rk SCH Ue ee Wl PURE MATHEMATICS 4 STUDENT BOOKPDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL eS Student Book‘atshes by Posen Edation Line, 80 Star, Landon, WO2R ORL. wwipersongboaechoolcom ‘Copies ool speciteabon ora Pearson qualifications ay be found on the ‘webate: hipe//quatteatons pearon.com “ext © Poaroon Eavoaton Lites 2019 ted ay Lit Sauce “ype! by Tach StL, Gateshead UK (rial uations © Pasron Edveaton Linea 2019 ‘mista by © Tect-Se Li, Gateead, UK ‘Cover design by © Pearson Eaucatin iid 2079, “horas o Geog Atwood, Jack Baraleunh, an Betis, Lee Cope, ‘Charlee Gamat Cox. 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Endorsmant of arovoure dees mean that he resource i rogue to schave ths Pearson quailtin, pox dows rea that Is tre ery eutabe matora avaible to support the qualcaton and ary rsource 1s produced by te awarding body shal icudo tha and ther approprateCOL COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 PROOF 1 2 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 6 3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) PLANE 16 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION 30 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 46 5 DIFFERENTIATION 50 6 INTEGRATION 66 7 VECTORS 97 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148 EXAM PRACTICE 153 GLOSSARY 155 ANSWERS 159 INDEX 179aca CHAPTER 1 PROOF 1 CHAPTER 4 BINOMIAL 4.4 PROOF BY CONTRADICTION 2 EXPANSION 30 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 5 4.1 EXPANDING (1+ x)" 31 4.2 EXPANDING (a + 6x)" 36 CHAPTER 2 PARTIAL 4.3 USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS 40 FRACTIONS 6 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 43 2.1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 7 2.2 REPEATED FACTORS 10 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 4G 2.3 IMPROPER FRACTIONS 12 GARTER RENE 2 ‘4 CHAPTER 5 DIFFERENTIATION 50 5.1 PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION 51 CHAPTER 3 COORDINATE 5.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 54 GEOMETRY IN THE (.x, y) 5.3 RATES OF CHANGE 57 PLANE 16 CHAPTER REVIEWS 61 3.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 7 3.2 USING TRIGONOMETRIC CHAPTER GINTEGRATION 66 IDENTITIES 21 6.1 FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE 3.3 CURVE SKETCHING 25 DEFINED PARAMETRICALLY 67 CHAPTER REVIEW 3 28 6.2 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION AROUND THE x-AXIS 68 6.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 74 6.4 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 78 6.5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 81 6.6 SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 84 6.7 MODELLING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 88 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 92CUTS at CHAPTER 7 VECTORS 97 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148 7.1 VECTORS 98 7.2 REPRESENTING VECTORS 102 73 MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION 15 _EXAM PRACTICE 158 7.4. VECTORS IN 3D 109 7.5 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS GLOSSARY 155 IN TWO DIMENSIONS 114 7.6 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS ANSWERS 159 IN THREE DIMENSIONS 17 7.7. POSITION VECTORS 121 7.8. 30 COORDINATES 123 INDEX 179 7.9. EQUATION OF A LINE IN THREE DIMENSIONS 125 7.10 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 131 7.11 SCALAR PRODUCT 133 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 140PCS 4 ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout. + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving, ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated cr specify the problem } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret ests auediteiean + Challenge questions provide extra stretch 3. Transferable skills ‘epresnt information + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book Each chapter starts with lst of Learn objectives The Prier rowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapter Glossary terms wil be dentited by bald lu text on ta first appearance Each chante is mapped othe specticalon content for easy reverence “The eal world applications of ‘tho maths you are about lear ae highlighted atthe stat of the chapterCUCL Bracice questions ate carey graded to increase a sfeaty ‘nd gradual borg youup to exam ‘ance ‘anefoabe eels are signposted were they natural oceur inthe exercises and examples races we packed with exam-eyio {Questions to ensure you S10 ready Torte eras Sarpy wored ) Each scion bps Probiensaling boxes fexamples focus on with an explanation (gue yous cnance de hints, tips and Key typos ot questions | andkeylearing prints | tackesomemore | fratepe, ana Weten Examstyle questions |) youllneed'to tackle itfeutquestons | our oaxes hghignt froas where students are flagged with © ten lose marks in Problem-solving {Each chapter ends with a Chapter review ‘their exams questions are flagged and 2 Summary of ay paints with @ itor every few chapters, a Review exercise Felps you consolte your teaming with == ots of exam-sive questions Exam practice Further Mathematics International Advanced Level Pure Mathematics 4 Review exercise 1 ‘ful practice paper atthe back of| ‘ie book hips you prepare forthe real thingvili QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 4 (P4) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, aC oo or PéPureMathematis —|16F%6of'AL | 75 | Ahour30mins_ | January, june and October Paper code WMAY4/01 Fist assessment ne 2020 IAL: International Advanced A Level. Assessment objectives and weightings ier Recall selec and use ther krowledge of mathematical facts concepis and techniques na 201 | variety of contexts 20% Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of prec statements, ‘nop. | !osical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematica expressions, Pom including the construction of extended argument for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form Recall select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical model to represent fo3_| stations in the real work recognise and understand given representations involving oo standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe orginal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. ‘Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of. ‘804 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5% pages 10-11 . . . Y . oe Convert an improper fraction into partial fraction form} en ae “pagesi2-D 6 ee ae ae oe ae sa eeseee eee > eeeese sees eeeeee sees eee eees sees eeeesee ae eeeeeee ese eeeseeee ee eeeee sae eeeseeee Fully factorise ee eeeee see eeeeeese a 45x +6 seeeees eee eeseeaee b e—5x-14 «Pureisectionis SSS SSCS SS SSS eSeee as simplify eee 490418 xt- x30 =x? + 3x4 18 You can use partial fractions to simplify expressions and break them into smaller parts. This is very useful for analysing linear differential systems, such as resonant circuits in electrical systems, INK aun an rE «Pure? Section 1.1 | Use the factor theorem to determine the factors of: a P43x2—x-3 b e324 Pure2 Section 1.3a Cy raid @ Partial fractions = Asingle fraction with two separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions. (7 A and Bare constants to be found, 5 4B 5 LA BL (+ D@—4) x47 x—d — Theexpressionis Partial fractions are used ; 11 rewritten as the sum of Tee iol ‘The denominator contains two ‘wo partial fractions. integration linear factors: (x + 1) and (x = 4) ‘There are two methods to find the constants A and B: by substitution and by equating coefficients. GEE) BED worn 6: Split into partial fractions by a substitution b equating coefficients. —bxa2 @-3e+D G2 _ 4, 8 a Ea Abs 114 Box = 3) = 3+ Gx = 2 = Ale +1) + Bye Gx(--2 ) | ex-2 4 &-Su+0x- 3 ett ex-2 A,B aa ed x-a*x+T Aly + 1) Bix - 3) (= 3+ 7aiid Umar] = The method of partial fractions can alsobe (RNa used when there are more than two distinct linear factors in the denominator. 1 (v= 2)(x + 6) +3) A,B iC canbe spit into 45 +2 + The constants 4, B and C can again be found either by substitution or by equating coefficients. For example, the expression EG 2) ELE rou scurms 684se-2 A, B Given that = Qn+ = x + find the values of the constants 4, Band C. 2xel Gx? + 5x- = Aye - Nex +1) 64+5-2=0+Bx1x340 9-38 B=3 Let x=0) OF0-2=4 x K14040 a4 a Gxt 4 5x-2 _2 So xie= Mere) =x * SoA= and Cemai atte Cease 1 Express as partial fractions a x=? Deel eat @=2E+D) G+ D+) rie 4) aga 46 EID First ractorise the denominator. e+ DG x T-3x 8-x 2v-14 —3x-4 8 yay 24 3x-15 =2x-5 ji A.B © 2 Show that can be written in the form 7“ +5 where A and Bare Grne-9 dex * 2-5 constants to be found. GB marks) ©® 3 Theexpression can be written in partial fractions as —— 4 __ (x~ A(x + 8) Find the values of the constants 4 and B. Given that h(x) can be expressed in the form SS «find the values of vel A, Band (4 marks) @® § Given that, for x <-1 2.4. where D, Band Fare 7 *NQxv + DGx-2)~ x * Be 3-2 7 constants, Find the values of D, Band F. (marks) 6 Express as partial fractions a 28 = 120-26 =10x2- 842 ¢ aS = 19-32 (+ DO=DO+5) ax + Gx = 2) Gr e+ DE=5) @® 7 Express as partial fractions 2 zea bt, ID feat droit Sy? - 15x-8 BOAO Express asa sum of fractions with linear denominators.ator GCG @® Repeated factors * A single fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be spl separate fractions. In this case, there is a special method for dealing with the repeated linear factor. Aand Band Care |r ce mel 249 7 a constants to be found. Wo Shee ap eS 343 GHP The denominator contains three linear Factors: (¥~ 5), (x-+3) and (x43). (e+3)is a repeated linear factor. ‘The expression is rewritten asthe sum of three partial fractions, Notice that (= 5), (+3) and (x +3)? SST?) ED ees are the deno nator, 2 Show that SPT TF cam be writen in the form 4 +B + 3S where A, Band © are constants to be found, Let thet iavt5_ 4 es w+ Dex+0 4” wa” Geet Alv + 12x + th + Bx +1) + Oe +t (42x40) Hence 1x? + 14x 45 Ae + 2x +1) + BEx + 1) + Coe #1 (1) let x= 1 1-445 24x04 Bx-14C0x0 we WHE 4 Ne AS Monee Wy 1(ex + 1 on ee > ETEED check your answer using the oo we Beet SoA= 2 and C= 3. ——1a Cy raid EID romero x4 © | y= Stove ALB, Given that f(x) can be expressed in the form “E+ 4 + > find the values of A, Band C. = (4 marks) ewe alr © 2 w= eyes tet! D E E Find the values of the constants D, Band Fsuch that 0x) =24 +p (4marks) © 8 Given that, for v <0, eae =f , where PQ and Rare constants, find the values of P, Qand R. (4 marks) © 4 Show that 52 wo are constants to be found. (4 marks) 2x © 5 w= wept Find the values of the constants A and B such that p(w (4 marks) loxt-l0x+17__ A, BOL © 6 ost —3P dest x3 wets Find the values of the constants 4, Band C. (marks) 39x? + 2v4 59 A, 8B © © 7 Show thar PAPE can be writen in the form 45 9B where 4, B and Care constants to be found. (4 marks) ® 8 Express as partial fractions: y+ a+ 1Ox-+ 25Peary Gy @® Improper fractions = An improper fraction is one tha tor is equal to or greater than the power of the numerator. An improper fraction can be split into partial fractions. Some fractions can be given as 717 sy. Since the top and bottom ae bath quadrats inthis case, dividing one by the other should produce a constant, so the form would be A + a < is split into partial fractions. Then, by first noting the itis similar if the expression — sey difference in powers between numerator and denominator, this can be written in the form Ax+ B+ 4 xe Express 4 as partial fractions. - : 2 etree +B is is because a cubic over a quadratic produces a linear function. Express as partial fractions. —_— @-De-2) 3x? Ax+ B+ = tx zi 2)a Cy raid (Ax + Bix = AY = 2) + Cle = 2) + Dex = 1) x= a= 2) _ Gx + Bhs - Whe 2)+ Cx 2)+ Dix) - (We 2) Bx* = (Bx + Blox ~ Dlx 2)+ Cl - 2) + Dor- 1) 3 x= (3x14 Bl ~ 1 ~ 2) + CU ~ 2)4 DO ~1 Bx O+ BNO ~ 110 - 2) - 30 - 2) + 2410 - 0p. O=2B+6-24 B 1 Express as partial fractions antl p ins etl az x2 Ne1 x43 2 Show that S—3yeq-y aM be written in the form A + Ty + where 4, Band Care ‘constants to be found. i At + Be i —e_, 3. Given that iy canbe expressed in the form 2+ 57°) + 3e.5p fin the values of A, Band C. 4 Express as partial fractions ‘* 1 b 234-2 é i- eed x(e+ 3) @x-Da=D 7 x i Cc 5 Given that WrDE-D $221) can be expressed in the form Ax + B+ 540 5-1" find the values of A, B, Cand D. 6 Express as partial fractions dex xr 3) » Gs DED <5y cam be expressed inthe form A + —B— 4 ——C— find the values of A, Band C. 7 Given that (ys vel” @+? 