!∀

 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 7 1.10 50,8

    
)1+ 9∋ 7 0 −./0, 5.,. . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ ,+1<>(1. ?<+ 1+/(6(∗. . ≅,+. 3(Α.1. 5+/0
)Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4.

.,. Χ,.−.,60: 0 ,+:</∗.10 .2(6.∆ −+Ε.60: <6 +Α+65/0

0, +)?<.)∗0∆ )=0 :+ 5,+02<5+6 +6 3.>+, 20)∗.: =0 :+ 5,+02<5+6 +6 1+20,., 0<
Χ,.−., ?<./?<+, 20(:. Φ ?<+,0 ?<+ +)∗+)1.6 . (1+(. Χ+,./
+50(:∆ )0: +Α+,2Β2(0: 1+ 20)2<,:0∆ .Β −+,+60: 0 5.::0 . 5.::0 1. 20):∗,<4=0 10
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. < :+Ε.∆ 50:∗+,(0,6+)∗+ 7 ?<+ )0: 20)2+)∗,.,+60: +6 2060
,+:0/−+, .: ?<+:∗Γ+: +:∗+ 606+)∗0∆ )=0 :+ 5,+02<5+6 206 (::0

+Ε.
<6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. ?<+ ,+5,+:+)∗. <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗. 206 −.,(Η)2(.
20)Ι+2(1. ϑ σ 2 Κ :∗+ Λ()3()(∗.Μ 7 :Φ 5.,. :+, ,(Χ0,0:0 .:0 . 505</.4=0 :+Ε. 3()(∗.∆ 0:
,+:</∗.10: ?<+ −+,+60: :Φ :+ .5/(2.6 :+ . .60:∗,.Χ+6 30, 3+(∗. 206 ,+50:(4=0
0(: ;+6∆ +)∗=0
7 )0::. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. 206 −.,(Η)2(. 20)Ι+2(1. ϑ σ 2 Κ

,+5,+:+)∗. )0::. 505</.4=0
5+:., 1+ 20)Ι+2+,60: :<. −.,(Η)2(.∆ )=0 20)Ι+2+60:
:<. 671(. ϑ µ Κ 0::0 0;Ε+∗(−0 :+,≅ 0;∗+, <6. .60:∗,. +∆ . 5.,∗(, 1+/.∆ 1+3()(, 0
2Ι.6.10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ 
.60: :<50, ?<+ . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 :+Ε. 1+  


    

671(. 1. 505</.4=0∆ +:∗. )Φ: )=0 20)Ι+2+60: .60: 2Ι.6≅/. 1+ µ 



  
.60: 0;∗+, <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 
n=4

671(. 1+ <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0  7 X 

)∗+: 1+ +3+∗(−.6+)∗+ 3.>+, <6. .60:∗,.Χ+6 ϑ0 ?<+ )0: 30,)+2+,≅ <6 −./0,
+:5+2Β3(20 5.,. X Κ∆ −.60: 5+):., +6 ∗01.: .: .60:∗,.: ?<+ 501+,(.6 :+, 0;∗(1.:
ϑ206 ∗.6.)Ι0 Κ 6 2.1. <6. 1+/.:∆ X .::<6+ <6 −./0, 1(3+,+)∗+ 0)30,6+ −(:∗0
)0 206+40 1. .</.∆ X 501+ :+, −(:∗. 2060 <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. )0,6./ ϑ0<
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./Κ 1+ 671(. µ 

.;+60: ∗.6;76 ?<+ X ∗+6 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 1.1. 50,8

σ2
V (X ) =
n



  

 






< :+Ε.∆ :+ 3(>7::+60: −≅,(.: .60:∗,.: + 5.,. 2.1. <6. 1+/.: 0;∗(−7::+60: <6 −./0,
X −µ
5.,. X ∆ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: 0 −./0, +:∗.,(. +)∗,+ ∆∃ + ∆∃ 
σX

X −µ
0,∗.)∗0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ .::<6(, −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∆∃ + ∆∃ 7 1+ ∃!Ν
σX
Θ
Χ0,. )Φ: 5+Χ.60: + ,+./6+)∗+ 3.>+60: <6. .60:∗,. 206  −./0,+: :∗.
.60:∗,. ,+:</∗0< +68
∆ !∆ ∆ 
.,. +:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2.∆ 0 −./0, 1+ X 30( ∆! 06 ;.:+ )+:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2.∆
∗+60: <6 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 5.,. X  + 20):(1+,.,60: .5+).: +:∗. .60:∗,.∆ X )=0 7
6.(: −.,(≅−+/  <6 −./0, Ρ)(20 ϑ∆!Κ
 5.,. +:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2. 0 −./0, 1+ 9 78
2,5 − µ
Z= 
2

5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ +:∗+ −./0, +:∗., )0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∆∃ . ∆∃ )=0 7 6.(: ∃!Ν :∗0
50,?<+ . +Α5,+::=0 .2(6. )=0 .::<6+ 6.(: −./0,+: 1(−+,:0:∆ ./+.∗Φ,(0:  <6 −./0,
Ρ)(20
∆! 7 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ <6. 20):∗.)∗+
 −./0, 1+ µ 7 ∗.6;76 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ 20):∗.)∗+  1+:20)Ι+2(10 .: 7 20):∗.)∗+

671(. 1. 505</.4=0 7 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ <6 −./0, Ρ)(20

∆ 50, 3(6∆ 0 1+)06().10,  ∗.6;76 7 20):∗.)∗+
2,5 − µ
.>+)10 . 20)∗. ∆ 0;∗+60: <6 −./0, ?<+ 501+ 0< )=0 +:∗., )0 ()∗+,−./0 ∆∃
2
. ∆∃ 
<.)10 :<;:∗(∗<Β60: . −.,(≅−+/ X 50, <6 −./0, 0;∗(10 5.,. <6. 1.1. .60:∗,.
+:5+2Β3(2.∆ )=0 3./.60: 6.(: +6 5,0;.;(/(1.1+
2,5 − µ
 +,,.10 .3(,6., ?<+∆ 206 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∃!Ν∆ 0 −./0, +:∗.,≅ +)∗,+ ∆∃ +
2
∆∃ 
.:∆ :<50)10 ?<+ +:∗+ −./0, +:∗+Ε. +)∗,+ ∆∃ + ∆∃ ∆ 3(2.60: 2068
2,5 − µ
− 1,96 ≤ ≤ 1,96
2
− 3,92 ≤ 2,5 − µ ≤ 3,92
− 2,5 − 3,92 ≤ − µ ≤ 3,92 − 2,5
− 6,42 ≤ − µ ≤ 1,42
− 1,42 ≤ µ ≤ 6,42



  ∃

 






:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆ 7 2Ι.6.10 1+ ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. .
671(. 1. 505</.4=0
+5.,+ ?<+ )=0 ∗+60: 2+,∗+>. 1+ ?<+ . 671(. 1. 505</.4=0 ϑ µ Κ +:∗+Ε. )+:∗+
()∗+,−./0 +6 501+60: 1(>+, ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ +/. +:∗., )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 :+Ε. 1+
∃!Ν

+)∗.)10 +Α5/(2., 1+ 0<∗,. 30,6. 0 ?<+ 30( 3+(∗0

6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0:∆ X +:∗≅ 1(:∗.)∗+ 6+)0: 1+ ∆∃ 1+:−(0: 5.1,=0 1. 671(. µ 

060 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 7 ∆ ∗+60: ?<+ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: X 1(:∗. 6+)0: ?<+
∆∃ 1. 671(. µ 

< :+Ε.∆ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: X +:∗≅ +)∗,+ µ − 3,92 + µ + 3,92 

.>+60: . .60:∗,.Χ+6 ;∗+60: <6 +:5+2Β3(20 −./0, 5.,. X ϑΣ∆!Κ :∗+ −./0, 501+
+:∗., 0< )=0 )0 ()∗+,−./0 +)∗,+ µ − 3,92 + µ + 3,92  + 3(>7::+60: ()Ρ6+,.:
.60:∗,.Χ+):∆ +6 ∃!Ν 1+/.: 0 −./0, 1+ X 1+ 3.∗0 +:∗.,(. 20)∗(10 )0 ,+3+,(10 ()∗+,−./0
.,. +:∗+ −./0, +6 5.,∗(2</., ϑ∆!Κ∆ )=0 ∗+60: 2060 :.;+,
.60: :<50, ?<+ +:∗+ −./0, +:∗+Ε. )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 + (:∗0 30, −+,1.1+∆ ?<./ 0 ()∗+,−./0
?<+ 20)∗76 µ Π

 −./0, +)20)∗,.10 5.,. X 7 1+ ∆! :∗+ −./0, 501+ ∗.)∗0 +:∗., Τ +:?<+,1. 1+ µ
?<.)∗0 Τ 1(,+(∗. .60: 3.>+, 0: 10(: 2.:0: +Α∗,+60:
+ X +:∗(−+, Τ +:?<+,1. 1+ µ ∆ 0 2.:0 6.(: +Α∗,+60 :+,(. Ε<:∗.6+)∗+ ?<.)108

X = µ − 3,92
2,5 = µ − 3,92
:∗+ 2.:0 +Α∗,+60 020,,+,(. :+
µ = 6,42



  %

 






+ X +:∗(−+, Τ 1(,+(∗. 1+ µ ∆ 0 2.:0 6.(: +Α∗,+60 :+,(. Ε<:∗.6+)∗+ ?<.)108

X = µ + 3,92
2,5 = µ + 3,92
:∗+ 2.:0 +Α∗,+60 020,,+,(. :+8
µ = −1,42
+:<6()10∆ :<50)10 ?<+ 0 −./0, +)20)∗,.10 5.,. X 1(:∗. 6+)0: 1+ ∆∃ 1+:−(0
5.1,=0 1+ µ ∆ 0: −./0,+: +Α∗,+60: ?<+ µ 501+ .::<6(, :=0 ∆ + ∆ 0,∗.)∗0∆
206 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ µ +:∗≅ )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0
:∗. +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(. 1. 505</.4=0 7 50, −+>+: 2Ι.6.1. 1+ +:∗(6.∗(−. 50,
()∗+,−./0 =0 +:∗.60: /Ι+ .∗,(;<()10 <6 −./0, Ρ)(20∆ 6.: <6. 3.(Α. 1+ −./0,+:
0 206+40 1+:∗. .</. −(60: 2060 3.>+, . +:∗(6.∗(−. 50, 50)∗0 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 50,
50)∗0 )=0 1+∗+,6()≅−.60: <6. 3.(Α. 1+ −./0,+: (6 <6 −./0, Ρ)(20 :∗(6≅−.60: 0
−./0, 1+ µ 206 0 −./0, 1+ X 

.60: 3.>+, 6.(: <6 +Α+65/0 +:∗. −+> −0< 20/02., 0 Λ5.::0 . 5.::0Μ∆ 5.,. Χ+)∗+
206+4., . 3(Α., 2060 3.>+,

∋(   ))∗ +,

6 <6 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+∆ 0: :./≅,(0: 10: +65,+Χ.10: :=0 20):(1+,.10:
)0,6./6+)∗+ 1(:∗,(;<Β10: 206 <6. 671(. Υ + <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ (Χ<./ .
 ∋∋ ϑςΚ 6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 206 ∋∋ 1+:∗+: +65,+Χ.10: .5,+:+)∗0< <6.
671(. 1+ ς ∋∋∋∆∋∋ 5.,. 0: :./≅,(0: +:+Ε.:+∆ 206 ;.:+ )+:∗. .60:∗,.∆ 0;∗+, <6
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. Υ 206 <6 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν∆
20):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 + . ()30,6.4=0 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
5.1,=0 ϑ9Κ ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+  ϑ> Ω Κ Σ ∋∆∋!  ()∗+,−./0∆ 206 0: −./0,+: +6 ς∆ 7
(Χ<./ .
ϑ
Κ Ξ∃ ∋∆∋∋Ψ ∋∋∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∃∆∋∋Ψ ∋∋∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∃∆∋∋Ψ ∋∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∃∃ ∆∋∋Ψ ∋∋∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∋∆∋∋Ψ ∋∋∆∋∋Ζ

−.(/
.,. 1+∗+,6().4=0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ :+Χ<(60:  5.::0:


 08 5,+2(:.60: 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0∆ 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ ,+1<>(1.
ϑ9Κ∆ ?<+ 20)∗76 ∃!Ν 10: −./0,+: ϑ50(: +:∗+ 7 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. :0/(2(∗.10 )0
+)<)2(.10Κ Ι.6.60: +:∗+ −./0, 1+ 9∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.



  &

 






 +Α+,2Β2(0 1(::+ ?<+ +:∗+ −./0, 7 (Χ<./ . 

+Ε.68

    
0Χ08

    
0,∗.)∗08

            
0Χ0∆ ∃!Ν 10: −./0,+: 1+ 9 +:∗=0 )0 ()∗+,−./0 1+  .∗7 
0, (::0∆ 0 −./0, 1+ 9∋ 5,02<,.10 7 
  

2  3 08 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1+
 5.,. . .60:∗,.Χ+6 3+(∗.

  
 !∀#∃% &∀∋ ∀!(!#∃)%


 08 1+∗+,6()., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+


.60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∋∋ ϑ Σ ∋∋Κ

 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+
 3(2.8
 


    
∗ 
  +  ,

∋ 08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.

.,. ∗.)∗0∆ :.;+60: ?<+ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: 0 −./0, 1+  +:∗.,≅ +)∗,+ ∆ + 
 −  − 
.60: :<;:∗(∗<(, 

  
 − −  

:0/.)10 . 671(. 505</.2(0)./8

      −  −
 .    

 ?<+ (:∗0 :(Χ)(3(2.Π (Χ)(3(2. ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗., )0

()∗+,−./0 .2(6. 1+3()(10 7 1+ ∃!Ν

10∗.)10 . .;0,1.Χ+6 3,+?<+)∗(:∗. 1. 5,0;.;(/(1.1+∆ ∗+60: 0 :+Χ<()∗+ + 30::+

50::Β−+/ ,+./(>.,∆ ()Ρ6+,.: −+>+:∆ <6. .60:∗,.Χ+6 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ +6 ∃!Ν 1.: −+>+: 0
()∗+,−./0 .2(6. 1+3()(10 20)∗+,(. . 671(. 505</.2(0)./



  1

 






<(∗0 ;+6
Β . Χ+)∗+ 5+Χ. + 3.> <6. Ρ)(2. .60:∗,.∆ 0;∗+)10 <6 Ρ)(20 −./0, 5.,. .
671(. .60:∗,./ 06 (::0∆ 0;∗+60:8
    , −  −  .   ,
 −  − /

Χ0,. )=0 3./.60: 6.(: +6 5,0;.;(/(1.1+  +,,.10 1(>+, ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ .

