Jessica Sie 11

Jessica Sie
Jessica Sie 11

Designing
Procedure
Preparation of primary standard KHP
1) Take note of mass and percentage purity of pre weighed KHP
Mr=204.45g/mole
2) Dissolve in a small beaker with distilled water and transfer to a 100 ml
volumetric flask, fill up the flask with water until the 100ml mark
Standardization of NaOH
1) Fill the burette of NaOH (aq) of unknown solution
2) Pipette 25cm3 of the prepared standard solution of 0.1 mol dm-3 KHP (aq)
into a clean conical flask
3) Using a clean 1cm3 pipette, add 5 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator
solution to the conical flask and place the flask onto a white tile.
4) Gradually add the NaOH to the KHP (titration), until the end point of a
color change by the indicator is observed. Be sure to swirl the solution in
the conical flask to observe color change.
5) Record the volume of NaOH added from the burette. Take the final and
initial reading of the burette by looking at the lover meniscus of the
solution within eye level.
6) Repeat the titration until final values within 0.05 cm3 are obtained. Do 3
trials for this experiment, titrating the unknown NaOH against the same
KHP, and calculate the average. Record uncertainties as well.
Titration of NaOH and Vinegar
1) Fill a burette with the solution of NaOH standardized in part 1
2) Pipette 1 cm3 of vinegar to a clean conical flask. The brand and
concentration will be unknown
3) Add 5 drops of phenolphthalein solution as an indicator to the conical
flask. Place the flask onto the white tile
4) Titrate the NaOH against the vinegar, until a color change is observed by
the indicator.
5) Record the volume of the NaOH added.
6) Repeat the titration until values within 0.05 are obtained. Do 3 trials for
this experiment, calculate the average and record uncertainties.
Equipment
For preparation of primary standard KHP
Apparatus Details
Volumetric flask 100 ml
Electronic balance Uncertainty of +0.01g

Chemicals Details
Distilled water 500 ml
Jessica Sie 11

For standardization of NaOH

Apparatus Details
Pipette 25cm3 & 1cm3
White tile 20cm x 20cm
Burette 50cm3
Erlenmeyer flask 20cm3

Chemicals Details
NaOH solution Unknown concentration
KHP solution 0.1 mol dm-3
Phenolphthalein solution

For the titration of NaOH and vinegar

Apparatus Details
Pipette 1cm3
White tile 20cm x 20cm
Burette 50cm3
Erlenmeyer flask 20cm3

Chemicals Details
NaOH solution Standardized from part 1
Vinegar solution Unknown concentration
Phenolphthalein solution

Process

Collection of raw data

Part 1
Volume NaOH Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Final Volume / 35.50 36.50 39.5
cm3
Initial Volume / 0.00 0.00 3.10
cm3
Titre /cm3 36.50 36.50 36.40
Uncertainty +0.1 +0.1 +0.1
Jessica Sie 11

Part 2

Volume NaOH Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Final Volume / 17.00 30.30 39.20
cm3
Initial Volume / 0.00 17.50 30.30
cm3
Titre /cm3 17.00 12.80 8.90
Uncertainty +0.10 +0.10 +0.10

Data Processing
Part 1
Mean titre
 Average titre = (Trial 1 + Trial 2 + Trial 3) /3
 (36.50 + 36.50 +36.40)/3
Concentration of unknown NaOH
 (M)concentration base * volume base/1000= (M)concentration acid * volume acid /1000
 M NaOH * 36.10/1000 = 0.10 * 25/1000
Concentration of KHP
 Mass / Mr/ volume
 2.08 / 204.5 / 0.100
Uncertainty of mean titre
 Δ trial 1 + Δ trial 2 + Δ trial3 = Δ mean titre
 0.05 + 0.05 +0.05
Uncertainty of KHP concentration(M)
 Δmass / mass + Δvolume /volume + Δmolar mass /molar mass= ΔM/M
 0.01/2.08 + 0.5x10-4/0.1+ 0 = ΔM/0.102
Uncertainty of NaOH concentration
 ΔM/M = Δvolume acid / volume acid + ΔMacid/M acid + Δvolume base/volume base
 ΔM/0.07 = 5x10-4/ 0.025 + 1x10-3/0.1 + 1.5x10-4/ 0.0361