8 Express as partial fractions x41 ato «2 w= 2) (reme ali Gy Challenge Express 728558 pari fractions, Ce (2) 4 1 Given that G5 yy¢q-Tay + find the values of 4 and B. 2. Express as partial fractions a ee 5 wee) @= nes) x 4, Bic 3 Show that Gy NGS yGee gS cam bewrten inform 45 +B + Ss giving the values of 4,B and C: 4 Express as partial fractions ax47x=2 p aI 2 xo + De) (= 4)e- 3) Gre + GD 5 By frst using the factor theorem to simplify the denominator, write partial fractions. 6 Express as partial fractions 3x41 * xe2) Mesto x a2 7 Express as partial fractions i 3 *Gop@ep > BWD 8 Given that 5255 canbe written in the form 45 + determine the values of A and B. B +3 @+eF 9 Express 4s partial fractions. . =3x+2 10. Express as partial fractions op 11 Show that = ‘can be written in the form A + = a giving the values of 4, Band C. 12. Express as partial fractions ‘wens Nea 13 Given that —*— can be written as Ax + B+ —C5 4 —P— find the values of 4,B,C and D. wey x43" (43a Cy raid eed 1 Asingle fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions: ee G@+DG-4 G+)" &-4) 2 The method of partial fractions can also be used when there are more than two distinct linear factors in the denominator: = A B Cc = 2+ +3) (= 2)” (46) * OHI) 3. Asingle fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or more separate fractions: B ia +3" (43? ‘4% An improper algebraic fraction is one whose numerator has a degree equal to or larger than the denominator. An improper fraction must be converted to a mixed fraction before you can express it in partial fractions. To convert an improper fraction into a mixed fraction you can use: + algebraic division + or the relationship F(x) = Q(x) x divisor + remainder3 COORDINATE " GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) PLANE Pe eed 34 ution 2 trigonometric © Understand and use parametric equations of curves and sketch arametric curves parametric equations d x=142e + Pure3 Sections 42, a 443sintx 3. State the rang: Parametric equations are an alternative , ‘dinate system to Hitec Cartesian equations, € Pure 1 Sections 2.6, 4.2 an be used + Pure2 Section 6.1 © Pure3 Sect ral 4 Acircle has centre (0, 4) and radius 5, Find the s of the points of rtesian equation in intersection of the circle and the line with equation 2y ~.x-10=0 a simpler, and more + Pure 2 Sect accessible, form,Cea Ua Geom ae ai You can write the x- and 3-coo! ates of each point an a curve as functions of a third variable, This variable is called a parameter and is often represented by the letter 1 = A curve can be defined using parametric equations x = p(t) and y = q(t). Each value of the parameter, f, defines a point on the curve with coordinates (p(f), a(t). fest ™ You can convert between parametric equations and Cartesian equations by using substitution to eliminate the parameter. L 2 These are the paramettic equations of the curve. The domain of the parameter tells you the values of / you would need to substitute to find the coordinates of the points on the curve. When 1=2,.=254 25andy=2x2=4 This corresponds to the point (2.5, 4) oe When 1= 05, 25 and y= 20 This corresponds to the point 25, 1) CEEEED A cartesian equation in wo dimensions involves the variables x and y only. You can use the domain and range of the parametric functions to find the domain and range of the resulting Cartesian function. ® For parametric equat * the domain of f(x) ‘A curve has parametric equations =A -3 k where kis a constant to be found. b Write down the range of fix). ED sine CS] nee | ‘curve using technology. oy xein(¢+3), y= 1>-2 erete3 Soet-3=1 ¢* isthe inverse function of In x. Rearrange the equation for x into the form 1= then substitute into the equation for y. Substitute # When t= -2: x int + 3) = Int = As # increases In(t + 3) increases, so the To find the domain for f(x), consider the range of range of the parametric function for x is eae CeO x20 The Cartesian equation is he Cartesian ea __ You need to consider what value.x takes when al eee 1==2 and what happens when «increases. e+e pape aaett The range of fis the range of values y can take b When t 4 14553 within the given range of the parameter. Aa acres y decrees bi ays poste 20 the ge ofthe parmetic You coud alo the range of) by 1 considering ie domain. 10 = and 6) function for pisO k where & is a constant to be 8 A diagram shows a curve C with parametric equations yeP-2, 05162 a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form yr =flx), and state the domain of fx). (3 marks) dy b Show that 3 = 0 when + (3 marks) © Hence determine the range of f(x). (2 marks) 9 A curve Chas parametric equations 4-P, teR a Show that the Cartesian equation of C can be written in the form x = (a y\(b-yP where a and h are integers to be determined. (3 marks) b Write down the maximum value of the y-coordinate for any point on this curve, (2 marks)Cea Ua Geom ae CHAPTER 2 Challenge You can use trigonometric identities to convert trigonometric parametric equations into Cartesian form. In this chapter you will always consider angles measured in radians. EE) ED remem Accurve has parametric equations x=sin(+2, y=cost-3, 1€R. a Show that a Cartesian equation of the curve is (x- 2) + (y+ 37=1 b Hence sketch the curve, Etuers 0 If you can write expressions for sin ¢ and cosin terms of rand y then you can use the identity 1 to eliminate the parameter, t. ‘€ Pure2 Section 6.3 yd @ Substitute () and (2) into (r= 2P +p 43 =1 byPee aay Pe aa eee Se EE) BD om A curve is defined by the parametric equations ind, -F 1st x=sing, y a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form vate), -kexsk stating the value of the constant k. b Write down the range of fix). a y=sin2r 2sintcoss 2xcosi 0 ee | arenes sin? costs = 1 ——______| costs 1—sinte =1-¥ cost=\T=x® QQ) Substitute (2) into (): y = 2xv/T A curve C has parametric equations xecotr+2 yacosetr-2, OI a Find a Cartesian equation of this curve in the form y= f(x), > & where k is a constant to be found in exact form. b Write down the range of »), leaving your answer in exact form. 4A curve has parametric equations 1 1 ya2in(rsg), 1> te 2 Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form y = f(x), and state the domain and range of f(x). 5 A circle has parametric equations x = 4sin1—3, y= 4eos1+5, 0 1< 27 a Find a Cartesian equation of the circle. b Draw a sketch of the circle. ¢ Find the exact coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle with the y-axis, 6 The curve C has parametric equations 3420 Yee 2 Tar 4 a Show that the curve Cis part of a straight line, (3 marks) b Find the length of this line segment, (2 marks)Cea Ua Geom ae Giak) ®7 A.curve Chas parametric equations , <1 ‘a Find the Cartes Hx) (x) in the given domain of © Sketch the curve in the given domain of ¢. jan equation of Cin the form y b State the domain and range of A curve Chas parametric equations x=2eos!, y=2sint-5, 05150 a Show that the curve C forms part of a circle, b Sketch the curve in the given domain of ¢ Find the length of the curve in the given domain of ‘The curve C has parametric equations -2 a Find a Cartesian equation of C in the form y b Sketch the curve C. eee 1. Acurve can be defined using parametric equations x = p() and y = q(t) Each value of the parameter 1, defines a point on the curve with coordinates (p(i), q(0)) (Gmarks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (G marks) (GB marks) (3 marks) (G marks) 2. You can convert between parametric equations and Cartesian equations by using substitution to eliminate the parameter. 3 For parametric equations x = p(t) and» = q(e) with Cartesian equation y = fix) + the domain of f(x) is the range of p(s) + the range of f(x) is the range of q(t) FE)N } arate SCS eee iene ' the coefficient of 17 is 24. a Find the possible values of a. b Find the corresponding coefficient of the x} term.cm aie} EUS) @® 7 Show that if «is smal, the expression a CED is sma means we can assume I-x the expansion i valid for the x values being. considered because high powers become insignificant compared to the first few terms. isaproximated by +24 6 4 @w-Le-Te a Find the series expansion of h(x), in ascending powers of x, up to and including the x? term, Simplify each term, (marks) b Find the percentage error made in using the series expansion in part a to estimate the value of (0.01). Give your answer to 2 significant figures, (3 marks) ¢ Explain why it is not valid to use the expansion to find (0.5). (mark) 9 a Find the binomial expansion of (1 — 3x)! in ascending powers of x up to and including the x° term, simplifying each term. (4marks) 997 1 ‘ b Show that, when x = 99. the exact value of (1 = 3x)? is “99g (marks) © Substitute x= 7 into the binomial expansion in part a and hence obtain an approximation to \97. Give your answer to 5 decimal places. (marks) Challenge nead= (143) “isla 1 Find the binomial expansion of h() in ascending powers of « upto, GD pestece win and including the x? term, simplifying each term, 10 10 € Use the expansion in part ato find an approximate value of 110. Write your answer to 2 decimal places. b Show that, when x=9, the exact value of h(x) Is @ expan The binomial expansion of (1 + x)" can be used to expand (a + hx)" for any constants a and b. g (a + bx)" You need to take a factor of « out of the expression: 4)" Make sure you multiply a by every term in the expansion of | ( +h)BINOMIAL EXPANSION Cais + The expansion of a + bx), where mis negative ora fraction, is valid for [2s] <1 oF |x| < AI EO ©) LED sorrvercamne Find the fist four terms in the binomial expansion of a FFX b Gy a State the range of values of » for which each of these expansions is valid. =the) [— wiewcatert oo . ee =2(1 +3) welt 5 is +adaat~) A intestine Btn eat ot = |sl<4 aigeas! er EdCe ate} ES Uo) 3 (-2y-2 ~ 0(3*)” wf ocagy 2S ——_— cus ©® 1 Foreach of the following: i find the binomial expansion up to and including the x° term fi state the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid, 02x bh “eee a Ore ED vite pare e 15 cee ila n 2te Wax 342x Baex wee Vi=xCUE) Cais ®2 ®3 f= (+40), p< 3 Find the binomial expansion of f(x) in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in.x°, Give each coefficient as a simplified fraction, (S marks) m(a) hi<4 a Find the series expansion of m(x), in ascending powers of x, up to and including the x? term. Simplify each term. (4marks) v5 3 (2 marks) b Show that, when x= J, the exact value of m(x) is € Use your answer to part a to find an approximate value for 35, and calculate the percentage error in your approximation. (4marks) ‘The first three terms in the binomial expansion of | geteaty a+b oP tage os a Find the values of the constants a and b. b Find the coefficient of the x? term in the expansion, ny =3 os = x Prove that if xis ullicintly small, f(x) may be approximated by 3 + a Expand _ where |x| <5, in ascending powers of » up to and including the term in x2, W542 giving each coefficient in simplified surd form, 5 (Smarks) b Hence or otherwise, find the first 3 terms in the expansion of 8 a series in ascending powers of x. S428 (4marks a Use the binomial theorem to expand (16 ~ 3x)! |x| < 18 in ascending powers of x, 3 up to and including the term in x°, giving each term as a simplified fraction (4marks) b Use your expansion, with a suitable value of x, to obtain an approximation to {157 Give your answer to 3 decimal places. (marks) 2 1 = Fay Tee k, where kis.an exact constant to be found. (4) b Write down the range of f(x) in the form a < y pages 51-52 © Differentiate functions which are defined implicitly “> pages 54-55 © Solve probl ° of change ifferential equations > pages 57-59 Differentiate: a sind (1-34 cee € Pure 3 Sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.4 Find the gradient of the function y = In(2_) atthe point wl 2x) x+3/ + Pure3 Sections 6.2, 65 The 5 y Find the coordinates of any poi the coordinate axes. Pure 1 Sections 4.1, 43 Solve 2c Din the interval 0 answers correct to 3 significant figu «Pure 3 Sections 3.2,3.4 uy ir \= differentiation to find rates of change in trigonometric and exponential 1s. The velo: a wrecking ball could be estimated by modelling its displacement then tiating,eu Crary ) Parametric differentiation When functions are defined parametrically, you can find the gradient at a given point without converting into Cartesian form. You can use a variation of the chain rule: gy » = GED vou can obtain this * hand y are givens functions of a parameter, oY = at from wrting 2 2% = ol a Bax dr ~ de GET) BD essa Find the gradient at the point P where = 2, on the curve given parametrically by wePet yee, eR ae ae a Pg a ee | ee 4 a 21 ax Bei ay 4 least a aaa . 