671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗., )0 ()∗+,−./0 .2(6. 7 1+ ∃!Ν :∗0 50,?<+∆ .2(6.∆ )=0 ∗+60:
6.(: )+)Ι<6. −.,(≅−+/
∃∃ 7 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ ∋∋ 7 0<∗,0 )Ρ6+,0∆  7 <6 )Ρ6+,0 ϑ1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ 6.: 7
20):∗.)∗+∆ 3(Α0Κ
<.)10 :<;:∗(∗<Β60: . −.,(≅−+/
 5+/0 :+< −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 0;∗(10 5.,. . .60:∗,. 3+(∗.∆
3./.60: +6 20)3(.)4. (>+60: ?<+∆ 206 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗≅
20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 +)∗,+ ∃∃ + ∋∋
5
/ 6

02[: 501+6 Χ<.,1., ?<+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :+,≅ :+65,+ 1. 30,6.

      −  −
 .    

∆ 5.,. 6+60,(>.,∆ 7 :Φ 5+):., .::(6

Φ: 0;∗+60: . 671(. 1. .60:∗,. ϑ)0 2.:0 ∋∋∋Κ Φ: ?<+,+60: .2Ι., <6 ()∗+,−./0
?<+ 20)∗+)Ι. . 671(. 1. 505</.4=0  ,.>0≅−+/ :<50, ?<+ . 671(. 1. 505</.4=0 :+Ε.
5,ΦΑ(6. 1+ ∋∋∋
)∗=0∆ 5.,. .2Ι., +::+ ()∗+,−./0∆ )Φ: .)1.60: <6 50<20 5.,. +:?<+,1. + <6 50<20
5.,. . 1(,+(∗.∆ .0 /0)Χ0 1. ,+∗. ,+./ < :+Ε.∆ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+−+ +:∗., )0
:+Χ<()∗+ ()∗+,−./08
 0
Φ: 5.,∗(60: 1+ ∋∋∋ ϑ671(. .60:∗,./Κ
5.,∗(, 1+:∗+ )Ρ6+,0∆ )Φ: −.60: .)1., <6
50<?<()Ι0 5.,. +:?<+,1. ϑ−.60: :<;∗,.(, ./Χ<6. 20(:.Κ + <6 50<?<()Ι0 5.,. 1(,+(∗.
ϑ−.60: :06., ./Χ<6. 20(:.Κ  ?<+ 20(:. 7 +::.Π
Φ: −.60: .)1., <6 2+,∗0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ 1+:−(0:5.1,=0 5.,. <6 /.10 + 5.,. 0 0<∗,0
   0
  , 0
 ?<.)∗0: 1+:−(0:5.1,=0 )Φ: −.60: .)1.,Π
 +Α+,2Β2(0 7 ?<+ −.( 1(>+, 0 ?<.)∗0 −.60: .)1., 5.,. <6 /.10 + 5.,. 0 0<∗,0 :∗0
:+,≅ 1(∗0 5+/0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. Φ: −.60: .)1., ∋ 1+:−(0:5.1,=0
  ,  
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. )0: 5+,6(∗+ 1+∗+,6()., <6. 3.(Α. 1+ −./0,+: +6 ?<+ :+ 501+
+:∗., . 671(. 505</.2(0)./  <6. +:∗(6.∗(−. Λ50, ()∗+,−./0Μ∆ 50(: )=0 .∗,(;<( Τ 671(.
505</.2(0)./ <6 −./0, Ρ)(20∆ :(6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 ,+./



  4

 






ϑ Κ Ξ ∆  Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃! ∆ ∋!Ζ

−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08
  
+Χ<)10 5.::08

  
+,2+(,0 5.::08
  
     
+∗ +, /
<.,∗0 5.::08

    
    
  
12 3
5
/ 

∋( ∃ 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. +::. +:∗(6.∗(−. 7 1.10 50, +#4)=∃> ∃∗=&,
Ξ0;:+,−.4=08 5+/0 20)∗+Α∗0 1. 5,0−.∆ _+::. +:∗(6.∗(−._ 7 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(.
505</.2(0)./Ζ

+:0/<4=08
+ 2.,. Ε≅ 501+60: .::()./., +,,.10  ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 7 2+)∗,.10
). 671(. .60:∗,./ < :+Ε.∆ 7 2+)∗,.10 +6 !∋∋∋  ()∗+,−./0 30,)+2(10∆ 1+ ∋∆ .
∃∆ ∆ :+?<+, 20)∗+65/. 0 −./0, !∋∋∋



  

 






5
/ 3

∋( % 6 ))) +2 ,

6 5:(2Φ/0Χ0 1+:+Ε. +:∗<1., 0 ∗+650 ϑ+6 6()<∗0:Κ ?<+ 0: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ <6.

20):(1+,.1. :+Χ<+6 <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(.  + −.,(Η)2(.  ∆ .6;.:

2065.)Ι(. /+−.6 5.,. ,+./(>., 2+,∗. ∗.,+3. 0:∗</.:+ ?<+ 0: ∗+650: ). 505</.4=0

1+:20)Ι+2(1.:  5:(2Φ/0Χ0 0;∗+−+ <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗   +65,+Χ.10: + ,+Χ(:∗,0<

,+Χ(:∗,.10:∆ 0;∗(−+,.6:+ 0 −./0, 671(0 89   6()<∗0: + 0 1+:−(05.1,=0 : 

0 ∗+650 ?<+ 2.1. <6 1+/+: 5,+2(:0< 5.,. ,+./(>., . ∗.,+3. .,. 0: ∋∋ ∗+650:

 6()<∗0

Valores selecionados da tabela normal

+
∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .: +)∗,.1.: ,+5,+:+)∗.6 . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+

;

− <

+::. :(∗<.4=0 + <∗(/(>.)10∆ 2.:0 :+Ε. )+2+::≅,(0∆ 0: −./0,+: :+/+2(0).10: 1. ∗.;+/.

)0,6./ 30,)+2(10: .2(6.∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 (∗+6 . :+Χ<(,
 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 10 ()∗+,−./0     , 7 6+)0, ?<+ ∃!Ν

+:0/<4=08
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08

89   
+∗
 /(6(∗+ :<5+,(0, 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 ∆ 0Χ08



  #

 






∋( & 62 )) +25,

6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0 ,+./(>.10 . ,+:5+(∗0 10: :./≅,(0: ,+2+;(10: 50, <6. 1+∗+,6().1.
2/.::+ 5,03(::(0)./ <∗(/(>0< <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∋∋ 1+:∗+: 5,03(::(0).(:∆ ). ?<./ 30,.6
0;:+,−.10: <6. 671(. 1+ ς  ∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ ς ∀ ∆∋∋ <./ :+,≅∆
+6 ,+.(:∆ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1.: 671(.: .60:∗,.(: 10: :./≅,(0: 1+:∗.
2/.::+ 1+ 5,03(::(0).(:Π
ϑ
Κ ∆ 
ϑΚ ∀∆
ϑΚ ∀∆ ∋
ϑ Κ ∀ ∆∋∋
ϑΚ ∀ ∋∆∋∋

−.(
<.)10 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 505</.4=0 7 20)Ι+2(10∆
 7 )0,6./ 206 671(. (Χ<./ .  +
≅
1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Α
+

+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 505</.4=0 7 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: +:∗+ −./0, 50, :<.

+:∗(6.∗(−.
 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ ϑΣ Κ 7 <6 +:∗(6.10, 10 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 505</.4=0 ϑΚ
< :+Ε.∆ 2060  7 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: +:∗+ −./0, 50, ?<+ 7 :+< +:∗(6.10,
0):+?<+)∗+6+)∗+∆
 ∗+,≅ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ 206 671(. (Χ<./ .  + 1+:−(0
Β
5.1,=0 Α
+
: Χ/ Χ/
   Χ/
+∗ + 
5
/ 

/Χ<): ./<)0: 20)3<)1+6 +:∗.: −.,(Η)2(.: ?<+ :<,Χ(,.6 <(1.10 5.,. )=0 20)3<)1(,α
+/+6;,.)108
   7 . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 06.60: 2.1. −./0, 1. 505</.4=0 <;∗,.Β60: 1.
671(. 505</.2(0)./∆ 0;∗+)10 0: 1+:−(0: +6 ,+/.4=0 Τ 671(. 6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 2./2</.60: .
671(. 10: ?<.1,.10: 10: 1+:−(0: :∗0 7 . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./

 &  7 . −.,(Η)2(. 1. .60:∗,.  <6 +:∗(6.10, 1+   06.60: 2.1. −./0, 1.

.60:∗,. <;∗,.Β60: 1. 671(. .60:∗,./∆ 0;∗+)10 0: 1+:−(0: 6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 2./2</.60: .
671(. 10: ?<.1,.10: 10: 1+:−(0: :∗0 7 . −.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./



  &

 






 &  7 . −.,(Η)2(. 1+
 06.60: ∗010: 0: 50::Β−+(: −./0,+: 1+
 <;∗,.Β60: 1.

10: 1+:−(0:∆ 0;∗+)10 . −.,(Η)2(. 1+


671(. 1+:∗. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(.∆ 0;∗+)10 0: 1+:−(0: ./2</.60: . 671(. 10: ?<.1,.10:

≅∆
Ο≅ +:∗<1.60: ?<+   Α

  : 7 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. −.,(Η)2(. 1+


 0;∗(1. :<;:∗(∗<()10∆ ). 3Φ,6</. .2(6. ()1(2.1.∆ . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 5+/.
.60:∗,./
:
: 
∗

∋( 1  < 

(Φ)) +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+∆ 20):(1+,+ .: ∗.;+/.: . :+Χ<(, /.: 30,)+2+6 ./Χ<):
−./0,+: 1. 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ
∗.;+/.  ,+3+,+:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .:
∗.;+/.:  +  ,+3+,+6:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ∋ + ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
.;+/.  .;+/.  .;+/. 
Α ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ
∆∋ ∋∆! ∆∀ ∋∆∃∋ ∆∀! ∋∆∃!
∆ ∋ ∋∆∃! ∆ ∋∆∃! ∆! ∋∆∃
∆  ∋∆∃!∋ ∆ ∋∆∃ ∆ ∋ ∋∆∃∃
 5+:0 1+ 2,(.)4.: ,+276).:2(1.: 10 :+Α0 3+6()()0 )<6. 206<)(1.1+ ∗+6
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+:20)Ι+2(10 6. .60:∗,. 1+ 
,+276).:2(10: ()1(20< <6 5+:0 671(0 1+ ∆∋ ΘΧ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ (Χ<./ . ∋∆
ΘΧ 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃ Ν 7 1.10
50,8
.Κ 3,0 ± 0,37
;Κ 3,0 ± 0,41
2Κ 3,0 ± 0,45
1Κ 3,0 ± 0,68
+Κ 3,0 ± 0,73

−.(
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃ Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./ . !
0):</∗.,+60: . ∗.;+/.  1.1. )0 +)<)2(.10

5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, 0< (Χ<./ . ∆! 7 1+ ∋∆∃ ϑ≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0Κ
0,∗.)∗0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆! 7 1+ Ν ϑ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. .;.(Α0Κ


  1

 






060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆! ∗.6;76 7
1+ Ν
.1. <6. 1.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: .;.(Α0 −./+ Ν

.;+60: ?<+ . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ .  0)2/<Β60: ?<+ . ≅,+. −+,1+ .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃ Ν



  4

 






.;+/.  .;+/.  .;+/. 

ϑΑΚ
ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ
∆ ∋ ∋∆∃! ∆∀! ∋∆∃! ∆∀ ∋∆∃!
∆  ∋∆∃!∋ ∆ ∋∆∃ ∆! ∋∆∃
∆∋∋ ∋∆∃∀∀ ∆! ∋∆∃∃ ∆! ∀ ∋∆∃∃
<50)10:+ ?<+ . 50,2+)∗.Χ+6 1. ,+2+(∗. ()−+:∗(1. +6 +1<2.4=0∆ 10: ∋∋ 6<)(2Β5(0:
1+ <6. ,+Χ(=0∆ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ ∆ 1+:+Ε.:+ +:∗(6., +::. 671(.
.,. ∗.)∗0 :+ :0,∗+0< 1+)∗,+ +::+: ∋∋∆ ./+.∗0,(.6+)∗+ + 206 ,+50:(4=0∆ 
6<)(2Β5(0: + :+ 0;:+,−0< 0: 5+,2+)∗<.(: ()−+:∗(10: 50, +/+: +6 +1<2.4=0 :
,+:</∗.10: ()1(2.,.6 <6. 671(. .60:∗,./ 1+ Ν + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ (Χ<./ . Ν
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃ Ν∆ 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ (8 ± 1,124 )%
;Κ (8 ± 1,117 )%
2Κ (8 ± 0,877 )%
1Κ (8 ± 0,870 )%
+Κ (8 ± 0,755)%

−.(
+60: <6 +Α+,2Β2(0 1+ ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. +6 ?<+ )=0 :+ :.;+ . −.,(Η)2(. 1.
505</.4=0 +−+60: 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6
∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./ . !
∗.;+/. . :+, <∗(/(>.1. 7 .
∗.;+/.  10 +)<)2(.10
.60: 5.,. 0: 5.::0: 1+ :+65,+
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃ Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
. ∗.;+/. ∆ :.;+60: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6+)0,+: ?<+ ∆ 7
1+ ∃Ν 0Χ0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6.(0,+: ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(,
−./0,+: 6+)0,+: ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76 7 1+ Ν
060 20):+?<[)2(.∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ +:∗., +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆ 7 1+ ∃ Ν ϑΣ∋∋Ν 
Ν  ΝΚ
: −./0,+: 1+ ∗ ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 ∃ Ν 10: −./0,+: :=0 ∆ + ∆
t 0 = 2,248

+Χ<)10 5.::08 1+∗+,6().)10 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1+ X 

X = 8% ϑ1.10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ
+,2+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 
n = 16 ϑ30,)+2(10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ



  )

 






σ2 σ2
σX = =
2

n 16
σ
σX =
4
060 )=0 :.;+60: 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: 5+/. :<. +:∗(6.∗(−.
+::+ 6010∆ . +:∗(6.∗(−. 10 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 78
s
sX =
4
2
sX = = 0,5
4
<.,∗0 5.::08 +)20)∗,.)10 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 1. 30,6.8
X − t0 × s X ≤ µ ≤ X + t0 × s X

8 − 2,248 × 0,5 ≤ µ ≤ X + 2,248 × 0,5

8 − 1,124 ≤ µ ≤ X + 1,124
5
/ 

∋( ∗  1< 5≅ ))∗ +,

: :./≅,(0: 10: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+ .5,+:+)∗.6 <6.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+:20)Ι+2(1. 6. .60:∗,.
./+.∗Φ,(. 1+  +65,+Χ.10: 1+:∗+ ,.60 30( .)./(:.1. .5,+:+)∗.)10 <6. 671(. (Χ<./ .
ς !∋∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 (Χ<./ . ς ∋∋∆∋∋ 0):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 + ∗∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./
?<+ ϑ∗ Ω ∗∋∆∋!Κ Σ ∋∆∋! 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ 0;∗+−+:+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(. 505</.2(0)./  ()∗+,−./0 0;∗(10∆ 206 0: −./0,+: +6 ,+.(:∆ 30(
(Χ<./ .

ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ  ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋∀∆!∋Ζ



  

 






−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6().)10 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+  −./0, 1+ ∗∋∆
30,)+2(10 ). ∗.;+/.∆ 7 1+ ∆
Ε  Φ
+Χ<)10 5.::08

  
+,2+(,0 5.::08
:
: 
+∗
 
:    
+ ,
<.,∗0 5.::08
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8

  Ε  :
  Φ  
  
1ΦΦ2 3
5
/ 

∋( ) 6 )) +2,

+6:+ .60:∗,.: ()1+5+)1+)∗+:∆ 1+ 6+:60 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ 1+ 1<.: 505</.4Γ+: )0,6.(:
206 671(.: β + χ + −.,(Η)2(.: )=0 )</.: δ + ε∆ ,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+ +:+Ε.:+ 20):∗,<(,
()∗+,−./0: 1+ 6+:60 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. β + χ ?<+∆ 20)Ε<)∗.6+)∗+∆ ∗+)Ι.6 )Β−+/
1+ 20)3(.)4. ∃∋∆!Ν

::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 1≅ 0 −./0, 5+/0 ?<./ :+ 1+−+ 6</∗(5/(2., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ 2.1.
.60:∗,.∆ )0 2≅/2</0 10: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. ()1(−(1<.(:∆ 5.,. ?<+ :+ 0;∗+)Ι. 0
)Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 20)Ε<)∗0 1+:+Ε.10
∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1≅ −./0,+: 1. 3<)4=0 1+
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ 1. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗



  

 






%,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
ϑΑΚ

! ∆ ∋∆∃∋∋
! ∆∀! ∋∆∃!∋
! ∆ ∋∆∃∀!
 ∆∀ ∋∆∃∋∋
 ∆∀ ∋∆∃!∋
 ∆∋ ∋∆∃∀!
∀ ∆ ∋∆∃∋∋
∀ ∆∀∋ ∋∆∃!∋
∀ ∆∋ ∋∆∃∀!
 ∆∋ ∋∆∃∋∋
 ∆∀ ∋∆∃!∋
 ∆∋ ∋∆∃∀!
.Κ ∋!
;Κ ∋∋
2Κ ∋ ∋
1Κ ∋
+Κ ∋∋∋

−.(

?<+:∗=0 3./. :0;,+ 1(:∗,(;<(4Γ+: 20)Ε<)∗.: 1+ −.,(≅−+(: +60: 1<.: −.,(≅−+(:

./+.∗Φ,(.: 1(3+,+)∗+: + ?<+,+60: +:∗<1., 0 20650,∗.6+)∗0 1+ .6;.:∆ .0 6+:60
∗+650
<+,+60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. 2.1. <6. 1.: 1<.: −.,(≅−+(:
=0 0: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. ()1(−(1<.(:
0(: ;+6∆ +)∗=0 −.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 5.,. 2.1. <6. 1.: −.,(≅−+(:
+∗./Ι+8 ?<+,+60: ?<+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 20)Ε<)∗0 :+Ε. 1+ ∃∋∆!Ν
?<( +:∗≅ .
1(3+,+)4.
 ?<+ (:∗0 :(Χ)(3(2.Π
(Χ)(3(2. ?<+ ?<+,+60: 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, 1+ t 0 1+ ∗./ 6010 ?<+∆ :+ 30::+ 50::Β−+/
3.>+, ()3()(∗.: .60:∗,.Χ+): 1.: 1<.: 505</.4Γ+:∆ +6 ∃∋∆!Ν 1.: −+>+:∆ 0: 10(:
()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. ()1(−(1<.(: 20)∗+,(.6 .: 671(.: 505</.2(0).(:
+Ε. X . 671(. .60:∗,./ 1. 505</.4=0 ?<+ ∗+6 671(. µ  +Ε. Y . 671(. .60:∗,./
1. 505</.4=0 ?<+ ∗+6 671(. θ  <+,+60: 1+∗+,6()., ()∗+,−./0: ∗./ ?<+8
( )
P ( X − t 0σ X < µ < X + t 0σ X ) ∩ (Y − t 0σ Y < θ < Y + t 0σ Y ) = 90,25%

060 .: .60:∗,.: :=0 ()1+5+)1+)∗+:∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1. ()∗+,:+24=0 7 (Χ<./ .0

5,01<∗0 1.: 5,0;.;(/(1.1+:
P( X − t 0σ X < µ < X + t 0σ X ) × P(Y − t 0σ Y < θ < Y + t 0σ Y ) = 90,25%



  #

 






060 0 −./0, 1+ t 0 7 0 6+:60 5.,. 0: 10(: ()∗+,−./0:∆ .: 1<.: 5,0;.;(/(1.1+: :=0

(Χ<.(:
P( X − t 0σ X < µ < X + t 0σ X ) 2 = 90,25%

P( X − t 0σ X < µ < X + t 0σ X ) = 95%

< :+Ε.∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ()1(−(1<./ ∗+,≅ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.

)./0Χ.6+)∗+8
P(Y − t 0σ Y < θ < Y + t 0σ Y ) = 95%
:∗0 :(Χ)(3(2. ?<+∆ :+ 30::+ 50::Β−+/ 3.>+, ()3()(∗.: .60:∗,.: 1.: 1<.: 505</.4Γ+:∆
∗+,Β.60:8
 +6 ∃!Ν 1.: −+>+:∆ . 671(. µ +:∗.,(. 20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 X ± t 0σ X

 +6 ∃!Ν 1.: −+>+:∆ . 671(. θ +:∗.,(. 20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 Y ± t 0σ Y

 +6 ∃∋∆!Ν 1.: −+>+:∆ . 671(. µ +:∗.,(. 20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 X ± t 0σ X +∆ ./76

1(::0∆ . 671(. θ +:∗.,(. 20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 Y ± t 0σ Y

5.,∗(, 1.?<(∆ . :0/<4=0 7 (1[)∗(2. Τ 10: +Α+,2Β2(0: 1.10: .)∗+,(0,6+)∗+

.60: .2Ι., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(.

,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 2+)∗,.10 +6 >+,0∆ 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ ,+1<>(1. ∗∆

?<+ 20)∗76 ∃!Ν 10: −./0,+: ϑ0< :+Ε.∆ 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!ΝΚ
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ ϑ501+60: 3.>+, <:0
1.: ∗,[: 5,(6+(,.: /()Ι.: 1. ∗.;+/.Κ
.60: −+, 0 −./0, 1.   5.,. ∗ Σ ∆
  −./+ ∋∆∃∀!
:∗0 :(Χ)(3(2. ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6+)0,+: 0< (Χ<.(: . ∆ 7 1+
∃∀∆!Ν
≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∋∆∃∀!



  ∃

 






060 . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∆ +)∗=0 . ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. 7 1+ ∋∆∋! 0)2/<Β60: ?<+ .
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ ∆!Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76
7 1+ ∆!Ν
::(6∆ 2.1. <6. 1.: 1<.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆∋!

060 . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∆ . ≅,+. .6.,+/. 7 1+ ∋∆∃!

0,∗.)∗0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆ 7 1+ ∃!Ν ϑΣ∋∋Ν 
∆!Ν  ∆!ΝΚ
+:∗. 30,6.∆ 0: −./0,+: 5,02<,.10:∆ ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 0 ()∗+,−./0 2+)∗,.10 +6 >+,0 ?<+
20)∗76 ∃!Ν 10: −./0,+:∆ :=0 ∆ + ∆
t 0 = 2,131

+Χ<)10 5.::08 .2Ι., 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 5.,. X

X = ? ϑ)=0 30( 30,)+2(1. . 671(. .60:∗,./Κ



  %

 






+,2+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 

n = 16 ϑ30,)+2(10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ
σ2 σ2
V (X ) = =
n 16
σ
σX =
4
060 )=0 :.;+60: 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: 5+/. :<. +:∗(6.∗(−.
+::+ 6010∆ . +:∗(6.∗(−. 10 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 78
s
sX =
4
<.,∗0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ :.;+60: ?<+ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: 0 −./0, 1+ ∗ +:∗.,≅ +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆
− 2,131 ≤ t ≤ 2,131
X −µ
− 2,131 ≤ ≤ 2,131
sX
X −µ
− 2,131 ≤ ≤ 2,131
s
4
s s
− 2,131 × ≤ X − µ ≤ × 2,131
4 4
X − 0,53275 × s ≤ µ ≤ X + 0,53275 × s

X − 0,53275 × s ≤ µ ≤ X + 0,53275 × s
0,∗.)∗0∆ ). 1+∗+,6().4=0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 0 −./0, 5+/0 ?<./ 6</∗(5/(2.60:
0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. .60:∗,. 7 ∋∆!∀!
.,. . 0<∗,. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(.∆ 0: 2≅/2</0: :=0 .)≅/0Χ0:
5
/ 

∋(    ))∃ +2,

+:+Ε.:+ +:∗(6., 0 Χ.:∗0 671(0 +3+∗<.10 50, Χ,<50: 1+  5+::0.:∆ )<6 ,+:∗.<,.)∗+∆
50, 6+(0 1+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ ∃!Ν 6. .60:∗,. 1+ 
Χ,<50: 5,01<>(< 0: −./0,+: ς !∋∆∋∋ + ς ∋∆∋∋ 5.,. . 671(. + 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0
.60:∗,.(:∆ ,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 20,,+:50)1+ .0 ()∗+,−./0 5,02<,.10
:+ . Ι(5Φ∗+:+ 1+ )0,6./(1.1+ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Χ.:∗0: + . ∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1. 3<)4=0
1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ ϑ,Κ 5.,. . +:20/Ι. 10 ?<.)∗(/ .5,05,(.10 .0: 2≅/2</0:
P(Tr ≤ x) = γ
γ ∋∆∃∋∋ ∋∆∃!∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∃∃∋
r
 ∆! ∆∀  ∆! ∆ !



  &

 






! ∆ ∆∀! ∆ ∆ ∋

 ∆∀ ∆∀ ∆∋ ∆!
∀ ∆ ∆∀∋ ∆∋ ∆! ∀
.Κ Ξ∃∆Ψ  ∋∆ Ζ
;Κ Ξ∃∆∋Ψ  ∋∆ ∋Ζ
2Κ Ξ∆Ψ !∆∀∀Ζ
1Κ Ξ∆∃Ψ !∆Ζ
+Κ Ξ∋∆∋∋Ψ  ∋∆∋∋Ζ

−.(
 Β)1(2+ φ,γ∆ ). :(6;0/0Χ(. <:.1. )0 +)<)2(.10∆ ()1(2. 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
,+(0 ?<+ (::0 501+,(. :+, 1(∗0 +Α5,+::.6+)∗+ 5.,. +−(∗., ?<.(:?<+, 1Ρ−(1.:
=0 20)Ι+2+60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 .60: <:.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ 0: −./0,+: 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+−+60: 20):</∗.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ . /()Ι. +6 ?<+ , Σ !
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
. ∗.;+/.∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, 0< (Χ<./ . ∆ 7 1+ ∋∆∃∀!

≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∋∆∃∀!

060 . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∆ +)∗=0 . ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. 7 1+ ∋∆∋! 0)2/<Β60: ?<+ .
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ ∆!Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76
7 1+ ∆!Ν
::(6∆ 2.1. <6. 1.: 1<.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆∋!



  1

 






∋(  ! ; ))∃ +2,

6. ,+−+)1. 1+ .<∗06Φ−+(: −+)1+ 2.,,0: 60)∗.10: )0 ,.:(/  5,05,(+∗≅,(0 +:∗≅
()∗+,+::.10 +6 +:∗(6., 0 −./0, 671(0 χ 10: Χ.:∗0: +Α∗,.: 206 052(0).(: 2.:.10: 206
. 2065,. 1+ 2.,,0: )0−0: 6. .60:∗,. 1+  −+)1.: 5,01<>(< <6 −./0, 671(0 1+
ς∋ ∆∋∋ 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ ς ∆∋∋
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 1≅ 0: /(6(∗+: 1+
20)3(.)4. 5.,. χ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ ∃Ν
∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1≅ 0: ?<.)∗(: Α ∆ 1+ 0,1+6 η ∆
P(Tr ≤ x) = γ ∆ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ +:5,+>+
2+)∗.−0:

.Κ Ξς ∃!!∆∋∋Ψ ς  ∆∋∋Ζ

;Κ Ξς ∃ ∆∋∋Ψ ς !!∆∋∋Ζ
2Κ Ξς ∃∃∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∆∋∋Ζ
1Κ Ξς ∃∃∀∆∋∋Ψ ς ∆∋∋Ζ
+Κ Ξς ∃∆∋∋Ψ ς  ∆∋∋Ζ

−.(
060 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7  ϑ) Σ  Κ∆ +)∗=0 <:.60: . ∗.;+/. 5.,. ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+ ϑΣ) & Κ ,.∗.:+ 1. 5,(6+(,. /()Ι. 1. ∗.;+/. .2(6.
. ∗.;+/.∆ ∗+60: ?<+8

Ε  ,Χ  
0Χ08

Ε  ,Χ      

::(68

Ε  ,Χ  
 ?<+ ,+:</∗. +68

,Χ  Ε  ,Χ        /
+:∗+ 6010∆ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 (Χ<./ . ∆∃∀
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08
:

  Ε 
+∗
,,
  ,Χ 
+



  ∗

 






,,
  ,Χ 
,
  
1/2 /3
5
/ 

∋( # !

:
 3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ +)∗=08
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975 Ψ P (t < 2,49) = 0,99 Ψ P (t < 1,71) = 0,95
 Β)1(2+ 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7 2./2</.10 1(−(1()10 0 5+:0 1. 5+::0. 5+/0 ?<.1,.10 1+
:<. ./∗<,. .,. . 505</.4=0 1+ Ι06+): 1+ 6+(. (1.1+ ?<+ 6.(: ∗.,1+ 1+:+)−0/−+6 .
10+)4. 1+ 1(.;+∗+:∆ . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Β)1(2+: ;≅:(20: 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 σ 1+:20)Ι+2(10: .,. <6.
.60:∗,. 1+ ! Ι06+): :+/+2(0).10: 1+::+ Χ,<50∆ 0;:+,−0<:+ <6 Β)1(2+ 671(0 1+
X = 25,2 ΘΧι6 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 s = 2,5 ΘΧι6 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
5.,. . 671(. µ 1. 505</.4=0 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ 25,2 ± 2,15
;Κ 25,2 ± 1,56
2Κ 25,2 ± 1,03
1Κ 25,2 ± 0,86
+Κ 25,2 ± 0,68

−.(
=0 20)Ι+2+60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 .60: <:.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ 0: −./0,+: 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0  060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 !∆ ∗+60:  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.;+60: ?<+8
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975
0,∗.)∗08
P (t > 2,06) = 1 − 0,975 = 0,025
 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 7 :(67∗,(20 0Χ08
P (t < −2,06) = 0,025



  #)

 






ϑΚ Ξ∀∆Ψ ∆!∃Ζ

ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∀Ψ ∆!Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∀∆!Ψ ∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆! Ψ ∆Ζ

−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.

