United
contempt, or otherwise, by the court by which States, or that It is manufactured in any for-
such injunction was granted, or by any other eign country or locality other than the coun
circuit court, or Judge thereof, In the United try or locality In which It is in fact manu
States, or by the Supreme Court of the Dis factured, shall be admitted to entry at toy
trict of Columbia, or a judge thereof. The custom bouse of the United States, and, in
Baid courts, or Judges thereof, shall have Juris order to aid the officers of the customs in en
diction to enforce said Injunction, as herein forcing this prohibition, any domestic manu
provided, as fully as If the Injunction had facturer or trader, and any foreign manufac
been granted by the circuit court in which It turer or trader, who is entitled under the
is sought to be enforced. The clerk of the provisions of a treaty, convention, declaration
court or judge granting the injunction shall, or agreement between the United States and
when required to do so by the court before any foreign country to the advantages afforded
which application to enforce said Injunction Is by law to citizens of the United States la re-
made, transfer without delay to said court a I spect to trade-marks and commercial names,
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. lis:;
aiay require his name and residence, and the ACT OK MAY 4, 1906.
•iame of the locality In which his goods are AN ACT To amend the laws of the United
manufactured, and a copy of the certificate of States relating to the registration of trade
registration of his trade-mark, issued In ac- marks.
• ordance with the provisions of this act, to be
l? rded In books which Bhall be kept for this Sec. 2. That the Commissioner of Patents
purpose In the Department of the Treasury, shall establish classes of merchandise for the
under such regulations as the Secretary of the purpose of trade-mark registration, and shall
Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to determine the particular descriptions of goods
the department facsimiles of his name, the comprised in each class. On a single applica
name of the locality in which his goods are tion for registration of a trade-mark the trade
manufactured, or of his registered trade-mark; mark may be registered at the option of the
and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury applicant for any or all goods upon which the
-hall cause one or more copies of the same mark has actually been used comprised in a
to be transmitted to each collector or other single class of merchandise, provided the par
proper officer of the customs. ticular descriptions of goods be stated.
Sec. 28. That it shall be the duty of the Sec. 3, That any owner of a trade-mark
registrant to give notice to the public that a who shall have a manufacturing establishment
trade-mark Is registered, either by affixing within the territory of the United States shall
thereon the words "Registered in U. S. Patent be accorded, bo far as the registration and
Office," or abbreviated thus. "Reg. U. S. Pat. protection of trade-marks used on the products
uff.," or when, from the character or size of of such establishment are concerned, the same
the trade-mark, or from Its manner of attach rights and privileges that are accorded to
ment to the article to which it is appropriated, owners of trade-marks domiciled within the
this cannot be done, then by affixing a label territory of the United States by the act en
containing a like notice to the package or re titled "An act to authorize the registration of
ceptacle wherein the article or articles are trade-marks used in commerce with foreign
inclosed; and in any suit for Infringement by nations or among the several States or with
* party failing so to give notice of registration Indian tribes, and to protect the same," ap
no damages shall be recovered, except on proved February twentieth, nineteen hundred
proof that the defendant was duly notified of and five.
infringement and continued the same after such Sec. 4. That this act shall take effect July
notice. first, nineteen hundred and six.
Sec. 29. That in construing this act the fol
lowing rules must be observed, except where Act to incorporate the American National Red
che contrary Intent la plainly apparent from Cross, approved January 5, 1905 (as amended
the context thereof: The United States in June 23, 1910).
cludes and embraces all territory which is Sec. 4. That from and after the passage of
under the jurisdiction and control of the this act it shall be unlawful for any person
United States. The word "States" includes within the jurisdiction of the United States to
and embraces the District of Columbia, the falsely or fraudulently hold himself out as or
Territories of the United States, and such other represent or pretend himself to be a member
territory as shall be under the jurisdiction and of or an agent for the American National Red
rontrol of the United States. The terms "per Cross for the purpose of, soliciting, collecting,
son" and "owner." and any other word or or receiving money or material; or for any
term used to designate the applicant or other person to wear or display the sign of the Red
entitled to a benefit or privilege or rendered Cross or any Insignia colored in imitation
liable under the provisions of this act. Include thereof for the fraudulent purpose of inducing
4 firm, corporation, or association as well as a the belief that he is a member of or an agent
natural person. The terms "applicant" and for the American National Red Cross. It shall
registrant" ' embrace the successors and as be unlawful for any person, corporation, or
signs of such applicant or registrant. The association other than the American National
term "trade-mark" includes any mark which Red Cross and Its duly authorized employees
is entitled to registration under the terms of and agents and the Army and Navy sanitary
this act, and whether registered or not, and and hospital authorities of the United States,
i trade-mark shall be deemed to be ' 'affixed" for the purpose of trade or as an advertise
la an article when it Is placed in any manner ment, to induce the sale of any article what
la or upon either the article itself or the soever or for any business or charitable pur
receptacle or package or upon the envelope pose to use within the territory of the United
or other thing In. by, or with which the States of America and its exterior possessions
soods are packed or inclosed or otherwise pre the emblem of the Greek Red Cross on a white
pared for sale or distribution. ground, or any sign or insignia made or col
Sec. 30. That this act shall be In force and ored In imitation thereof, or of the words
lake effect April first, nineteen hundred and "Red Cross" or "Geneva Cross" or any com
five. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent bination of these words: Provided, however,
with this act are hereby repealed except so far That no person, corporation, or association
is the same may apply to certificates of regis that actually used or whose assignor actually
tration issued under the act of Congress ap used the said emblem, sign, insignia, or
proved March third, eighteen hundred and wards for any lawful purpose prior to January
eighty-one, entitled "An act to authorize the fifth, nineteen hundred and five shall be
deemed forbidden by this act to continue the
registration of trade-marks and protect the use thereof for the same purpose and for the
same." or under the act approved August fifth, same class of goods. If any person violates
eighteen hundred and eighty-two, entitled "An the provision of this section he shall be
*ct relating to the registration of trade deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
marks." conviction in any Federal court shall be liable
to a fine of not less than one or more than
Approved February 20. 1905. five hundred dollars, or imprisonment for a
term not exceeding one year, or both, for each of a board of nine trustees, who shall be
and every offense.
»•**•** elected from time to time by the incorporators
and their successors under such regulations re
Sec. 8. That the endowment fund of the garding terms and tenure of office, accounta
American National Red Cross shall be kept and bility, and expense as said incorporators and
invested under the management and control successors shall prescribe.
THE COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES.*