4 So the gradient at Pis 4 EXD worm Find the equation of the normal at the point P where @ = equations x = 3sind, y = Scos0. aan beens aan ness |__| z G ( the curve with parametrica aLsiey pau EXD reesame r 1 Find for each of the following, leaving your answer in terms of the parameter a x=2y=P-3t42 2° © x= t43A par 2 ye 1 e exo pya se? fxsg peat h x=Pey=1 i y=4sin3r,y=3e0s30 1 x= 2r—sin2s, y= 1-c0s2r =24sing y= o xse%4 Lys 2e-L-10 ® 2 a Find the equation of the tangent to the curve with parametric equations 3-2sint, y= fos 1, at the point P, where = 7 b Find the equation of the tangent to the curve with parametric equations =9-P, y= 1+ 64, at the point P, where ¢=2 @® 3 a Find the equation of the normal to the curve with parametric equations =e',y =e! +e", at the point P, where ¢= 0 b Find the equation of the normal to the curve with parametric equations = sin 2, at the point P, where t = . =1-cos21,y @® 4 Find the points of zero gradient on the curve with parametric equations 1-7 ‘You do not need to establish whether they are maximum or minimum points. @® 5 The curve Chas parametric equations x =e, y=e'- 1,4 R a Find the equation of the tangent to Cat the point 4 where ¢ = In2 b Show that the curve Chas no stationary points.eu Crary © The curve C has parametric equations 2-3-4 po po Yah 0 The line /; is a tangent to Cand is parallel to the line with equation y Find the equation of /, (8 marks) @®) 7 Acurve has parametric equations ya2oott, O1, y>0 at the point on the curve where x = 4, Give your answer as an exact value. (7 marks) 10 A curve C satisfies sin x + cos 0.5, where -n = by Find the coordinates ofthe two points on Csuch that 2 = 0 ay Rates of change ™ You can use the chain rule to connect rates of change in situations involving more than two variables. EO ©) ELITE} crear inns Given that the area of a circle 4 cm? is elated to its radius rem by the formula A = find “4 when r= 3 di and that the rate of change of its radius in em s~ Aan Problem-solving aA In order to be able to apply the chain rule to given by A ane Get fd 4 you net know £4. You can fit by Using or Ge * Gr differentiating A= xr with respect tr. SERIO 7) ESL weevenreron The volume of a hemisphere Vem? related to its radius rem by the formula V= rr’ and the total surface area Sem? is given by the formula $= x12 + 2nr? = 3xr°, Given that the rate of increase of volume, in ems, 3 = 6, find the rate of increase of surface area 9S a5 dS _ a = amr? and SS = Garare} uy 7a An equation that involves a rate of change is called a differential equation. You can formulate differential equations from information given in a question. SEN) ED serves In the decay of radioactive particles, the rate at which particles decay is proportional to the number of particles remaining. Write down a differential equation for the rate of change of the number of particles. Now #8 = 28 a> ar CHEE You can use integration to solve differential equations. -> Pure 4 Section 6.5 Let N be the number of particles and let f be time. The rate of change of the number of particles Mn proportional to W =-EN were» postive constant The nn sign ais becais the mmber of pores decreasing SO 9) ELE were csaninc Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of loss of temperature of a body is proportional to the excess temperature of the body over its surroundings. Write an equation that expresses this law. (eens emperors oT Hay bee Sees temperature ud tive —— Se constant. the surroundings.eu Crary ON 2°) ESTED crear mins The head of a snowman of radius Rem loses volume by evaporation at a rate proportional to its surface area, Assuming that the head is spherical, that the volume of a sphere is $aRem? and that the surface is 4R2cm?, write down a differential equation for the rate of change of radius of the snowman’ head. kA, The fiest sentence tells you that dt Vem? is the volume, ¢ seconds is time, kis a positive constant and Am? is the wher surface area of the snowman's head. aw _ av AR dt aR at ak dt =-kA kx aR? -k GEEKS) EE oom 1 Given that 4 = fo? and that 9! = 6, ind 94 when r=2 ir 4 de ay find — when x= 2 dr 3 Given that r= 1 + 3eo0s0/and that $= 3, find when als find SE when r=3 dr 4 Given that ® ® ® ® fr and that 5 A population is growing at a rate which is proportional to the size of the population. Write down a differential equation for the growth of the population ©® 6 Acurve Chas equation y = f(x), > 0. At any point P on the curve, the gradient of Cis proportional to the product of the x- and the y-coordinates of P. The point A with coordinates (4, 2)is on Cand the gradient of Cat Ais 4Ce ari} aU) ©® 7 Liquid is pouring into a container at a constant rate of 30cm's“!, At time ¢ seconds liquid is 2 15 leaking from the container at a rate of = Vem? s the container at that time. where Vom? is the volume of the liquid in Show that -154% = 27 ~ 430 de @® 8 Anclectrically-charged body loses its charge, Q coulombs, at a rate, measured in coulombs per second, proportional to the charge @. Write down a differential equation in terms of Q and r where r is the time in seconds since the body started to lose its charge. ©® 9 Theice on a pond has a thickness xmm at a time ¢ hours after the start of freezing. The rate of inerease of 2 is inversely proportional to the square of x. Write down a differential equation in terms of x and «. ©®) 10 The radius of a circle is increasing at a constant rate of 0.4 cm per second, ac a Find “fp where Cis the circumference of the cirele, and interpret this value in the context of the model. b Find the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10cm. ¢ Find the radius of the cirele when its area is increasing at the rate of 20cm: per second. ©® 11 The volume of a cube is decreasing at a constant rate of 4.5em* per second. Find a the rate at which the length of one side of the cube is decreasing when the volume is 100m? b the volume of the cube when the length of one side is decreasing at the rate of 2mm per second. ©® 12 Fluid flows out of acy | tank with constant cross section. At time ¢ minutes, ¢ > 0, the volume of fluid remaining in the tank is Vm’, The rate at which the fluid flows in m? min"! is proportional to the square root of V. Show that the depth, metres, of fluid in the tank satisfies the differential equation 2 =-kh where k is a positive constant. ©® 13 Attime, rseconds, the surface area of a cube is 4 cm? and the volume is Vem’. The surface area of the cube is expanding at a constant rate of 2om?s! a Write an expression for Vin terms of 4 b Find an expression for av dr 2 a4 © Show that © 14 Aninverted conical funnel is ful of salt, The salts allowed to leave by a small hole in the vertex. It eaves at a constant rate of Gems Given that the angle of the cone between the slanting edge and the vertical is 30°, show that the volume of the sat is 47/°, where /ris the height of salt at time 1 seconds. Show that the rate of change of the height of the sult in the funnel is inversely proportional to 3. Write down a diferential equation relating f and 1.eu Crary Chapter review @) ECT rrosuen-sowne GB 1 The curve Cis given by the equations 8 41-3, 1>0 e where sis a parameter. At A, = 2. The line /is the normal to Cat A a a Find $ in terms of 1 (4marks) b_ Hence find an equation of f. (3 marks) ©® 2 Thecurve Cis given by the equations x =F, "= 2, where isa parameter Find an equation of the normal to Cat the point P on C where r= 3 (7 marks) 3 The curve Chas parametric equations A Pr, 1>0 Find an equation of the tangent to C at 4 (1, 1). (7 marks) GB 4 Acurve Cis given by the equations x=2cos/+sin2r, y=coss—2sind, O ¢ 2 Pis the point on the curve where ¢= 2 ‘The line is the normal to Cat P. Find the equation of / (7 marks)eu Crary &® 14 &® 5 &®) 16 @®uv &® 18 1» ® 2% Find the gradient of the curve with equation 5x? + 5y° ~ 6xy = 13 at the point (I, 2). (7 marks) 4 Given that e+e” = xy, find fe in terms of x and y (7 marks) Find the coordinates of the turning points on the curve y3 + (7 marks) 4 a (1 +929) = 249% find in terms of xand y (4 marks) bb Find the gradient of the curve (1 + 3)(2 +) =32 +»? at each of the two points where the curve meets the y-axis. GB marks) Show also that there are tvo points at which the tangents to this curve are parallel to the y-axis. (4 marks) A curve has equation 7x° + 48xy ~ 7y2 +75 = 0. A and Bare two distinet points on the curve and at each of these points the gradient of the curve is equal to 2. Use implicit differentiation to show that the straight line passing through 4 and B has equation x-+2y=0 — (Gmarks) Given that y=, x> 0, y > 0, by taking logarithms show that 4 Gexa+my (marks) dy a Given that a = e, where a and k are constants, a > Oand x € R, prove that k=Ina. (2 marks) b Hence, using the derivative of e, prove that when y = 2° dy & (4marks) € Hence deduce that the gradient of the curve with equation y = 2° at the point (2, 4) isn 16 (Bmarks) A population P is growing at the rate of 9% each year and at time ¢ years may be approximated by the formula P= P(L.09), 020 where P is regarded as a continuous function of ¢ and Po is the population at time ¢ = a Find an expression for in terms of P and Py, @marks) b Find the time 7 years when the population has doubled from its value at ¢= 0, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. (4marks) ¢ Find, as a multiple of Ps, the rate of change of population a attime r= T° (4marks) Acurve Chas equation =InGin), O cosxdx with du and replace V+ Sinx 105 x, 80 replace with w Problem-solving You could also convert the integral back into a function of x and use the original limits.TUT) rai) ETE ness 1. Use the substitutions given to find a follzeage-143 » PUES deca ins 2 Pavdhxs w= e081 a fae panuesi € fsin'xdxs u=cosx SRezp ene fect rtan.a T+ tan das = 1 + tan £ foectves w= tan x 2 Use the substitutions given to find the exact values of a fixixeFdxsusxed b frQ+xdeu=2+% ff sinxySeosx+ Td; w= cosx ff seoxtan weex#2 dx; u = see.x © I macpeen® ® 3 Bychoosing a suitable substitution, find a f+ 2xydx b Jax Tex © 4. Bychoosing a suitable substitution, find the exact values of a ['wFFNae of c ie © 5. Using the substitution #? = 4x + 1, or otherwise, find the exact value of |." x Bmarks) vaeel ? =e*—2to show that | & = 44 end, where a, be ©) 6 Use the substitution 1? = e* ~ 2to show that "5 dv =5 + elnd, where a,b, and d are integers to be found. (7 marks) EP) 7 Use the substitution v= cos.x to show QLaeaaes [isin'reostede= 3 (7 marks) mits in «to limits in @®) 8 Using a suitable trigonometric substitution for x, find [) (8 marks) ES By using a substitution of the form x =k sin, show that leeCMe at} Ul) @ Integration by parts You can rearrange the product rule for differentiation. Links d functions of x. an) iy dy Mae dv = — dx Juftax Differentiating a function and then integrating it leaves the original function unchanged. d 50, f- {omar saw 0, { 8 omy ” \ ‘ ‘ dp du = This method is called integration by parts. | WF d= uw fh rita To use integration by parts you need to write the function you are integrating in the form w 2 dy i ds You will have to choose what to set as wand what to set as dx Gen [°) ELI ove earns Problem-solving For expressions like vcos.x,x2sin.vand xe" let w Find [cos vdx equal the x term. When the expression involves Un; For example x2ln x et equal the Inx term, (mPa eeeres a Using the integration by parts formula: , res arta EET 20) ETI) roster sume Find [xin vdx at tn ftivear a u=inx 4TUT) rai) itis sometimes necessary to us EID nen Find Jx?e*dx jp tm feteras tegration by parts twice, as shown in the following example. So Tesce- (exe— fear cen Deo [oer oc Evaluate [”Inxvdsx, leaving your answer in terms of natural logarithms _ —~— Problem-solving (2in2)~ (inn) = [7 tae Apply limits tothe wr term and the fy!4dx term separately. i vet t= [inxs 2in2 = [a]?CO aL} Ul) Example @) ESTED rrosuen-souvms Using integration by parts, find [e* sin.vdx. 1 fet snxax oxl~ f-e* cooxas bet cons + fotconna 8 econ r= 21 = [e* Ginx cos] = (sin —cosal + ¢ SEEN 6D) ELD reese 1 Find frsinxdy —b fxerdx —e frseetxdy 4 Jrseextanxdx © [aX 2 Find a fpinxav b feinedx —¢ [BE ax @ fanxedy ee for + tyinvax 3 Find a frerdy b freosrdx © fier 2m'dr d f2sin2vdx e [2x°sec*rtanxdy 4 Evaluate a [Pre ae b [ixsinvde © ['xcosxax a fav A e fawitxydy f ffxcos} xa gf) sinvin (see xpdTUT) rai) © § & Use integration by parts to find fveos4xdx G marks) b Use your answer to part ato find [x°sin 4d (G marks) @® 6a Find [y8—xax (2 marks) b Using integration by parts, or otherwise, show that [e-2v8=¥ax AB-e+2+e (6 marks) € Hence find |x - 28x dx (2 marks) @® 7 4 Find [sec?3vdv GB marks) b Using integration by parts, or otherwise, find [x sec*3vdv (G marks) € Hence show that [,’see?3xdy = pr ~ qn 3, finding the exact values of the constants p and 4 (4marks) @ Partial fractions Partial fractions can be used to integrate algebraic fractions. Using partial fractions enables an expression that looks Hare are you re conhuent hard to integrate to be transformed into two or more expressing algebraic fractions as expressions that are easier to integrate. partial fractions « Pure 4 Section 2 EET) ED own Use partial fractions to find the following integrals. 