.  ϑ ∗  Κ
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∃ ϑΣ ∃Κ∆ +)∗=0 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./


Ε  /  
0Χ0∆ :.;+60: ?<+8


Ε  /  
0Χ08


/  Ε  /        
0,∗.)∗08

Ε  /
: −./0,+: ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 . ≅,+. 1+ ∃∋Ν :=0 ∆ + ∆ 

  
+Χ<)10 5.::08

:
+,2+(,0 5.::08
: 
+∗
, ,
:  
+ Φ
<.,∗0 5.::08

  Ε  :
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8

,
  / 
Φ
  ,/
1Χ2 ,/3
5
/ 

∋( %  1< 5≅ ))∗ +,

: :./≅,(0: 10: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+ .5,+:+)∗.6 <6.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+:20)Ι+2(1. 6. .60:∗,.
./+.∗Φ,(. 1+  +65,+Χ.10: 1+:∗+ ,.60 30( .)./(:.1. .5,+:+)∗.)10 <6. 671(. (Χ<./ .
ς !∋∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 (Χ<./ . ς ∋∋∆∋∋ 0):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 + ∗∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./
?<+ ϑ∗ Ω ∗∋∆∋!Κ Σ ∋∆∋! 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ 0;∗+−+:+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(. 505</.2(0)./  ()∗+,−./0 0;∗(10∆ 206 0: −./0,+: +6 ,+.(:∆ 30(
(Χ<./ .



  #

 






ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ  ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋∀∆!∋Ζ

−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6().)10 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+  −./0, 1+ ∗∋∆
30,)+2(10 ). ∗.;+/.∆ 7 1+ ∆
Ε  Φ
+Χ<)10 5.::08

  
+,2+(,0 5.::08
:
: 
+∗
 
:    
+ ,
<.,∗0 5.::08

  Ε  :
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8

  Φ  
  
1ΦΦ2 3
5
/ 

∋( & 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ) Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:



  ##

 






06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6

+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0  30::+ 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :(67∗,(20 1+ ∃!Ν

1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 501+,(. :+, 1.10 50,
:
89   4 
+

+6 ?<+ : ,+5,+:+)∗. 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./

+:0/<4=08
+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 30, 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60:  50, :+< +:∗(6.10,∆ : 0 +)∗.)∗0∆
5.::.60: . <:., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ + )=0 6.(: . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ ./−+>
50, (::0 . ?<+:∗=0 ∗+)Ι. :(10 Ε</Χ.1. 2060 _+,,.1._

0 +)∗.)∗0∆ 2060 . .60:∗,. 7 6<(∗0 Χ,.)1+∆ <:., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  0< . )0,6./ 1≅

5,.∗(2.6+)∗+ )0 6+:60
0 6+< −+, . .5,0Α(6.4=0 7 6<(∗0 ;0.∆ :+)10 :(6 50::Β−+/
<:., . )0,6./ < .::()./.,(. _2+,∗0_
5
/ 3

∋( 1 29Γ 2 )) +2 ,

0):(1+,+ ?<+∆ . 3(6 1+ .−./(., 1+:5+:.: 206 :./≅,(0: 10 5+::0./ /0∗.10 +6 Φ,Χ=0: 10
01+, Α+2<∗(−0∆ 1+∗+,6().1. :+2,+∗.,(. 1+ 3.>+)1. 1+2(1(< 3.>+, <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0
+6 ?<.∗,0 Φ,Χ=0: +6 ,+/.4=0 .0 6[: 1+ .Χ0:∗0 1+ ∋∋∃ : 1.10: 0;:+,−.10: +:∗=0
.5,+:+)∗.10: ). ∗.;+/. .2(6.

06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6

0):(1+,.)10 ?<+ . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: :./≅,(0: :(Χ. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 2<Ε.
−.,(Η)2(. :+Ε. 1+:20)Ι+2(1.∆ 5.,. :(∗<.4Γ+: 1+ 5+?<+).: .60:∗,.:∆ 7 20,,+∗0 <:., 0:
5+,2+)∗(: 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 ). 20):∗,<4=0 1+ ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,.
. 671(. 10: :./≅,(0:


  #∃

 






+:0/<4=08
<.)10 .: .60:∗,.: :=0 5+?<+).: + . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 7 1+:20)Ι+2(1.∆
1+−+60: <∗(/(>., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. 20):∗,<(, 0: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4.
./ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 30,)+2+ ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 6.(0, .65/(∗<1+ ?<+ 0: 20,,+:50)1+)∗+:
()∗+,−./0: 0;∗(10: 206 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 060∆ )0 3<)10∆ +:∗.60: +:∗(6.)10 .
671(. + . −.,(Η)2(. .0 6+:60 ∗+650∆ 7 5,+2(:0 20):∗,<(, ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 6.(0,
.65/(∗<1+ 5.,. 6.)∗+, 0 6+:60 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4.

%.;.,(∗08 +,,.10

∋( 4 !3
 )) +2 ,
6 <6. 1(:5<∗. 206+,2(./ +)∗,+ 10(: 5.Β:+:∆ ϕ + 9∆ .<∗0,(1.1+: 10 5.Β: ϕ
.,Χ<6+)∗.−.6 ?<+ 6+1(1.: 5,0∗+2(0)(:∗.: 10 5.Β: 9 (65+1(.6 . /(−,+ 2(,2</.4=0 1+
;+): +)∗,+ +::+: 5.Β:+: + .20,10 206 +::. .,Χ<6+)∗.4=0∆ .: 2065.)Ι(.: 10 5.Β: 9
5,.∗(2.−.6 5,+40: 6+)0,+: +6 ϕ ?<+ )0 :+< 5,Φ5,(0 5.Β: .,. +:∗<1., +::+ 5,0;/+6.∆
<6 5+:?<(:.10, 0;∗+−+ 1<.: .60:∗,.: ./+.∗Φ,(.:∆ 2.1. <6. 20)∗+)10 ∋∋ −+)1.: )0
5.Β: ϕ + ∋∋ −+)1.: )0 5.Β: 9∆ 5.,. 0 6+:60 5+,Β010 + 5.,. 0 6+:60 ;+6
206+,2(./(>.10 )+::+: 10(: 5.Β:+: . .)≅/(:+ 1.: 0;:+,−.4Γ+: 30,.6 0;∗(10: 5,+40:
671(0:
89Γ  Φ,
89Η  Φ
+ 1+:−(0:5.1,Γ+:
:9Γ  
:9Η  ,
∗010: +6 1Φ/.,+: )0,∗+.6+,(2.)0:∆ 5.,. .: .60:∗,.: 10: 5.Β:+: ϕ + 9∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+: + ).: 3Φ,6</.: <:<.(: 5.,. ()3+,[)2(. +:∗.∗Β:∗(2. )0 2.:0
1+ ∗.6.)Ι0: .60:∗,.(: Χ,.)1+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 0: −./0,+: :+/+2(0).10: 1. ∗.;+/.
)0,6./ .;.(Α0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 :+Χ<()∗+ (∗+6

−
33 −3 ΗΓΙ 3 3


.( − 03(



  #%

 






06 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 0 5,+40 671(0 5,.∗(2.10 )0 5.Β: ϕ +:∗≅ +)∗,+ ∋∆∋ + ∆ ∋
1Φ/.,+:

+:0/<4=08
O intervalo de confiança tem o seguinte formato:
:Ι
89   
+∗
Onde "n" é o tamanho da amostra e Z0 é o valor da normal padrão associado ao nível de
confiança estabelecido (no caso, 95%).

. ∗.;+/. 30,)+2(1.∆ ∗+60:8


    Χ
0,∗.)∗08

    
060 . )0,6./ 5.1,=0 7 :(67∗,(2. +6 ∗0,)0 1. 671(.∆ ∗+60:8

    
 ?<+ ,+:</∗. +68

            
< :+Ε.∆  

0/∗.)10 .0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ ∗+60:8

:Ι
89   
+∗
Φ
Φ,   
+
Φ,    Φ

 ?<+ ,+:</∗. +68

1ΦΦ2 Φ,//3
5
/ 3

∋( ∗ !0 )) +2 ,

6+1(4Γ+: ()1+5+)1+)∗+:∆ ,+Χ(:∗,.)10:+∆ 5.,. 2.1. 6+1(4=0 ϑ∆ 0 −./0, 20,,+:50)1+)∗+

.,. +:∗(6., . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 671(. 1+ 2+,∗0 6.∗+,(./∆ 30,.6 ,+./(>.1.: ∋

1. ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 8Κ 
,+:(:∗[)2(. 671(. 0;:+,−.1. . 5.,∗(, 1+::. .60:∗,.



  #&

 






<50)10 ?<+ . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2.
:(Χ. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(.  +
./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 30( ∆! Ι6: + 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ 30( (Χ<./ . ∆! Ι6:

1+:−(0 5.1,=0 ∆ .6;0: 1+:20)Ι+2(10:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+ 

Λ −   Χ∆
+6 ?<+ Λ 7 <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ 206 ∃ Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 (∗+6 ?<+ :+ :+Χ<+
: /(6(∗+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :(67∗,(20 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(.  :=0

ΦΦ ΦΦ
  ∀  .
+ +

−.(/
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08

  Ε  :

)1+8
•
 7 . 671(. .60:∗,./ 1+ κ ϑ)0 2.:0∆ −./+ ∆!
• Ε 7 0 −./0, 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ :∗<1+)∗ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 0 2.:0∆
Ε   .:0 −02[ ∗+)Ι. 3(2.10 +6 1Ρ−(1.∆ ;.:∗. )0∗., ?<+8


Λ −   Χ

Λ     = 
Λ    

  Λ          

• : 7 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 671(. .60:∗,./ 1+ κ∆ 1.10 50,8

: 
:  
+∗ +

+:∗+ 6010∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 3(2.8


   
+
ΦΦ
 
+



  #1

 






,+50:(4=0∆ 501+60: 20):(1+,., ?<+ ∗+60: <6. −.,(≅−+/ ;()06(./ 6 :+Χ<(1.∆

501+60: .5,0Α(6., . ;()06(./ 50, <6. )0,6./ .;+60: ?<+∆ .∗+)1(1.: ./Χ<6.:
20)1(4Γ+:∆ . −.,(≅−+/ ;()06(./ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 6<(∗0 5,ΦΑ(6. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
0,∗.)∗0∆ 501+,+60: 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1+ ≅,+.: 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 0(
+Α.∗.6+)∗+ 0 ?<+ 3(>+60: )0 +Α+65/0 .2(6.

∋( ) 2Κ 2 ))∗ +,

6 <6. 5+:?<(:. 1+ ∗,(;<∗0: 1+ 2065+∗[)2(. +:∗.1<./∆ +6 ∋∋∆ ,+./(>.1. 206 ∋∋
,+20/Ι(6+)∗0: +:20/Ι(10: ./+.∗0,(.6+)∗+ 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 20):(1+,.1. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0
()3()(∗0∆ ∋Ν ,+3+,(.6:+ . 1+∗+,6().10 (650:∗0 +:+Ε.:+ 20):∗,<(, <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!∆!Ν 5.,. . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1+::. 5,050,4=0 0):(1+,.)10 )0,6./ .
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .60:∗,./ 1. 3,+?<[)2(. ,+/.∗(−. 10: ,+20/Ι(6+)∗0: 1+::+ (650:∗0 + ?<+ ).
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+  ϑλ µ 9 µ Κ Σ ∃!∆!Ν∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 7
ϑ
Κ Ξ∋∆∀∋Ψ ∋∆∃∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆ Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∋∆∀ Ψ ∋∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆Ζ

−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, 1+ 9∋  +)<)2(.10 1(::+ ?<+8
  
+Χ<)10 5.::08
ΜΝ  / = ΟΠ    /  
+,2+(,0 5.::08

ΜΝ  ΟΠ
:ΘΠ  Ρ
∗

/    ,

:ΘΠ  Ρ Ρ   
, , 

<.,∗0 5.::08 +)20)∗,.)10 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.

ΜΝ    :ΘΠ
/    
/  ,
1Χ2 /,3
5
/ 



  ∃#

 






5
/ 

∋(  2  )) +2,

6. +65,+:. Χ,.)1+ 1+ 5,02+::.6+)∗0 1+ 1.10: /+−. . +3+(∗0 <6. 5+:?<(:. 1+
05()(=0 :0;,+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ :.∗(:3.4=0 1+ :+<: +65,+Χ.10: 206 0: ,+:5+2∗(−0: +65,+Χ0:
+:∗+ 20)∗+Α∗0 ∋∋ +65,+Χ.10:∆ 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗.∆ :0; 0;Ε+∗(−0: 5,≅∗(20:∆
:=0 :+/+2(0).10: .0 .2.:0 + ?<+:∗(0).10: +:∗+:∆ !∋ 60:∗,.,.6:+ :.∗(:3+(∗0: 0<
6<(∗0 :.∗(:3+(∗0: 206 :+<: +65,+Χ0:
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 2.,.2∗+,(>. 0 ()∗+,−./0 206
20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν∆ :(67∗,(20∆ 5.,. . 5,050,4=0 505</.2(0)./
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ +65,+Χ.10: :.∗(:3+(∗0: 0< 6<(∗0 :.∗(:3+(∗0: 206 :+< +65,+Χ0
:+ +6 :+<: 2≅/2</0: 0 +0,+6. +)∗,./ 10 (6(∗+ + . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
.;.(Α0∆ .5,0Α(6.)10 0 −./0, +)20)∗,.10 ). ∗.;+/. 5.,. 0 ()∗+(,0 (6+1(.∗.6+)∗+
:<5+,(0,

∗.;+/. 1≅ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∋ + 9∆ 5.,. . )0,6./ 5.1,=0

.Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆ ∋
;Κ ∋∆∃ & ∋∆!
2Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆∀∋
1Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆∋
+Κ ∋∆! & ∋∆!!