CONSTITUTION, 1787. provided, further, and as a condition ol
extend i ng the copyrl ght control to such me-
Art. 1, Sec. 8. The Congress shall have chanlcal
power: To promote the progress of owner of areproductions. That whenever the
musical copyright has used or per
science and useful arts, by securing for limited mitted or knowingly
times to authors and inventors the exclusive the copyrighted workacquiesced In the use of
upon the parts of In
right to their respective writings and dis struments serving to reproduce mechanic-all}
coveries. the musical work, any other person may make
AN ACT TO AMEND AND CONSOLIDATE similar use of the copyrighted work upon
THE ACTS RESPECTING COPYRIGHT. the payment to the copyright proprietor of a
MARCH 4, 1809. royalty of two cents on each such part manu
factured, to bo paid by the manufacturer
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of thereof,
Representatives of the United States of Amer and the copyright proprietor may re
ica in Congress assembled. That any person quire, nish, a
and if so the manufacturer shall fur
report under oath on the twentieth
entitled thereto, upon complying with the pro day of each month on the number of parts of
visions of this Act, shall have the exclusive Instruments manufactured during the previous
right:
(a) To print, reprint, publish, copy, and musical work, to
month serving
and
reproduce mechanically salJ
royalties shall be due oo
vend the copyrighted work;
<b) To translate the copyrighted work into the parts manufactured during any month upon
other languages or dialects, or make any other The payment of the royalty provided month.
the twentieth of the next succeeding
for by
version thereof, If Lt be a literary work; to
dramatize it if it be a nondramatic work; to this for
section shall free the articles or devices
which such royalty has been paid from
convert It into a novel or other nondramatic further contribution to the copyright except
work If it be a drama; to arrange or adapt in caso of public performance for profit: And
It if it be a musical work; to complete, ex
ecute, and finish it If it be a model or design provided further. That It shall be the duty of
the copyright owner, if he uses the musical
for a work of art; composition himself for the manufacture of
(c) To deliver or authorize the delivery of
the copyrighted work in public for profit if it parts of Instruments serving to reproduce me
chanically the musical work, or licenses others
be a lecture, sermon, address, or similar pro to do so, to file notice thereof, accompanied
duction; by a recording fee, In the copyright office, and
(d) To perform or represent the copyrighted any failure to file Buch notice shall be a com
work publicly if it be a drama or, if it be a
dramatic work and not reproduced in copies plete ing
defense to any suit, action, or proceed
for any infringement of such copyright.
for sale, to vend any manuscript or any rec
ord whatsoever thereof; to make or to pro to Inpaycase to
of the failure of such manufacturer
the copyright proprietor within thirty
cure the making of any transcription or record days after demand in writing the
thereof by or from which. In whole or in part, of royalties due at said rate at thefulldatesumot
it may in any manner or by any method be such demand the court may award taxable
exhibited, performed, represented, produced,
or reproduced; and to exhibit, perform, repre costs to the plaintiff and a reasonable counsel
foe, and the court may. In its discretion,
sent, produce, or reproduce it in any manner enter Judgment therein for any sum in addi
or by any method whatsoever; tion over the amount found to be due as roy
(e> To perform the copyrighted work pub alty In accordance with the terms of this Act,
licly for profit If it be a musical composition
and for the purpose of public performance for notTheexceeding threo times such amount.
reproduction or rendition of a musical
profit; and for the purposes set forth in sub composition by or upon coin-operated machines
section (a) hereof, to make any arrangement .shall not be deemed a public
or setting of It or of the melody of lt in any profit unless a fee .Is chargedperformance for
system of notation or any form of record in to the place where such reproductions for admission
whicii the thought of an author may be re dition occurs. or ren
corded and from which it may be read or Sec. 2. That nothing In this Act shall be
reproduced: Provided, That the provisions of
this Act, so far as they secure copyright con construed to annul or limit the right of the
author or proprietor of an unpublished work,
trolling the parts of instruments serving to at common law or in equity, to prevent the
reproduce mechanically the musical work, shall
Include only compositions published and copy copying, publication, or use of such unpub
lished work without his consent, and to ob
righted after this Act goes into effect, and tain damages therefor.
shall not Include the works of a foreign author Sec. 3. That the copyright provided by the
or composer unless the foreign state or na Act shall protect all the copyrightable com
tion of which such author or composer is ponent parts of the work copyrighted, and all
a citizen or subject grantB, either by treaty, matter therein in which copyright is already
convention, agreement, or law, to citizens subsisting, but without extending the duration
of the United States Blmllar rights: And or scope of such copyright. The copyright
•Slightly abridged for this book by Munn & to upon composite works or periodicals shall gi«
Co., Patent Attorneys. the proprietor thereof all the rights la
respect thereto which he would Save if e»cb
pan were individually copyrighted under thla agreement, or law, to citizens of the United
Act. States the benefit of copyright on substantially
Sec. 4. That the works (or which copyright the same basis as to its own citizens, or copy
may be secured under this Act shall Include right protection substantially equal to the
all the writings of an author. protection secured to such foreign author under
Sec. 5. That the application for registration this Act or by treaty; or when such foreign
thall specify to which of the following classes Htate or nation is a party to an international
the work In which copyright Is claimed be agreement which provides for reciprocity in
longs : the granting of copyright, by the terms of
(a) Books, Including composite and cyclo which agreement the United States may, at
paedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other its pleasure, become a party thereto.
compilations; The existence of the reciprocal conditions
(b) Periodicals, Including newspapers; aforesaid shall be determined by the President
(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared of the. United States, by proclamation made
for(d)oralDramatic
delivery;or dramatico-muslcal composi from time to time, as the purposes of this
Act may require.
tions; Sec. d. That any person entitled thereto by
(e) Musical compositions; this Act may secure copyright for his work
(f) Maps;
(g) Works of art ; models or designs for t<y publication thereof with the notice of
copyright required by this Act; and such no
works of art ; tice shall be affixed to each copy thereof pub
lb) Reproductions of a work of art; lished or offered for sale in the United States
(h Drawings or plastic works of a scientific by authority or the copyright proprietor, except
or technical character; In the case of books seeking ad interim pro
(J>
(k) Photographs;
Prints and pictorial illustrations: tection under section twenty-one of this Act.
Sec. 10. That such person may obtain regis
Provided, nevertheless, That the above speci tration of his claim to copyright by complying
fications shall not be held to limit the subject- with the provisions of this Act, including the
matter of copyright as defined In section four deposit of copies, and upon such compliance
of this Act, nor shall any error in classifica the register of copyrights shall issue to him
tion invalidate or impair the copyright protec the certificate provided for In section fifty-
tion secured under this Act. five of this Act.
Sec. 6. That compilations or abridgments, Sec. 11. That copyright may also be had
adaptations, arrangements, dramatizations, of the works of an author of which copies are
translations, or other versions of works in the not reproduced for sale, by the deposit, with
pabllc domain, or of copyrighted works when claim of copyright, of one complete copy of
produced with the consent of the proprietor of such work if it be a lecture or similar pro
the copyright in such works, or works repub duction or a dramatic or musical composition;
lished with new matter, shall be regarded as of a photographic print If the work be a
new works subject to copyright under the pro photograph; or of a photograph or other identi
visions of thia Act ; but the publication of fying reproduction thereof If it be a work of
any such new works shall not affect the force art or a plastic work or drawing. But the
or validity of any subsisting copyright upon privilege of registration of copyright secured
the matter employed or any part thereof, or hereunder shall not exempt the copyright pro
be construed to imply an exclusive right to prietor from the deposit of copies under sec
such use of the original works, or to secure tions twelve and thirteen of this Act where
or extend copyright In such original workH. the work is later reproduced in copies for
Sec. 7. That no copyright shall subsist In sale. • * •
the original text of any work which Is in the
public domain, or In any work which was pub Sec. 13. That should the copies called for by
lished in this country or any foreign country this Act not be promptly deposited as herein
prior to the going into effect of this Act and provided, the register of copyrights may at any
has not been already copyrighted In the time after the publication of the work, upon
1'nlted States, or in any publication of the actual notice, require the proprietor of the
fnlted States Government, or any reprint, in copyright to deposit them, and after the said
whole or in part, thereof: Provided, however, demand shall have been made, in default of
That the publication or republication by the the deposit of copies of the work within three
'iovernment, either separately or In a public months from any part of the United States,
document, of any material In which copyright except an outlying territorial possession of the
Is subsisting, shall not be taken to cause any 1'nlted States, or within six months from any
abridgment or annulment of the copyright or outlying territorial possession of the United
to authorize any use or appropriation of such States, or from any foreign country, the pro
ropyrlght material without the consent of the prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a
copyright proprietor. fine of one hundred dollars and to pay to the
Sec. 8. That the author or proprietor of any Library of Congress twice the amount of the
work made the subject of copyright by this retail price of the best edition of the work,
Act. or his executors, administrators, or as and the copyright shall
• * become
* void.
signs, shall have copyright for such work
under the conditions and for the terms speci Sec. 15. That of the printed book or periodi
fied In this Act: Provided, however. That the cal specified In section five, subsections (a)
copyright secured by thla Act shall extend to and (b) of this Act, except the original text
the work of an author or proprietor who Is a of a book of foreign origin In a language
citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation, or languages other than English, the text of
only: ull copies accorded protection under this Act.
(a) When an alien author or proprietor shall except as below provided, shall be printed
he domiciled within the United States at the from type set within the limits of the United
time of the first publication of hfs work; or States, either by hand or by the aid of any
fb) When the foreign state or nation of kind of typesetting machine, or from plates
which such author or proprietor is a citizen made within the limits of the United State
or subject grants, either by treaty, convention. from type set therein, or, if the text
produced by lithographic process, or photo its publication abroad, of one complete copy
engraving process, then by a process wholly of the foreign edition, with a request for th*
performed within the limits of the United reservation of the copyright and a statement
States, and the printing of the text and bind of the name and nationality of the author antt
ing of the said book shall be performed within of the copyright proprietor and of the date
the limits of the United States; which re of publication of the said book. Bhall secure
quirements shall extend also to the illustra to the author or proprietor an ad interim
tions within a book consisting of printed text copyright, which shall have all the force and
and illustrations produced by lithographic effect given to copyright by this Act, and shall
process, or photo-engraving process, and also endure until the expiration of thirty days
to separate lithographs or photo-engravings, after such deposit in the copyright office.
except where in either case the subjects repre Sec. Tl. That whenever within the period of
sented are located in a foreign country and such ad interim protection an authorized edi
Illustrate a scientific work or reproduce a tion of such book shall be published within
work of art; but they shall not apply to works the United States, in accordance with the
in raised characters for the use of the blind, manufacturing provisions specified In section
or to books of foreign origin in a language or fifteen of this Act, and whenever the pro
languages other than English, or to books visions of this Act as to deposit of copies,
published abroad in the English language seek registration, filing of affidavit, and the print
ing ad interim protection under this Act. ing of the copyright notice shall have been
• * * duly complied with, the copyright shall be
Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright re extended to endure in such book for the full
quired by section nine of this Act shall con term elsewhere provided in this Act.
sist either of the word "Copyright" or the Sec. 23. That the copyright secured by this
abbreviation ' "Copr.", accompanied by the Act shall endure for twenty-eight years from
name of the copyright proprietor, and if the the date of first publication, whether the copy
work be a printed literary, musical, or dra righted work boars the author's true name or
matic work, the notice shall include also the is published anonymously or under an as
year in which the copyright was secured by sumed name: Provided, That in the case of
publication. In the case, however, of copies any posthumous work or of any periodical,
of works specified in subsections (f) to (k), cyclopaedic, or other composite work upon
inclusive, of section five of this Act. the notice which the copyright was originally secured
may consist of the letter C inclosed within a by the proprietor thereof, or of any work
circle, accompanied by the initials, mono copyrighted by a corporate body (other
gram, mark, or symbol of the copyright wise than as assignee or licensee of the
proprietor: Provided, That on some ac individual author) or by an employer for whom
cessible portion of such copies or of the such work is made for hire, the proprietor of
margin, back, permanent base, or pedestal, or such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal
of the substance on which such copies shall and extension of the copyright In such work
be mounted, his name shall appear. But in for the further term of twenty-eight years when
the case of works in which copyright is sub application for such renewal and extension
sisting when this Act shall go into effect, the shall have been made to the copyright office
notice of copyright may be cither* in one of and duly registered therein within one year
the forms prescribed herein or in one of those prior to the expiration of the original term
prescribed by the Act of June eighteenth, of copyright: And provided further, That in
eighteen hundred and seventy-four. the case of any other copyrighted work, in
Sec. 19. That the notice of copyright shall cluding a contribution by an individual author
be applied, in the case of a book or other to a periodical or to a cyclopaedic or other
printed publication upon its title-page or the composite work when such contribution has
page Immediately following, or if a periodi been separately registered, the author of such
cal either upon the title-page or upon work, If still living, or the widow, widower,
the first page of text of each separate number or children of the author, if the author be not
or under the title heading, or if a musical living, or if such author, widow, widower, or
work either upon its title-page or the first children be not living, then the author's execu
page of music: Provided, That one notice of tors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin
copyright in each volume or in each number shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of
of a newspaper or periodical published shall the copyright In such work for a further term
suffice. of twenty-eight years when application for
Sec. 20. That where the copyright proprie such renewal and extension shall have been
tor has sought to comply with the provisions made to the copyright office and duly regis
of this Act with respect to notice, the omis tered therein within one year prior to the ex
sion by accident or mistake of the prescribed piration of the original term of copyright:
notice from a particular copy or copies shall And provided further. That In default of the
not invalidate the copyright or prevent re registration of such application for renewal
covery for infringement against any person and extension, the copyright in any work shall
who, after actual notice of the copyright, be determine at the expiration of twenty-eight
gins an undertaking to infringe it, but shall years from first publication.
prevent the recovery of damages against an Sec. 24. That the copyright subsisting in any
innocent infringer who has been misled by the work at the time when this Act goes Into
omission of the notice; and In a suit for in effect may, at the expiration of the term pro
fringement no permanent Injunction shall be vided for under existing law. be renewed and
had unless the copyright proprietor shall re extended by the author of such work if atlll
imburse to the innocent infringer his reason living, or the widow, widower, or children of
able outlay innocently incurred If the court, the author, if the author be not living, or
in its discretion, shall so direct. If such author, widow, widower, or children
Sec. 21. That In the case of a book pub be not living, thep by the author's executors,
lished abroad in the English language before or In the absence of a will, his next of kin.
publication in this country, the deposit in the for a further period such that the entire term
copyright office, not later than thirty days after shall be equal to that secured by this Act,
Including the renewal period: Provided, how granted upon such terms as the court may
ever. That if the work be a composite work impose, and the plaintiff shall be entitled to
upon which copyright was originally secured recover in lieu of profits and damages a roy
by the proprietor thereof, then such proprietor alty as provided in section one, subsection (e),
fhall be entitled to the privilege of renewal of this Act: Provided also. That whenever
and extension granted under this section: Pro any person, in the absence of a license agree
vided, That application for such renewal and ment, intends to use a copyrighted musical
extension shall be made to the copyright office composition upon the parts of instruments
and duly registered therein within one year serving to reproduce mechanically the musi
prior to the expiration of the existing term. cal work, relying upon the compulsory license
Sec. 25. That If any person shall infringe provision of this Act, he shall serve notice of
the copyright In any work protected under the such intention, by registered mail, upon the
copyright laws of the United States such per copyright proprietor at his last address dis
son shall be liable: closed by the records of the copyright office,
(a) To an Injunction restraining such In sending to the copyright office a duplicate of
fringement; such notice; and in case of his failure so to
(b) To pay to the copyright proprietor such do the court may, in its discretion, In addi
damages as the copyright proprietor may have tion to sums hereinabove mentioned, award
suffered due to the infringement, as well as the complainant a further sum. not to exceed
all the profits which the Infringer shall have three times the amount provided by section
made from such infringement, and in proving one, subsection (e), by way of damages, and
profits the plaintiff shall be required to prove not as a penalty, and also a temporary In
ules only and the defendant .shall be required junction until the full award Is paid.
to prove every element of cost which he claims, Rules and regulations for practice and pro
or in lieu of actual damages and profits such cedure under this section shall be prescribed
damages as to the court shall appear to be by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Just, and in assessing such damages the court • * *
may, in Its discretion, allow the amounts as Sec. 28. That any person who willfully and
hereinafter stated, but in the case of a news for profit shall Infringe any copyright secured
paper reproduction of a copyrighted photo* by this Act, or who shall knowingly and will
graph such damages shall not exceed the sum fully aid or abet such infringement, shall be
of two hundred dollars nor be less than the deeme<l guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
sum of fifty dollars, and such damages shall conviction thereof shall be punished by im
in no other case exceed the sum of five thou prisonment for not exceeding one year or by
sand dollars nor be less than the sum of two a fine of not less than one hundred dollars
hundred and fifty dollars, and shall not be nor more than one thousand dollars, or both,
regardf-d as a penalty : in the discretion of the court: Provided, how
First. In the case of a painting, statue, or ever. That nothing In this Act shall be so con
sculpture, ten dollars for every infringing copy strued as to prevent the performance of re
made or sold by or found In the possession ligious or secular works, such as oratorios,
*>t the infringer or his agents or employees; cantatas, masses, or octavo choruses by public
Second. In the case of any work enumerated schools, church choirs, or vocal societies,
in section five of this Act, except a painting, rented, borrowed, or obtained from some pub
statue, or sculpture, one dollar for every In lic library, public school, church choir, school
fringing copy made or Hold by or found in choir, or vocal society, provided the perform
the possession of the infringer or his agents ance Is given for charitable or educational
or employees; purposes and not for profit.
Third. In the case of a lecture, sermon, or Sec. 29. That any person who, with fraudu
address, flftv dollars for every Infringing de lent intent, shall insert or impress any notice
livery; of copyright required by this Act, or words
Fourth. In the case of a dramatic or dra- of the same purport, in or upon any unropy-
matico-muslcal or a choral or orchestral com rlghted article, or with fraudulent intent shall
position, one hundred dollars for the first and remove or alter the copyright notice upon any
fifty dollars for every subsequent infringing article duly copyrighted shall be guilty of a
performance: in the case of other musical misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less
compositions, ten dollars for every infringing than one hundred dollars and not more than
performance; one thousand dollars. Any person who shall
<e> To deliver up on oath, to be impounded knowingly issue or sell any article bearing a
daring the pendency of the action, upon such notice of Vnited States copyright which has
terms and conditions as the court may pre not been copyrighted In this country, or who
scribe, all articles alleged to infringe a copy shall knowingly import any article bearing
right: such notice or words of the same purport,
the(d) infringing
To delivercopies
up on oroathdevices,
for destruction
as well all
as whlcb has not been copyrighted In this coun
try, shall be liable to a fine of one hundred
all plate?, molds, matrices, or other means dollars.
for making such infringing copies as the court Sec. 30. That the Importation Into the
ir-ay order; United States of any article bearing a false
(e) Whenever the owner of a musical copy notice of copyright when there is no existing
right has used or permitted the use of the copyright thereon In the United States, or of
"•pyrighted work upon the parts of musical any piratical copies of any work copyrighted
instruments serving to reproduce mechanically In the United States. Is prohibited.
the musical work, then In case of Infringe- Sec. 31. That during the existence of the
m«nt of such copyright by the unauthorized American copyright In any book the importa
manufacture, use. or sale of Interchangeable tion into the United States of any piratical
Parts, such as disks, rolls, bands, or cylinders copies thereof or of any copies thereof (al
'or use In mechanical music-producing ma though authorized by the author or proprietor)
chines adapted to reproduce the copyrighted which have not been produced in accordance
wide, no criminal action shall be brought, with the manufacturing provisions specified
but la a civil action an Injunction may be in section fifteen of this Act, or any plates
of the same not made from type Bet within or otherwise, of the material object shall
the limitu of the United States, or any copies not of Itself constitute a transfer of the
thereof produced by lithographic or photo copyright, nor shall the assignment of the
engraving process not performed within the copyright constitute a transfer of the title to
limits of the United States, in accordance the material object; but nothing in this Act
with the provisions of section fifteen of this shall be deemed to forbid, prevent, or re
Act, shall be, and is hereby, prohibited: Pro strict the transfer of any copy of a copy
vided, however. That, except as regards pirati righted work the possession of which has been
cal copies, such prohibition shall not apply: lawfully obtained.
(a) To works In raised characters for the Sec. 42. That copyright secured under thin
use of the blind; or previous Acts of the United States may be
(b) To a foreign newspaper or magazine, al assigned, granted, or mortgaged by an in
though containing . matter copyrighted In the strument in writing signed by the proprietor
United States printed or reprinted by author of the copyright, or may be bequeathed by
ity of the copyright proprietor, unless such will.
newspaper or magazine contains also copyright Sec. 43. That every assignment of copyright
matter printed or reprinted without such au executed In a foreign country shall be acknowl
thorization ; edged by the assignor before a consular officer
(c> To the authorized edition of a book in or secretary of legation of the United States
a foreign language or languages of which only authorized by law to administer oaths or per
a translation into English has been copy form notarial acts.. The certificate of such
righted in this country. acknowledgment under the hand and official
(d) To any book published abroad with the peal of such consular officer or secretary of
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book by an American author copyrighted in the shall be void as against any subsequent pur
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the property in the material object copy on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and
righted, and the sale, or conveyance, by gift nine.
EARLY TYPES OF SEWING MACHINES.