5 8x7- 19x41 “Taye eae’ BBE og adie, 2 ee De Sox- : =) aaCm ati} Ul) SS (2x4 Dir - 2 ~19x+ (x+ or - 2) Bx? = 198 + 1 AG 2 + BI + 1) + Clax + 4s ~ 2 di aa salma fee) bal =-bi12t = 254404020 let x= J: 125 =P 4040504 Let x20: Then 1=44+B-2C So 1=6-1-2Cs0C=3 (sea ate + sos) oe Bet” (- ap *¥-2)% Zinjax +1) 45+ 3in|x- 2] +6 =inlaxet]+ cies inbe-2lt ee 5 n|(2x + tie 2] + =la[t +x] int =x] +e 1 nf t4| +e When the degree of the polynom denominator, itis necessary to frst di in the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the le the numerator by the denominator. EXD re rene rind P==BA2TUT) rai) a ye oe 4 = etx 2 then 8 2 then 4 = 44 so let w= § then d= 4d s so t=fiesgte-s = Jinlax aia x + 2] +e 1 ,|-3x=2 3" Gx +27 1. Use partial fractions to integrate axt == 2 3x45 b 3x-1 e 2x-6 a 3 @+De+D Qx+Do—2) (+3)@=1) @+0a-9 2 Find 2(x2 + 3x- 1) xi + 2x7 42 < w4xt? esp & ee °Ja-a® erect) 4 1 @ 3 8) - ayaa ay 7 Given that flx) = 547 +A find the value of the constants 4 and B (3 marks) b Hence find /i{x) dx, writing your answer as a single logarithm. (marks) Find [1(x) ds, giving your answer in the form Ink where isa rational constant. (2 marks) W-sx_ 38 ey @® 4 =s>p 5 = xysinx (6 marks) a Find [3% 4ax,0>0 oe (2 marks) i dy _ 3xyp + 4yy b Given that y = 16 at x= 1, solve the differential equation §™ =" giving your answer in the form y =x) (6 marks) a Express = S85 — in partial fractions. 3 marks) PRESS x= Sy(x— 2) Pm b Given that x > 3, find the general solution to the differential equation dy (= 38-8) 7 = x= 18)p (Smarks) ¢ Hence find the particular solution to this differential equation that satisfies J =8at.x=3 giving your answer in the form y= f(x). (Amarks) 4 a Find the general solution of = 2-4 b On the same axes, sketch three different particular solutions to this differential equation, 1 ty 1 Find the general solution to the differential equation 3 marks dx (42 — b On the same axes, sketch three different particular solutions to this differential equation. (Smarks) € Write down the particular solution that passes through the point (8, 3.1) (Lmark) dys 4 Show that the general solution to the differential equation {= ~} can be written in the form x2 +)2=c x (G marks) b On the same axes, sketch three different particular solutions to this differential equation (marks) © Write down the particular solution that passes through the point (0, 7) (mark) cyCome ari} Ul) © Modelling with differential equations Differential equations can be used to model real-life situations, GEEK 22) ETE} wwomn ‘The rate of increase of a population P of microorganisms at time ¢, in hours, is given by ¢ =3P.k>0 Initially the population was of size 8. a Find a model for P in the form P = Ae" stating the value of 4. b Find, to the nearest hundred, the size of the population at time ¢= 2 ¢ Find the time at which the population will be 1000 times its starting value. d State one limitation of this model for large values of 1 P=be% b P= be P= Bed"? = Bek = 3227.4... = 3200 € P1000 x 8 =8000 = 2.3 hours = 2h 18mins The population could not increase in size in this way forever due to limitations such as available food or space.TUT) rai) sence Water in a manufacturing plant is held in a large eylindrical tank of diameter 20m. Water flows out of the bottom of the tank through a tap at a rate proportional to the cube root of the volume. t a Show that r minutes after the tap is opened, Gr 7 #7 for some constant k. i b Show that the general solution to this differential equation may be written am = (P- Qt), where P and Q are constants. Initially the height of the water is 27m. 10 minutes later, the height is 8 m. ¢ Find the values of the constants P and Q. Find the time in minutes when the water is at a depth of 1m. co Sreiratatnaeeaeomeme Problem-solving You need to use the information given in the a ‘question to construct a mathematical model. 100k Water flows out at a rate proportional to the cube ah _ dh av root of the volume. ge SF isnegative asthe waters lowing out ofthe ah 4 = FO0g * (-¢V100Rh) tank, so the volume is decreasing, as a h=(P- Ov —— © (=0,h=27 27=P'>P=9Ce aL} ecu) ETD sss 1 The rate of increase of a population P of rabbits at time ¢, in years, is given by £ P.k>0 Initially the population was of size 200. a Solve the differential equations giving P in terms of k and r. (3 marks) b Given that k = 3, find the time taken for the population to reach 4000. (Amarks) © State a limitation of this model for large values of t. (1 mark) ‘The mass M at time r of the leaves of a certain plant varies according to the differential equation aM > ar MM? 4 Given that at time 1 = 0M =0.5, find an expression for M in terms of (marks) b Finda value of M when ¢=In2 @ marks) ¢ Explain what happens to the value of M as increases. (mark) ‘The thickness of ice x, in cm, on a pond is increasing at a rate that is inversely proportional to the square of the existing thickness of ice. Initially, the thickness is Iem. After 20 days, the thickness is 2m. a Show that the thickness of ice can be modelled by the equation x= | 3yr+ 1 (7 marks) b Find the time taken for the ice to increase in thickness from 2em to 3em. (2marks) A mug of tea, with a temperature 7°C is made and left to cool in a room with a temperature of 25°C. The rate at which the tea cools is proportional to the difference in temperature between the tea and the room, Show that this process can be described by the differential equation af. explaining why x isa positive constant. Initially the tea is at a temperature of 85°C. 10 minutes later the tea is at 55°C. b Find the temperature, to 1 decimal place, of the tea after 15 minutes, (7 marks) ‘The rate of change of the surface area of a drop of oil, A mm?, at time # minutes ean be ‘modelled by the equation a“ = iG Given thatthe surface area of the drop is I mm? at ¢= 1 a find an expression for 4 in terms of ¢ (7 marks) b show that the surface area of the drop cannot exceed = a (2marks)TUT) @®o rai) A bath tub is modelled as a cuboid with a base area of 6000cm?. Water flows into the bath tub from tap ata rate of 12000cm'min. At time minutes, the depth of water in the bath tub is h em. Water leaves the bottom of the bath through an open plughole at a rate of 500h em'/min, a Show that / minutes after the tap has been opened, 60: a =120-Sh (3 marks) When 1=0, = 6em b Find the value of ¢ when t= 10cm (S marks) —_1__ a EXpress 575999 =p) Using partial fractions. (3 marks) The deer population, P, in a reservation can be modelled by the differential equation ap “Gr 7309 [110000 — Py where fis the time in years since the study began. 1b Given that the initial deer population is 2500, solve the differential equation giving your ae (marks) ¢ Find the maximum deer population according to the model. (marks) answer in the form P = Liquid is pouring into a container at a constant rate of 40cm? s~! and is leaking from the container ata tof ems, were Von? ithe volume i inthe eomaine Given that V = 5000 when = 0 b find the solution to the differential equation in the form V = a+ be, where a and are constants to be found (7 marks) € write down the limiting value of Vas ¢ + » (1 mark) Fossils are aged using a process called carbon dating. The amount of carbon remaining in a fossil, R, decreases over time, , measured in years. The rate of decrease of carbon is proportional to the remaining carbon. a Given that initially the amount of carbon is Ry, show that R= Rye (4marks) It is known that the half-life of carbon is 5730 years. This means that after 5730 years the amount of carbon remaining has reduced by half. b Find the exact value of k. (3 marks) ¢ A fossil is found with 10% of its expected carbon remaining, Determine the age of the fossil to the nearest year. (marks)mn ata} Ul) rai (6) DECISION MAKING @® 1 Acurve Cis represented by the parametric equations P+1,-2<050 Determine the area under the curve for the given interval. (6 marks) in( +2), y = 4¢. Find the area under the curve © 2 A parametric curve is represented by x from 1=3 101 3, giving your answer in the form a + b Ine, where a, 6, ¢ are integers. (7 marks) \9— x © _ 3 Thecurve shown in the diagram has equation y The finite region Ris bounded by the curve and the x-axis, The region is rotated through 27 radians about the x-axis to generate a solid of revolution, Find the exact value of the volume of the solid that is generated. (S marks) ® 4 The diagram shows the curve with equation 2? ~ 6/X +3 =0 The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the Tine x a Find the value of x at the point where the curve cuts the x-axis, The region is rotated about the x-axis to generate a solid of revolution, b Find the volume of the solid generated. © 5 fiy=v+4av+4, x2 ‘The diagram shows the finite region R bounded by the curve y= f(x), the y-axis and the lines y= 4and y= 9 a Show that the equation y = f(x) can be written as -4yyty (2 marks) b The region Ris rotated through 27 radians about the y-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid generated. (S marks) © 6 The diagram shows the shaded region bounded by the curve with y equation y = x2 + 3, the line x = 1, the x-axis and the y-axis, Find the volume generated when the region is rotated through 2a radians about the x-axis, (Smarks) aTUT) rai) xiy+ and they @® 7 Thediagram shows the curve with equation y line with equation 3x + 4y = 24. The line and the curve intersect at the point 4 a Show that the coordinates of the point A are (2, 4.5) (2marks) The shaded region R is bounded by the curve, the line and the x-axis, The region is rotated through 27 radians about the x-avis, b Find the exact volume of solid generated, (marks) + yeheweb 8 The curve represented by the parametric equations 21° is rotated about the x-axis between the values ¢= Land (= 4 Determine the volume generated, giving your answer in an exact form. 9 A curve Cis represented by the parametric equations x = #°, y = 3. The curve is then rotated about the x-axis to form a solid, Given that the curve is rotated between the values f = 0.4 and £=0.5 find the volume generated, to 3 significant figures. 10 Given that the curve C, represented by the parametric equations x= 31, y about the x-axis between the values of /= 8 to ¢= 128, find the exact volume generated, giving your answer in the form = In b, where b is an integer. 