−.(/
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08

ΜΝ ΟΠ
ΜΝ    Ρ
∗

5,050,4=0 .60:∗,./ −./+ ∋∆! ϑΜΝ  ΟΠ  Κ

.60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∋∋ ϑ) Σ ∋∋Κ

 9∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. −./+ ∆∃ ϑ−(1+ ∗.;+/.Κ
 ()∗+,−./0 3(2.8



  ∃%

 






  
  Ρ


   

    
 ?<+ ,+:</∗. +68
,2 /

5,0Α(6.)108
,  
5
/ 

 3
8− 3  9
 .
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 671(. + 20)Ι+2+,60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0∆
<∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 671(. + )=0 20)Ι+2+,60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1.
505</.4=0∆ <∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  ϑ. 6+)0: ?<+ 0 +Α+,2Β2(0 1(Χ. 5.,. <∗(/(>.,
. ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./Κ
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 5,050,4=0∆ <∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./

∃ 26;≅  ∋;Λ∋;

5.,∗(, 1+ .Χ0,. −+,+60: <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 6<(∗0 (650,∗.)∗+ 5.,. ,+./(>.,60:

1(−+,:0: ∗(50: 1+ ∗+:∗+ 1+ Ι(5Φ∗+:+: ϑ6.∗7,(. 1+ .</.: 3<∗<,.:Κ ,.∗.:+ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
1+ ?<(?<.1,.10  <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1(3+,+)∗+ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
0):(1+,+ 1(−+,:.: −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(: ,+1<>(1.: ϑ Z 1 ∆ Z 2 ∆ Z 3 ∆ ∆ Z k Κ 01.: +/.: ∗[6 .
6+:6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 1+ 671(. >+,0 + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 <)(∗≅,(0
+Ε. χ 2 <6. −.,(≅−+/ ∗./ ?<+8
k
χ =
Zi 2
2

i =1

< :+Ε.∆ . −.,(≅−+/ χ 2 7 (Χ<./ . <6. :06. 10: ?<.1,.10: 1+ Θ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(: 1+
671(. >+,0 + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 <)(∗≅,(0 (>+60: ?<+ χ 2 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(
?<.1,.10 206 Θ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+



  ∃&

 






)∗=0 −.( 3<)2(0)., .::(6 +65,+ ?<+ ∗(−+,60: <6. :(∗<.4=0 +6 ?<+ . −.,(≅−+/
+)−0/−(1. 5<1+, :+, +Α5,+::. 2060 <6. :06. 1+ ?<.1,.10: 1+ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(:
,+1<>(1.:∆ ∗./ −.,(≅−+/ ∗+,≅ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10  5.,. +/. )Φ: 501+60:
20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. +:5+2Β3(2. 5.,. . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 ,.∗.:+ 1. .;+/. ∆
.)+Α.1. .0 3()./ 1+:∗. .</.∆ Χ+,.1. 206 0 Α2+/

∋( # 5; ))4 +2,

+Ε.6 ) −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: ϑ∋∆Κ ()1+5+)1+)∗+:
:06. 1+ :+<: ?<.1,.10: ∗+6
<6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+8
.Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
;Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
2Κ ?<( ?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
1Κ ?<( ?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+Κ  206  Χ,.< 1+ /(;+,1.1+ )0 )<6+,.10, + ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ )0 1+)06().10,

−.(
 :Β6;0/0 ϑ∋∆Κ 7 <6. 30,6. 1+ ,+5,+:+)∗., −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: )0,6.(:  ΛΜ
()1(2. ?<+ . −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. )0,6./ +)∗,0 10 5.,[)∗+:(:∆ 0 5,(6+(,0 )Ρ6+,0 ()1(2.
. 671(. + 0 :+Χ<)10 )Ρ6+,0 ()1(2. . −.,(Η)2(.
)∗=0 0 ?<+ ∗+60: ). ?<+:∗=0 7 <6. :06. 1+ ?<.1,.10: 1+ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(: 206
671(. >+,0 + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 <)(∗≅,(0
Ο≅ :.;+60: ?<+ +:∗. :06. ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
5
/ 

6. 1.: <∗(/(>.4Γ+: 5.,. . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ <( <.1,.10 7 20):∗,<(, ()∗+,−./0: 1+

20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. <∗,. <∗(/(>.4=0 7 ,+./(>., ∗+:∗+: 1+ Ι(5Φ∗+:+: :0;,+ .
−.,(Η)2(.

%     ?

+Ε. X <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(.∆ 206 671(. µ + −.,(Η)2(. σ 2  +Ε. s 2 0 +:∗(6.10, 1.

−.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./∆ ;.:+.10 +6 <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 )
 50::Β−+/ 1+60):∗,., ?<+

∗  :

∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ∗   Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
< :+Ε.∆ . −.,(≅−+/ Σ ∆ ∗./ ?<+8



  ∃1

 






∗  :
Σ 

∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 +∆ 5.,. +/.∆ )Φ: 501+60: 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 
ϑ20/02.1. .0 3()./ 1. .</.Κ :∗. ()30,6.4=0 7 Ρ∗(/ 5.,. ∗+:∗.,60: Ι(5Φ∗+:+: .2+,2. 1.
−.,(Η)2(.∆ ;+6 2060 5.,. 1+3()(,60: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 6+:6.
6 Χ,.)1+ 2<(1.10 ?<+ ∗+60: ?<+ ∗+, 206 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 7 ?<+ +/.
)=0 7 :(67∗,(2. ϑ.0 20)∗,≅,(0 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ + 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 Κ

5+).: 5.,. :+ ∗+, <6. (17(. 10 Χ,≅3(20∆ :+Χ<+ +Α+65/0 .;.(Α0∆ 5.,.  Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+

<.)10 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ .<6+)∗.∆ 0 Χ,≅3(20 ∗+)1+ . 3(2., :(67∗,(20

ϑ−(1+ <+:∗=0 !Κ

∋( ∃ ! !;2 ))∃ +25,

+ ϑκ∆ κ∆ ∆ κ)Κ :=0 −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: ()1+5+)1+)∗+: + 206 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
X + X 2 + ... + X n
,+1<>(1. + X = 1 ∆ +)∗=0 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+
n
( X 1 − X ) 2 + ( X 2 − X ) 2 + ... + ( X n − X ) 2 78
.Κ )0,6./
;Κ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
2Κ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
1Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗+ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+

−.(

−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 7 1.1. 50,8



  ∃4

 






ΤΑΚΥς

Κ 

: 
∗
0Χ08
Α

: 
∗    Ω

Κ 


ΚΥς

(−(1()10 0: 10(: /.10: 1. (Χ<./1.1+ 50,  8

: 
∗   ΤΑΚΥς

Κ 


 

060
∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ ,+1<>(1.∆ :<. −.,(Η)2(. 7 (Χ<./ . 8

Α
: 
∗  
 Ω

Κ 


ΚΥς

s 2 × (n − 1)
060 −(60:∆ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 n − 1 Χ,.<: 1+
σ2

(X )
n
2
/(;+,1.1+ 0Χ0∆ i −X ∗.6;76 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 n − 1
i =1
Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
5
/ 6

0 +Α+,2Β2(0 :+Χ<()∗+ −+,+60: 2060 <:., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ <(?<.1,.10 5.,. 2./2</.,

()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(.

∋( % 2Κ !2 ))& +5,

6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ! 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(.
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30( 1+ ∆ + .
−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 30( ∆

 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 78

.Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∀∃Κ
;Κ ϑ∋∆∀Ψ ∆∋!Κ
2Κ ϑ∋∆ Ψ ∆∋Κ
1Κ ϑ∋∆!!Ψ ∆ Κ
+Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆Κ



  ∃∗

 






0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/. ∆ 5.,.  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ −+60: ?<+ .5+).: ∆!Ν 10:
−./0,+: :=0 :<5+,(0,+: . ∃∆ 

;.(Α0 ∗,.>+60: <6 ∗,+2Ι()0 1. ∗.;+/. /. )0: 1≅ −./0,+: 1+ χ k ∗.(: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+
2

χ ϑ206 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10Κ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6.(0,+: ?<+ χ k

2 2
:+Ε. (Χ<./ Τ
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 
,0;.;(/(1.1+
%,.< 1+ ∋∆∃∃! ∋∆∃∃∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∋! ∋∆∋∋ ∋∆∋∋!
/(;+,1.1+
 ∆∋ ∆∃∀ ∋∆ !∆∀∃ ∆∃ ∆∋
 ∆  ∃∆! ∋∆∃  ∆∀ ∋∆∃ ∆∀∃
 ∃∆ ∋ ∋∆∃ ∆ ∃ ∆∋∀ ∆  ∆
 ∃∆ ∋∆! ∆∋ ∃∆  ∆∃∋ !∆!!∃

0):</∗.)10 . 6+:6. ∗.;+/.∆ 5.,.  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ −+60: ?<+ ∃∀∆!Ν 10:
−./0,+: :=0 :<5+,(0,+: . ∆∋
,0;.;(/(1.1+
%,.< 1+ ∋∆∃∃! ∋∆∃∃∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∋! ∋∆∋∋ ∋∆∋∋!
/(;+,1.1+
 ∆∋ ∆∃∀ ∋∆ !∆∀∃ ∆∃ ∆∋
 ∆  ∃∆! ∋∆∃  ∆∀ ∋∆∃ ∆∀∃
 ∃∆ ∋ ∋∆∃ ∆ ∃ ∆∋∀ ∆  ∆
 ∃∆ ∋∆! ∆∋ ∃∆  ∆∃∋ !∆!!∃

0,∗.)∗0∆ ∆!Ν 10: −./0,+: :=0 ()3+,(0,+: . ∆∋

: 1<.: ≅,+.: .6.,+/.: 1. 3(Χ<,. .2(6. :=0 (Χ<.(: . ∆!Ν

: 1<.: :06.1.: −./+6 !Ν
0,∗.)∗0 . ≅,+. −+,1+ ∗+6 ∃!Ν

::(6∆ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: . −.,(≅−+/ χ 2 +:∗.,≅ +)∗,+ ∆∋ + ∃∆ 

, − Σ − ΦΦ,

∗  :
, − − ΦΦ,

<;:∗(∗<()10 s 2 5+/0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1. .60:∗,. ϑ∆Κ 3(2.60: 2068



  %

 






∋( & !  ))% +,

6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ! 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(. +
. −.,(Η)2(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1.: 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30(
!∆ + . −.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 30( ∆
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 78
ϑ
Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∋Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆!Ψ ∆∃ Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆!Ψ ∆Κ
ϑ Κ ϑ∋∆ ∀Ψ ∆Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∀∃Κ

−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206  Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+
0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/.  ϑ20/<). 1+ 97,5% +  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+Κ∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . ≅,+.
−+,1+ 1+ 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃∀∆!Ν

0):+?<+)∗+6+)∗+∆ . ≅,+. .6.,+/. 7 1+ ∆!Ν

. 6+:6. ∗.;+/.∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . ≅,+. .6.,+/. 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 ∗.6;76 7 1+ ∆!Ν8



  %#

 






Ο<)∗.)10 .: 1<.: 3(Χ<,.:∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . ≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃!Ν

0,∗.)∗0∆ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0:∆ 12,401 ≤ χ 2 ≤ 39,364 

+Χ<)10 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1+ s 2 5.,. . .60:∗,. 3+(∗.
s 2 = 1,44 ϑ1.10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ
+,2+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ ). 30,6.8
(n − 1) × s 2 (n − 1) × s 2
≤σ2 ≤
χ22 χ12
(24) × 1,44 (24) × 1,44
≤σ2 ≤
39,364 12,401



  %∃

 






0,88 ≤σ 2≤ 2,79
5
/ 

∋( 1 62 ))% +25,

6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+:∆ 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(.
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30( ∆ + .
−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./∆ ∆
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 7
ϑ
Κ ϑ∋∆ Ψ ∆∋Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆! Ψ ∆Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆! Ψ ∆∃ Κ
ϑ ϑ∋∆ ∀ Ψ ∆Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆ Ψ ∆∃∀Κ

−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206 ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+

≅,+. +)∗,+ ∀∆  + ∆∃∃ 7 1+ ∃∋Ν

χ1 2 = 7,261 + χ 2 2 = 24,996
+Χ<)10 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1+ s 2 5.,. . .60:∗,. 3+(∗.
s 2 = 1,44 ϑ1.10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ
+,2+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ ). 30,6.8
(n − 1) × s 2 (n − 1) × s 2
≤σ2 ≤
χ22 χ12
(15) ×1,44 (15) × 1,44
≤σ 2 ≤
24,996 7,261

0,86 ≤σ 2≤ 2,97
5
/ 

∋( 4 ! !;2 +25,

6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0  30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(.
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30( !∆ + .
−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 30( ∆



  %%

 






 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 78

ϑ
Κ ϑ∋∆∀∃ Ψ ∆∀Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆ ∀ Ψ ∆Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆! Ψ ∆Κ
ϑ Κ ϑ∋∆! Ψ ∆∃ Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆ Ψ ∆∋Κ

−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206 ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+

≅,+. +)∗,+ ∆ + ∀∆! 7 1+ ∃!Ν

χ 1 2 = 6,23 + χ 2 2 = 27,5
+Χ<)10 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 1+ s 2 5.,. . .60:∗,. 3+(∗.
s 2 = 1,44 ϑ1.10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ
+,2+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ ). 30,6.8
(n − 1) × s 2 (n − 1) × s 2
≤σ2 ≤
χ22 χ12
(15) ×1,44 (15) × 1,44
≤σ 2 ≤
27,5 6,23
0,79 ≤σ 2≤ 3,47
5
/ 

&     !Α  !2

=0 206<): ./Χ<): ∗(50: 1+ +Α+,2Β2(0: +6 ?<+ :+ 5+1+ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 ?<+ 1+−+ ∗+, .
.60:∗,. 5.,. ?<+ :+ 20):(Χ. <6. 1+∗+,6().1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.

)∗+: 1+ −+,60: +::+ ∗(50 1+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 7 ;06 ∗+,60: <6. )04=0 1. ,+/.4=0 +)∗,+ .
.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. + 0 +,,0 1. +:∗(6.∗(−.

ϑ0− 
0):(1+,+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∋∆∋Ν 5.,. . 671(. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
206 −.,(Η)2(.  ∆ 20):∗,<Β10 . 5.,∗(, 1. :+Χ<()∗+ .60:∗,.8 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∋ <./ 0 +,,0
6≅Α(60 206+∗(10 ). +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(. 505</.2(0)./Π



  %&

 






−.(
0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/. ∆ ∗+60:8
  

671(. .60:∗,./ 78
 .  .  . 

  
,
 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 671(. .60:∗,./ 78
+
  
+,
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8
    
: /(6(∗+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 :=08
Ξ∆∀ Ψ ∃∆Ζ
06 ∃∋∆∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗≅ +)∗,+ ∆∀ + ∃∆
<./ 0 6.(0, +,,0 ?<+ 206+∗+60: ?<.)10 <:.60: . 671(. .60:∗,./ 5.,. +:∗(6., .
671(. 505</.2(0)./Π ::0∆ 7 2/.,0∆ 20):(1+,.)10 <6 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+
∃∋∆∋Ν

671(. .60:∗,./ +:∗≅ ;+6 )0 6+(0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 0Χ0∆ 0 +,,0 :+,≅ 6.(0,
:+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗(−+, +6 <6. 1.: +Α∗,+6(1.1+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 
+,,0 :+,≅ 6≅Α(60 :+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ 30, (Χ<./ . ∆∀ 0< :+ +/. 30, (Χ<./ . ∃∆
0 5,(6+(,0 2.:0∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 3(2.8
erro = X − µ
erro = 6 − 2,7 = 3,3
0 :+Χ<)10 2.:0∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 78
erro = 6 − 9,3 = −3,3
6 ?<./?<+, <6 1+::+: 10(: 2.:0:∆ 0 6Φ1</0 10 +,,0 7 1+ ∆  206<6 ?<+ 0:
+Α+,2Β2(0: (Χ)0,+6 . 5./.−,. 6Φ1</0 + 1(Χ.6 .5+).: Λ+,,0Μ +::+ 6010∆ 1(>+60:
?<+∆ )0: 10(: 2.:0: .2(6.∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 30( 1+ ∆
)∗=0∆ ?<.)10 0 +Α+,2Β2(0 :+ ,+3+,(, . +,,0 6≅Α(60 206+∗(10∆ +/+ ?<+, ?<+ . Χ+)∗+
:<50)Ι. ?<+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗≅ Ε<:∗.6+)∗+ ). +Α∗,+6(1.1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4.
0∗+ ?<+ 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 7 :+65,+ 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
+::+ +Α+65/0∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. +,. Ξ∆∀ Ψ ∃∆Ζ
<. .65/(∗<1+ 78
Amplitude = 9,3 − 2,7 = 6,6
 . 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 78


  %1

 






Amplitude 6,6
= = 3,3
2 2

 7ϑ
 
3= 0 3
3 Μ8− 3  9
 ./
0,,+:50)1+ Τ 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.

