Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net 310. Fundamentals of Survesing From the law of cosines ey = cos 3COOKISTOS) 3289" -1 120% + 191.05? — 100? a= cos Fz0KI9TOS) 637° ‘Azimuth of OP = 180° ~ (47.12 + 32.85) = 100.03" : ‘Azimuth of OsP = 360° - ($7.12 ~ 26.87) = 339.35" Coordinates of P from O} Xp = 330.00 + 100 sin 79.97° 328.47 m Yp = 330.00 ~ 100 cos 79.97° 1248:m Check (coordinates from 0:) Xp = $70.00 + 120 sin 20.25° = 428.46 m ¥p = 200.00 + 120 cos 2025° = 31258 m 12.4 COMPOUND CURVE ‘A compoind curve consists of a number of circular‘curves of different radii joined together with centres ofthe curves all lying on ont side of the curve. The Point of curvature of the nent curve is the point of tangency of the previous éne. Figure 12.27 shows a compound curve. The equations of the compound curve ean be derived by considering the Figs. 12345 as a closed traverse an¢ applying the usual conditions of a closed traverse, ie. algebraic sum of departures and latitudes are zero. Assuming the direction of 1-2 as the Nort lin, the azimuth end length of other lines can be tabulated as follows: The following three equations can then be derived: Ty + Ty cos A -Ry sin 4 + (Ry - Ry) sin 4; = 0 (12.16) Ty sin 4 + Ry cos 4 ~ (Ry~ Rj) £05 4) R) = 0 a2a7) Ad =d (12.18)Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net Curves 311 Fig, 12.27 Elemens of a compound eure, Table 121 Data of Tavete 1-2-5445, | Length Departure Laude E v N 2 o ° Ri 23 so n 34 ota Theo d Tain +5 ise Rusin Rees | 1 4 en) Ri) sin 4, 08 By ‘There are seven unknowns 7), Ta; Rt, Res dy. 45 and 4. . ‘Since there are three equations, out of seven unknowns four must be known before the equations can be fully solved. Example 12.9 A railway siding isto be curved through aright angle and in order to avoid buildings. The curve is to be compound, and radii of the two branches ace 240 m and 360 m. The distance from the intersection point of the end straight to the tangent point at which the 240 m redius curve leaves the straight is 300 m Fig. 12.28), Obtain the second tangent length of whole curve. Solution The three equations of compound curve are: T+ Ty c05 —Ry sin A+ (Re~ Ri) sin 4, = 0 ® Ty sin A+ Ry cos A ~ (Re ~ Ry) €05 dy ~ Ry = 0 @ athe ® Downloaded From : www EasyEnginceringnetDownloaded From : www EasyEngineering.net 312 Fundamentals of Surveying ae Fig. 12.28 Example 129. Hee 7 = X0m : 3-90 Ay 40m . Ry = 360m : Equation (1) then reduces 10 300 + 0-360 + 120 sin 4, =0 Equation (2) gives T, +0 - 120 cos 30° -240= 0 Ta= 140 + 120 cos 30° = 343.92 m Example 12.10 Referring to Fig, 12.29, if T; = 100 m, Ry = 140 m, 4; = 18°15, : 12°10 and the chainage of the point of intersection is at station $0 + 19.70. Using the arc definition of degree of curve, coripute Tz, Ry and Ay and the chainages of the point of compound curvature and the point of tangency. Solution The three equations of compound curve are: Downloaded From : www-EasyEngincering.net‘Downloaded From -www.EasyBngineering net Cures 313 Fig. 12.29 Example 12.10. Ty + Tyc0s 6- Ry sin d+ Ry) sin 4 = 0 a Ty sin A + Ryc0s 4 ~"(Ry Ri) 0s 4; ~ R= 0 ® @ Here T, 100m R= M0m 4 = 1813" : : Equation (1) then reduces to 100 + Tos 42°10, ~ Ry sin 42°10 + (Ry ~ 140) sin 181 = 0 (4) Equation (2) reduces to Ty sin 42°10 +.Ry cos 42°10 ~ (Ry ~ 140) cos 18°15" 140=0 (5) Equation (3) reduces to 18°15" +.) = 42°10" © From (6) by = 2355 From (4) 100 + 73(0.74) ~ Ry(0.67) + (Re ~ 140) (031) = 0 From (5) Tx 0.61) + RYO.74) ~ (Ry - 140) (0.95) ~ 140 = 0 or 0.74 Ty ~ 0.36 Rz = ~ 366 Downloaded From : www_EasyEngiDownloaded From: www EasyEngineering.net 314 Fundamentals of Surv 067 T;- 021 R= 70 Solving 73 = 16790 m Rys5233m Chainage of point of intersection = $0 + 19.70 = 1500 + 19.70 Chainage at the beginning of curve (assuming 30 m chain) = 1500 + 19.7 - 100 247497 Length of first curve = 140 x 4 (radian) CChainage of point of compound curvature = 47 + 9.7 + 44.593 = 47 +54.293 = 48 ch + 24.293 m ‘Chainage of the point of tangency = 48'+ 24,293 + Length of second cue 50235 x 4217 x Length of second curve e 369.732 ‘Chainage of point of tangency = 48 + 24.293 + 369.732 B48 +13 + 4025 = 61 ch 44.025 m “Example 12.11 The following