11 By choosing a suitable method of integration, find a [wa4e=Tdx b frinxax Asin xeos.x 4-8sin? 12. By choosing a suitable method, evaluate the following definite integrals Write your answers as exact values = Sg wo a [f'xsec?xdx > ees © he @® 13 4 Show that [*5inxdx= 1-3 (5 marks) b Given that p > 1, show wnat Gy a pate 1 (5 marks) © 14 4 Using the substiation 2 = x41, where x>—1 find "as marks) b Use your answer to part a to evaluate [ aA (2 marks) © 15 a Use integration by parts to find [rsin8xdx (4 marks) b Use your answer to part ato find [x2eos8vdx (marks)Ce asi} ecu) 16 y= a Given that f(x) = 4 + ao find the values of the constants 4, Band C, (4 marks) b Hence find fitxydx (4 marks) 32)_ 5 © Hence show that [?A(x) dx = in(32) — 5 (4 marks) 17 @ Find [x?In2vdv (6 marks) b Hence show that the exact value of [?x? In2xdx is 9In6 — 38 (4marks) © 18 a Find fred (marks) b Given that y= at x = 0, solve the differential equation Sear (marks) © 19 a Find frsin2xdx (S marks) b Given that y = Oat x = 7 solve the differential equation | = xsin2xcos*y (G marks) @) 20 a Obtain the general solution to the differential equation dy Peay, marks) b Given also that y = 1 at x = 1, show that isa particular solution to the differential equation. (8 marks) The curve Chas equation y = end € Write down the gradient of Cat the point (1, 1) (mark) 4 Hence write down an equation of the tangent to Cat the points (1, 1), and find the coordinates of the point where it again meets the curve (4 marks) © 21 a Using the substitution w= 1 + 2x, or otherwise, find ae 1 Saepes* (S marks) b Given that y = when x = 0, solve the differential equation dp (420° (6 marks)TUT) rai) ©® 2% The diagram shows the curve with equation y = xe, =} x5 The finite region R, bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x =~ has area 4y The finite region R, bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the Hine x= has area 4, 2 a Find the exact values of Ay and A, by integration. (6 marks) b Show that 4,:4,=(e-2):€ (marks) © 23 a Find [x°e-rdx (marks) iy b Use your answer to part a to find the solution tothe differential equation = x?e"°~* given that y = 0 when x= 0. Express your answer in the form y = f(x) (7 marks) © % a Given that p. Cc vo Ae x-1* x41 find the values of the constants 4, Band C. (4marks) b Given that x= 2 at ¢= 1, solve the differential equation dx 2 a a You do not need to simplify your final answer. (7 marks) @®) 25 The rate, in cm*s~!, at which oil is leaking from an engine sump at any time 1 seconds is, proportional to the volume of oil, Ven, in the sump at that instant, At time f= 0, 7 a By forming and integrating a differential equation, show that = Ae-** where k isa positive constant. (marks) b Sketch a graph to show the relation between V and 1 (2 marks) n2 (3 marks) € Given further that = 44 at r= 7, show that k7- dd ‘Show that the general solution to the differential equation a = pipeanbe written in the form x? + (= k= * (4marks) b Describe the family of curves that satisfy this differential equation when k=2 (2 marks) © 27 a Find [x(1 + 278d (GB marks) x ay b Given that y= Z at x= 0, solve the differential equation x1 +2x2)5cos?2y marks) @® ® By sing an appropriate trigonometric substitution, tind [> + (Smarks)Ce ara} ecu) q 29 Obtain the solution to sete for which y = 2 at x = 2, giving your answer in the form y? = fx) (7 marks) yr0,x>0 30 An oil spill is modelled as a circular disc with radius rkm and area A km?. The rate of increase of the area of the oil spill, in km?/day at time r days after it occurs is modelled as: dA t Spe ksin().0< 15 12 dr_k jt a Show that $7 =3->sin (3-) (2 marks) Given that the radius of the spill at time ¢ = 0is 1 km, and the radius of the spill at time f= 1? is 2km b find an expression for r in terms of ¢ (7 marks) find the time, in days and hours to the nearest hour, after which the radius of the spill is 1.5 km, (3 marks) Oe = Given f= x? =x ~2, find a [ireax b fitaspdx Summary of key points 1 The area under a curve represented by the parametric equations x = f(t), = g(t) is given by:area= f gloftnde 2. The volume of revolution formed when y = f(x) is rotated about the x-axis between [eax 3. Sometimes you can simplify an integral by changing the variable. This process is similar to using the chain rule in differentiation and is called integration by substitution. x=aand.x= bis given by: volume = 4 The integration by parts formula is given by: used = . 5 Partial fractions can be used to integrate algebraic fractions. 6 when flx)g(v) you can write: Sggydt= IrenaLearning objectives - After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use vectors in two dimensions ~ pages 98-102 © Use column vectors and carry out arithmetic operations on vectors -+ pages 102-105 © Calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector pages 106-108 © Use vectors in three dimensions ~ pages 109-113 © Use vectors to solve geometric problems pages 114-121 © Understand and use position vectors pages 121-123 © Understand 3D Cartesian coordinates ~ pages 123-125 © Understand and use the vector form of the equation of a straight, t line in three dimensions + pages 125-131 © Determine whether two lines meet and determine the point of intersection ~ pages 131-134 Calculate the scalar product for two 3D vectors. > pages 134-140 Cee eas Write the column vector for a AtoB X j ioc ho 2 Pdivides the line 4B in the ratio AP: PB = 1:2 a oe You can use vectors to describe relative + International GCSE Mathematics positions in three iS i ABS PB PE sirvensions. this ! Find AP PB AP OP 3° Find x to one decimal place: allows you to ae: b a « solve geometrical 9 problems in 1 5 > [p< i and determine properties of 3D Pure Sections 6,62 film solids three dimensionsCe aie Veni @ vectors Avector has both magnitude and direction. You can represent a vector using a directed line segment. _ ° ° This is vector PO. starts This is vector OP. It starts at Pand finishes at . at Qand finishes at P. P The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the vector. Small (lower case) letters are also used to represent vectors. In print, the small letter will be in bold type. In writing, you should underline the small letter to show itis a vector: g or g = If PO = RS then the line segments PQ and RS are equalin length and are parallel. = AB =-BA asthe line segment Bis equal 7 in length, parallel and in the opposite 4 ‘s direction to BA. “4 You can add two vectors together using the triangle law for vector addition. tri 2 Triangle law for (CEETED he resuttantis the vector sum of vector adeition: as {wo oF more vectors. s AB + BC = AC Me 73... 4 AB + BC+ CD = aD to 4 \fAB =a, BC=band AC ED) BED rene The diagram shows vectors a, band e. nea Draw a diagram to illustrate the vector addition “i i atbee PE EMD covverecsccvon sine CoP GeoGebra.Pati ated negative vector’: +(-4) = Subtracting a vector Tene a 7 , @ ‘To subtract b, you reverse eq ie ie the direction of b then add. ab if you travel from P to Q, then back from @ to P, you are back where you started, so your displacement is zero. + Adng the vectors PG and OP gives 7 aa ‘the zero vector 0: PQ + OP =0 so PG + QP =PO-PG=0 7 You can multiply a vector by a sealar (or number) ann i . ifthe number is ifthe number is negative (+1) positive (#1) the > ‘the new vector new vector has a 2 2» has citferent different length <> + > tengtn and but the same rs “tp fe the opposite siretion. ee “e cirection * Any vector parallel to the vector amay be (ESTEE : " Real numbers are examples of eriesariaa. a, Witenes e'noneento stat ‘scalars, They have magnitude but no direction. EXD wri In the diagram, OP =a, OR =b, OS =eand RT'=d Find in terms of a, b, e and d - . a PS b RP °F as © PF =PR+RT=(b-a)vd =bid-aSale EEA) BED crexrie ABCD isa parallelogram. AB = a, AD = D , EEE this is cates the parattetogram taw for vector addition Find AC Example @) ESTED reasons Show that the vectors 6a + Sb and 9a + 12b are parallel. +12b = the vector GES) ED cow = = 4 Intriangle ABC, AB =a and AC =b Pis the midpoint of AB. ’ 2 Q divides AC in the ratio 3:2 é Write in terms of a and b . a BC b AP © 40 a PO (Ga + Sb) 3 2! parallelPati ated ED ern The diagram shows the vectors a, b, eand d. on Draw a diagram to illustrate these vectors: ¢ aate bb le Pet cond dbserd Be © 2e+3d fa-2b g atbte+d ACGIis a square, Bs the midpoint of AC, Fis the midpoint c i of CG, His the midpoint of GI, D is the midpoint of 7. and AD =d. Find, n terms of band d 8 H a AC b BE © uG a DF . F e AE f DH g HB h FE i i AH j Br kK El 1 FB = > = OACBisa parallelogram. M, Q, Nand P ate 4 2 c the midpoints of 4, AC, BC and OB ly. — > My Vectors p and m are equal to OP and OM % respectively. Express in terms of p and m. ? 4 add bOB e¢ BN a@DO © 0D £MO g00 had iC j aP KBM 1 NO In the diagram, PO =a, OS =b, SR=eand PT =d 2 Find in terms of a, b, eand d . » a OF b PR eT aR p * In the triangle POR, PO = 2a and OR=2b ¥ The midpoint of PR is M. Find, in terms of a and b a PR b PM © OM ABCD is a trapezium with AB parallel to DC and DC = 34B M divides DC such that DM: MC= 2:1. AB = aand BC =b Draw a sketch to show the Find, in terms of a and b information given in the a aM b BD c MB ada cee TT]eu aie Wenn 7 OABCisa parallelogram. OA =aand OC =b 4 8 The point P divides OB in the ratio 533 terms of aand b b OP ca o —— 8 State with a reason whether each of these vectors is parallel to the vector a ~ 3b. a2a-6b b4a-12 cat3b d3h-a eb 3a FSF @® 29 Inwiangle ABC, AB = aand AC =b 4 Pis the midpoint of Band Qis the midpoint of AC. ° a Write in terms of a and b i BC AP ii Ow PO r c b Show that PQ is parallel to BC. @® 10 OABCis.a quadrilateral, OA = a, OC = 3b and OB =a+2b 4 x a Find, in terms of a and b iaB iB b Show that 4Bis parallel to OC. @ c ©® 11 The vectors 2a + kb and Sa + 3b are parallel. Find the value of k. @ Representing vectors Avector can be described by its change in position or displacement relative to the x- and y-axes. 2) where 3 is the change in the x-direction CEEED she 0p number and 4 isthe change in the y-direction. isthe «component and Ww 4 Thisis called column veetor form vvoncoaemearteme z = To multiply a column vector by a scalar, multiply each component by the scalar: 2| a=(u) = To add two column vectors, add the x-components and the y-components: (1) + (t)=( 4) ON ©) ED ron s-soume v-(omo=(3) Find a ta batb © —3b PPati ated You can use unit vectors to represent vectors in two dimensions, * Aunit vector is a vector of length 1. The unit vectors along the x-and y-axes are usually denoted by iand j respectively. * You can write any two-dimensional vector in the form pi + 4) By the triangle law of addition: c ae ae Re ag 4 =5i+ 2h 4 B (34 — 4) = 151-2) a (Bt Ay - 2021+ 7H) 1 — 125 (4h + 14) - 4 + (12-14 26) rlaie VECT Gina?) E2 a Draw a diagram to represent the vector —3i + j 1b Write this as a column vector. ~ ty aon ah Given that a= 21+ 5, b your working. -31 +9}, find a +b +e, using column vector notation in arbre EITC 19) ELITE rronicrsoumne Given a = 5i+2j and b=3i-4j, find 2a — bin terms of and j. 2a 2(3)=('2) i ) 2a-b=(' (2a)-@) 2a-b= 7148 ETE screen 1. These vectors are drawn on a grid of unit squares, » Express the vectors vy, Ya Vas Yas Vs and Yin notation and column vector form.Pati 9 ® 10 ated Given that a = 2i + 3j and b = 4i — j, find these vectors in terms of ‘and j ada bia d2b+a e 3a-2b f b-3a h 2a-3b . (9 Given that a= (7) a Sa d 2a-bte ie © 2be2e-3a fsa ab Given that a = 2i+ Sjand b find a if a+ Abis parallel to the vector’ —b jf ya +b is parallel to the vector j Given that ¢ = 31 + 4j and d =i - 2) find a Aife+ Adis parallel toi + j b pif e+ dis parallel to i+ 3} € sit’ ~ sis parallel to 21+ j 4 Fit d— seis parallel to -24+ 3} = = B In triangle ABC, AB = 4i + 3) and AC = Si-+ 2) Find BC “ (2 marks) A OABCisa parallelogram. _, a 4 a P divides AC in the ratio 3:2. OA = 21+ 4j, OC = 74 Find in i, j format and column vector format: aac bap OP ° “ a-(})>-(2}¢=G) You can consider b - 2a = ¢ as two linear equations. One for the x-components, (2marks) and one for the »-components. Given that b ~ 2a = ¢, find the values of j and k a=(Z)).b=(p)-¢=({) Given that a + 2b=, find the values of p and q. (2 marks) The resultant of the vectors Find a the value of p (marks) the resultant of vectors a and b. (mark) = 2jandb i 2pjis parallel to the vector ¢aries @) Magnitude and direction en You can use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the magnitude of a vector. = Forthe vectora=xi+ yj 6) the magnitude of the vector is given by: ery You need to be able to find a u in the direction of a given vector. = Aunit vector in the direction