0 2.:0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(.∆ ?<.)10 . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 7

20)Ι+2(1.∆ ∗+60:8
X − Z 0σ X ≤ µ ≤ X + Z 0σ X

.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 78

( ) ( )
Amplitude = X + Z 0σ X − X − Z 0σ X = 2Z 0σ X
0Χ0∆ 0 +,,0∆ ?<+ 7 (Χ<./ Τ 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+∆ 7 +Α5,+::0 50,8
erro _ max = Z 0σ X

0 2.:0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(.∆ ?<.)10 . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 7

1+:20)Ι+2(1.∆ 0: 2≅/2</0: :=0 .)≅/0Χ0: (2.60: 2068
erro _ max = t 0 s X

0, 3(6∆ )0 2.:0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 5,050,4=0∆ 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 78

erro _ max = Z 0 s pˆ

 7ϑ
 
3
:∗(6.4=0 1. 671(.∆ 206 −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 20)Ι+2(1.8
erro _ max = Z 0σ X

:∗(6.4=0 1. 671(.∆ 206 −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+:20)Ι+2(1.8

erro _ max = t 0 s X

:∗(6.4=0 1. 5,050,4=08
erro _ max = Z 0 s pˆ



  %4

 






.;+)10 1(::0∆ −.60: .0: +Α+,2Β2(0: 1+ 20)2<,:0

∋( ∗ 2 )) +,

+Ε. κ <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. )0,6./6+)∗+ 1(:∗,(;<Β1. ,+5,+:+)∗.)10 0 :./≅,(0 10:
+65,+Χ.10: +6 <6 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+ 6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∋∋
+65,+Χ.10: 30( :+/+2(0).1. + .5<,0<:+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. .
671(. 1+ κ 2060 :+)10 Ξ∀ ∋∆∋Ψ ∃∆∋Ζ∆ :<50)10 . 505</.4=0 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 +
:.;+)10:+ ?<+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./ 7 (Χ<./ . ς ∋∋∆∋∋ .:0 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1.
.60:∗,. ∗(−+::+ :(10 1+  ∋∋ + 0;∗+)10:+ . 6+:6. 671(. .)∗+,(0,∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν .5,+:+)∗.,(. <6. .65/(∗<1+ (Χ<./ .
ϑ
Κ ς ∀∆∋
ϑΚ ς ∃∆∋
ϑΚ ς ∃∆∋∋
ϑ Κ ς !∆∋
ϑΚ ς ∃∆ ∋

−.(/

.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 1.1. 50,8

Ξ    

Ξ   
+∗
<.)10 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7 ∋∋∆ . .65/(∗<1+ 78
/Φ  Χ/  Χ/,

∗.6.)Ι0 1+ .60:∗,. 1+ ∗Ψ 
6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7 .<6+)∗.10 5.,.  ∋∋ 0< 2Ι.6., +:∗+ )0−0

 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7 6</∗(5/(2.10 50,  

∗Ψ  ∗

)0−. .65/(∗<1+ ϑΞΖΚ 3(2.8


ΞΨ   
+∗Ψ

ΞΨ   
+∗
 
ΞΨ    
+∗ +
 
ΞΨ  [  ∴ 
+∗ ,
)∗,+ 5.,[)∗+:(:∆ ∗+60: . .65/(∗<1+ 0,(Χ()./8



  %∗

 







ΞΨ  Χ/,   
,
5
/ 
+:<6()10 0 ?<+ 3(>+60:8
 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50,   0Χ0∆ +∗ 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50, 
060 +∗ +:∗≅ )0 1+)06().10,∆ +)∗=0 . .65/(∗<1+ 30( 1(−(1(1. 50, 

∋( #)   ))∗ +,

1<,.4=0 1+ −(1. 1+ <6 1+∗+,6().10 +?<(5.6+)∗0 .5,+:+)∗. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

)0,6./ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ (Χ<./ . ∋∋ ϑ1(.:Κ 6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+
 1+::+: +?<(5.6+)∗0: 30,)+2+< <6. 671(. 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ −(1. 1+ ∋∋∋ 1(.:
0):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0∆ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ϑ 1 − α Κ
206 .65/(∗<1+ 1+ ∆∀! 1(.: 5.,. . 671(. 30( 20):∗,<Β10 .:0 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,.
∗(−+::+ :(10 1+ ∋∋∆ 0;∗+)10:+ . 6+:6. 671(. 1+ ∋∋∋ 1(.:∆ . .65/(∗<1+ 10
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ϑ 1 − α Κ :+,(. 1+
ϑ
Κ ∋∆∃!∋ 1(.:
ϑΚ ∆! 1(.:
ϑΚ ∆∃∋∋ 1(.:
ϑ Κ ∆∀! 1(.:
ϑΚ ∆∀!∋ 1(.:

−.(/

5,0−+(∗.)10 0 ,.2(02Β)(0 1. ?<+:∗=0 .)∗+,(0,

 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. :./∗0< 1+  5.,. ∋∋ < :+Ε.∆ 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50, ∆!
0Χ0∆ +∗ 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50, ∆!
0):+?<+)∗+6+)∗+∆ . .65/(∗<1+ :+,≅ 1(−(1(1. 50, ∆!
,Χ
 

5
/ 
.,. ?<+6 5,+3+,(, <6. :0/<4=0 6.(: 1+∗./Ι.1.∆ ∗+60: 0 :+Χ<()∗+
)(2(./6+)∗+∆ . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0  + . .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 30( 1+
∆∀!

Ξ   
+∗

,Χ   
+,



  &)

 






6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 7 3+(∗. )0−. .60:∗,.Χ+6∆ 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ∋∋

.65/(∗<1+ 7 ΞΨ 

ΞΨ   
+∗Ψ

ΞΨ   
+,

ΞΨ   
],  
 
ΞΨ  [  ∴
+, ]

ΞΨ  ,Χ   


∋( # 6Φ))& +,

: 5,+40: 1+ <6 1+∗+,6().10 5,01<∗0 −+)1(10 )0 6+,2.10 ∗[6 <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./ 1+ ς ∋∆∋∋ 0, 6+(0 1+ <6. 5+:?<(:.
,+./(>.1. 206 <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ∋∋∆ 206 <6 1+∗+,6().10 )Β−+/ 1+
20)3(.)4.∆ .5<,0<:+∆ 5.,. . 671(. 1+:∗+: 5,+40:∆ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :+)10 Ξς
∆∋Ψ ς ∆∃Ζ
6+:6. 671(. .60:∗,./ 30( 0;∗(1. ?<.1,<5/(2.)10 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1.
.60:∗,. + <∗(/(>.)10 ∗.6;76 0 6+:60 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 0: 10(: 2.:0: 20):(1+,0<
:+ ()3()(∗0 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. 505</.4=0  )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. +)20)∗,.10 )0
:+Χ<)10 2.:0 30(8
.Κ Ξς ∆∋Ψ ς ∆∃ Ζ
;Κ Ξς ∆∋ Ψ ς ∀∆∃Ζ
2Κ Ξς ∆!∀Ψ ς ∆Ζ
1Κ Ξς ∆Ψ ς ∆ ∀Ζ
+Κ Ξς ∆∋Ψ ς ∆∋Ζ

−.(
. 5,(6+(,. 5+:?<(:.∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 30( Ξς ∆∋Ψ ς ∆∃Ζ

671(. .60:∗,./ ( X ) 20,,+:50)1+ .0 50)∗0 671(0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.

0,∗.)∗0∆ )+:∗. 5,(6+(,. .60:∗,.Χ+6∆ . 671(. .60:∗,./ 0;∗(1. 30(8
68,92 + 61,08
X = = 65
2

.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 7 1.1. 50,8

/  /  Χ/,
. :+Χ<)1. 5+:?<(:.∆ . 6+:6. 671(. .60:∗,./ 30( 0;∗(1.
Ο≅ . .60:∗,. ∗+−+ :+< ∗.6.)Ι0 ?<.1,<5/(2.10  )0−0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 3(2.8



  &

 






n' = 4n
06 (::0∆ +∗ 30( 1<5/(2.10 060 20):+?<[)2(.∆ . .65/(∗<1+ 30( 1(−(1(1. 50, 

)0−. .65/(∗<1+ 78
Χ/,
 Φ

06 (::0∆ 0 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 7 2+)∗,.10 +6 !∆ 206 .65/(∗<1+ 1+ ∆∃
:∗0 )0: 5+,6(∗+ .2Ι., 0: /(6(∗+: 10 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.8
3,92
65 + = ∆∃
2
3,92
65 − = ∆∋
2
0Χ08
63,04 ≤ µ ≤ 66,96
5
/ 

∋( # 9
 3 2( − ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+∆ <∗(/(>+∆ 1+)∗,+ .: ()30,6.4Γ+: .;.(Α0∆ .: ?<+ Ε</Χ.,
.1+?<.1.: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P (0 < Z < 1) = 0,341
P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445
P (0 < Z < 2) = 0,477
6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(.
∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 ∋∋ 
∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 5.,. ?<+ . 1(3+,+)4.∆ +6 −./0, .;:0/<∗0∆ +)∗,+ . 671(. .60:∗,./
+ µ :+Ε. 6+)0, 10 ?<+ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν 78
.Κ ∋∋∋
;Κ ∋∋
2Κ ∋∋
1Κ  ∋∋
+Κ ∋∋

−.(
 +Α+,2Β2(0 3(Α0< 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 . :+, 206+∗(10 +∆ 5.,. ?<+ (::0 020,,.∆ 5+,Χ<)∗0< ?<+
∗.6.)Ι0 1+−+ ∗+, . .60:∗,.
 +,,0 6≅Α(60 206+∗(10 7 (Χ<./ .8
erro _ max = Z 0σ X



  &

 






< :+Ε.8
  
(2.60: 2068

⊥__α5Ι   
+∗


+∗
  
+∗   

∗    ,,
5
/ 

∋( #∃ 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
0):(1+,.)10 ?<+ + ) :+Ε.6 −./0,+: 20):∗.)∗+:∆ :+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .<6+)∗.,∆ 0
2065,(6+)∗0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1(6()<(,≅

+:0/<4=08

.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 1.1. 50,8


   
+∗

)1+8
+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .<6+)∗.,∆ +:∗.60: .<6+)∗.)10 0 −./0, 1+   0Χ0∆ .
.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗.6;76 .<6+)∗.,≅ 0Χ0∆ 0 (∗+6 +:∗≅ 3
5
/ 3

∋( #% 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:


  &%

 






06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
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?<+ )<)2. ∗(−+,.6 20)∗.∗0 206 2≅/2</0
 ?<+ . ?<+:∗=0 +:∗≅ ?<+,+)10 1(>+, 7 ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ . −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./
,+1<>(1. ϑ9Κ .::<6(, −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∋ + ∆∃ 7 (Χ<./ . ∀∆!Ν
060 . 1+):(1.1+ 1+ 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ 9 7 :(67∗,(2. +6 ∗0,)0 1+ ∋∆ 20)2/<Β60: ?<+ 9∋
.::02(.10 . <6 )Β−+/ 1+ :(Χ)(3(2Η)2(. 1+ ∃!Ν 7 (Χ<./ . ∆∃ 
 +,,0 6≅Α(60 7 !∋ /+ 1+−+ 20()2(1(, 206 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4.

   
+∗
 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./ 7 ς ∋∋∆∋∋  −./0, 1+ 9∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
7 ∆∃ ϑ;.:∗. 20):</∗. Τ ∗.;+/. Κ
,
   
+∗



  4∗

 






. 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ ϑ9 > Κ = ∆!Ν∆ ∗+6:+ ?<+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. .
−(1. 671(. 1.: /Η65.1.: 7
ϑ
Κ Ξ ∋ ∆ ∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ  ∆  Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋ ∆ ∋Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ ∆  Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃! ∆ ∋!Ζ
∋( ∃ 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. +::. +:∗(6.∗(−. 7 1.10 50, +#4)=∃> ∃∗=&,
Ξ0;:+,−.4=08 5+/0 20)∗+Α∗0 1. 5,0−.∆ _+::. +:∗(6.∗(−._ 7 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(.
505</.2(0)./Ζ
∋( % 6 ))) +2 ,
6 5:(2Φ/0Χ0 1+:+Ε. +:∗<1., 0 ∗+650 ϑ+6 6()<∗0:Κ ?<+ 0: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ <6.

20):(1+,.1. :+Χ<+6 <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(.  + −.,(Η)2(.  ∆ .6;.:

2065.)Ι(. /+−.6 5.,. ,+./(>., 2+,∗. ∗.,+3. 0:∗</.:+ ?<+ 0: ∗+650: ). 505</.4=0

1+:20)Ι+2(1.:  5:(2Φ/0Χ0 0;∗+−+ <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗   +65,+Χ.10: + ,+Χ(:∗,0<

,+Χ(:∗,.10:∆ 0;∗(−+,.6:+ 0 −./0, 671(0 89   6()<∗0: + 0 1+:−(05.1,=0 : 

0 ∗+650 ?<+ 2.1. <6 1+/+: 5,+2(:0< 5.,. ,+./(>., . ∗.,+3. .,. 0: ∋∋ ∗+650:

 6()<∗0

Valores selecionados da tabela normal

+
∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .: +)∗,.1.: ,+5,+:+)∗.6 . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+

;

− <



  ∗

 






+::. :(∗<.4=0 + <∗(/(>.)10∆ 2.:0 :+Ε. )+2+::≅,(0∆ 0: −./0,+: :+/+2(0).10: 1. ∗.;+/.

)0,6./ 30,)+2(10: .2(6.∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 (∗+6 . :+Χ<(,
 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 10 ()∗+,−./0     , 7 6+)0, ?<+ ∃!Ν

∋( & 62 )) +25,

6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0 ,+./(>.10 . ,+:5+(∗0 10: :./≅,(0: ,+2+;(10: 50, <6. 1+∗+,6().1.
2/.::+ 5,03(::(0)./ <∗(/(>0< <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∋∋ 1+:∗+: 5,03(::(0).(:∆ ). ?<./ 30,.6
0;:+,−.10: <6. 671(. 1+ ς  ∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ ς ∀ ∆∋∋ <./ :+,≅∆
+6 ,+.(:∆ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1.: 671(.: .60:∗,.(: 10: :./≅,(0: 1+:∗.
2/.::+ 1+ 5,03(::(0).(:Π
ϑ
Κ ∆ 
ϑΚ ∀∆
ϑΚ ∀∆ ∋
ϑ Κ ∀ ∆∋∋
ϑΚ ∀ ∋∆∋∋
∋( 1  < 
(Φ)) +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+∆ 20):(1+,+ .: ∗.;+/.: . :+Χ<(, /.: 30,)+2+6 ./Χ<):
−./0,+: 1. 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ
∗.;+/.  ,+3+,+:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .:
∗.;+/.:  +  ,+3+,+6:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ∋ + ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
.;+/.  .;+/.  .;+/. 
Α ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ
∆∋ ∋∆! ∆∀ ∋∆∃∋ ∆∀! ∋∆∃!
∆ ∋ ∋∆∃! ∆ ∋∆∃! ∆! ∋∆∃
∆  ∋∆∃!∋ ∆ ∋∆∃ ∆ ∋ ∋∆∃∃
 5+:0 1+ 2,(.)4.: ,+276).:2(1.: 10 :+Α0 3+6()()0 )<6. 206<)(1.1+ ∗+6
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+:20)Ι+2(10 6. .60:∗,. 1+ 
,+276).:2(10: ()1(20< <6 5+:0 671(0 1+ ∆∋ ΘΧ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ (Χ<./ . ∋∆
ΘΧ 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃ Ν 7 1.10
50,8



  ∗#

 






.Κ 3,0 ± 0,37
;Κ 3,0 ± 0,41
2Κ 3,0 ± 0,45
1Κ 3,0 ± 0,68
+Κ 3,0 ± 0,73
∋( 4 !   ))& +,
.,. ,+:0/−+, . ?<+:∗=0 .;.(Α0∆ 20):(1+,+ .: ∗.;+/.: . :+Χ<(, /.: 30,)+2+6 ./Χ<):
−./0,+: 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ
∗.;+/.  ,+3+,+:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .: ∗.;+/.: 
+  ,+3+,+6:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ! +  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+8

.;+/.  .;+/.  .;+/. 