CHAPTER XIV.
ARMIES OF THE WORLD.
INFANTRY. 5 officers, sometimes 4, and 170 men.

The real basis of the infantry or Under the German system the firing
ganization of all foreign armies is the unit, battery, counts 0 guns, and only
battalion. Except for England, the so much ammunition as is needed for
typical battalion is composed of 4 the immediate service of the pieces is
companies and has a strength on the assigned to the batteries ; the re
war footing of some 20 to 25 officers should mainder of the ammunition which
and 000 to 1,100 men, counting from be available upon entry into
about 000 to 1,000 rifles. In England action munition
being assembled in an am
battery (light ammunition
ihe battalion numbers 8 companies and column), which forms an integral part
counts about 860 rifles on the war
tooting. of the battalion.
In speaking of a foreign battalion batteriesIn both systems the number of firing
it must, therefore, be borne in mind German in the battalion is three ; the
that its fighting strength is roughly battery system for
having an additional
ammunition gives that
t-iual to that of two of our battalions. system 4 battery organizations to the
CAVALRY. battalion.
The basis of all foreign cavalry or Under the German system the
ganization is the squadron. The foreign strength of tiring batteries is about 5
squadron numbers on a war footing officers and 150 men and that of am
from 120 to 150 sabers. Regiments munition batteries is 4 officers and
contain from 3 to ti squadrons. 188 men. The strength of battalion
It will therefore be noted that in staffs is not dependent upon the par
speaking of a foreign squadron we ticular system.
mean a force of about one-half the FORTRESS ARTILLERY.
strength of the United States squad
ron. Similarly, the cavalry regiment In most foreign services all artil
of foreign services is about one-half, lery is on one list. That branch of
or less, the strength of our regiments. artillery known as fortress artillery
has no counterpart in our service.
FIELD ARTILLERY. Fortress artillery garrisons the land
The battery is usually taken as the fortresses of the country and fur
unit of field artillery organization, nishes artillery of various types to the
for the purposes of comparison a mobile troops. The amount of mobile
more correct unit is the battalion. artillery which would be provided by
Leaving Russia aside, it may be the foot artillery in war is naturally
said that there are two great systems dependent upon the character of the
"f field artillery organization. These war, whether offensive or defensive,
may be called, naming them after their etc. It is, therefore, impossible to
Sfeat exponents, the French and the say by how much the artillery with
'■erman. The essential differences be the mobile troops, as shown in the
tween these two systems may be sum tables, would be augmented in war.
marized as follows :
The French system takes 4 guns as COAST ARTILLERY.
'lie firing unit, the battery, and as The coast artillery shown for Ger
signs all of the ammunition which
should be available upon entry into many does not give a correct idea, for
many of the coast fortifications of that
Mion to the battery ; batteries count country are garrisoned by marines.
389
SANITARY TROOPS. signed to organizations, and in those

organizations complete equipment of
While the number of sanitary troops every kind and description is so stored
shown by the tables is small for for as to facilitate
eign armies as compared with the horse in civil immediate issue. Every
life has its place as
number maintained by the United signed and its owner is warned as to
States, it should be borne in mind that where it is to be turned in on mobili
in war much of the "bearer and first- zation; the same is true of vehicles.
aid duty" is performed in foreign serv
ices by men drawn from and forming In the formation of certain classes of
trains the Government simply directs
part of the line. Furthermore, drivers teamsters with their teams, harness,
for ambulances and for other non and wagons to report at previously
technical purposes are drawn from the specified
train. The necessity for maintaining matter ofplaces. It is thus simply ;i
a nucleus in peace for expansion in to mobilize.hours for the great powers
war does not therefore exist in the Inasmuch as the frontiers of possible
same degree in foreign countries as in enemies adjoin their own, and the
the United States. Similar remarks functioning
are, however, true for services other those enemiesofis the mobilization of
equally complete, all
than sanitary. nations on the continent of Europe
EXPANSION ON MOBILIZATION. maintain their cavalry and horse ar
tillery at practically war strength and
In all foreign countries of any con station those arms on the frontiers to
sequence large numbers of fully trained secure the few hours which are neces
reserves exist. These men are as sary for mobilization.
Table Showing Peace Strength, by Arms of the Service.
ONLY OFFICERS AND MEN WITH THE COLORS ARE CONSIDERED.
Infan Cav Field Foot Coast Tech Sani Total
Country. try. alry. artil artil artil nical Train. tary peace
lery. lery. lery. troops. troops. strength.'
379,040 75,510 70,419 4,446 7,240 18.020 10,520 6, 123 634.635
Germany 404,765 73,368 09, 735 24.073 2,000 26.708 8,038 6,615 634,320
194, 123 47,541 33,012 0. 040 2,100 10,507 5.070 4,307 327. 5S0
580,000 115,000 94,110 18,050 14,152 37,448 (?) (?) 1.200, 000
England < 151,201 20, 716 34,649 " 628 14,965 9,096 0,772 5.009 255. 4M
Italy 107,000 24,000 27,000 7,000 5,000 11,000 2,500 3,729 288.409
20,320 7,318 1,912 (?) (?) 657 215 (?) 1 31.000-
Japan 149,402 14,585 \ 32,000
18.91S 6, 89 16,727 11.427 3,484 230,OOP
UNITED STATES.
27,370 13,540 5,450 0 19,993 3,449' 0 4.117 81,361
Organized militia 97,035 4,167 4,505 0 7,250 2,539 0 2,146 119.W)
Total 124,405 17.707 10,021 0 27,249 5,988 0 6,263 201,021
1 Includes miscellaneous organizations, stalls, school detachments, etc.
1 Includes troops stationed in Algiers and Tunis and such colonial troops as are stationed in France.
Tommon army only . For Landwehr, see study on A ustria.
1 Keguliir army only. Indian army, colonial forces, and territorial forces are mentioned In study on Eng
land. Territorial force (British Isles) numbers 315,408. Canadian permanent force and organized mililU
numbers
s Based 67,017.
on Army List, 20 November. 1910. The Porto Rican Regiment is counted as infantry. Technic^
troops include Engineers and Signal Corps. 8,000 recruits included in total. 5,000 Philippine Scouts are
notcounled.
ARMIES OF THE MINOR POWERS.
The number of men, peace and war footing, peace footing, 20.000; war footing, 100.000:
of the minor powers, is estimated as follows: Holland, peace footing, 34,000; war footine.
Belgium, a peace footing of 47,000 men; war 175,000; Roumania, peace footing, 93.000;
footing, 188,000; Bulgaria, peace footing, war footing, 350,000; Spain, peace footing,
57,800; war footing, 375.000; China, peace 115,000; war footing, 500.000; Sweden,
footing, 240,000 trained men; Denmark, peace footing, 69,000; war footing. 420,000;
peace footing, 12,000; war footing, 66,000; Switzerland, peace footing, 21.000; war
India (British), peace footing, 102.000; war footing, 270,000; Turkey, peace footing.
footing, 220,000 (native troops only); Greece; 375,000; war footing, 1,000,000.
TABLE SHOWING HIGHER ORGANIZATIONS EXISTING IN TIME OF Peace.
ooowoooo
NO MILITIA , RESERVE , OR TERRITORIAL TROOPS ARE INCLUDED .
Army Cavalry Infantry Field

Country . Divisions Cavalry artillery
corps. divisions. brigades. brigades.
brigades.
France .. ..
92
106
ogo
Austriai. . . 58
lowon
Russia . . .
789
Pagizad3 143
Mexico . . . oo
United States. .
- 1Common army only .
• Possibly more.regulars
Es Figures are for in the British Isles only . In addition there are 14 divisions . 42 infantry brigades ,
14 field -artillery brigades , and 14 mounted brigades of territorial troops in the British Isles . In India there
are 9 divisions, 9 field- artillery brigades, and 8 cavalry brigades.
ITALY AUSTRIA FRANCE GERMANY RUSSIA
INFANTRY OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS,
ARMIES OF THE LEADING POWERS .

AUSTRIA -HUNGARY . | cavalry divisions organized in peace; they are
The dual monarchy of Austria -Hungary attached to the army corps and all belong to
maintains three separate armies supported by the common army. The common army has
the Empire, by . Austria , and by Hungary , 58 brigades of infantry and 19 brigades of
respectively . These armies are known as the cavalry . In the Landwehr there are 30
common army, the Austrian (Cisleithane) brigades of infantry and probably 6 of cavalry ,
Landwehr, and the Hungarian Landwehr, There are 16 brigades of field artillery in the
respectively . The two Landwehr armies common army, organized in peace.
dutier, however, from the Landwehr of other | The total peace strength of the common
countries in that they are maintained with the army and the Landwehr comprises 31,328
chepeace.ond The common army
colors in timemof officers, including a certain number of officials
comthe firstseline,
the as
is known c andline tthe nd
two LLand
he two a classed as officers, and 363 ,919 men . It is
wehr armies as the second line. impossible to give any definite accurate
In the common ariny there are 16 army statements as to Austria 's maximum mobili
corps with 33 divisions. There are 15 zation or even as to her initial mobilization .
divisions in the Landwehr. There are 5 ! A conservative estimate, however, places the
number of fully trained men subject to call The British forces (regular) within the
at about 2,000,000. Assuming that the British Islands are organized into 6 division*
initial mobilization would be confined to rais and 4 cavalry brigades. The territorial fore1
ing existing organizations to a war footing has 14 divisions (similar to those of tho
we would have the following fighting strength regulars) and 14 mounted brigades. The
of the three armies: Common army: 420,300 forces in India, including regular and native,
infantry rifles; 1,854 field guns; 37,800 are divided into two armies, containing a
cavalry sabres. Landwehr: 192,850 infantry total of 9 divisions and 8 cavalry brigades.
rifles; 96 field guns; 15,150 cavalry sabres. The division in India is smaller than i*
Service is compulsory between the ages of usually the rule (about 13,000).
19 and 42, and is divided into numerous The total peace strength of the regular
categories. The most important of these army comprises 255,438 officers and men,
are as follows: Common army, 3 years with distributed as follows: British Isles, 134.33U
the colors and 7 years with the first reserve; officers and men; Colonies (other than India).
during the latter period the men are subject 45,215 officers and men; India, 75,884 officers
to call for three periods of training of 4 weeks and men. In addition there are 190 officers
each. Landwehr, 2 years with the colors and and 1,198 men employed with the special
10 years with the first reserve; during the reserves, of whom there are 86,539. There are
latter period the men may be called for in also 138,000 men in the army reserve, in
struction under varying and complex rules. addition to the special reserve. Combining
ENGLAND. the strength of the forces with the colors ana
the trained reserves, we have as the trained
The military forces of England fall under force which England is able to mobilize as her
several categories. The principal of these are: Rcavlar Establishment a total of 481,365
The regular forces, and the territorial forces. officers and men. Service in the regular
The regular forces are again divided into establishment is voluntary and the period of
British force*)—Indian forces and colonial enlistment is usually for 12 years, of which
forces. In addition, certain of the colonies, a certain portion is passed with the colors and
Canada, for example, maintain considerable the remHinder in the reserve. Service with
forces of militia. the colors is usually 3, 7 or 8 years, depending
Tabl Percentages of Several Arms of Total Peace Strength.
Infan Caval Field Foot Coast Tech Sani Miscel

Country. try. ry- artil artil artil nical Train. tary laneous.
lery. lery. lery. troops. troops.
Percl. Pact. Petcl. Perct. Percl. Pncl. Percl. Percl. Perct.
59.77 11.89 12.05 0.70 1.14 2.83 1.65 0.96 9.01
63.81 11.56 10 99 3.88 .33 4.21 1.26 1.04 i02
59.34 14.51 10.07 1.84 .64 3.X 1.54 1.31 7.5S
4a 33 9.58 7.84 1.50 1.17 3.12 (?) (?) 28.46
59.21 a 10 13.56 .24 5.85 3.56 2.65 1.98 4.S5
Italy 57.90 8.32 9.36 2.42 1.73 a 81 .86 1.29 14.31
53.50 22.86 5. 97 2.05 .37 (?) 5.25
84.95 6.34 8.22 (?) 2. 19 (?) 7.27 4.96 1.51 3.76
UNITED STATES.
10.64 6.60 0 24.57 4.23 0 5.06 9.20
Organized Militia 81.09 3.48 3.81 0 6.06 2.12 0 1.79 1.65
Total 01.70 8. 80 | 5. 07 0 13.55 2.97 0 3. 11 4 SO
J«P«» ITALT AUSTRIA TRANCE CtRMANY