Part 2
Mean titre
 Average titre = (Trial 1 + Trial 2 + Trial 3) /3
 (17.00+12.80+8.9)/3
Jessica Sie 11

Concentration of CH3CHOOH
 Concentration base *volumebase = concentrationacid * volumeacid
 0.07 *12.9/1000 = concentrationacid * 1/1000
Uncertainty of CH3CHOOH concentration
 ΔM/M = Δvbase/vbase + ΔMbase/Mbase +Δvacid/vacid
 ΔM/0.903 = 1.5x10-4/(12.9/1000) +2x10-3/0.07 + 3x10-5/(1/1000)

Data Processing Table

Average titre /cm3 36.1

Uncertainty of average titre ±0.1
KHP concentration/mol dm-3 0.102
Uncertainty of KHP concentration ±1.0x10-3
NaOH concentration /mol dm-3 0.07
Uncertainty of NaOH concentration ±2x10-3
CH3COOH concentration /mol dm-3 0.903
Uncertainty of CH3COOH ±0.06
concentration

Evaluation

Systematic error Influence on result Possible modification

to reduce impact
Leaking burette The volume used to Change the burette to
neutralize the solution an unbroken one
may be less than the
recorded value. As a
result the recorded
value leads to a higher
mole, and thus a higher
concentration of the
unknown solution
during calculation
Jessica Sie 11

Random error Influence on result Possible modification

Taking the volume of The volume recorded Place the apparatus on
solutions used may be inconsistent and a table and bring
not accurate each time, oneself down to
hence leading to eyelevel with it.
inaccuracies in the final Take the reading of the
result lower meniscus of the
solution each time

Varying endpoints for Each trial might use a Hold a color wheel up
titration different volume of to the conical flask as a
base to neutralize it marker of the end color
for the titrate
Contamination of Varying concentrations Use a clean apparatus
solution of the solution leads to for handling different
different amounts of the solutions.
solution in the opposite Change pipette, conical
end of the pH spectrum flask, burette for each
to neutralize it in solution.
between each trial

The percentage difference between the ethanoic acid content on the product given and
the obtained result is 5.418%
Working
0.000903 *60 = 0.05418 /1*100 = 5.418%
Percentage volume of ethanoic acid = 5%
Working
[(0.07 * 12.9/1000) / (1/1000 * 24) ] *100 = 3.7625%= 3%
Mol of acid /Gram of NaOH * 100
The assumptions made in these calculations are that the results obtained are not 100%
accurate due to some errors and misleading volumes, using a wrong or varying
endpoints per trial and using the inaccurate concentrations due to contamination.
The main weakness of this experiment is the reliance on the human senses,
specifically the human eye, to detect possibly minute color changes in the conical
flask. Due to this it is hard to verify the exact volume used to neutralize the solution
so that it changes color.
It is possible to say that equipment and time management is performed above
satisfaction, as the experiment was carried out within the time allocated, meaning the
time management was efficient. For the equipment management, no equipment was
broken or damaged. All apparatus were returned after the chemicals are disposed and
the equipment washed.
Jessica Sie 11

The data measured is said to have a high validity. For the raw data, the only
uncertainty is the instrumental uncertainty, thus it has a very low uncertainty. For the
processed data, it has a high uncertainty value which is because of the propagation of
errors.
To ensure that the errors are prevented, reading volumes should be done at eye
level and one should take the value of the lower meniscus. In addition, a color wheel
should be held up to the conical flask to ensure that the titrate reaches the same
endpoint. In order to obtain the most accurate result, the experiment can be repeated
several times and the mean result calculated form the above. Lastly, contaminations
between substances should be avoided by using clean apparatus for each substance
and using a different apparatus for handling each one.