data refer to a compound circular curve which bears to the right (Fig. 12.30). ‘Angle of intersection (or total deflection) = 60° Radius of Ist curve = 20 chains. Chainage of point of intersection =.164 ch + 15.2 m. Determine the running distances of the tangent point and the point of compound curvature_given that the later point is 4.25 chain from the point of intersection af'a back angle of 294°30' from the Ist tangent. Assume 30 m chain. Solution Angle ABD. = 360° - 294°30 = 65°30 20 x 30= 600 m S Radius of Ist curv Chainage of intersection point = 164 ch'+ 15.2 th a Downloaded From : www.EasyEngincering net‘Downloaded From : www-EasyEngineering net Curves 315 1644152 Fig. 1230 Example 12.1. = 164 30+ 152 = 4935.20 m 425 ch = 4.95 x 30 =127.50 m From triangle ABD sin Ay/2 _ sin 65°30" _ __sin 65°30" 15" AD "Tx 600sin dD o (sin yay? = 12S x sin 6530" 0.09 4,2 = 18.115" 4, = 36.23" = 36° 1348" Ay = 60° - 36513548" = 234612" AE = ED = Ry tan.Ay2 = 600 tan 18.115 = 196284 m BE _ - 196284 Ha 7827 * sin 655 = 211.176 m Downloaded From : www EasyEnginecring.net316. Fundamemels of Surveying 1176 x sin sin 2377 76 x 0866, 0303 = 453.79 Chainage of A = Chainage of B ~ BE ~AE= 4935.2 ~ 211.176 - 196.28, 1527.74 EF = 45319 DE= 196.284 DF = 257.51 = Ry tan 11.885 Ry = 122356 m Length of cure AD = 600 x 3873 x = 319.399 m 4527.74 + 379.40 = 4907.14 (Chisinage of point of compotind ‘curvatu tng of ad cone = ASI 507.61 Chainage of PT= 4907.14 + 507.61 = 3414.75 m Example 12.12 A 200 m length of straight connects wo cireular curves both of Which deflect to the right. The radius of the Ist curve is 250 m and that of the 2nd is 200 m. The central angle forthe second curve is 30%, The combined curve is tobe replaced by a single circular curve between the same tangent points. Find the radius ofthe curve. Assume thatthe two tangent lengths ofthe earlier set are equal. Also determine (a) central angle of the new curve (b) central angle of Ist eurve of radius 200 m, Solution Since the combined curve is to be replaced by a single circular curve between the same tangent points, the tangent lengths must be equal. Figure 12.31 shows the original curve with a straight portion in between. The dotted line shows the proposed circular cur +Since the tangent lines remain the samé, the straight lines AQ; and DOs ‘when produced will intersect st O, the centre of the new cure. Draw O,C; perpendicular to 0:8. O16, =,08 - BC But O,B = OsA = radius of Ist curve = 250 m BC, = O;C = radius of 2nd curve « 200 m Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Gunes 317 Fig. 1231 Example 12.12 : Hence 0,¢, = 250 200 = 50m . and 0107 = 2008 + 50? = 206.2 m an! 15 tant 30.2 14038 6 tn BG en $= 140 = 187, At point Op 0,030 + 6+ 90° + dy = 180° Therefor, 00,0 = 180% ~ (6 + 90° + 43) 80° ~(14°2" + 90° + 30") 245s From tingle 00,0 5 00} = 0,03 + 00}. 20,0;00; cos 45°58" (R= 250} = 206.2" + (R ~ 200) - 28 ~~ 200)(206.2)(0.695) or P= 500 R + 250% = 20627 + R400 R + 200% ~ 286,51 R + 57323.6 Solving, R = 414.488 m. Jn he tangle 00,0, woe . modo 00, = R~ 250 = 164.458 m i 00, = R~ 200 = 216.458 m Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering netDownloaded From : www-EasyBngineering net 318 Fundémemals of Surveying 164.458 _ 214.458 Hence Sn 4558 "sin OOO, _ MASS x sin 45658" ee 164.458 = 09375 200,03 = 69163" A = 180" ~ (69°3748" + 45°58) = 64°24'12" (By =~ dy = 6421 — 30° = 3424 12" 125 REVERSE CURVE A reverse curve is composed of two simple curves tui as shown in Fig. 12.32. in opposite directions Fig. 1232 Reverse curve, Reverse curves are used when the straights are parallel or intersect ata very small angle. The use of reverse curve is limited to unimportant places like sidings and cross overs. Sometimes reverse curves are provided on roads and railways designed for low speeds. High speeds cennot be provided on reverse curves forthe following reasons: I. They involve sudden change of super elevation (cross slopes) at the junction of two branches of the curve. 2, Steering is dangerous in case of highways. 12.5.1 GENERAL EQUATION OF REVERSE CURVE AB and AC are two straights meeting at an angle g. 7; and Ty are the two tangent Downloaded From www-EasyEnginecring net