CAVALRY OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS.
on the arm of the service and other condi FRANCE.
tions. The French Army proper is known as the
There is also the territorial force, which Metropolitan Army and is divided between
however, does not serve beyond the limits of
the British Isles, except by its own consent. Franceorganized
and Algiers. There are 20 army
The total of this territorial force is about iscorps in peace. In addition there
one colonial army corps. There are 47
i 15,408.
All the colonies maintain bodies of native divisions and 92 infantry brigades; 21 field
troops. India has a native force of some artillery brigades are distributed among the
21 corps. There are also 8 cavalry divisions
102,000 men. The Canadian forces are organized
divided into the permanent and active militia; brigades. in peace, or a total of 38 cavalry
the combined peace strength of these two The total peace strength of the French
forces as authorized by law being 62,037 for Army,
the active militia and 5,000 for the permanent cluding exclusive of colonial troops but in
force. Actually, the numbers are somewhat comprisesgendarmes and "republican guards,"
29,209 officers and 577,303 men.
below these figures as follows: Infantry, Of these 20,368 officers and 507,704 men arc
43,162 officers and men; field artillery, 3,711);
garrison artillery, 2,993; cavalry, 8,567, a stationed in France, There are in addition.
f ital of 58,441 officers and men. In addition army stationed in France.menThis
2,083 officers and 26,043 of the colonial
there are in Canada reserves, under various total force stationed in France up brings the
to 28,451
names, to the number of 39,346. The officers and 533.807 men. The grand total
( Canadian forces are probably about as well of the Metropolitan Army and the colonial
trained as the Organized Militia of the
I'mted States. rCont.iniipd nn nnirn SQfO
Table Showing Fighting Strength of Three Arms on Mobilization.
EXISTING ORGANIZATIONS ONLY CONSIDERED.
Fully
Field guns trained
Sabers per per thou reserves
Country. Infantry Cavalry Field guns. thousand sand in available
rides. sabers. Infantry fantry bay for passing
bayonets. onets.' from peace
to war foot
ing.
Fnnce ' 61 8, 450 66, 750 2,936 107.93 4.74 2,300,000
633,000 70, 500 3,866 120.85 6.10 4.000.0(10
420,300 37,800 1,854 89.93 4.41 1,600,000
Russia* 973, 152 111,825 4,432 114.91 4.55 3,800,000
135,020 15,000 1, 1-70 111.09 8.66 215,000
Iufy 300,000 20,880 1,470 69.99 4.90 1,250,000
Mexico' 53,760 14,016 176 260. 71 3.27 None.
228,000 14,550 954 63. 81 4.18 1,000,000
Mm STATES.
Regulars ' 30,600 15,225 144 384. 40 3.63 None.
Organized Militia' 167,000 5,800 200 34. 73 1. 19 None.
Total" 206,600 21,025 344 101. 76 1.66 None.
1 No deductions made for horse runs.
! For all existing units, for mobilization in France, see separate study.
1 Common army only. Figures are approximate. (See study.)
* The peculiar situation of Russia makes it Impossible for her to assemble her total force upon any one
theater of war.
1 Regulars only. For territorial forces, extra reserves, etc., see study.
1 Total strength In ranks considered. The deductions which should be made for noncombatants are not
accurately known. Laws for compulsory service exist and might be put into effect in war.
1 Japan forms a very large number of new organizations which are not considered here. Neither are 1 ho
special troops in Formosa and elsewhere considered. TheToot artillery mobilizes an additional number
0i •heavy
Porto field
Ricanguns, possiblyand1 gun
Regiment per thousand
Philippine Scoutsrifles.
are excluded from this table.
1 The infantry in the Organized Militia Is obtained by reducing all incomplete regiments to the standard
rganlzatlons. Separate companies and cadet corps, etc., have not been considered.
The Organized Militia has no completo regiments of Cavalry. The figures are obtained by multiplying
1 number of troops bv the troop fighting strength.
• 11 batteries of the Organized Militia are included, although 8 batteries (24 guns) have not yet reached
e stage where it Is deemed expedient to issue modem material. Only a few naileries are organized into
complete battalions and there are no regiments.
10 This assumes that organizations can be raised to the war strength. As a matter of fact trained men
are not available for this purpose, and if they were clothing and equipments are not available for passir
to the war strength.
PEACE
Men
37 9,640
7 5, 5 1 0
FRANCE 76.419
lNke
kiao
40 4 .765
73368
GERMANY 69.7 35
194 . 1 23
47, 5 41
AUSTRIA 33. 0 12
580 .000
115.000
RUSSIA 94 , 1 10
151,261
20 , 7 16
ENGLAND 34 ,6 49
167,000
24,000
ITALY 27,000
20.326
7 ,318
MEXICO 1.912
149.402
14,585
18,918
JAPAN
Regulars Militia Total
M 27,370 97,035 1 24.405
13,540 4 ,167 17707
UNITED STATES 5 ,456 4 ,565 10021
27370
13.340
UNITED STATES S456
(Regulars)
97,035
4167
ED ST) ATES
UNIT(Militia 4 5 65
The relative rank between the officers of At the close of the fiscal year ending June
the United States army and navy is as follows: 30, 1911, the number of sea coast guns in the
General with Admiral; Lieutenant-General United States mounted , ready for armament
with Vice- Admiral; Major-General with Rear and under construction , were as follows. Guns
Admiral; Brigadier -General with Commodore ; mounted : 376 12- inch mortars; 105 12-inch
Colonel with Captain ; Lieutenant- Colonel guns, including 2 guns on hydraulic lifts ; 133
with Commander ; Major with Lieutenant 10 - inch guns; 65 8 -inch guns; 503 rapid fire
Commander : Captain with Lieutenant: First guns, one mounted temporarily . Ready for
Lieutenant with Lieutenant ( junior grade ) : Armament: 2 12 - inch guns and 13 rapid fire
Second Lieutenant with Ensign . guns.
WAR
Fully TraineJ Heservea available for Passing from Peace to War Footing
2.300.000
4,000,000
1,600.000
3,600,000
□ 2)5,000
1,250,000
NONE
1,000,000
NONE
NONE
' h Infantry
LEGEND - L-—— — Cavalry
I S I- Field Artillery
GUX SALUTES.
President of the United States. President of House of Representatives, Committee of
a Foreign Republic, Member of Royal Family Congress, Admiral of the Navy and General,
and Ex-President of the United States, 21 17 guns; Assistant Secretary of the Navy,
gurw; Vice-President of the United States and Envoy Extraordinary, Vice-Admiral and
Ambassador of United States (in waters of Lieutenant-Gcneral, 15 guns; Minister
country to which he is accredited), 19 guns; Resident, or Diplomatic Representative.
Secretary of the Navy, Cabinet Officer, Chief Rear-Admiral and Maior-Genernl, United
Justice, Governor-General of U. S. Islands, States Army, 13 guns; Charge d'Affaires and
Hover/nor of State, Territory, or U. S. Islands, Commodore. 11 guns; Consul-General, 9 guns;
President pro tempore of Senate, Speaker of Consul, 7 guns; Vice-Consul, 5 guns.
(Continued from page 393.) ITALY.

troops stationed in France is 31,292 officers The Italian military system is complicated
and 603,364 men. and is composed of the regular army, the
The organization of the maximum mobiliza mobile militia, and the territorial militia.
tion of France cannot be given with any degree The regular army as reorganized in 1910
of accuracy but it is estimated that the sum comprises 12 army corps, 25 divisions, and 3
total of all trained men which she is able to cavalry divisions in time of peace. Com
mobilize amounts to about 3,000,000 men. manders and staffs for four armies exist in
The fighting strength of the three arms on time of peace.
initial mobilization would be about 518,000 The total peace strength of the regular
infantry rifles, 59,250 cavalry sabres and army in 1909-1910 was 13,942 officers and
2,944 field guns. This estimate is a minimum. 274,407 men, but it is doubtful if more than
Besides the above, there are about 49,500 250,000 men were actually with the colors at
colonial troops. About 14,500 of these are any one time. On paper the number of men
Europeans and the remainder natives. There Italy would be able to mobilize amounts to
are also about 3,723 Europeans and 8,254
natives in the forces at Madagascar.
Service with the Metropolitan Army is
compulsory between the ages of 20 and 45.
After serving with 4he colors for two years
(all arms) the men pass into the reserve of
the active army, in which they serve for 11
years, during which they are subject to two
periods of instruction, one for 23 days, the
other for 17 days. From the reserve of the
active army the men pass to the "territorial
army," in which they serve for 0 years,
subject to one period of 7 days' instruction.
The final service is with the "reserve of the
territorial army"; this service is for (i years;
the men receive no training but are subject
to muster.
GERMANY.
The German Army as now organized in
peace consists of 23 army corps and 1 cavalry'
division, besides certain special troops,
schools, recruiting stations, etc. While the
cavalry divisions which would mobilize in
war are not all formed in peace, there exist
certain staffs for such divisions and they are
assembled for instruction from time to time.
The total peace strength amounts to 622,-
320 officers and men. To these should be
added from 10 to 12 thousand "Einjahrig-
freiwilligers." These men serve for one year
defraying their own expenses. The sum
total of trained men which Germany is able
to mobilize amounts to about 4,010,000. The
estimated fighting strength of her initial
mobilization is as follows; 902,000 infantry
rifles; 79,200 cavalry sabres; 5,220 field guns.
No German troops of the army proper serve
outside the homo country in time of peace.
An estimate of the number of colonial troops
places the number at 10,000 officers and men.
Service in the German army is compulsory
between the ages of 17 and 45 and is divided
into a number of categories. Service with the
colors is three years with the cavalry and
horse artillery and two years for other arms.
After serving with the colors, the men pass
into the reserve, in which they serve 4 years
and 0 months or 5 years and 0 months ac
cording to the ami of the service. During
this service the men of the reserve may be
called out for two periods of training of 8
weeks each. In practice the majority of the
reserve is seldom held longer than 2S days
for each period. From the reserve the men
pass into various other categories. Germany ENGLAND
has more men annually arriving at the age
of military service than she needs for duty
with the colors. Somewhat over one million
men annually present themselves, of whom US.
a little more than 250.000 are actually drafted
for duty with the colors. ARTILLERY OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS.
about 3,500.000 men. A conservative The division is the highest permanent
estimate would seem to be about 1,500,000 organization in time of peace. There are,
fully trained men. The complex system and however, 1 1 generals and 22 lieutenant-
the custom of giving indefinite leave to un generals, besides other officers, available for
trained men render it difficult to estimate the command and staff of such armies as may
Italy's strength accurately with respect to be formed in war. There are 19 divisions
the number of fully trained men. The organized in peace. There are 39 brigades,
fighting strength of the three arms on initial 4 cavalry brigades and 3 field artillery
mobilization would be: Infantry rifles, brigades. In addition there is one infantry
300.000; cavalry sabres, 20.8S0; field guns brigade in Korea.
(with probably an additional 162 heavy field The peace strength of Japan is variously
rs manned by fortress artillery) 1,470. estimated and it is certain that it is at least
addition, Italy maintains in her African 230.000 men. The fighting strength of the
possessions 132 officers and 4,530 trained men; three arms follows: Infantry rifles, 228,000;
of the latter 060 are Italians and the remainder cavalry sabres, 14,550; field guns (with
natives. possibly 228 heavy field guns in addition)
Service is compulsory between the ages of 954. There are at least 1,000,000 fuUy
20 and 39. Service with the colors is. nomi trained reserves subject to call on mobiliza
nally for 3 years, but as the budget is seldom tion.
sufficient many men are releasecTwith one or RUSSIA.
two years' training. These pass from the It is difficult to make an entirely satis
colors to a form of leave status in which they factory resum6 of the Russian Army due to
serve to complete a total period in the regular the vast extent of Russia's territory, the
army of 8 or 9 years. They then pass into the internal condition of the nation, and the
mobile militia, from whence they go into the character of the countries adjoining her which
territorial militia. The men are subject to the make it necessary for her to maintain what
call for instruction as follows: 30 days per amounts to three separate armies, namely,
year for the leave status and mobile militia; the Army of Europe and the Caucasus; the
30 days in 4 years for the territorial militia. Army of Central Asia; the Army of Siberia
MEXICO. and Eastern Asia. Then the troops are
There is no organization higher than the divided up into numerous categories, some of
regiment in time of peace. The total peace which are most unusual and about which
strength is between 31,000 and 32,000. there is little information that con be de
Mexico's war strength, aside from new or pended upon. For example, we find "active
ganizations, may be reckoned at about 100,- troops," "reserve troops," "2d reserve
000 officers and men. In theory, service is troops," and "fortress troops."
compulsory. Actually, it is not, except, There are 31 army corps, with 56 divisions
perhaps, for some of the lower and criminal organized in peace, and 23 cavalry divisions.
The total peace strength amounts to about
JAPAN. 1 ,200,000 officers and men. The total
number of trained men subject to call
The rapid progress of Japan as a military amounts to about 5,000,000. It is estimated
nation, the secrecy maintained by her con that Russia could mobilize 2.000,000 fully
cerning reserves, territorial organizations, trained men upon her European frontiers.
etc., as well as the system of training Japanese Military service in Russia is obligatory.
f*chool children in the rudiments of drill and Passing from service with the colors the men
military discipline, makes it extremely pass into various reserves but on account of
difficult to make an accurate inventory of the their great variety no further statements can
Japanese military resources. be given in a brief form.
THE UNITED STATES ARMY.
The United States Army consists, ordinarily, duties: To investigate and report on all
of the Regular Army but whenever the United questions affecting the efficiency of the
States is invaded or is in danger of invasion Army and its state of preparation for military
from any foreign nation, or of rebellion operations; to prepare projects for maneuvers;
against the authority of the Government of revises estimates for appropriations for the
the United States, or the President is unable support of the Army and advises as to the
with the regular forces at his command to disbursement of such appropriations; exer
execute the laws of the Union, he may call cises supervision over inspections, military
into the military service of the United States, education and instruction, etc. and to per- -
all or any part .of the Organized Militia of form such other military duties not otherwise
the various States and the District of Columbia. assigned by law, as may from time to time be
In war, or when war is imminent, the Army prescribed by the President.
of the United States, after the Organized On May 26, 1911, a general order of the
Militia has been called into service, may be War Department was issued by which the
further augmented by the employment of office of Chief of Staff was divided into four
volunteers. sections. 1. The Mobile Army. 2. The Coast
Under the Act of Congress approved Artillery' Division. 3. The Division of
Feb. 14, 1908, the system of military control Militia Affairs. 4. The Army War College.
in the Army was reorganized. This act The command of the Army rests with
abolished the separate office of commanding the constitutional commander-in-chief, the
general of the army and created the General President, who may place all or part of the
Staff Corps, which under the direction of the Army under commands subordinate to his
Chief of Staff, is charged with the following general command. We have had but four .
generals—Washington, Grant, Sherman and men, cavalry 65 men. There are 133 men in
Sheridan. A General is supposed to com a battery of light and mountain artillery and
mand an army. An army is a large and 150 men in a battery of horse artillery. Each
organized body of soldiers, generally com company of Coast Artillery consists of 104
posed of infantry, cavalry and artillery, enlisted men and each company of engineers
completely armed and provided with necessary of 159 men.
stores, etc., and the entire force is under the The Regular Army is officered: 1. By
direction of one general. The subdivision Graduates of the Lnited States Military
of the United States Army follows, An Academy. 2. By promotion of meritorious
"army" is divided into two or more field enlisted men of the army whose fitness for
armies, or corps, commanded by a Lieutenant- advancement is determined by a com
General. A "corps" is the largest tactical petitive examination. 3. By the appoint
unit of a large army and is really a small ment of civilians selected from the best cadet
army complete in itself in that it is usually schools of the country
organized with separate staff, infantry, The pay of officers in active service of the
cavalry and artillery regiments as well as United States Army is as follows : Lieutenant-
auxiliary services. A "corps" is also any General, $11,000; Major-General. $8,000:
body or department of an army which is not Brigadier-General, $6,000; Colonel, $4,000;
detached but has its own organization and Lieutenant-Colonel, $3,500; Major, $3,000;
head, as the "Corps of Engineers," the Captain, $2,400; First Lieutenant, $2,000;
"Signal Corps," etc. A corps is composed of Second Lieutenant, $1,700. Officers below
two or more divisions, each under the com the rank of Brigadier-General receive ten per
mand of a Major-General. Each "division" cent, on the yearly pay of the grade for each
is composed of three brigades of infantry, a term of five years' service, not to exceed 40
regiment of cavalry and a brigade (two per cent, in all. Thus the maximum pay of
regiments) of field artillery. The division the Colonel is $5,000; Lieutenant-Colonel.
is the great administrative and tactical unit $4,500, etc. Further, any officer below the
and forms the basis of army organization. rank of major required to be mounted receives
A "brigade" consists of three regiments of $150 per annum additional if he provides one
infantry and is commanded by a Brigadier- suitable mount at his own expense, and $200
General. A cavalry brigade consists of two if he provides two mounts. Furthermore,
or more cavalry regiments. When acting all officers serving outside of the United States
independently, a regiment of horse artillery except Porto Rico and Hawaii, receive ten
is attached to a cavalry brigade. A "regi per cent, increase in pay while so serving.
ment" which is both administrative and The monthly pay of a private in artillery-
tactical is commanded by a Colonel and is cavalry, infantry and signal corps is $15 for
divided into 12 companies. (The regiment the first enlistment, $18 for the second en
at Porto Rico is composed of but S companies.) listment, etc., up to $25 for the seventh en
A regiment of cavalry is composed of 12 troops listment.
and a regiment of field artillery of (i batteries. The active strength of the army on June
Two or more companies form a "battalion" 30, 1912, including the Philippine Scouts, was
commanded by a Major. The battalion is 4,650 officers and 86,811 enlisted men, a total
a tactical unit only. A "company," which of 91,461 men. This total of 91,461 was made
is commanded by a Captain, is both ad up as follows: Infantry (31 regiments), 1,540
ministrative and tactical. Under the present officers and 29,138 enlisted men; cavalry (15
law the number of enlisted men in a company, regiments), 747 offirers and 13,645 enlisted
troop, etc., varies with the station, as follows: men; field artillery (6 regiments), 243 officers
Philippine Islands, infantry 150 men, cavalry and 5,328 enlisted men; coast artillery corps
100 men; Hawaii and Panama Canal Zone, (170 companies), 702 officers and 17,957 en
infantry 72 men, cavalry 70 men; all com listed men; corps of engineers (3 battalions),
panies not stationed as above, infantry 65 188 officers and 1,822 enlisted men; signal
LOADING A DISAPPEARING GUN, FIRING A 12-INCH DISAPPEARING