ϑΑΚ
ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ
∆ ∋ ∋∆∃! ∆∀! ∋∆∃! ∆∀ ∋∆∃!
∆  ∋∆∃!∋ ∆ ∋∆∃ ∆! ∋∆∃
∆∋∋ ∋∆∃∀∀ ∆! ∋∆∃∃ ∆! ∀ ∋∆∃∃
<50)10:+ ?<+ . 50,2+)∗.Χ+6 1. ,+2+(∗. ()−+:∗(1. +6 +1<2.4=0∆ 10: ∋∋ 6<)(2Β5(0:
1+ <6. ,+Χ(=0∆ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ ∆ 1+:+Ε.:+ +:∗(6., +::. 671(.
.,. ∗.)∗0 :+ :0,∗+0< 1+)∗,+ +::+: ∋∋∆ ./+.∗0,(.6+)∗+ + 206 ,+50:(4=0∆ 
6<)(2Β5(0: + :+ 0;:+,−0< 0: 5+,2+)∗<.(: ()−+:∗(10: 50, +/+: +6 +1<2.4=0 :
,+:</∗.10: ()1(2.,.6 <6. 671(. .60:∗,./ 1+ Ν + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ (Χ<./ . Ν
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃ Ν∆ 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ (8 ± 1,124)%
;Κ (8 ± 1,117 )%
2Κ (8 ± 0,877 )%
1Κ (8 ± 0,870 )%
+Κ (8 ± 0,755)%
∋( ∗  1< 5≅ ))∗ +,
: :./≅,(0: 10: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+ .5,+:+)∗.6 <6.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+:20)Ι+2(1. 6. .60:∗,.
./+.∗Φ,(. 1+  +65,+Χ.10: 1+:∗+ ,.60 30( .)./(:.1. .5,+:+)∗.)10 <6. 671(. (Χ<./ .
ς !∋∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 (Χ<./ . ς ∋∋∆∋∋ 0):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 + ∗∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./
?<+ ϑ∗ Ω ∗∋∆∋!Κ Σ ∋∆∋! 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ 0;∗+−+:+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(. 505</.2(0)./  ()∗+,−./0 0;∗(10∆ 206 0: −./0,+: +6 ,+.(:∆ 30(
(Χ<./ .



  ∗∃

 






∋(    ))∃ +2,

+:+Ε.:+ +:∗(6., 0 Χ.:∗0 671(0 +3+∗<.10 50, Χ,<50: 1+  5+::0.:∆ )<6 ,+:∗.<,.)∗+∆
50, 6+(0 1+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ ∃!Ν 6. .60:∗,. 1+ 
Χ,<50: 5,01<>(< 0: −./0,+: ς !∋∆∋∋ + ς ∋∆∋∋ 5.,. . 671(. + 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0
.60:∗,.(:∆ ,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 20,,+:50)1+ .0 ()∗+,−./0 5,02<,.10
:+ . Ι(5Φ∗+:+ 1+ )0,6./(1.1+ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Χ.:∗0: + . ∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1. 3<)4=0
1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ ϑ,Κ 5.,. . +:20/Ι. 10 ?<.)∗(/ .5,05,(.10 .0: 2≅/2</0:
P(Tr ≤ x) = γ
γ ∋∆∃∋∋ ∋∆∃!∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∃∃∋
r
 ∆! ∆∀  ∆! ∆ !
! ∆ ∆∀! ∆ ∆ ∋
 ∆∀ ∆∀ ∆∋ ∆!
∀ ∆ ∆∀∋ ∆∋ ∆! ∀
.Κ Ξ∃∆Ψ  ∋∆ Ζ
;Κ Ξ∃∆∋Ψ  ∋∆ ∋Ζ
2Κ Ξ∆Ψ !∆∀∀Ζ
1Κ Ξ∆∃Ψ !∆Ζ
+Κ Ξ∋∆∋∋Ψ  ∋∆∋∋Ζ
∋(  ! ; ))∃ +2,
6. ,+−+)1. 1+ .<∗06Φ−+(: −+)1+ 2.,,0: 60)∗.10: )0 ,.:(/  5,05,(+∗≅,(0 +:∗≅
()∗+,+::.10 +6 +:∗(6., 0 −./0, 671(0 χ 10: Χ.:∗0: +Α∗,.: 206 052(0).(: 2.:.10: 206
. 2065,. 1+ 2.,,0: )0−0: 6. .60:∗,. 1+  −+)1.: 5,01<>(< <6 −./0, 671(0 1+
ς∋ ∆∋∋ 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ ς ∆∋∋
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 1≅ 0: /(6(∗+: 1+
20)3(.)4. 5.,. χ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ ∃Ν
∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1≅ 0: ?<.)∗(: Α ∆ 1+ 0,1+6 η ∆
P(Tr ≤ x) = γ ∆ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0  1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ +:5,+>+
2+)∗.−0:

.Κ Ξς ∃!!∆∋∋Ψ ς  ∆∋∋Ζ

;Κ Ξς ∃ ∆∋∋Ψ ς !!∆∋∋Ζ
2Κ Ξς ∃∃∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∆∋∋Ζ
1Κ Ξς ∃∃∀∆∋∋Ψ ς ∆∋∋Ζ
+Κ Ξς ∃∆∋∋Ψ ς  ∆∋∋Ζ



  ∗&

 






∋( # !

:
 3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ +)∗=08
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975 Ψ P (t < 2,49) = 0,99 Ψ P (t < 1,71) = 0,95
 Β)1(2+ 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7 2./2</.10 1(−(1()10 0 5+:0 1. 5+::0. 5+/0 ?<.1,.10 1+
:<. ./∗<,. .,. . 505</.4=0 1+ Ι06+): 1+ 6+(. (1.1+ ?<+ 6.(: ∗.,1+ 1+:+)−0/−+6 .
10+)4. 1+ 1(.;+∗+:∆ . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Β)1(2+: ;≅:(20: 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 σ 1+:20)Ι+2(10: .,. <6.
.60:∗,. 1+ ! Ι06+): :+/+2(0).10: 1+::+ Χ,<50∆ 0;:+,−0<:+ <6 Β)1(2+ 671(0 1+
X = 25,2 ΘΧι6 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 s = 2,5 ΘΧι6 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
5.,. . 671(. µ 1. 505</.4=0 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ 25,2 ± 2,15
;Κ 25,2 ± 1,56
2Κ 25,2 ± 1,03
1Κ 25,2 ± 0,86
+Κ 25,2 ± 0,68
∋( ∃   ))∗ +,
6. .60:∗,. 206 .5+).: ∃ +/+6+)∗0: 30( +Α∗,.Β1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./ 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 206 −.,(Η)2(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1.
671(. .60:∗,./ .5,+:+)∗0< <6 −./0,
(Χ<./ . ∋ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. (Χ<./ .   6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∋Ν 5.,. .
671(. 30( 0;∗(10 <∗(/(>.)10 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ 20):(1+,.)10
∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./ ?<+  ϑ
> t 0, 05 Κ = ∋∆∋!∆ 206 ) Χ,.<:
1+ /(;+,1.1+  ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ <∗(/(>.)10 0: 1.10: 1. .60:∗,.∆ 7

ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆∀Ψ ∆ Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆Ψ ∆!∃Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∀Ψ ∆!Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∀∆!Ψ ∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆! Ψ ∆Ζ


  ∗1

 






∋( %  1< 5≅ ))∗ +,

: :./≅,(0: 10: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 ,.60 1+ .∗(−(1.1+ .5,+:+)∗.6 <6.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 1+:20)Ι+2(1. 6. .60:∗,.
./+.∗Φ,(. 1+  +65,+Χ.10: 1+:∗+ ,.60 30( .)./(:.1. .5,+:+)∗.)10 <6. 671(. (Χ<./ .
ς !∋∋∆∋∋ + <6 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 (Χ<./ . ς ∋∋∆∋∋ 0):(1+,.)10 . 505</.4=0 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 + ∗∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./
?<+ ϑ∗ Ω ∗∋∆∋!Κ Σ ∋∆∋! 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ 0;∗+−+:+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(. 505</.2(0)./  ()∗+,−./0 0;∗(10∆ 206 0: −./0,+: +6 ,+.(:∆ 30(
(Χ<./ .

ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ  ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ  ∋∀∆!∋Ζ
∋( & 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ) Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:

06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6

+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0  30::+ 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :(67∗,(20 1+ ∃!Ν

1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 501+,(. :+, 1.10 50,
:
89   4 
+

+6 ?<+ : ,+5,+:+)∗. 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./

∋( 1 29Γ 2 )) +2 ,



  ∗4

 






0):(1+,+ ?<+∆ . 3(6 1+ .−./(., 1+:5+:.: 206 :./≅,(0: 10 5+::0./ /0∗.10 +6 Φ,Χ=0: 10
01+, Α+2<∗(−0∆ 1+∗+,6().1. :+2,+∗.,(. 1+ 3.>+)1. 1+2(1(< 3.>+, <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0
+6 ?<.∗,0 Φ,Χ=0: +6 ,+/.4=0 .0 6[: 1+ .Χ0:∗0 1+ ∋∋∃ : 1.10: 0;:+,−.10: +:∗=0
.5,+:+)∗.10: ). ∗.;+/. .2(6.
∋( 4 !3
 )) +2 ,
6 <6. 1(:5<∗. 206+,2(./ +)∗,+ 10(: 5.Β:+:∆ ϕ + 9∆ .<∗0,(1.1+: 10 5.Β: ϕ
.,Χ<6+)∗.−.6 ?<+ 6+1(1.: 5,0∗+2(0)(:∗.: 10 5.Β: 9 (65+1(.6 . /(−,+ 2(,2</.4=0 1+
;+): +)∗,+ +::+: 5.Β:+: + .20,10 206 +::. .,Χ<6+)∗.4=0∆ .: 2065.)Ι(.: 10 5.Β: 9
5,.∗(2.−.6 5,+40: 6+)0,+: +6 ϕ ?<+ )0 :+< 5,Φ5,(0 5.Β: .,. +:∗<1., +::+ 5,0;/+6.∆
<6 5+:?<(:.10, 0;∗+−+ 1<.: .60:∗,.: ./+.∗Φ,(.:∆ 2.1. <6. 20)∗+)10 ∋∋ −+)1.: )0
5.Β: ϕ + ∋∋ −+)1.: )0 5.Β: 9∆ 5.,. 0 6+:60 5+,Β010 + 5.,. 0 6+:60 ;+6
206+,2(./(>.10 )+::+: 10(: 5.Β:+: . .)≅/(:+ 1.: 0;:+,−.4Γ+: 30,.6 0;∗(10: 5,+40:
671(0:
89Γ  Φ,
89Η  Φ
+ 1+:−(0:5.1,Γ+:
:9Γ  
:9Η  ,
∗010: +6 1Φ/.,+: )0,∗+.6+,(2.)0:∆ 5.,. .: .60:∗,.: 10: 5.Β:+: ϕ + 9∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+: + ).: 3Φ,6</.: <:<.(: 5.,. ()3+,[)2(. +:∗.∗Β:∗(2. )0 2.:0
1+ ∗.6.)Ι0: .60:∗,.(: Χ,.)1+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 0: −./0,+: :+/+2(0).10: 1. ∗.;+/.
)0,6./ .;.(Α0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 :+Χ<()∗+ (∗+6

−
33 −3 ΗΓΙ 3 3


.( − 03(



  ∗∗

 






06 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 0 5,+40 671(0 5,.∗(2.10 )0 5.Β: ϕ +:∗≅ +)∗,+ ∋∆∋ + ∆ ∋
1Φ/.,+:
∋( ∗ !0 )) +2 ,

6+1(4Γ+: ()1+5+)1+)∗+:∆ ,+Χ(:∗,.)10:+∆ 5.,. 2.1. 6+1(4=0 ϑ∆ 0 −./0, 20,,+:50)1+)∗+

.,. +:∗(6., . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 671(. 1+ 2+,∗0 6.∗+,(./∆ 30,.6 ,+./(>.1.: ∋

1. ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 8Κ 
,+:(:∗[)2(. 671(. 0;:+,−.1. . 5.,∗(, 1+::. .60:∗,.

<50)10 ?<+ . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2.
:(Χ. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(.  +
./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 30( ∆! Ι6: + 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ 30( (Χ<./ . ∆! Ι6:

1+:−(0 5.1,=0 ∆ .6;0: 1+:20)Ι+2(10:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+ 

Λ −   Χ∆
+6 ?<+ Λ 7 <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ 206 ∃ Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 (∗+6 ?<+ :+ :+Χ<+

: /(6(∗+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. :(67∗,(20 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 671(.  :=0

ΦΦ ΦΦ
  ∀  .
+ +

∋( ) 2Κ 2 ))∗ +,

6 <6. 5+:?<(:. 1+ ∗,(;<∗0: 1+ 2065+∗[)2(. +:∗.1<./∆ +6 ∋∋∆ ,+./(>.1. 206 ∋∋
,+20/Ι(6+)∗0: +:20/Ι(10: ./+.∗0,(.6+)∗+ 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 20):(1+,.1. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0
()3()(∗0∆ ∋Ν ,+3+,(.6:+ . 1+∗+,6().10 (650:∗0 +:+Ε.:+ 20):∗,<(, <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!∆!Ν 5.,. . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1+::. 5,050,4=0 0):(1+,.)10 )0,6./ .
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .60:∗,./ 1. 3,+?<[)2(. ,+/.∗(−. 10: ,+20/Ι(6+)∗0: 1+::+ (650:∗0 + ?<+ ).
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+  ϑλ µ 9 µ Κ Σ ∃!∆!Ν∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 7
ϑ
Κ Ξ∋∆∀∋Ψ ∋∆∃∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆ Ζ
ϑ Κ Ξ∋∆∀ Ψ ∋∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋∆∀Ψ ∋∆Ζ

∋(   ∃< 5≅ ))∗ +,

+ 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
 ϑ9 Ω ∆ Κ Σ ∋∆∋!Ψ ϑ9 Ω Κ Σ ∋∆∋Ψ ϑ∋ν 9 ν ∆∀!Κ Σ ∋∆
+:+Ε.:+ +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 ϑ5Κ 1+ 5,02+::0: Ε</Χ.10: 50, <6 ∗,(;<)./ ,+Χ(0)./ 10
∗,.;./Ι0 1<,.)∗+ 0 5+,Β010 1+ ∋∋∋ .∗7 ∋∋ 6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∋∋∋∋
5,02+::0:∆ :+/+2(0).1. 1. 505</.4=0 ϑ:<50:∗. ()3()(∗.Κ 1+ ∗010: 0: 5,02+::0:∆ ,+−+/0<
?<+ !∋∋∋ 30,.6 Ε</Χ.10: )0 ,+3+,(10 5+,Β010 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 206
20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∋Ν 5.,. 5∆ ;.:+.10 )+::. .60:∗,.∆ 7 1.10 50,
ϑ
Κ ∋∆! ± ∋∆∋∋!