of a IF Jal =5 then a unit vector in the direction of ais Example @) chen. ne Given that a= 3i + 4j and b = -2i - 4j a find [al find a unit vector in the direction of a € find the exact value of [2a + b| . +4 B a uit vectors r= eteehs 4) or o aaxb=2()+(4)=(624) - (4) [2a +b] = V4 CED aunitvectoris any vector with magnitude 1. Aunit vector in the direction of a is sometimes written as &. a aVat ated Tr You can define a vector by giving its magnitude, and the angle between the vector and one of the coordinate axes. This is called magnitude-direction form. 22) ELLE werner Find the angle between the vector 4i + 5} and the positive x-axis tano= 2 i c Ee 0 tars (2) = 513" 6 58) 4 GEO 3) EE owss ‘Vector a has magnitude 10 and makes an angle of 30° with j. Find a ini, j and column vector format. ]OcosO" = 5 :) 155 } e ( EID vousesune 1 Find the magnitude of each of these vectors, a i+) b 6 © Si+ 13} 2544) e 3-5) f 447 g 345 h -4i-jcu alae Wenn 2 coe a0 10 a= 21+ 3), b= 3i—4j and ¢ = 5i—j, Find the exact value of the magnitude of aatb b 2a-e © 3b-2¢ For each of the following vectors, find the unit vector in the same direction. a andi+3j bb=Si-123) ce c=-Ti424j dd d=i-3j Find the angle that each of these vectors makes with the positive x-axis, a sind b 61-8) © 5413) 244} Find the angle that each of these vectors makes with j. a w-5j b 4i+7) © 345) d -4i-j Write these vectors in i, j and column vector form. ay by ey dy Draw a sketch for each vector and work out the exact value of its magnitude and the angle it makes with the positive x-axis to one decimal place. a ti+dj b 2i-j © -S1+2j Given that [2i — Aj] = 2/70, find the exact value of k. (3 marks) Vector a= pi + gj has magnitude 10 and makes SESW an angle 0 with the positive x-axis where woke eee sin 0= 3, Find the possible values of p and g. inlaid dein (4 marks) In triangle ABC, AB =4i + 3), AC = 64-4 B a Find the angle between 4B andi 4 b Find the angle between 4C and i, © Hence find the size of ZBAC, in degrees, to one decimal place. . In triangle POR, PO =4i +}, PR=6-8) @ QED tre ses ors a Find the size of ZOPR, in degrees, triangle is Sabsin to one decimal place. (S marks) b Find the area of triangle POR. (2 marks) bm 7 ® + Pure 1 Section 6.2Pati ated @®) vectors in 30 You can use 3D vectors to describe position and displacement relative to the x, y~ and z-axes, You can represent 3D vectors as column vectors or using the unit vectors &,j and k. = The unit vectors along the x-, y~and z-axes are denoted by i, jand k respectively. 2 0 ={1 k=(0 () () () 3D vectors obey all the same addition and scalar multiplication rules as 2D vectors. . Foray 2D vecerl+ ge rk=(2) eer Seton r O24) IED rea sams Consider the points A(1, 5, -2) and B(0, -3,7) a Find the position vectors of 4 and B in ijk notation. b Find the vector 4B as a column veetor. 2 Od =i + 5j- 2k OB = -2) + 7k b AB = 0B - 0a ED ED «om 2 4 Theses ana gen asa (3) anvo( 5 0 a Find id4a+b ii 2a-3b b State with a reason whether each of these vectors is parallel to 4i — 5kOM aie VECT 4 wore not aml oi 2) e 4a+ bis not parallel to 41 . 2\.(3) | sous Find the magnitude of a = 2i—j + 4k and hence find the unit vector in the direction of a, i 2a-3b The magnitude of a is given by 21 You can find the angle between a given vector and any of the coordinate axes by considering the appropriate right-angled triangle. oO = If the vector a = xi + yj + ck makes an angle @, with the positive cD This rule also . ‘works with vectors ‘axis then cos 0,» [and similarly for the angles @, and 0, intwo dimensions.Pati ated IIE recon Find the angles that the vector a = 2i ~ 3) k makes with each of the positive coordinate axes toldp. J22+ CSP + Ci = FeO 4T 2 cos, *= Tal via 05.5" (1 ap) GEO :s) ED ess ‘The points 4 and B have position vectors 4i + 2) + 7k and 34 + 4] —k relative to a fixed origin, O. Find 4B and show that AOABis isosceles. Bi -+-(2).a8-»-(4) cos6, = = 2 505345. Tal ~ 14 0,2 577° 0 ap) cost, = 0.8017... lel v4 4, = 143.3 (1 dp) 9, ee aiav--(2)-()-(2) aang loal = 424 2247? = 09 log| = (3? 44? 4 Ci? = 26 $0 AOAB is isosceles, with AB = OA GEE )) EES orcas Crp 1 4 1 The vectors @ and b are defined by ( 2) and b= (3) 4 5 a Find i a-b -a+3b b State with a reason whether each of these vectors is parallel to 61 — 10j + 18k (a9 Show that the vector 3a + 2b is parallel to 64 + 4j + 10k 2. The vectors a and bare defined by a 11emu aie Wenn 1 P\ @® 3 The vectors a and b are defined by a= ( 2 ) a b= ( oy Given that a + 2b = Si + 4j find the values of p, g andr 4 Find the magnitude of a Bi+5j+k a Si-9)- 8k © itj-k S 2 1 5 Given that p= (') a= ( 1 ) and r= ( |, find in column vector form: 2 3) 2 apea ba-r cptatr d3peor © p-2qtr 6 The position vector of the point 4 is 21- 7j + 3k and AB = Si+4j—k. Find the position vector of the point B. @®) 7 Given that a = di + 2j +3k and that [al = 7 find the possible values of 1. ® _ 8 Given that a= S1i + 24 + ek and that Jal = 3/10 find the possible values of 9 The points 4, Band Chave coordinates (2, 1,4), (3, -2. a Find, in terms off jand k i. the position vectors of A, Band C i ac 4) and (-1, 2,2). bb Find the exact value of i lic loel 10 Pis the point (3, 0, 7) and Qs the point (1, 3, -5). Find a the vector PO b the distance between Pand Q ¢ the unit vector in the direction of PQ. 11 Oa is the vector 4i — j - 2k and OB is the vector -2i + 3) +k. Find a the vector AB b the distance between A and B € the unit vector in the direction of 4Pati ated se(4) 8 ® 13 The points 4, Band C have position vectors (2) es 4 a Find the vectors 4B, AC and BC marks) b Find [4B [4¢l ana [BC giving your answers in exact form. (Gmarks) © Describe triangle ABC (mark © 14 Ais the point (3, 4, 8), Bis the point (1, -2, 5) and Cis the point (7, -5, 7). a Pind the vectors AB, AC and BC (GB marks) b Hence find the lengths of the sides of triangle ABC (6 marks) € Given that angle ABC = 90° find the size of angle BAC. (2 marks) 15. For each of the given vectors, 3 aasnek »(:) 7 2 e(o 3 find the angle made by the vector with i the positive x-axis ii the positive y-axis iii the positive axis ©® 16 A scalene triangle has the coordinates (2, 0, 0), (5, 0, 0) and (4, 2, 3). Work out the area of the triangle. GP) 17 The diagram shows the triangle POR. R Given that PQ = 31-j+2k and 21 + 4j + 3k, show that SX tol dp. © (S marks) Find the acute angle that the vector a = ~2i + 6j ~ 3k makes with the xy~plane. Give your answer to 1 dp. 113malik Veni @) solving geometric problems in two dimensions You need to be able to use vectors to solve geometric problems and to find the po: point that divides a line segment in a given ratio. « IF the point P divides the line segment 4B in the ratio \: p, then Lo yen? },(08 - 04) OP = 04 + = 04 +>) O29) ELE wvevrecrmn In the diagram the points 4 and B have position vectors a and b respectively (referted to the origin O). The point P divides ABin the ratio 1:2. Find the position vector of P. 1 OP 4 4 P a ° AP: PB=Xiw 4 z B 3 You can solve geometric problems by comparing coefficients on both sides of an equation: = If aand bare two non-parallel vectors and pa + gb = ra+ sb then p=randq=s SKILLS OABCis a parallelogram. P is the point where the diagonals OB and AC intersect. ‘The vectors a and e are equal to OA and OC respectively. Prove that the diagonals bisect each other. B LJated If the diagonals bisect each other, then P must be the midpoint of OB and the midpoint of AC. From the diagram, OB =0C +i =er8 and AC = 40 + 06 =-04+0C =-a+6 Pieson 08 + OF=Ne+s) Pies cn AC OB adi + P| Fat jicate) => e+ + plate) a ard Amp aA 80 Pis the midpoint of both diagonal Cn (21) ESTEE rrosuen-souwme In triangle ABC, AB = 3i—2j and AC = 10 the diagonals bisect each other -3 Work out what information you would need to find the angle. You could: Find the exact size of ZBAC in degrees. 4 ‘© find the lengths of all three sides then use the cosine rule 7 ‘convert Ali and AC to magnitude-direction form ‘The working here shows the first method. © BC = AC - 48 =(,) \4B| = SF CRF \4C| = VP +S [acl = (Cas cos Lpac = 4B? + ACP | 2x [AB x | 13+ 26-13 ZBAC116 CHAPTER7 Dien ility GEM) ED ecw ©® 1 inthe diagram, WX =a, WY WZ =c. Itis given that YY = YZ Prove that a +.¢= 2b and ©® 2 OABisa triangle. P,Q and Kare the midpoints A of O4, AB and OB respectively. OP and OR are equal to p and r respectively. ° a Find iOB ii PO y b Hence prove that triangle P4Q is similar to triangle OAB. 2 o * 4 M N ® 3 OABisa triangle. O4 = aand OB ‘The point M divides Od in the ratio 2:1 , MN is parallel to OB. a Express the vector OW in terms of a and b b Show that AN: NB=1:2 0. . ©® 4 O4BCis a square. M is the midpoint of OA, and Q divides BC 4 B AC and MQ meet at P. a If OA =aand OC =e, express OP in terms of a ande. M| b Show that P divides AC in the ratio 2:3 a Ic 5 In triangle ABC the position vectors of the vertices 4, Band Care (2), (3) and (2). Find a ABI b lac] © [BC d the size of ZBAC, ZABC and ZACB to the nearest degree.Pati ated ® 6 oPgisa triangle, s Sens 2PR = RO and 30R = OS ania > To show that 7 Pand Sie OP =aand 00 =b. ke ‘on the same straight line a Show that OS = 2a+b a pouupees cst thet a) ‘two ofthe vectors TP, TS b Point Tis added to the diagram such ee re 2 = os or PS are parallel that OT =—b Prove that points 7, P and S lie on a straight line, OPOR isa parallelogram. P Ny Q ¢: b R \Nis the midpoint of PQ and M's the midpoint of OR. OP =a and OR =b The lines ON and OM intersect the diagonal PR at points X and Yrespectvely a Explain why PX =—ja + jb, where isa constant, bb Show that PA’ = (k — ta + 3b, where kis a constant. € Explain why the values of j and k must satisfy these simultaneous equations: kote 1 a Hence find the values of fand fk. € Dediuce thatthe lines ON and OAM divide the diagonal PR into 3 equal parts. Solving geometric problems in three dimensions You need to be able to solve geometric problems involving vectors in three dimensions, SEO 22) LIED corn rime A, B, Cand D are the points (2, 5, -8), (1, ~ a Find 4B and DC, giving your answers in the form pi+ qi + rk b Show that the lines 4B and DC are parallel and that DC = 24B € Hence describe the quadrilateral ABCD. ABrefers to the line segment between A and B (or its lengtt), whereas AB refers to the vector from A to B. Note that ‘AB= BA but 1B 2 BA ) (0, 15, -10) and (2, 19, -20) respectively 3k) ~ (21 - 55 - 8k) ~ 25+ 5k OC - OD 10k) ~ (21 + 19j ~ 20k) — 45 + 10k Timu Ualied Wenn = aed ue neal eee c 17 Be eee So ABs parallel to DC and half as lone pala lution to this pew using GeoGebra, O23) ELD corners P, Qand Rate the points (4, -9, -3), (7, -7, -7) and (8, -2, 0) respectively. Find the coordinates of the point 5 so that PORS forms a parallelogram. s IR, -2, 0) PI4, -9, -3) Rh -7,-73 nce PORS's prseloyrn, OF = RS So OS = OR + RS = OR + OP a-(P6-6) which means that Sis the point (5, -4, 4) In two dimensions you saw that if and bare twonon-parallel_ EFSF ootanar vectors vectors and pa + gb =ra+sbthenp=randq=s.Inotherwords, “*srewectors which are in the two dimensions with two vectors you can compare coefficients ome plane on both sides of an equation. In three dimensions you have to Non- coplanar vectors are extend this rule: vectors which are met in the * Ifa, band care vectors in three dimensions which do not all lie *3™* Plane. on the same plane then you can compare their coefficients on both sides of an equation. In particular, since the vectors i,j and k are non-coplanar, if pi + gj + rk = ui + vj + wk. then p=u,q=vandr=wate Pas EXD reste Given that 3i + (p + 2)j + 120k = pi qj + 4pqrk, find the values of p, q and r. Comparing coefficients of f gives p Comparing coefficients of j gives p + 2 = “B+ 2)=-5 Comparing coefficients of k gives 120 4x3xG5) GE 25) ED overs The diagram shows a cuboid whose vertices are @D . Bisect means ‘ut into two equal O, A, B,C, D, E, Fand G. Vectors a, b and ¢ are parts! In this case you need to the position vectors of the vertices 4, Band C at oth dcaanateers blcacted respectively, Prove that the diagonals OF and BG bisect each other, 120 = 4pqr sor = ery IF there isa point of intersection, #, it must lie on both diagonals. You can reach H directly from O (travelling along OE), or by ist travelling to B then travelling along BG. Use this to write two “ expressions for OH