WHEN IT IS IN THE DEPRESSED GUN AT ONE OF OUR COAST
POSITION. BATTERIES.
corps, 46 officers and 1,212 enlisted men; there are separate companies which have
7,084 enlisted men (casuals and recruits) at armories or drill halls. The militia in each
depots and en route to detachments; 18 gen state is divided into brigades, regiments,
eral officers; Adjutant General's, Inspector battalions and companies. Under the act
General's; Judge advocate General's, Quarter of Congress above named the President of
master's. Subsistence, Pay and Ordnance the United States has the power to call upon
Departments. Medical Corps, Instructors at any of the military organizations of the States
Military Academy, etc., 986 officers and 4,608 for national defense and when so called each
enlisted men; cadets at Mil'tary Academy, man must yield prompt obedience to the
481 (see Military Academy) ; 56 Indian order to escape trial by court-martial. The
Scouts; Philippine Scouts, ISO officers and Organized Militia is, in short, subject to be
5,480 enlisted men. The 4 13 officers and ordered at any time into the service of the
3.496 enlisted men in the Medical Corps is United States as a re-enforcement of the
□ot counted as part of the enlisted strength regular army and when so ordered are subject
of the Regular Army, although they arc in to the same rules and regulations as the
cluded in the above rating. There were on regulars and receive the same pay, during
the retired list 1,017 officers and 3,424 en service, as the regular army troops.
listed men. The strength of the organized militia,
The term of enlistment in the regular according to the latest report Is 9,172 officers
service is three years. Any male citizen of and 108,816 enlisted men, as follows: General
the United States between the ages of 2 1 and officers and General Staff 2,051; engineers.
35 may be enlisted. Minors between the ages 1,141 officers and men; cavalry, 4.226 officers
of 18 and 21 may be enlisted only with the and men; field artillery, 4,45ft; coast artillery,
consent of parents or guardians. All ap 7,100 officers and men; infantry, 95,356
plicants must be able to read and write officers and men; hospital corps, 2,281
English, must be able-bodied, free from officers and men; signal corps, 1,380 officers
disease and of good character and temperate and men; grand aggregate, 117,988 officers
habits. and men.
Under the Act of Congress of January 31, The officers of higher grades are appointed
190;}, amended May 27, 1908, the militia con by the Governor but the other officers, from
sists of every able-bodied male citizen of the Colonel down, are generally selected by
United States who Is more than eighteen and ballot by the troops themselves.
less than forty-five years of age, and is divided The term of enlistment varies in different
into two classes—the organized militia or States from one to five years but in mast
National Guard, and the remainder to be States it Is three years. In addition the term
known as the reserve militia. It is entirely of re-enllstment also varies; some States
optional whether eligible citizens join the provide for a certain term for the first enlist
National Guard, but it Is safe to say that this ment and a smaller term of enlistment in
body of reserves is recruited from the best subsequent enlistments.
and most patriotic element of the population The total number of males of militia age in
of the United States. Congress makes an the United States in 1910 was 20,473,684.
ropriation each year for the support of The officers of all the volunteer forces which
militia in the various States, and the may be organized under the authority of
States also contribute, hold and build Congress are selected from the following
armories, as the regiments are really intended classes of persons: 1. Those who have
to defend their own State primarily, although served in the Regular Army. 2. Those who
in time of war they furnish an excellently have served in any volunteer forces of the
drilled body of volunteers. In nearly every Organized Militia. 3. Those who have at
city of any great size there is one or more
armories, ana in the smaller cities and towns tended a military school or college.
CIVIL WAR STATISTICS.
The total number of enlistments in the I whites, 3,966 negroes and 19,983 sailors and
army, navy and marine corps, during the marines. Kentucky had the greatest number
Civil War, totaled 2,778,304 as follows: of negro troops, 23,703.
White troops of army, 2,493,366; sailors and During the Civil War there were 4.142
marines, 105,963: negro troops, 178,975. officers and 62,916 enlisted men killed in
Many men enlisted two or three times and are action; 12,223 officers and 40,789 enlisted
counted that number of times in the above men who died of wounds received in action;
rating. New York had 404,805 white troops, 2,795 officers and 221,791 enlisted men
4, 125 negro troops and 39,920 sailors and died of disease; 106 officers and 4,838 en
marines; Pennsylvania had 315,017 whites, listed men drowned ; other known causes
8.612 negroes and 14.307 sailors and marines: 290 officers and 7,472 enlisted men; causes
Ohio had 304,814 whites. 5.092 negroes and , not stated, 28 officers and 12,093 enlisted
3,274 sailors and marines; Illinois had men, making a grand total of 9,584 officers
255,057 whites, 1,811 negroes and 2,224 sailors rind 349.944 enlisted men killed during the
and marines; Massachusetts had 122,781 Civil War.
At the close of the fiscal year ending June and Ft. Leavenworth, Kans.), 3 general hospi
30, 1912, there were 165 garrisoned posts in tals and the Springfield Armory. There were
continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii also 4 forts in Alaska: the Henry Barracks
Wands and Porto Rico. United States: 103 and the post at San Juan, Porto Rico; and the
lort*. 28 sub-posts of forts, 10 barracks, 5 post at Panama Canal Zone; Hawaiian Islands;
arsenals, 2 military prisons (Alcatraz, Cal. 3 fort barracks and 2 sub-posts of forts.
THE SINEWS OF WAR.

Ton days' rations of the American Army compared with a locomotive and one of the 70,000
units that consume this enormous ijuantity of food. Only one of the meats or fish shown enter
into the calculation, the rent represent the variety from which the soldier can make his choice.
THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.

Appointments: Each congressional district animation. Two alternates are usually
and Territory—the District of Columbia and named for each candidate nominated and
also Porto Rico—is entitled to have one cadet the alternate making the highest average is
at the academy. Each State is also entitled entitled to admission in case of the failure of
to have two cadets from the State at large, the candidate.
and 40 are allowed from the United States at Examinations: Examinations are held on
large. The law, however, provides that for the last Tuesday in April of each year before
six years, from July 1, 1910, whenever any a board of army officers to be convened at
cadet shall have finished three years of his such places as the War Department may
course at the academy his successor may be designate. Candidates must appear for the
admitted. The appointment from ' a con physical and mental examination before
gressional district is made upon the recom such board.
mendation of the Representative in Congress No candidate is admitted who is under 17
from that district, and those from a state at or over 22 years of age or less than 5' 4* in
large upon the recommendation of the height at the age of 17, 5' 5" at the age of
Senators of the State. Similarly the ap 18 and upward, or who is deformed, or
pointment from a Territory is made upon afflicted with any disease or infirmity which
recommendation of the Delegate in Congress would render him unfit for military service.
and that from the District of Columbia upon Pay: The pay of a cadet is $600 per year
the recommendation of the Commissioners of and one ration per day, the total being
the District. Each person appointed must $709.50. No cadet is permitted to receive
he an actual resident of the State, District, money or any other supplies from home with
or Territory- from which the appointment is out the sanction of the superintendent.
made. The appointments' from the United
States at large are made by the President of After graduation a cadet may be promoted
the United States. Appointments are re and commissioned to the grade of second
quired by law to be made one year in advance lieutenant in any arm or corps of the Army
of the date of admission, except in cases in which there may be a vacancy and if there
where by reason of death or other cause, a is no vacancy he may be commissioned as an
vacancy occurs which cannot be provided for additional second lieutenant, with the nominal
by such appointment in advance. These" pay of a second lieutenant, until a vacancy
vacancies are rilled in time for the next ex- occurs.
THE NEW ARMY GUN FOR RANCH FINDING

AIR-CRAFT. TOWER.
402
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THE MONRC DOCTRINE.