  ))

 






ϑΚ ∋∆! ± ∋∆∋∋ 

ϑΚ ∋∆! ± ∋∆∋∋ !
ϑ Κ ∋∆! ± ∋∆∋∋
ϑΚ ∋∆! ± ∋∆∋
∋(  2  )) +2,
6. +65,+:. Χ,.)1+ 1+ 5,02+::.6+)∗0 1+ 1.10: /+−. . +3+(∗0 <6. 5+:?<(:. 1+
05()(=0 :0;,+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ :.∗(:3.4=0 1+ :+<: +65,+Χ.10: 206 0: ,+:5+2∗(−0: +65,+Χ0:
+:∗+ 20)∗+Α∗0 ∋∋ +65,+Χ.10:∆ 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗.∆ :0; 0;Ε+∗(−0: 5,≅∗(20:∆
:=0 :+/+2(0).10: .0 .2.:0 + ?<+:∗(0).10: +:∗+:∆ !∋ 60:∗,.,.6:+ :.∗(:3+(∗0: 0<
6<(∗0 :.∗(:3+(∗0: 206 :+<: +65,+Χ0:
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 2.,.2∗+,(>. 0 ()∗+,−./0 206
20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν∆ :(67∗,(20∆ 5.,. . 5,050,4=0 505</.2(0)./
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ +65,+Χ.10: :.∗(:3+(∗0: 0< 6<(∗0 :.∗(:3+(∗0: 206 :+< +65,+Χ0
:+ +6 :+<: 2≅/2</0: 0 +0,+6. +)∗,./ 10 (6(∗+ + . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
.;.(Α0∆ .5,0Α(6.)10 0 −./0, +)20)∗,.10 ). ∗.;+/. 5.,. 0 ()∗+(,0 (6+1(.∗.6+)∗+
:<5+,(0,

∗.;+/. 1≅ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∋ + 9∆ 5.,. . )0,6./ 5.1,=0

.Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆ ∋
;Κ ∋∆∃ & ∋∆!
2Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆∀∋
1Κ ∋∆∋ & ∋∆∋
+Κ ∋∆! & ∋∆!!

∋( # 5; ))4 +2,

+Ε.6 ) −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: ϑ∋∆Κ ()1+5+)1+)∗+:
:06. 1+ :+<: ?<.1,.10: ∗+6
<6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+8
.Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
;Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
2Κ ?<( ?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
1Κ ?<( ?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+Κ  206  Χ,.< 1+ /(;+,1.1+ )0 )<6+,.10, + ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ )0 1+)06().10,



  )

 






∋( ∃ ! !;2 ))∃ +25,

+ ϑκ∆ κ∆ ∆ κ)Κ :=0 −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: ()1+5+)1+)∗+: + 206 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./
X + X 2 + ... + X n
,+1<>(1. + X = 1 ∆ +)∗=0 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+
n
( X 1 − X ) 2 + ( X 2 − X ) 2 + ... + ( X n − X ) 2 78
.Κ )0,6./
;Κ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
2Κ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
1Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+Κ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗+ 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+

∋( % 2Κ !2 ))& +5,

6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ! 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(.
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30( 1+ ∆ + .
−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 30( ∆

 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 78

.Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∀∃Κ
;Κ ϑ∋∆∀Ψ ∆∋!Κ
2Κ ϑ∋∆ Ψ ∆∋Κ
1Κ ϑ∋∆!!Ψ ∆ Κ
+Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆Κ
∋( & !  ))% +,
6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ! 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(. +
. −.,(Η)2(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1.: 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30(
!∆ + . −.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./ 30( ∆
 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 78
ϑ
Κ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∋Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆!Ψ ∆∃ Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆!Ψ ∆Κ
ϑ Κ ϑ∋∆ ∀Ψ ∆Κ
ϑΚ ϑ∋∆Ψ ∆∀∃Κ
∋( 1 62 ))% +25,
6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+:∆ 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0  ∆ 30( :+/+2(0).1. 5.,. +:∗(6., . 671(.
1+:20)Ι+2(1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
671(. .60:∗,./ +)20)∗,.1. 30( ∆ + .
−.,(Η)2(. .60:∗,./∆ ∆



  )

 






+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ ϑ∗ > ∆ Κ = ∋∆∋
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ ϑ∗ > ∆!Κ = ∋∆∋

+Α5+,([)2(. 206 ∗,.;./Ι.10,+: 1+ <6. 2+,∗. ()1Ρ:∗,(. ()1(2. ?<+ 0 ∗+650 ,+?<+,(10
5.,. ?<+ <6 ∗,.;./Ι.10,∆ ./+.∗0,(.6+)∗+ :+/+2(0).10∆ ,+./(>+ <6 :+,−(40∆ 7 1(:∗,(;<Β10
1+ 6.)+(,. .5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+  6()<∗0: +:+Ε.:+∆
50, 6+(0 1+ <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(.∆ 206 ,+50:(4=0∆ +:∗(6., . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ 
∗.6.)Ι0 1+:∗. .60:∗,.∆ 5.,. ?<+ . 1(3+,+)4. +6 −./0, .;:0/<∗0 +)∗,+ 0 −+,1.1+(,0
−./0, 505</.2(0)./ + :<. +:∗(6.∗(−. :+Ε. 1+ )0 6≅Α(60  6()<∗0:∆ 206 5,0;.;(/(1.1+
1+ ∃ Ν∆ 7
ϑ
Κ 
ϑΚ 
ϑΚ ∋∋
ϑ Κ 
ϑΚ ∃
∋( #∃ 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:

06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
Considerando que e n sejam valores constantes, se o nível de confiança aumentar, o
comprimento do intervalo de confiança diminuirá.
∋( #% 
)) +2 ,

)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
 ∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0

206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+  Σ  ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+  4  ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5     7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
+ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 30, 1+ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: ϑ206 Σ∋∋ ()./∗+,.10Κ∆ 0 +,,0
6≅Α(60 5,0−≅−+/ 1+ ∃!Ν 1. +:∗(6.∗(−. :+,(. 6+)0, ?<+ ∋ Ι0,.:
∋( #&  2 ) +2 ,
Ο</Χ<+ 0 (∗+6 ?<+ :+ :+Χ<+∆ ,+3+,+)∗+ Τ: ∗72)(2.: 1+ .60:∗,.Χ+6 + 1+ ()3+,[)2(.
+:∗.∗Β:∗(2.



  )%

 






0):(1+,+ ?<+ :+ 1+:+Ε. 1+∗+,6()., 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. ∗∆ 1+ 30,6. ?<+


χ89  χ  _ 89   7
+6 ?<+   7   + 89 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 671(. .60:∗,./
+::+ 2.:0∆ 7 20,,+∗0 .3(,6., ?<+
β  ε

∗δ
φ
_
+6 ?<+ βγ 7 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 + ε 7 0 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+
−.,(.4=0
∋( #1 29Γ  ))4 +2 ,
6 ,(;<)./ 1+ 0)∗.: ,+./(>0<∆ +6 1+∗+,6().10 .)0∆ <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0 +:∗.∗Β:∗(20
5.,. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 1+ 5,02+::0: (,,+Χ</.,+: 060 . 505</.4=0 1+ 5,02+::0:
(,,+Χ</.,+: +Α(:∗+)∗+: 7 6<(∗0 Χ,.)1+∆ 30( ∗06.1. <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+
∋∋ 5,02+::0: (,,+Χ</.,+: : 5,02+::0: .60:∗,.10: 30,.6 2/.::(3(2.10: +6 10(: ∗(50:8

+  .;+:+ ?<+ . ?<.)∗(1.1+ 1+ (,,+Χ</.,(1.1+: 50, 5,02+::0 10 ∗(50  :+Χ<+∆

.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+∆ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./∆ + 0: ,+:</∗.10: 50, ∗(50 1+ 5,02+::0
+:∗=0 ). ∗.;+/. .;.(Α0

06 ;.:+ ).: ()30,6.4Γ+: .2(6.∆ + 20):(1+,.)10:+ ?<+ ϑ∆!Κ Σ ∋∆∃∃∆ +6 ?<+ ϑ>Κ
,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0
(∗+6 :<;:+?<+)∗+

:∗(6.:+ ?<+ ∋Ν 10: 5,02+::0: 1. 505</.4=0./−0 10 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0 :=0 10 ∗(50

∆ +
. 6.,Χ+6 1+ +,,0 5.,. +::. +:∗(6.∗(−. 7 (Χ<./ . !Ν 206 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∆∀ Ν

∋( #4 !

:
 3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
.,. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 1+ 2<,. 1+ <6 6+1(2.6+)∗0 .)∗(5.,.:(∗≅,(0 ,+./(>0<:+ <6
+Α5+,(6+)∗0 2/Β)(20∆ .5/(2.)10:+ 0 6+1(2.6+)∗0 +6 φ)γ 10+)∗+: +:20/Ι(10: .0 .2.:0
+:∗. .60:∗,. 30( 20):(1+,.10 ?<+ ∋Ν 10: 10+)∗+: 30,.6 2<,.10: 06 ;.:+ )+:∗.:
()30,6.4Γ+: + <∗(/(>.)10 0 +0,+6. +)∗,./ 10 (6(∗+∆ 0 −./0, 1+ ∆ 5.,. ?<+ 0 +,,0
206+∗(10 ). +:∗(6.4=0 :+Ε. )0 6≅Α(60 ∋∆∋∆ 206 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν∆ 7 1+8


  )&

 






.Κ 
;Κ !
2Κ 
1Κ ∃
+Κ 
∋( #∗  < 
( ))4 +,
6 <6. 2(1.1+∆ 20):(1+,.1. 206 <6. 505</.4=0 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0∆ 7 3+(∗0 <6
+:∗<10 0;Ε+∗(−.)10 1+∗+2∗., . 5,050,4=0 1+ Ι.;(∗.)∗+: ?<+ 5,+3+,+6 . 6.,2. 10
:.;0)+∗+ κ 6. .60:∗,. 5(/0∗0 30,)+2+< <6 −./0, 1+ ∋Ν 5.,. +::. 5,050,4=0
+:+Ε.:+ 0;∗+, <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 5,050,4=0∆ ∗+)10 0 ()∗+,−./0
<6. .65/(∗<1+ 1+ ∋Ν + . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .60:∗,./ 1. 3,+?θ[)2(. ,+/.∗(−. 10:
Ι.;(∗.)∗+: ?<+ 5,+3+,+6 . 6.,2. 10 :.;0)+∗+ κ 7 )0,6./ + <∗(/(>.)10 . ()30,6.4=0 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 ϑ9Κ ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ ϑρ9ρ µ Κ Σ ∃!Ν∆ ∗+6:+ ?<+ 0
∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 1+−+ :+, 1+
ϑ
Κ ∋∋
ϑΚ  
ϑΚ 
ϑ Κ ∃
ϑΚ !

∋( ∃) !   ))& +,

.,. ,+:0/−+, . ?<+:∗=0 .;.(Α0∆ 20):(1+,+ .: ∗.;+/.: . :+Χ<(, /.: 30,)+2+6 ./Χ<):
−./0,+: 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ
∗.;+/.  ,+3+,+:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .: ∗.;+/.: 
+  ,+3+,+6:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ! +  Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+8
.;+/.  .;+/.  .;+/. 

ϑΑΚ
ϑΑΚ Α ϑΑΚ
∆ ∋ ∋∆∃! ∆∀! ∋∆∃! ∆∀ ∋∆∃!
∆  ∋∆∃!∋ ∆ ∋∆∃ ∆! ∋∆∃
∆∋∋ ∋∆∃∀∀ ∆! ∋∆∃∃ ∆! ∀ ∋∆∃∃
6 +)Χ+)Ι+(,0 +)2.,,+Χ.10 10 20)∗,0/+ 1+ ?<./(1.1+ 1+:+Ε. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 5 1+
/Η65.1.: 1+3+(∗<0:.: 1+ <6 /0∗+∆ 206 ;.:+ )<6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ∋∋ .;+:+∆
206 ;.:+ +6 +Α5+,([)2(.: .)∗+,(0,+:∆ ?<+ 5 1+−+ +:∗., 5,ΦΑ(60 1+ ∋∆! :.)10 0
∗+0,+6. 10 /(6(∗+ 2+)∗,./ 5.,. +:∗(6., . .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+
∃∋Ν 5.,. 5∆ 501+60: .3(,6., ?<+ . .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7∆
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+∆ (Χ<./ .8
.Κ ∋∆∋
;Κ ∋∆∋!
2Κ ∋∆∋!



  )1

 






1Κ ∋∆∋∀∋
+Κ ∋∆∋

∋( ∃   ))∗ +,

6 <6. 2(1.1+ 206 <6. Χ,.)1+ ?<.)∗(1.1+ 1+ +/+(∗0,+:∆ 2+,∗0 2.)1(1.∗0 +)206+)1.
<6. 5+:?<(:. −(:.)10 −+,(3(2., ?<./ :+,≅ . 5,050,4=0 1+ −0∗0: . :+< 3.−0,∆
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<6. −.,(Η)2(. 206 −./0, 6≅Α(60 + 206 <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν  ∗.6.)Ι0
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∋( ∃ 2Κ Ν ))1 +5,
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1+ <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗.  ,+:</∗.10 .5<,0< !∋Ν 1+ ()∗+)4=0 1+ −0∗0: 5.,. +::+
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206 .65/(∗<1+ ! + 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
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1+ 20)∗.: ()20,,+∗.6+)∗+ 20)∗.;(/(>.1.:  .<1(∗0, 20):(1+,. . 505</.4=0 1+ 20)∗.:
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1+ ) ?<+ 0 .<1(∗0, 1+−+ ∗06., 5.,. +:∗(6., 5 206 +,,0 )=0 :<5+,(0, . !Ν 5.,. 6.(:
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Κ Ξ∆∋ Ψ ∆∃Ζ
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∃∋ !∃∆∃ ∆∀! !∆ ∀ ∃∆ ∀∆∃ ∋∆ ! ∃∆ !∋ ∋∀∆! ! ∆! ∆ ∆ ∆∃∃
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