Suppose there of OF and BG. a point of intersection, H, OH = rOE for some scalar 1 Sut O = O8 + BH and BH = BG for some scalar s, s0 OH = OB + sBG 50 rOE = OB + sBG souges nha aacbe abte, ate-b +bre=b4sate-b) Comparing coefficients in a and b gives r andrat=s So () becomes ri 1 2 These solutions also satisly the coefficients —— Solving simultaneously gives r of eso the lines do intersect at H. OH = LOB so H bisects OE. 2 BH= (BIT = FBG 20 1 bisects BG, 26 eaurecs 50 H bisects BG, 26 required.120 CHAPTER 7 Dien ility RENE) ED neve Ly fy fio ® 1 Thepoints 4, Band Chave position veetors (3) (:) and (°) relative tated origin, 0 8 7) 30/ a Show that: i loa! =lonl b Hence describe the quadrilateral OACB, ©® 2 The points 4, Band C have coordinates (2, 1, 5), (4, 4, 3) and (2, 7, 5) respectively. a Show that triangle ABC is isosceles. b Find the area of triangle ABC. © Finda point D such that ABCD is a parallelogram. ©® 3 The points 4, B, Cand D have coordinates (7, 12, =1), (11, 2, -9), (14, =14, 3) and (8, 1, 15) respectively. a Show that 4B and CD are parallel, and find the ratio AB: CD in its simplest form. b Hence describe the quadrilateral ABCD. © 4 Given that Ba + Hi + J+ ack = 71 bj + 4k, find the values of a, b and c ©® 5 The points 4 and B have position vectors 10 toa fixed origin O, where p is a constant. Given that .O4B is isosceles, find three possible positions of point B. i] + 10k and pi + 14j ~ 22k respectively, relative @® 6 The diagram shows a tiangle ABC » Given that AB = Ti ~j+ 2k and BC = ~i+ 5k omy ‘The point D is such that AD and the point Eis such that AE. a find the area of triangle ABC. b Find the area of triangle ADE. (2 marks) AB. aC ©® 7 A parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure g F formed by six parallelograms, The diagram shows a ZiT parallelepiped with vertices O, 4, B, C, D, E, and G. S a, band eare the vectors 04, OB and OC respectively Prove that the diagonals OF and AG bisect each other. o * 4 ©® 8 The diagram shows a cuboid whose vertices are O, A, B, C.D, E. F and Ga, band eare the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively: The point M lies on OE such that OM: ME = 3:1. The straight line AP passes through point M. Given that AM: MP =3:1 prove that P lies on the line EF and find the ratio FP: PEPati ated rs WEN 1 a.band carethe vectors (°}( 0) a3) ena dca J SPY 28 pganérauhtatpa doe (32) 4 2 The diagram shows a cuboid with vertices O,4, FM B,C,D,E, and G. Ms the midpoint of FE and Nis the midpoint of AG. a, band € are the position vectors of the vertices 4, Band C respectively Prove that the lines O.M and BN trisect the diagonal AF @®. Position vectors GED Tisect means divide into three equal parts You need to be able to use vectors to describe the position of a point in two dimensions. Position vectors are vectors giving the pi The position vector of a point Ais the vector OA, where is the origin. Oa ii + bj then the position vector of A is (3) In general, a p Pena Prwith coordinates (p, g) has a position vector «AB = OB - OA, where OA and OB are the position vectors of Aand Brespectively. EIEN 25) TED evetcesoume ‘The points A and B in the diagram have coordinates (3, 4) » and (11, 2) respectively. Find, in terms of i and j a the position vector of 4 b the position vector of B € the vector AB jon of a point, relative to a fixed origin. rTSealed VECT Poe mec ecto g) © 4B = 08 - 04 = (M+ 2p - Gis ap = 5 By EXD rreessoine (Od = Si—2j and AB = 31+ 4j, Find a the position vector of B b the exact value of [OB] in simplified surd form. GEE BED orev nase 1 The points 4, Band C have coordinates (3, -1), (4, 5) and (~2, 6) respectively, and O is the origin. a Find, in terms of i and j _ _ i the position vectorsof 4, Band i AB itt AC. b Find, in surd form i jOC| LAB] i JAC 2 OP =4i- 3,00 = 314} a Find PO b Find,insurd form i |OP| i |00| ik |PO|as Crd 300 | PO = 514+ 6 a Find OP b Find, in surd form: i [OP| ii |00| iii |PO| ® 4 OABCDEisa regular hexagon. The points A and B have position vectors a and b respectively, © 6 Given that the point 4 has postion vector 4 GB) 7 The point 4 lies on the circle with equation x? + where O is the origin, Find, in terms of a and b, the position vectors of ac bD cE 5 The position vectors of 3 vertices of a parallelogram SESE 4) (3) ang (8 are(3), (3) ana (8) Use a sketch to check that you have considered all the possible Find the possible position veetors of the fourth vertex. pea ee cere caer 5j and the point B has position vector 6i + 3) a find the vector AB (2 marks) b find |AB| giving your answer as a simplified surd. (2 marks) Given that OA = 2ki + hj find the exact value of k. (Smarks) The point Blies onthe line with equation 2y = 12 ~ 3 Given that |OB| =/T3 find possible expressions for OB in the form p+ gj @ 3D coordinates Cartesian coordinate axes in three dimensions are usually called x-, y- and angles to each of the others, -axes, each being at right The coordinates of a point in three dimensions are written as (x,y EBD Ao visualise this think the = and ~axes being drawn on a lat surface and the -axis sticking up from the surface. You can use Pythagoras’ theorem in 3D to find distances on a 3D coordinate grid. # The distance from the origin to the point (x, y, ) is (x+y? + 2?ce aloe VECT Gene (61) ETE rrosuen-sowne Find the distance from the origin to the point P(4, ~7, -1) op = a+ CIF + CP 1e+aB +7 cd ) You can also use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the distance between two points, = The distance between the points (x,y <3) and (x, <2) Is VQ - ee? + i — ye + (2-22)? ene Find the distance between the points 4(1, 3, 4) and B(8, 6, -5), giving your answer to 1 d.p. AB=\0-8"+6-6"+4-Coy? — VTP + ray +8 AB +94 BI 139 = 1.8 tt dp) O23) ELLIE corcarrinaons The coordinates of A and B are (5, 0, 3) and (4, 2, ) respectively. Given that the distance from A to B is 3 units, find the possible values of k. te) Use Pythagoras’ theorem to form a quadratic equation inf. AB= (54+ (O- BF + B-HeE HB +440 - Chak) caoge ork=5Pati ated ETE em 1 Find the distance from the origin to the point P(2, 8, ~4) 2 Find the distance from the origin to the point P(T, 7, 7) 3. Find the distance between A and B when they have the following coordinates: a A(3, 0, 5) and BU, -1, 8) b (8, 11, 8) and B(-3, 1,6) © A(3, 5, -2) and B(3, 10, 3) @ ACI, -2, 5) and B(4,-1, 3) ©® 4 Thecoordinates of A and Bare (7, ~1, 2) and (k, 0, 4) respectively. ® 5 The coordinates of 4 and B are (5, 3, -8) and (1. k Given that the distance from A to Bis 3 units, find the possible values of k ) respectively. Given that the distance from 4 to Bis 30 units, find the possible values of &. a The points A(1, 3,-2), BU, 3,4) and C17, -3, 4) are three vertices of a solid cube. Write down the coordinates of the remaining five vertices. Anant walks from A to Calong the surface of the cube. b Determine the length of the shortest possible route the ant can take, @ Ecuation of a line in three dimensions You need to know how to write the equation of a straight line in vector form. ‘Suppose a straight line passes through a given point A, with position vector a, and i parallel othe given vector b. Only one such line is possible. Let R be an arbitrary point on the line, with position vector r. Since AR is parallel to b, AR = 2b, where You can find the position vector of any point Ron the line by using vector Jisa scalar. addition (ADAR ‘The vector b is called the direction vector raatdk of the line. So the position vector r can be written as a+tb ° = Avector equation of a straight line passing through the point A with position vector a, and Parallel to the vector Bis +s the position vector ofa general point on reatib the line. Scalar parameters in vector equations are often where 2s a scalar parameter given Greek letters such as 4 (lambda) and (mud.aries Veni By taking different values of the parameter z, you can find the position vectors of different points that lie on the straight line. END expire tne vector equation @ Of alin using GeoGebra EXD vonescnime Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the point 4, with position vector ~ 5] + 4k and is parallel to the vector 7i~ 3k. oe ‘An equation of the line is, -()-A3) Si 5j + 4k) + 4171 - 3k G+ 7K 5+ 4 = 30k B47 o ((35)) =a Now suppose a straight line passes through two given points C and D, with position vectors and d respectively. Again, only one such line is possible. R You can use CD as a direction vector for the line: You can now use one of the two given points a ‘and the direction vector to form an equation for the straight line. = Avector equation of a straight line passing through the points Cand D, with position vectors € and d respectively, is r=c+ad-0) CREED 01 con use ary point onthe straight ine . as the initial point in the vector equation. An alternative where 4 is a scalar parameter. vector equation for this line would be r=d + Ad —e)Pati ated GEO 22) EE) rvontev sume Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the points A and B, with coordinates (4, 5, -1) and (6, 3, 2) respectively. -() -() —_ aaa enasles b+ 12-2 +38 ona (4+ Dih+ (5 — 21y + 1+ 31k 4+ 2) Example €) mea ne ‘The straight line / has vector equation # = (3i-+ 2j — 5k) + (i — 6] ~ 2k) Given that the point (a,b, 0) lies on f, find the value of a and the value of 5. b=2-6r az hand b=17 1 x EXD oonr The straight line / has vector equation r = Show that another vector equation of Fis. (21 + 5] 3k) + A(6i- 2) + 4k) 81+ 3) +k) + pGi-j+ 2k)Seu aie Vent) 2) (6 Use te enutone=(5) 2) SING . onl. 1 0 So an alternative form of the equation is 5 a Cn e=(3)}+o{-1 1 2. EE rex rae 2 1 2 The tiethaseqaionr=(i) ++} ad pois poston vei) 4 1 3 a Show that P does not lie on J 0 Given that a circle, centre P, intersects / at points A and B, and that A has position vector (:) 6 b find the position vector of B. rr Se ole =e aan ‘line as a single vector. You can write each # P(2, 1,3) lies on the line then ‘component in the form a + 4b 2-24 Aaae4 24 a=0 32 44 Ase 50 P dk _. py (0) [2 ae rata) VEG fe erreree not lie on LPati ated The position vector of B is F-()-(i24- Ana ai + 16-OA+ AP +A 4142040 = 29 B, LT: Gi - 61417 =29 Gi -Gi-12=0 -a-2=0 a= 2a 41) SoA=2ord (3) This ts the position vector of point A. 3 A=-t gives (3 a This ts the position vector of point B. EEE) ED em 1. For the following pairs of vectors, find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the point, with position vector a, and is parallel to the vector b. a a=6i45j-k,b=2-3j-k b a=2i+5i.b=itj+k 2) 3) caeaegeabb=ejoak — dae(ifn-(?) 4 1 (elSemeur alie Wenn 2. For the points P and Q with position vectors p and q respectively, find ithe vector PO fi a vector equation of the straight line that passes through P and Q a p=3i—4j+ 2k, q=5i+3j-k b p=2i+j-3k.q=4i-2j+k 2h + 4k, “aa 3. Pind a vector equation of the line which is parallel to the =-axis and passes through the point (4, ~3, 8) © 4 The point (1, p, g) lies on the line /. Find the values of p and g, given that the equation of Fis a 1 4/2 16\ [3 are{ Jods) vealed) eee Sei 1 9, -) \8 0) Mt ®_ 5 Show that the line f, with equation r = (3 + 24)i + (2 - 32)j + (“1 +44)k is parallel to the line /, which passes through the points 4(5, 4, ~1) and B(3, 7, -5) 6 Show that the points cr AC3, 4, 5), BG, =1, 2) and (9, 2, =1) are collinear. Points are said to be collinear if they all lie on the same straight line. 1) /3 10) 7 Show that the points with position vectors ( *) (2) and ( ‘) do not lie on the same straight line. 8 0 8 The points P(2, 0, 4), Ola, 5, 1) and R(3, 10, 6), where a and b are constants, are collinear. Find the values of @ and b. (Smarks) © 2% Theline /, has equation — 5] + 4k) + Ai + j- 6k) As the point on J, such that 4 = —2 The line f passes through 4 and is parallel to the line with equation = (101 + 3) - 9k) +421—4)+k) Find an equation for f (6 marks) 10 The point 4 with coordinates (4, a, 0) lies on the line L with vector equation = (101 + 8) ~ 12k) +0 J +5k) where a and b are constants. a Find the values of a and (3 marks) ‘The point ¥ lies on L where 2 b Find the coordinates of X. (mark)Pati @®u ®nr ated 3 1 ‘The line /has equation r= (3) + rt 2 ) 9 2 A and Bare the points on / with Find the distance 4B. 1 2 The line / has equation r= (2) of 1 ) 3/ Mv Cand A are the points on / with 4 =4 and / = 3 respectively. ‘A circle has centre C and intersects /at the points 4 and B. Find the position vector of B. =A) 1 ‘The line /, has equation r= ( 6 ) + 4 ) 5 1 A and Bare the points on /, with 4 = 2 and A = 5 respectively a Find the position vectors of 4 and B. 5 and A= 2 respectively. 