The Monroe Doctrine was formulated by candor and to the amicable relations existing
President Monroe in 1823, in agreement with between the United States and those powers
Great Britain and in opposition to the designs to declare that we should consider any at
of the Holy Alliance, which contemplated the tempt on their part to extend their system
partition of South America among the to any portion of this hemisphere as danger
European Powers. President Monroe said: ous to our peace and safety. With the
"In the discussions to which this interest existing colonies or dependencies of any
has given rise, and in the arrangements by European Power we have not interfered and
which they may terminate, the occasion has shall not interfere. But with the govern
been judged proper for asserting as a principle ments who have declared their independence
in which the rights and interests of the United and maintain it, and whose independence we
States are involved, that the American con have on great consideration and on just
tinents, by the free and independent condi principles acknowledged, we could not view
tion which they have assumed and maintain, any interposition for the purpose of oppress
ing them or controlling in any other manner
are henceforth not to be considered as sub their destiny, by any European power, in any
jects for future colonization by European other light than as the manifestation of an un
Powers. * * * We owe it, therefore, to friendly disposition toward* the United States.
T OF WAR.
The Secretary of War is the head of the military service all orders, instructions, and
War Department and exercises personal super regulations issued by the Secretary of War;
vision of all business relating to the military of managing the recruiting service; pension
service. He performs such duties as are re and other business connected with the
quired of him by law or may be enjoined upon Volunteer Armies.
him by the President, and directs the manage The Inspector-General inspects all military
ment of all the bureaus, divisions and officers commands and stations, schools, fortifications,
embraced in the departmen t. Has super arsenals, armories, etc., under charge of or
vision of the United States Military Academy carried on by officers of the Army.
at West Point and of military education in the The Quartermaster-General provides trans
Army. portation for the Army; also clothing ami
The principal duties of the General Staff equipage, horses, mules, etc., for the Army
Corps are given under the United States and militia; pays guides, spies and inter
Army, page 397. preters; is in charge of national cemeteries.
The Corps of Engineers is charged with
DIVISION OF MILITIA AFFAIRS. duties relating to the construction and repair
of fortifications, works of defense, military
The Division of Militia Affairs is vested with roads and bridges, etc.
the transaction of business pertaining to the The Ordnance Department provides,
organized and unorganized militia of the preserves, distributes, and accounts for every
United States, its jurisdiction embracing all description of artillery, small arms and all the
administrative duties involving the arma munitions of war which may be required for
ment, equipment, discipline, training, educa the fortresses of the country, the armies in the
tion and organization of the militia. field, ami the whole body of militia.
The Chief Signal Corps Officer is charged
with the supervision of all military signal
MILITARY BUREAUS. duties, including telegraph and telephone
apparatus and the necessary meteorological
The Adjutant General is charged with the instruments for use on target ranges and other
duty of recording, authenticating, and com military uses, and all other duties pertaining
municating to troops and individuals in the to military signaling, including aeroplanes.
Mini
T.&Coo
111
Cipristit
)191
MERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
GROUND
23
22
/9
CENTRUOOTER
RIFLEMAN
&EXPERT
14
E
THE MEDALS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY.
MEDALS OF HONOR. SPECIAL LEGENDS.
The Medal of Honor for the Navy (No. 2), The Certificate of Merit Badge (No. 11);
which was made available by the Act of issued to officers and men of the Army for
Congress, approved December 21, 1861, is meritorious service. The ribbon is composed
bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, of two bands of red, white and blue, separated
landsmen and marines as should distinguish by a narrow white stripe.
themselves by their gallantry in action or issued The Philippine Congressional Medal (No. 5);
other seamanlike qualities, during war. It served tobeyond volunteer officers and men who
their enlistment with the
consists of a bronze five-pointed star, the Army in the Philippines. The ribbon is com
points terminating in trefoil with a wreath of
oak and laurel contained in each ray. In the posed of a broad band of blue with a narrow
center, within a circle of thirty-four stars, of red, white and blue on eithernarrow
white stripe separating it from
edge.
stripes
America is represented as Minerva vanquish The Civil War Campaign Badge (No. 3);
ing Discord. The star Is mounted on an
anchor and suspended from a silk ribbon of issued United
to officers and men for service in the
States Army in the Civil War. The
red and white stripes, arranged vertically ribbon is composed of two bands of red, white
below a field of blue.
The Medal of Honor for the Army (No. 9) and blue; the red on the outside and the blue
is made in silver, heavily electro-plated in stripes
(No.
separated by a narrow stripe of red.
10), issued to those of the Navy and
gold. It consists of a five-pointed star and in Marine Corps who served during the* Civil
the center appears the head of Minerva. Sur War. The ribbon is blue and gray.
rounding this central feature, arranged in cir The Indian W ars Campaign Badge (No. 7);
cular form, arc the words "United States of issued
America," representing nationality. The the campaigns againstserved
to those who in the Army in
medal is suspended by a light blue watered- bon is bright red with the a
Indians. The rib
darker stripe of red
silk riblwn spangled with thirteen white
stars representing the original States, and is onThe either edge.
Spanish-American War Campaign
attached to an eagle clasp supported on a Badge (No.
horizontal bar, upon which appears the the Army in 6); issued to those who served in
the Spanish War, in Cuba, Porto
word "Valor." Rico or the Philippines. The ribbon is com
GOOD CONDUCT MEDALS. posed of a broad band of yellow, between two
bands of red, with a narrow border of blue on
There arc many men in the Naval Service, eithermen
edge. (No. 12), issued to officers and
of the Navy and Marine Corps who served
although they may never have attracted suf in Cuban,
ficient attention to warrant the Medal of during the Porto Itiean or Philippine Waters
Honor, who arc well worthy nf recognition by low with twoSpanish stripes
War. The ribbon is yel
of red.
virtue of their long and faithful service; for The Philippine Insurrection Campaign
these thoroughly efficient sailors there is also Badge (No. 19); issued for duty with the
a reward known as the Good Conduct Medal.
The first issue of this Medal was in 1S70 (No. Athermyseveral
in the Philippines and for service with
23). This was recalled in 1888, and the The ribbon isexpeditions against the natives.
composed of a broad blue band
present style adopted (No. 18). In the center between two bauds of red with a narrow stripe
of the new Medal is an old warship with the of blue on either edge.
word "Constitution" beneath. This is sus The China Relief Expedition Badge (No.
pended by a red ribbon.
In 1910 a Medal similar to that of the Navy 25); issued for service ashore in China with the
Peking Relief Expedition. The ribbon is a
was adopted by the Marine Corps for the re broad band of yellow edged with blue. (No.21).
ward of Good Conduct in the service (No. 17),
except that there was a slight change made in issued to those who served in the Navy and
the central figure and a change in the wording ing the Corps
Marine in Chinese Watersor ashoredur-
Boxer Uprising. The ribbon is yellow
to suit this corps. with a narrow black hand near each edge.
BADGES FOR PROFICIENCY IN SMALL issued The Dewey Congressional Medal (No. 1);
to members of the Navy or Marine
ARMS PRACTICE. Corps who served with the Asiatic Squadron
For proficiency in the annual practice with at Manila. The riblxm is composed of a yel
rifles and revolvers the Army and Marine lowThe band with a blue band on either side.
West Indies Campaign Medal (No. 4);
Corps award a similar set of distinguishing issued for service during the West Indies
badges. In rifle practice the first badge is Campaign
that of Marksman (No. 15), which requires the The ribbon is the in Navy and Marine Corps.
composed of three bands, the
qualifying of the participant with GO per cent.,
for slow, rapid and skirmish fire at 200, 300, central one blue and the outside ones red.
500 and 000 yards. The Sharpshooter's ice during the West Indies meritorious
(No. 8), issued for specially sen-
Campaign other
Badge (No. 13) is presented to those who than in battle, to officers and men of the Navy
qualify with a similar percentage at 800 and and Marine Corps. The ribbon is red.
1,000 yards (slow fire) and rapid fire at 500 The Philippine Campaign Badge (No. 24);
yards. For the Expert Rifleman's Badge issued to members of the Navy and Marine
(No. 14) the candidate must secure 08 per Corps who served in that campaign. The rib
cent, at slow, timed and skirmish fire at 200, bon is red with a yellow band in the center.
300, 000 and 1.000 yards. The Cuban Pacification Badge (No. 22);,*-
In the Navy the grades are corresponding, sued to officers
although shorter, and include revolver prac Hospital Corps whoof served the Navy and Marine
in Cuba. The rib
tice as well. The Navy issues but one Medal bon is similar to that of the Army for this
(No. 16), the Sharpshooter's Medal, to which campaign (No. 20); olive drab, with red
bars are attached for further distinction. white and blue borders.
PASSPORTS.
Passports are required for entrance into entitled, "Rules Governing the Granting and
Russia, Turkey ana the Balkan countries, Issuing of Passports in the United States."
and must be visaed by diplomatic or consular which will be sent with the blank on applica
representatives of those countries. There are tion. It takes only a few days to obtain a
no such representatives of the Balkan States passport. The intervention of those who make
in the United States and passports for those a business of securing passports is entirely
countries should be visaed by their diplomatic unnecessary. The blank is very simple and
or consular representatives elsewhere. Pass only requires the filling out of the important
ports may be required in other countries of details, such as the description of the applicant,
persons making a prolonged stay, especially the taking of the oath of allegiance before a
if they reside m boarding houses or rented
apartments, but they are often valuable in
the securing of registered mail, admissions to WORDING OF PASSPORT.
certain galleries, etc., which are normally
closed to the public. Passports are issued by Good only for two years from date.
the Secretary of State. An American abroad
may make his application before an American (Coat of Arms).
diplomatic or consular officer, who will for
ward it to the department. The fee for a pass United States of America.
port is $1.00. This amount in currency or Department of State.
postal order should accompany each applica
tion made by a citizen of the United States. To all to whom these presents shall come.
The orders should be made payable to the Greeting: I, the undersigned, Secretary of
Disbursing Clerk of the Department of State. State ofthe United States of America, hereby
Drafts or checks are not accepted. A person request all whom it may concern to permit
who is entitled to receive a passport, if in
the United States at the time, must make a a Citizen of the United States
written application in affidavit form to the Safely. .
Secretary of State. Application must be made and freelyalltolawful pass and
Aidinand
caseProtection.
of need to give
by the person to whom the passport is to be
issued, and signed by him, as one person can Given under my hand and the
not apply for a passport for another. The
affidavit must be attested by an officer author (SEAL of Seal of the Department of
State, at the City of Washing-
ized to administer oaths, and an official seal
must be affixed, or his official character must the Depart- ton, the day of
be authenticated by a certificate of the proper ment of in the year 1910,
legal officer. The applicant must take the oath State.) and of the Independence of
the United States the one
ofallegiance to the Government of the United hundred and thirty-fourth.
States. The oath is on the application blank.
The application must be accompanied by a (Signature of the Secre
description of the applicant, h ull data for tary of State.)
these questions are provided on the blank. Description,
There are a number of different forms. There
is one for a native citizen, one for the natural Age Years
ised citizen, and one for a person claiming Stature Feet Inches Eng.
citizenship through the naturalization of hus Forehead
band or parent. In asking for a blank it should Eyes
be specified which form is desired. A woman's
application must state whether she is married Nose Mouth
or not, and a married woman must state Chin
whether her husband is a native or a natural Hair
ized citizen. A passport expires two years Complexion
from the date of issue, but it may be extended Face
for two years by a diplomatic or consular offi Signature of the Bearer.
cer of the United States, if presented when it
is about to expire. Applications for passports No
from naturalized citizens must be accompanied
by a certificate of naturalization. Note.—The Department of State has re
When the applicant is accompanied by his fused to grant permission to reproduce a real
wife, minor children and a servant, to be en Passport, hence this rather insufficient sub
titled to receive the passport it is sufficient to stitute.
state the fact, giving the respective ages of
the children anu the allegiance of the servant,
then one passport will suffice for all. For any
other person in the party a separate passport notary public or other officer who is entitled
will be required. The woman's passport may to take similar oaths, and the application
include her minor children and servant under must be signed by a credible witness. Some
the al>ove-named conditions. It should be concerns make a business of obtaining pass
noted, however, that the term "servant" does ports at a fee of from $2.00 to $5.00, but with
not include a governess, tutor, pupil, com the instructions given in this book and the
panion or person holding like relations to the rules given in the circular sent, their services
applicant for passport. Professional or other are entirely unnecessary. Information revised
titles will not be inserted in the passports. by officials of the Department of State on
This information is obtained from the circular May 13, 1912.
THE NOBEL PRIZES.

