Oper

ati
ngSy
stem:

Iti
sasof t
warethatwor ksasani nt
erfacebetweenauserandt hecomputerhardware.The
pri
mar yobject
iveofanoper at
ingsystem istomakecomput ersyst
em conv eni
entt
ouseand
toutil
i
zecomput erhardwar ei
nanef fi
cientmanner.Theoperat
ingsy st
em perf
ormsthe
basictaskssuchasr eceivi
nginputfr
om t hekey
board,pr
ocessinginstr
uct
ionsandsending
outputtothescreen.

TheSoftwarei
stheNon-TouchablePar
tsoftheComputer,andSoftware’
sarethosewhi
ch
areusedforPer
for
minganOper ati
onSothatSoft
war
e’sarejustusedforMakingan
Appli
cat
ionbuthar
dware’sarethosewhi
chareusedforPer
f or
minganOper at
ion.

Operati
ngsystem i
ssoft
warethati
srequir
edinordertorunappli
cat
ionprogramsand
uti
l
iti
es.Itworksasabri
dgetoperfor
m bett
eri
nteract
ionbetweenappli
cati
onprogr
amsand
hardwareofthecomputer
.Examplesofoperat
ingsystem ar
eUNIX,MS-DOS, MS-Wi
ndows-
98/XP/Vist
a,Windows-
NT/2000,OS/2andMacOS.

Funct
ionsofoper
ati
ngsy
stem

Operat
ingSy
stem MeansthatResourceManager,t
hatmanageal
ltheResour
cest
hosear
e
Att
achedtotheSyst
em,l
ikeMemor y,
Processor
,I
nput
/out
putDevi
ces.

Stor
ageManagement
:I
tmanageal
ltheSt
ori
ngandAccessi
ngFi
l
esandDi
rect
ori
es
Reading/
Wri
ti
ngOper
ati
ons.

Operati
ngsystem managesoveral
lacti
vi
ti
esofacomput erandt heinput
/outputdevi
ces
att
achedtot hecomputer
.Iti
sthefi
rstsof
twar
ey ouseewheny outurnonthecomput er,
andthelastsoft
wareyouseewhent hecomputeristur
nedoff.Itisthesoft
war ethat
enablesal
ltheprogr
amsy ouuse.Atthesimpl
estlev
el,anoperatingsyst
em doest wothi
ngs:

Thef i
rst,i
tmanagesthehardwareandsoftwareresourcesofthecomput ersystem.These
resourcesincl
udetheprocessor
,memor y
,diskspace,etc.Thesecond,itprovi
desast abl
e,
consistentwayforappl
i
cationstodeal
withthehardwar ewithouthav
ing-toknowallthe
detai
lsoft hehar
dware.

Thefirstt
askisv eryi
mportanti.
e.managingt hehardwareandsoft
war
eresour
ces,as
vari
ousprocessescompet etoeachot herforgett
ingtheCPUt i
meandmemor yspaceto
completethet ask.I
nthi
sregard;theoperati
ngsystem actsasamanagert
oallocat
ethe
avai
lableresourcesto'
sati
sfytherequir
ement sofeachprocess.

Thesecondt aski .
e.prov
idi
ngaconsi stentapplicati
oninterf
aceisespeciall
yimportant.A
consi stentapplicati
onprogram i
nterface( API
)allowsauser( orS/W developer)t
owr it
ean
applicat i
onpr ogram onanycomput erandt orunt hi
sprogram onanothercomput er
,evenif
thehar dwareconf i
gurati
onisdif
ferentlikeasamountofmemor y
,ty
peofCPUorst orage
disk.Itshi el
dst heuserofthemachi nef rom t
hel ow-l
eveldetai
lsofthemachi ne'
soperati
on
andpr ovidesfrequentl
yneededfacilit
ies.

Pr
ocessManagement
:

I
tmanageal
ltheUserandsy
stem Pr
ocess.
Memor
yManagement
:

Oper
ati
ngSy
stem al
soManagest
heComput
erMemor
ythati
spr
ovi
dedt
othepr
ocess.

Ext
endedMachi
ne:

I
tisbehav
esl
i
keanExt
endedMachi
net
hatPr
ovi
desusShar
ingofFi
l
esbet
weenMul
ti
ple
User
s.

Mast
ermi
nd:

I
tper
for
msManyFunct
ionst
hat
'
swhywecansayt
hatOper
ati
ngSy
stem i
saMast
ermi
nd.

Operati
ngsystemsmaybecl assif
iedbasedoni fmul t
ipl
etaskscanbeper formed
si
mul t
aneously,
andifthesy
stem canbeusedbymul ti
pleusers.Itcanbet ermedassingl
e-
userormulti
-userOS,andsi
ngle-
taskingormul t
i-
taski
ngOS. Amul t
i-
usersy st
em mustbe
multi
-t
aski
ng.MS- DOSandWi ndows3xar eexamplesofsingleuseroper at
ingsystem.
WhereasUNI Xisanexampleofmul ti
-userandmul t
it
askingoper ati
ngsystem.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofOper
ati
ngSy
stem

1)Operat
ingSyst
em i
saCol
l
ect
ionofPr
ogr
amst
hosear
eResponsi
blef
ort
heExecut
ionof
otherPr
ograms.

2)Oper
atingSyst
em isthatwhichResponsi
blei
sforCont
rol
l
ingal
ltheI
nputandOut
put
Devi
cesthoseareconnectedtotheSystem.

3)Oper
ati
ngSy
stem i
sthatwhi
chResponsi
blei
sforRunni
ngal
ltheAppl
i
cat
ionSof
twar
e’s.

4)Operat
ingSyst
em i
sthatwhichProvi
desSchedul
i
ngt
otheVari
ousPr
ocessesMeans
All
ocat
est heMemor
ytov ar
iousProcesst
hoseWantst
oExecut
e.

5)Oper
ati
ngSy
stem i
sthatwhi
chpr
ovi
dest
heCommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
heuserandt
he
Syst
em.

6)Operat
ingSy st
em i
sSt or
edintotheBIOSMeansi ntheBasi
cInputandOut putSystem
meanswhenauserSt art
shisSystem t
henthiswil
lReadallt
heinstruct
ionsthoseare
NecessaryforExecut
ingtheSystem MeansforRunningtheOperat
ingSy st
em, Oper
ating
Syst
em MustbeLoadedi nt
otheComput erFort
his,t
hiswil
lusetheFloppyorHar dDisks
WhichStorestheOperati
ngSystem.