Assignment 2 (ISE Component on Broadband Monopole Antennas)

1. What are the issues related to a long coaxial probe which is required to feed the radiating
metallic patch suspended in air at a large height h?

Soln: If large height exists, a larger probe will be required which means that the probe
inductance increases and the input impedance becomes too inductive to obtain impedance
matching.

2. How do we a yield a very large - impedance BW in planar disc monopole antennas?

Soln: There are two ways to yield a very large – impedance bandwidth in a planar disc monopole
antenna. They are as follows:

a. A monopole antenna generally consists of a thin vertical wire mounted over the
ground plane; whose bandwidth increases with an increase in its diameter. If the
diameter is large, a planar monopole antenna can be equated to a cylindrical
monopole antenna.
b. A planar monopole antenna can be seen as a microstrip patch antenna on an
extremely thick substrate with ϵ r=1, so we can expect a large bandwidth. So, on the
radiating metallic patch, various higher order modes of the antenna will get excited.
We know that all the modes have large bandwidths, so then the modes will have a
significant tiny change in their impedance variation. By optimizing the shape and size
of the planar antenna, we can optimize the modes to fit within the VSWR=2 in the
Smith chart, which will lead to a huge – impedance bandwidth

3. Read section 9.2 related to rectangular monopole antenna. Understand the section
thoroughly and frame question and answers related to this section. From table 9.1 and 9.2
write the inference.

Q. Explain RMSA Suspended in Air with Orthogonal Ground Plane

The side view (fig a) and front view (fig b) of a rectangular radiating patch is showing in the
below figure with equal L = W. The patch is fed with a 50-ohm SMA connector of probe length p
through a fixed ground plane and the orthogonal ground plane is movable. For the moveable ground
plane spacing h = 3 cm from the radiating patch and the probe length p = 0.4 cm, the measured input
impedance (fig c) and VSWR plots (fig d) are shown in the below figure. As seen from the figures,
multiple loops occur due to the excitation of various higher order modes of RMSA. The impedance
plot shows less inductive shift due to the smaller value of the freed probe length p, so the value of p
is increased to 1cm to shift the impedance plot in the clockwise direction.
 Q. What is the effect of increasing height on bandwidth? (Deduction of Table 9.1)

As height is increased, the lower frequency f l decreases and upper frequency f h increases. The
% BW increases as height is increased.

Q. Give parameters to improve the bandwidth of the planar rectangular monopole antenna

The bandwidth can be improved through the following parameters:

a. Width
b. Height
c. Diameter of the probe
d. Length of the probe

Q. Give reason with diagram, what is the effect of probe length and width when all other
parameters are fixed

Effect of Probe Length

As the length of probe increases, the probe inductance increases and the input impedance plot
shifts up in the clockwise direction. VSWR plot (fig a) and input impedance plot (fig b) is given for two
values of probe length.
 As width decreases, the size of the loop in the impedance plot increases and the plot shifts
rightwards. Diagram of the VSWR plot and input impedance plot is given in the above figure.

Q. Bring out the technical differences from the bottom figure

A square monopole antenna (fig a) for L=W =4.5 cm, gives us a extremely high bandwidth as
compared to the rectangular monopole antenna with a larger width (fig c)and nearly as good
performance as of a rectangular monopole antenna with large width (fig b).

4. Compare Planar Equilateral Triangular Monopole, Planar Hexagonal Monopole, Planar

Circular Monopole Antennas and Planar Elliptical Monopole Antennas in terms of design
parameters, VSWR plot, BW, input impedance plot and design equations?

Planar Equilateral Planar Hexagonal Planar Circular Planar Elliptical

Triangular Monopole Monopole Monopole
Monopole Antenna Antenna Antenna
Antenna
Design Feeding at the Feeding at the Surface area Must be fed
Parameter middle of the middle of the must be equal to along the minor
side side the other axis
monopole
antenna
VSWR Plot Outside the circle At the circle Within the circle Within the circle
Bandwidth Small Can be small or Very large Improved
 large depending (broad) bandwidth
on configuration bandwidth
Input Impedance Needs optimized Good matching Consistent
Plot matching matching
Design Equations L= √ ( 3 W / 2 ) L= √ 3 l OR L=2 a
r =W / 4 π L= √ 2 l r =a / 4 2 π rL=π ab
r =3l / 4 π
OR r =3 π

5. Analyze the Monopole Antenna for 225–400 MHz and Monopole Antenna for 800–2,000
MHz with respect to radiation pattern, BW, design parameters, VSWR plots, input
impedance plots and its application?

a. For 225 – 400MHz

i. Radiation Pattern: Maximum variation of the pattern in the azimuthal direction
is 2dB at higher frequencies
ii. Bandwidth: Same as of the planar rectangular monopole antenna
iii. Design Parameter: Same as of a planar rectangular monopole antenna. Probe
diameter must be 0.4cm and 0.7cm, and we need to keep W < L to achieve a
wide bandwidth
iv. VSWR Plot: It is less than two
v. Application: Military Applications

b. For 800 – 2000 MHz

i. Bandwidth: Extremely large
ii. Design Parameter: Same as that of a CM Antenna but f L =800 MHz
iii. VSWR Plot: Greater than two
iv. Application: GSM and wireless local loop (WLL) communications