The Nobel Foundation 13 based upon the last cause of peace by a committee of five mem
will and testament of Dr. Alfred Beruhard bers of the Norwegian Storthing, It is my
Nobel, engineer and inventor of dynamite, express desire that the benefits 01 the founda
dated December 27, 1895, the stipulations of tion are to be open to all nationalities and
which, respecting this fund, are as follows: sexes and that the prize be awarded to the
" The rest of my fortune, that is. the capital one most worthy, whether Scandinavian or
realized by my executors, is to constitute a not."
fund, the interest of which is to be dis Each prize amounts to about $40,000, and
tributed annually as a prize to those who have the corporation designates a "Comite Nobel"
in the course of the previous year rendered the composed of three or five members for each
greatest services to humanity. The amount section, with headquarters at Christiana,
ls to be divided into five equal parts, one of Norway.
which is to be awarded to the person who has As expressed in the will no consideration is
made the most important discovery in the paid to the nationality of the candidate, but
domain of physical science; another to the it is essential that every candidate shall be
one who has made the most valuable dis proposed in writing by some qualified repre
covery in chemistry or brought about the sentative of science, literature, etc.. in the chief
greatest improvement; the third to the author countries of the civilized world, such pro
of the most important discovery in the field posals to reach the Committee before the
of physiology or medicine; the fourth to the first of February in each year, the awards being
one who has produced the most remarkable made on the following 10th of December, the
literary work of an idealistic tendency, and anniversary of Mr. Nobel's death.
finally the fifth to the person who has done the The first distribution of prizes took place in
best or the most in the cause of the fraternity 1901 and including the awards of 1912 only
of nations, for the suppression or the reduction three prizes have been awarded to Americans:
of standing armies as well as for the forma 1906, Prof. A. A. Michelson, Physics; 1906.
tion and propagation of peace congresses. Theodore Koosevelt, Peace; 1912. Dr. Alexis
The prizes will be awarded for physics and Carrel, Medicine. The following awards
chemistry by the Swedish Academy of were made in 1912: Physics, Gustav Dalen,
Sciences; for works in physiology and Swede; Medicine. Dr. Alexis Carrel, Ameri
medicine by the Caroline Institute of Stock can; Chemistry, Prof. Grignard and Prof.
holm; for literature by the Stockholm Sabaticr, French; Literature, Gerhart Haupt-
Academy, and finally for the service in the mann, German; Peace, No award.
THE HALL OF FAME.
"The Hall of Fame for Great Americans'' is the name of an open colonnade attached to
the Library of the University of the City of New York, on University Heights in New
York city, Borough of the Bronx, in which are inscribed on bronze tablets the names of
famous American men and women. Nominations for the honor are made by the public and
are submitted to a committee of 100 eminent citizens. In the case of men fifty-one votes
are required and in the case of women forty-seven. The first balloting took place in
October, 1900, when the following were chosen:
George Wash i ngton. Joseph Story. William E. Channing. Emma Willard.
Abraham Lincoln. John Adams. Gilbert Stuart. Maria Mitchell.
Daniel Webster. Washington Irving. Asa Gray. Chosen in 1910.
Benjamin Franklin. Jonathan Edwards, Chosen In 1905. Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Ulysses S. Grant, Samuel F. B. Morse. John Qulncy Adams. Oliver Wendell Holmea.
John Marshall. David G. Farragut. James Russell Lowell. Edgar Allan Poe.
Thomas Jefferson. Henry Clay. William T. Sherman. Roger Williams.
Ralph W. Emerson. Nathaniel Hawthorne. James Madison. James Fen imore Cooper.
H. W. Longfellow. George Peabody. John a. WnJtiler. Phillips Brooks.
Robert Fulton. Robert E. Lee. Alexander Hamilton. William Cullen Bryant.
Horace Mann. Peter Cooper. Louis Agassiz. Frances R Willard.
Henry W. Beecher. Ell Whitney. John Paul Jones. Andrpw Jackson.
James Kent. John J. Audubon. Mary Lyon. George Bancroft.
John Lothrop Motley.
SALARIES OF OFFICIALS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
The Executive: President, 375,000; Vice-President, 112,000; Cabinet Officers, $12,000;
Assistant Secretaries, $5,000, including Assistant Secretary of Navy,. Treasury Depart
ment: Treasurer of United States. $S,000; Comptroller of Treasury, $6,000; Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, $6,000; War Department: Chief of Staff, $8,000; Adjutant General, $6,000;
Inspector, Judge Advocate, Quartermaster, Commissary, Surgeon and Paymaster-! iencrals,
$6,000; Navy Department: President General Navy Board. $14,500; President Naval Examina
tion Board, $8,000; Post-OfhYe Department: Assistant Postmaster Generals, $5,000; Interior
Department: Commissioner of Education, Land Office, Pensions, Indian Affairs and Patents.
$5,000; Department of Justice: Assistant Attorney Generals, $5,000. Department Agricul
ture: Chief, Weather Bureau, $;i,000; Chief Forest Service, $.5,000; Department of Commerce
and Labor: Commissioner Corporations. Labor, Light-House Bureau arid General Immigra
tion. $5,000; Director of Census, $6,000; Commissioner Fisheries, $6,000. The members of
the Interstate Commerce Commission receive $10,000.
The Legislative: Senators and Representatives in Congress receive $7,500, and 20 cent*
per mile to and from seat of Government.
The .Judiciary: The Chief Justice of the United States receives $15,000; Associate Jus
tices, $14,500.
CHAPTER XV.
NAVIES OF THE WORLD.
LETTER FROM PRESIDENT TACT, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF

OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.
THE NEW "EYES" OF THE MAN BEHIND THE MAN BEHIND THE GUN.
Aeronautics has developed in such a remarkable manner in the last few years that it is
impossible to surmise when or where progress will be arrested. At the present time the aero
plane can be used to extend the range of vision of the fleet, but when operating beyond the
sight of its base, parent ship, or landmarks, it is hampered for scouting purposes by lack of
navigational facilities for the determination of course and position. It is very probable that
these will come, and with them also come a vast increase in the value of the aeroplane as a naval
scout. As a station from which to observe and correct the fall of shot the aeroplane will be
of service, particularly where long range, indirect, high-angle firing is used as in case of a bom
bardment. Here, however, the question of communication is seriously involved, as much
depends on the prompt and accurate transmission of information. Steady progress is being
made in the development of wireless which gives promise of mooting all the requirements of
the situation, and which will insure the efficiency of the aeroplane for the purposed of spotting,
as above outlined. The hydraeroplane. which is an American development, and which may be
launched from a vessel, and alight in the water alongside on the return from a trip aloft, further
increases the possibility of the aeroplane as a naval adjunct.—Thomas T. Craven, Lieutenant
Commander, U. S. N. Director of Target Practice and Engineering Competitions. (Page 414.)
409
SEA STRENGTH.
SHIPS.
TABLE I.—VESSELS BUILT.
BetUe-
shtpe, BatUe. Battle Ar Cruie- De Tor Subma Ceeat
Dread
nought abjpa.1 crula. mored
crute
rn. era.* stroy, pedo rines. roBseJa-i
era. boat*. defense
type.'
16 40 8 34 •74 •144 49 70 0
11 20 3 9 39 118 9 26 3
8 24 0 11 15 42 19 23 4
0 20 0 20 10 78 157 75 2
2 13 0 13 14 58 54 13 2
0 8 0 6 9 98 14 31 2
1 8 0 9 5 24 48 18 0
2 6 0 3 4 12 40 6 6
t Battleshipshaving a m*ln battery of all big guns (11 Inches or more In caliber).
, * Battleships of (about) 10,000 tons or more displacement, .u : having more than one caliber In the main
•tottery.
i Armored cruisers having guns of largest caliber in main battery and capable of talcing their place in line
of battle with the battleships. They nave an increase of speed at the expense of carrying fewer guns in
main battery, and a decrease In armor protection.
*■ Includes
Includes allsmaller
linarmored cruising
battleships andvessels aboveNo1,500
monitors. moretonsvessels
displacement.
of this class are being proposedw buflt by
the•Includes
great powerr.
vessels of colonies.
TABLE II.—VESSELS BUILDING OR AUTHORIZED.
Battle-
g& Battle Cruisers. Destroy Torpedo Subma
nought cruisers. ers. boats. rines.
type.
11 "2 »14 >40 0 >lfl
6 3 4 12 0 <«
United Statee 5 0 0 14 0 23
France ,7 0 0 8 0 20
Japan 1 1 4 0 2 0 2
7 4 2 9 0 8
Italy 7 0 2 11 21 2
2 0 3 6 12 7
• England has no continuing shipbuilding policy, but usually lays down each year 4 or 6 annored ships
with aproportional number ofsmaller vessels.
I Includes vessels ofcolonies.
j Germany has a continuing shipbuilding program, governed by a fleet law authorised by the Reichstag.
For 1913 there are authorized 2 battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 2cruisers, 12 destroyen. Eventual strength to
consist of 41 battleships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 cruisers, 144 destroyers, Tl submarines.
• H,"W,000 authorized for experiments and further construction.
• 178,837,569 authoriied to be expended from 191 1 to 1917 for the construction of s
1 Russian shipbuilding program provides for thn completion by 1018 of 4 battle c
36 destroyers, and IS submarines. Four battle cruisers and two cruisers have been c
Included in the above table.
UNITED STATES NAVAL ENLISTMENT
The term of enlistment of all enlisted men in the/ Navy is four years, except for minors under
eighteen, who enlist with the consent of parents or guardian. Minors over the age of eighteen
may be enlisted without the consent of parents or guardian, but must furnish written statement
as to their age. Every person must pass the physical examination prescribed in the medical
instruction!). Only American citizens of good character who may reasonably be expected to
remain in the service are enlisted, and every applicant must be able to read and write English
and must take the oath of allegiance. No person under the age of seventeen can be enlisted.
PERSONNEL.
TABLE III.
United
Rank . England France Germany. Japan . States.
Admirals of the fleet. ..

Admirals.
Vice admirals . . .
Rear admiralg . . . .. . . . . ? 26
Captains and commanders . . . 644 360 351 292 211
Other line officers. . . . . . 2,473 1, 467 1, 811 1, 818 1,553
Midshipmen at sea . . . . . 558 398 154 0
Engineer officers . . . . . . 872 505 529 683

Medical officers . .. .. . 593 3 390 322 368 347
Pay officers. .. . .. . .. 685 211 259 341 231

28 21
Chaplains. .. .. .. . 139
Warrant officers . . .. .. 2,675 52, 445 2, 615 1,520 856
Enlisted men . . . . . . . .. 115,079 55 ,760 60,920 42, 013 48 .816
Marine officers. . 457 170 316
Enlisted men (marines).... * 20, 943 * 5,826 9 , 866
Total.... .... .. .. . .. . 145,210 61,243 73,269 47,289 62 ,247

The Admiral of the Navy .
The United States now has, temporary, as extra numbers, dun to promotion for war service , and to
of eers restricted by law to engineering duty only on shore only 8 Daz officers , 20 captains, commandos,
6 lieutenant commanders , and i Leutenant. Includes 3 , 130 men of the Coast Guard
Includes pharmacista and apothecarles .
Marino Infantry and seaman artillery .
Includes pharmaceutical officers .
Includes adiutants , premler maltres , and mattres of all branches.
RELATIVE ORDER OF WARSHIP TONNAGE .
Present order (tonnage completed ). As would be the case if vessels now

building were completed .
Nation. Tonnage. Nation. Tonnage.
Great Britain 2 ,007, 247 Great Britain .. ... .. . .. .. .. 2, 483, 545

Germany . 865, 984 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 1, 133,878
United States. . . 763, 132 United States . . . 929, 351
France ...... .. .. 627,787 France ....... .. . 807 , 717
Japan ...... .. 471, 962 Japan . . ... . . . .. 616 , 528
Russia ........... 286, 930 Russia . . 595 , 807
Italy . .. . . . .. . . . 224,837 | Italy . . .. 413, 882
Austria . .. . ... . 198, 159 Austria . ... . . . . .. 260, 751
* Estimated .
A PRESENT DAY MODIFIED WHITEHEAD TORPEDO . (Page 424.)

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COMMAND OF THE SEA.
By Alfred T. Mahan
Rear Admiral, U. S. N. (Retired).
The existing contest between Italy sea ; for granting the end—the moral
and Turkey, confined as it is to the sea obligation—the means, if not them
and to the possession of Tripoli, has a selves immoral, follow as a matter of
double interest. It illustrates on the course. Of such means, command of
one hand the gradual, yet perpetual, the sea is one. Napoleon said that
process by which a higher civilization morale dominates war ; and it is cor
impinges upon a lower ; that is, upon respondingly true that a sense of right
one that is lower in virile efficiency, powerfully reinforces the stability of
however in some instances it may have national attitude and the steadfast
been higher in acquired material com ness of national purpose. If we have
fort, or even in literary and artistic been right, morally, step by step, in
achievement. This tendency can neither the forward march of the past few
be regulated by law, nor brought to years, we are morally bound to sus
the bar of law, without injury to the tain the position attained, by meas
progress of the world toward better ures which will provide the necessary
universal conditions, to which end it means. Of these an adequate navy is
is essential that the efficient supplant among the first ; probably, in our case,
the inefficient. On the other hand this the chief of all.
collision illustrates the importance of Here, as always, it is necessary to
the command of the sea. This also, recur to experience—to the past—in
it should be noted, has been incidental order to comprehend the present and
and determinative in the progress of to project the future. Why do Eng
the world. Through having this com lish innate political conceptions of
mand, Italy thus far has been able to popular representative government, of
localize the land fighting in Tripoli, the balance of law and liberty, prevail
and probably can continue to do so ; in North America from the Arctic
to the great relief of her own re Circle to the Gulf of Mexico, from
sources, and that of a watching and the Atlantic to the Pacific V Because
anxious Europe. the command of the sea at the decisive
It is to this second consideration era belonged to Great Britain. In
that I am here limited by my sub India and Egypt, administrative effi
ject—"The Importance of the Com ciency has taken the place of a welter
mand of the Sea"—with a somewhat of tyranny, feudal struggle, and blood
special reference to that importance as shed, achieving thereby the compara
touching the United States. The tive welfare of the once harried popu
United States in her turn, after hav lations. What underlies this adminis
ing achieved national efficiency, by the trative efficiency? The British navy,
quenching of internal discord in a bit assuring in the first instance British
ter and bloody contest, has found her control instead of French and there
self compelled inevitably into the same after communication with the home
path of seeming aggression upon less country, whence the local power with
efficient social and political communi out which administration everywhere
ties ; to bear her part of "the white
man's burden," as it has been styled. is futile. What, at the moment the
For in essence this process is not one Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed, in
sured beyond peradventure the immu
of aggrandizement, but of responsibil
ity; responsibility not to law, which nity from foreign oppression of the
always lags behind conditions, but to Spanish-American colonies in their
moral obligation entailed by the par struggle for independence? The com
ticular circumstances of the moment of mand of the sea by Great Britain,
notion. backed by the feeble navy but impos
This moral side of the question is ing strategic situation of the United
not irrelevant to the military one of States, with her swarm of potential
the importance of commanding the commerce-destroyers, which a decade
Copyright 1911, Munn * Co., Inc.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 41.1
before had harassed the trade of even parent that bitterness against Great
the mistress of the seas. Britain has been even more marked
Less conspicuously, but no less than against Fiance.
truly, to what do Algiers and Tunis, The lesson for the United States is
and to what eventually will Morocco, plain. In the strategic position be
owe redemption from conditions liare- fore mentioned, in remoteness from
ly, if at all, above the barbarous? Europe, in the rivalries of European
To the command of the sea by the nations, we still have a local and in
nation which already has restored the ternational advantage for preponder
former two, to be fruitful members ance in American waters; but it is
of the world community. That South not so great as to confer certainty
Africa is now a united commonwealth, without reasonable provision for in
instead of two opposing communities, suring command of the sea. In the
such as the North and South of our Pacific, which is equally our coast
own country might have been, is due line, and to which the future mostly
to the same cause ; a local preponder looks, we have no similar advantage.
ance of force insured by sea power. Much as I dislike and reject the
It may safely be claimed that to the phrase "supremacy in the Pacific," it
navy of the United States chiefly is true that we there have duties
is owing the present Union, instead of which in case of disputes will require
the existence of two rival nations the presence of naval force adequate
vying, or trying to vie, with each to command. Duty to the mutual
other in military preparations, like support of our two chief coasts dic
the nations of Europe. The four tates full control of the Panama
years' struggle of the Confederate Canal, which from the military stand
States might not have ended in ex point is the key to any broadly
haustion, had it not been for the block planned system of preparation for na
ade, which shut in their cotton and tional defense.
shut out their supplies. But obligation is no less on ac
Contrast this impressive exhibit, count of the Philippine Islands. Hav
where the command of the sea has ing assumed control of these under
been operative, with the history and imperative circumstances, we are
achievement of those great States bound in honor to support an under
which have not possessed it. Con taking, our fitness for which is at
trast Bosnia and Herzegovina for tested by results. To them we are
Austria, Alsace and Lorraine for Ger responsible for the maintenance of
many, with the expansion of France. conditions under which material pros
Great Britain, Holland, and with that perity can advance, and their dissimi
which Spain once possessed ; now lost lar and discordant inhabitants reach a
through an inefficiency, one of the first homogeneous civilization and political
symptoms of which was the decay of development whic h will enable them to
her navy. The magnificent efficiency govern themselves. To Cuba, though
of the present German Empire strives independent, we owe by specific guar
now, against almost hopeless disad antees of maintenanae of a like in
vantage, for the opportunity to exer ternal security. These national and
cise that efficiency outside its Euro international functions can be dis
pean limits. Opportunity was lost charged, certainly only by command
through the absence of naval force in of the sea. The Pacific, the Atlantic,
the past centuries, when the maritime and the Caribbean, with the great
countries were occupying, and. in ac controlling stations, Porto Rico. Gunn-
cordance with their respective political tanamo, the Canal Zone, and Hawaii,
aptitudes, were determining the future depend upon this command, the expo
of immense tracts of the world. Much nent of which is the navy, and in which
time must elapse before we shall know ships and stations are interdependent
the inside history of the still unar- factors. To place the conclusion con
ranged dispute with France about cretely and succinctly, the question of
Morocco ; but there is reason to be command of the sea is one of annual
lieve that the consciousness of the increase of the navy. This question
is not "naval," in the restricted sense
British navy at the back of France of the word. It is one of national
has been one of the largo factors in policy, national security, and nation/
the negotiations. At least it is ap obligation.
414
Courtesy
Aero
the
of
of
Club
Bulletin
"America From pHenry
Reuterdahi
abyainting
VAN
E
DELTNI
.DELE
THE T
TIL
YES
IMAX
"“ONEW -*
ships' data, tj. s. naval vessels.

(Including those authorized by act of Congress approved Aug. 22, 1912.)
Fit for service,
including those Under con Authorized.
under repair. struction.
Type.
Dis Nuuv Displace Num
Num Displace Num place
ber. ment. l>er. ment. ber. ment. ber.
Tons. Tons. Tims.

Biltleships, first line 205, 650 161,000 . = 31,400
Battleships, second line 244,146
Armored cruisers 140,080
Cruisers, first class . 46,405
Cruisers, second class 33,501
Cruisers, third class 48,748
Monitors - 39,004
Destroyers 23,551 10, 190 0,321
Torpedo boats 4,821
Submarines 5.229 S.208 '.14,100
Tenders to torpedo vessels 20,001 1.40S >.*9,900
Gunboats.. 25,078 1,505
Transports 20,595
Supply ships 25,400
Hospital ships 9,000
Fuel ships 155,003 29,000
Converted yachts 9,634
Tugs ..... 15,884 2,240
Special type 26,335
Unserviceable for war purposes. 59,421
Total 323 |t, 104,926 42 279,0)6 2: 82.3S6 387
' Approximately. ' Design being prepared. > Excepting the Justin.
PAY IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY.

The yearly pay of cumin Lssioued officers of the Cuite I States .Vtvy is as follows: Admiral,
$13,500; Ilear-Admirals, first nine, $S,000; Hear-Admirals, second nine, or Commodores, $0,000;
Captains, $4,000; Commanders, $3,500; Lieutenant Commanders, $3,000; Lieutenants,
$2,400; Lieutenants (junior grade) $2,000; Ensigns S1.70(t; Midshipmen (at Naval Academy)
$600: Midshipmen (after Grad.l, §1,400. All olii.-er> lielow the rank of Rear-Admiral are
entitled to 10 per cent, increase upon the full yearly pay of their grades for each and every
period of five years' service as " longevity p:iy " provided that tfie total amount of such increase
shell not additional
exceed 40 for
per sea
cent.duty,
u[wmor the
shorefullduty
yearly pay continental
of their grade.
limitsAll officers receive
per cent beyond of the United Staf 10
except Porto Kico and Hawaii.
SHIPS' DATA , U . S. NAVAL VESSELS.
Fit for service, including those under repair,
Displace
Displace
Displace
Number
Displace
Displace
Displace
Number
1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911
Number
Number
Number
Number
Type.
ment
ment
ment
ment
ment
ment
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Toas.
First-class battleships.. 16 198, 250 22 292 , 146 | 25 334, 146 25 334, 146 406 , 146
3
Second-class battleship . 1 6 ,315 1 6 , 315 1 6 , 315 1 6,315 1 6,315
Armored cruisers.... ... 4 54,720 6 83,720 9 125, 580 10 140,080 10 140, 080 10 140,080
First-class cruisers..... 3 27,065 5 46, 465 5 46,465 465 5 46, 465 5 16 ,465
Armored ram . ...... ... 2,183 . . . . .. . . . .. .
Single-turret monitors.. 4 12, 4 / 12, 900 4 900 12, 900 12,50
Double-turretmonitors. 6 . 26, 6 26, 104 26 , 104 26,104
Protected cruisers..... . 19 | 76, 070 1976 ,070 19 76 ,070 18 71, 987 67, 574
Unprotected cruisers.. . 3 6, 6, 216 6 , 216 4, 144
e
Scout cruisers . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .27,500 11, 250 11, 250
00
Gunboats..... ......... 9 11,564 11, 564 9 11,564 10 ,387 8,677
Light-draft gunboats... 4,155 3 4,155 4, 155 4, 153
Composito gunboats.... 81 8, 190 8,1908 1 8, 190 8, 190 8,190
Training ship,sheathed . 1 1, 175 1 1,175 il 1, 175
0
Training ships, steel... . .... ... ..... 3,600 2 3,600 2 3,600 3 ,600 3,600
Training brigantine. ..? 1 346 346 1 346 1 346 1 346 348
Special class........... . 2 2, 416 2 2 ,416 2 2,416 2 2,416 2,416
Gunboats under 500
tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 265 12 3,095 12 3 ,095 2,69
Torpedo -boat destroyers 695 16 695 21 19 , 00
Steel torpedo boats..... 35 ,737 35 5, 737 / 33 5, 111
Wooden torpedo boats. 1 31 1
Submarine torpedo
boats . . . 935 12 1, 719 12 3, 485 3 ,745
Iron steam vessels.. .. . . 5 3, 606 3 3,056 3 3,056 3 ,05
Wooden steam vessels. . 8, 840 8,840 5,565 5,568
Wooden sailiog vessels. 10,045 / 5 5,895 5 5, 895 5,630
Tugs. ... . ... . ... .. ... . . 1 15,013 1 15,713
Auxiliary cruisers. .. ... 28, 3394 24,959 24,259
Converted yachts . . . ... 10,421 10, 10
Colliers...... ..... ..... . 15 274,854 15 374,854 15 374, 854 20 135,417 : 150 ,40
Bubmarine tenders .... . ... 1 357 2 807 | 2 807 4 4, 702 5 6,771
Mine-laying ship .. ... .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. 1 4 ,083 1 4,083 1
Repair ship ........, 1 . J.. .. ... . il 3,380 il 3, 380 il 3. 380 il
1 Excepting Locust. * Excepting Justin .
SHIPS' DATA , U . S. NAVAL VESSELS.

Fit for service, including those under repair.
Displace
Displace
Displace
Displace
.Number
Displace
1909 1910
Number
1911
Number
1907 1908
Number
1906
Number
Number
Displace
Type.
ment
ment
.ment
.ment
inent
ment
,
.
.
.
.
.
Tons. Tons . Tons. Tons . Tons . Tons.

Transports and supply 10 50 523 44 , 384 44, 384 44, 384
ships. . . . . 11 53, 247 50 ,084
Hospital ships..... .. .. . 1 3, 300 1 3,300 1 3,300 2 9,000 2 9 ,000 2 9, 000
Receiving ships ... ..... 18, 9955 21, 250 5 21.250 4 18, 995 4 18 , 995 5 23 ,408
Prison ships... ... .. . .. . 2 1 4, 850 2 34, 850 2 14, 850 3 17, 105 3 2 4 , 005 31 24,005
Total.... ... . .. .. . 276 687, 942 285 830 , 815 292 918,833 292 937 , 103 308 1, 067,537 312 1, 082, 956
Under construction .
Displace
Displace
Displace
Displace
Displace
Displace
Number
Number
1911
Number
1907 1909 1910

Number
1906 1908
. ber
Number
Туре .
ment
.ment
ment
ment
Num
ment
.ment
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tons . T018. Tons. Tons. I Tons. Tons.

Firsi-ciass battleships .. 9 135,896 15 74 , 000 4 72, 000 6 115 , 650 4 95,650 6 149,650
Armored cruisers.. ... . . 6 85, 360 4 56 , 360 1 14 ,500
First-class cruisers . . ... .. .. . . .
Scout cruisers. 250 3 11, 250 1 3 , 750
Training ships, steel... .
Torpedo-boatdestroyers . 5 ! 3,500 20 14,630 15 11,130 91 6 ,678
Submarine torpedo
boats . .. 784 4 784 7 2 , 103 16 | 5,890 10 4, 124 17 1 7, 732
Tugs . .... 2 1,510 2 1,510 1 755
Colliers .... . ... .

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Scientific American Reference Book

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

LIBRARYS VERITAS OF THE

Compiled and Edited

With 1000 Illustrations

MUNN CO., Inc.

This work is protected by over eighty Copyright*,

New tuition, October. 1913.

Printed in the United States by

The Editorial staff of the "Scientific American" re

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

PART 1. - STATISTICAL INFORMATION.

Chapter II. — Farms, Foods and Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 – 74

Chapter XV. - Navies of the World . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ..409–436

PART II. - SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION .

NOTE .— A complete Table of Contents is of little value where a complete

POPULATION AND SOCIAL

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

COMPARATIVE AREA OF THE UNITED STATES AND

THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. WITH THE ACCESSIONS OF TERRITORY GRANTED BY

PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE BY STATES 1900-1910.

Cities of over 100 ,000 population

Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population

Comparison of the population of all states of the world

German Protectorates 21.461.odo

Hunga 1 696 .000 15 ,662,000 11,232.000 Argentine Rep.

1910 1900 1890 TOTAL

PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE IN RURAL POPULATION:

PERCENTAGE OF URBAN IN TOTAL POPULATION IN 1910.

COLOR, NATIVITY AND PARENTAGE OF POPULATION, FOR

States or Territories. Land surface . Water surface . Total areas.

Sq. m . Acres . Sq. m . Acres. Sq . m . Acres .

AREA OF THE UNITED STATES BY SIZE OF STATES.

Continental United States . . 3 ,026 ,789 2 , 973,890 52,899

POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

Population of Land area Popula

1910 91,972,260 2,973,890 30.9

PRISON POPULATION IN 1910.

Mortality from Consumption

Proportionate Consumption Mortality ~ MALES.

6 -51226 15 :54 222

Mortality from Consumption in Dusty Trades.

1891 . 12,818 ,957 1,727 13 . 6

Courtesy of The Spectator. - F . L . Hoffman, Compiler .

COMPARISON OF SUICIDES AND BUSINESS FAILURES IN THE UNITED

Suicides Business Failures in

* Furnished by R . G . Dun & Co.

DEATHS IN REGISTRATION AREA.

THE PENALTY OF NEGLECT

COUNTRY. 1910 1900 In

DIVORCES : NUMBER AND CAUSES, SPECIFYING THOSE GRANTED TO HUS

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Includes causes unknown.

APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF PURSUITS.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .

DIVORCES : TOTAL NUMBER GRANTED , SPECIFYING THOSE GRANTED TO

14 years . 8 , 210 16 , 867 25 , 077

Total . . . . . .. . . .. 297,455 100.0 | 900, 584 100.0

GRANTED TO HUSBAND , GRANTED TO WIFE ,

IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED , YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1903 TO

TOTAL NUMBER O* IMMIGRANTS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO

SUMMARY OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.

NET INCREASE OR DECREASE OF POPULATION BY ARRIVAL AND DEPAR.

Japanese 6 , 172 2,574 8,574 1,

4 , 361 16 , 887 455