0 ‘Te pit Phas poston wr (2) 3 ‘The line /; passes through the point P and is parallel to the line /, b Find a vector equation of the line /, The points C and D both lie on line fy such that AB= AC= AD. © Show that P is the midpoint of CD. (4 marks) (G marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (7 marks) ‘A tightrope is modelled as a line segment between points with coordinates (2, 3, 8) and (22, 18, 8), relative to a fixed origin O, where the units of distance are metres, Two support cables are anchored to a fixed point A on the wire. The other ends of the cables are anchored to points with coordinates (14, 1, 0) and (6, 17, 0) respectively. a Given that the support cables are both 12m long, find the coordinates of b Give one criticism of this model. Points of intersection You need to be able to determine whether two lines meet and, if so, to determine their point of intersection, Wirite the equations Wate tree Try to solve incolumn notation linear equations the fist two equations and set them equal festa teach athe. Involving and ee 4. and are the parameters in the vector equations of the tines ‘No solutions Lines de intersect. Substitute your values for A and Solutions (8 marks) (1 mark) Lines do nat intersect. Do these Solutions satisfy the third equation? the equation of one of, the lines to find the point of intersection. You can use the other equation to check, 131ra a Piet The lines J, and f, have vector equations r= 3itj+k + Ai—2j—K) and r= -2j + 3k + Si + j + 4k) respectively. Show that the two lines intersect, and find the position vector of the point of intersection. ((22)-(: 2.) iit) Solve the simultaneous equations BeasSy 0 andt-A=S44e (2) 23-4 Adding gives and so m= Substituting back into equation (1) gives 4 = 2 Check p= =1,A equation 1-28 So the lines do intersec 2 also satisly the third -2 +p gues -3 = Sea 3 Substaing A= 2 nto (1728) ee (-3 1-4 The point where the lines meet is (5, -3, -1) 1 Ineach case establish whether lines J, and /; meet and, if they meet, find the coordinates of their point of intersection: a I; has equation r= i+ 3) + A@—j + Sk) and J has equation 3)+ 2k + i +] +2k) b [has equation r= 34+ 2) +k + A(@i +] + 2k) and /s has equation ¢ = 4i + 3) + yi +j-K) ¢ Iyhas equation r=1+ 3)+ Sk + 4(21+ 3)+k) and J, has equation r=i+ 3) + 5k + p(t +j—2k) (In each of the above eases 4 and j are scalars.) © 2 With respect to a fixed origin O, the lines /, and fy are given by the equations 61 + 11k) + Ali—j +k) ker =(2i- 2) +9k) + (2h +j—3k) Show that /; and /; meet and find the coordinates of their point of intersection, (6 marks) 3 2 5 2 © 3 Theline taseatonr= (i) +a{ 2) and the line thassauaton»(4) +n 1 } 2 3 0 L Show that /, and /; do not meet, (marks)Pati ated 3 5 @®) 4 The line with seorequaton :) +3) is perpendicular to the line with vector 2 oy f=? caaions{it)+a( 7) 3 P, Find the value ofp. (2 marks) b Show that the two lines meet, and find the coordinates of the point of intersection. (4 marks) iz 1 1 2 4 1 - e=(i)en(e ) where dand par parameters vo \-a Given that the lines /, and Jy intersect at the point A, find the coordinates of A. (4 marks) EB) 6 With respect to a fixed origin O the lines /, and /, are given by the equations CQ) eG) where J and j: are parameters and p and g are constants, Given that /, and /; are perpendicular, a. show that q=4 (2 marks) Given further that f, and / intersect, find b the value of p (Gmarks) € the coordinates of the point of intersection. (marks) (9 ‘The point A lies on J, and has position vector (<1 ) ‘The point C lies on h, =14) Given that a circle, with centre C,cuts the GSS" line 4 at the points A and B, Drawa diagram showing the lines I and land find the position vector of B. (3marks) the circle, and use circle properties. @&D scalar product You need to know the definition of the scalar product of two vectors in either two or three dimensions, and how it can be used to find the angle between two vectors. To define the scalar product you need to know how to find the angle between two vectors. (On the diagram, the angle between the vectors a and b is re rQ Notice that a and b are both directed away from the point X. 133aries Veni Example @) ESTED vrenenetarion Find the angle between the vectors a and b on the diagram, : The angle between @ and b Is 180° ~ 20° = 160" b = The scalar product of two vectors a and b is written as a.b, and defined as ab=|aljb| cose CED the scalar product where @ is the angle between a and b. is often called the dot product. You say’a dot i . rataadbactenn QI wanes Cy vectors of A and B, then the ‘to consider the scalar product angle between a and bis /AOB. as the component of one vector in the direction of another. ® Ifa and b are the position vectors of the points A and B, then cos(ZAOB) = IF two vectors a and b are perpendicular, the angle between them is 90° 0, a,b = |allb| cos 90° = 0 = The non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular if and only if a.b = 0 Since cos 90” Ifa and b are parallel, the angle between them is 0% ® Ifaandbare parallel, ab O28) ELIE rronicrsoume Find the values of laljb|. In particular, b kk © Gi +¢ a ij=tx1xcos90"=0 b kk x1 x cos0* € (4p.k + 3n.80 (4 x1 x c0590) +B x 3 x cos") =049=9Pati ated swonme (ay by Given that a= («) and b= (: }, prove that a.t i! \b; Ab = (aii + aaj + ack). (04+ ba + bak) = aihlbi + baj + Bok) + 2pj.(o" + boj + bsk) + asklbl + baj + bk) 08) + (ailAoa§) + (98).405) + (aaflb 4 + (2aphlba) + (2ap)bsk) + (2sb (04) + (ask) ba) + (228).(03K) = (ae id + Gibalid + (abs + (arbi + (arbajg + (bale + (asb)k.i + (asbolky + (230k The above example leads to a simple formula for finding the scalar product of two vectors given in Cartesian component form: # a= ai +a,j+askand b= b+ bj + bik, You can use this result without proof in your exam. EM 40) IIE) rosuev-sourme Given that a = 8i — Sj 4k and b = Si+4j—k a find ab b find the angle between a and b, giving your answer in degrees to | decimal place. E(B XS) 4(5 x4) 44 x 40-2044aries |a||b| cose e+ SF + -4F Beas Op = ae VIO5 V42 cost = 24 at W105 42 66.8 (1 dp) IO 2) ELIE rome sou Given that a = -i+j + 3kand b in degrees to 1 decimal place. Jno] cos 2j+ 2k, en find the angle between a and b, giving your answer Rares bl =e OP VINV57 cos 088 = vivS7 0= 969° dp) Ls i Given that the vectors a = 2i- 6j +k and b= Si + 2j + Ak are perpendicular, find the value of 2.Pati ated Given that a aand b. 21 + Sj — 4k and b = 4i — 8) + 5k, find a vector which is perpendicular to both ena | ——_ Another possible vector fs fast S a[25+ 3548) = 70+ qj+4e ———_1 EELS) aD ores The points A, Band Chave coordinates (2, -1, 1), (5, 1, 7) and (6, ~3, 1) respectively. a Find 4B.AC b Hence, or otherwise, find the area of triangle ABC. 7 i =(2) naa (2) ABAC = 3x44 2%(-2)46x0=8 » |a8| eee ve al eae 08 wae cost BAC) = —AB-AC aa\lacl 7x25 0.2555, redccm Uae Wenn ZBAC = 751937. area <1 7Bl aC lanczoac : You could find ZBAC by finding the lengths 4B, BC and ACand using the cosine rule, but itis ‘quicker to use a vector method 1 The vectors a and beach have magnitude 3, and the angle between a and b is 60°, Find a.b. 2. For each pair of vectors, find a,b. a a=Si+2)+3k,b=2i-j—2k b a= 10i— 7) +4k, b= 34-5] - 12k © asitj—k.b=-i-j+4k k, b= 61 5j- 8k € a= 3) 49k, b=i— 12) 44k 3 Ineach part, find the angle between a and b, giving your answer in degrees to 1 decimal place. + 7)b= S145 ba © 7) + 8k, b= 12142) +k da © a= 61-7) + 12k, b= 2+] +k f asditSk,b=6i § a= -Si + 2j- 3k, b= 21-2) 11k hasitj+kb=i-i+k 4 Pind the value, or values, of J for which these vectors are perpendicular. a 3+ Sjand Ait 6 b 214 6j-kand fi 4j- 14k ¢ 34 4j- 8k and Ti- Sj+k 01-3) + Sk and Ai + Aj + 3k € Aj+3j—2kand dit aj+ 5k 5 Find, to the nearest tenth of a degree, the angle that the vector 9i ~ 5j-+ 3k makes with a the positive x-axis, b the positive y-axis 6 Find, to the nearest tenth of a degree, the angle that the vector i+ Ij — 4k makes with athe positive y-axis b the positive -axis 7 The angle between the vectors i+} +k and 21 +j +k is. Calculate the exact value of cosé. 8 The angle between the vectors i+ 3} and j + 2k is 60°, Show that 4 = as 9 Find a vector which is perpendicular to both a and b, where j-3k,b 3)- 4k, b=i- 6) 43k 10 The points A and B have position vectors 2i + 5j + k and 64 + j~ 2k respectively, and O is the origin, Calculate each of the angles in AOAB, giving your answers in degrees to 1 decimal place.Pati ated 11 The points 4, Band C have coordinates (1, 3, 1), (2, 7, -3) and (4, -5, 2) respectively. a Find the exact lengths of AB and BC. b Calculate, to one decimal place, the size of ZABC. 12. Given that the points A and B have coordinates (7, 4, 4) and (2, 2, 1) respectively, a find the value of cos ZAOB, where O isthe origin (marks) bb show that the area of A40B is “33 G marks) ® 13 ABisa diameter of a circle centred at the Problem-solving. origin O, and P is a point on the ern circumference of the circle. By considering _THIS/ a vector proof ofthe fact that the angle in a semi-circle is 90° the position vectors of 4, Band P, prove that 4P is perpendicular to BP. Points A, Band C have coordinates (5, -1, 0), (2, 4, 10) and (6, -1, 4) respectively. a Find the vectors CA and CB (2 marks) b Find the area of the triangle ABC. (4marks) © Point Dis such that 4, B, Cand D are the vertices of a parallelogram. Find the coordinates of three possible positions of D. (GB marks) d_ Write down the area of the parallelogram. (mark) G® 15 The points P, Q and K have coordinates (1, ~1, 6), (-2, 5, 4) and (0, 3, -5) respectively. a Show that PQ is perpendicular to OR. (Gmarks) b_ Hence find the centre and radius of the circle that passes through points P, Q and R. (marks) rr 1. Using the definition a.b = [allb| cos, prove that a 2 The diagram shows arbitrary vectors a b and ¢, and the vector +¢ b Hence prove that a(b +¢) =a.b + acaC alee Dien ility Chapter review (7) PROBLEN-SOWNE © 1 To forces F; and F, act on a particle. F, =-3i + Tj newtons = j newtons ‘The resultant force R acting on the particle is given by R= Fy + Fy a Calculate the magnitude of R in newtons. (3 marks) b Calculate, to the nearest degree, the angle between the line of action of R and the vector j (2marks) ® 2 A small boat S, drifting in the sea, is modelled as a particle moving in a straight line at constant speed. When first sighted at 09:00, Sis at a point with position vector (—2i - 4j) km relative to a fixed origin O, where i and j are unit vectors due east and due north respectively. At 09:40, Sis at the point with position vector (4i - 6j) km. Calculate the bearing on which Sis drifting bb Find the speed of S. @® 3 A8CDisa trapezium with AB parallel to DC and DC = 44B M divides DC such that DM: MC = 3:2, AB =a and BC = b Find, in terms of a and b a AM b BD c MB apa GD) 4 The vectors 5a + kb and 8a + 2b are parallel. Find the value of k. (3 marks) 5 Given that a=(1), aatbee 6 therescharnot ther sectsesa 0 Given that [42 = 5,2, show that 42 is parallel to 64 - 8) Pis the point (5, 6, ~2), Q is the point (2, -2, 1) and Ris the point (2, -3, 6) a Find the vectors PO, PR and OR. b Hence, or otherwise, find the area of triangle POR. 1 (5 2 The points D, E and F have position vectors (') ()) and (3) respectively. oF Na) 8 a Find the vectors DE. EF and FD (marks) b Find [DEI [Z| and [70] giving your answers in exact form. (6 marks) € Describe triangle DEF. (1 mark) Pis the point (6, 2, 1), Qis the point (3, -2, 1) and Ris the point (1, 3, -2) a Find the vectors PO, PR and OR (3 marks) bb Hence find the lengths of the sides of triangle POR. (6 marks) © Given that angle QRP = 90° find the size of angle POR. (2 marks) The diagram shows the triangle ABC. © Given that AB =-i+j and BC =i-3j+k find 2ABC to | d.p. - B (S marks) rlemai Wenn 17 The diagram shows the quadrilateral ABCD. « — (6) _, is Given that 4B =| -2] and AC = ( 8 }_ find the area of the Nl 5 quadrilateral (7 marks) 4 @® 18 Ais the point (2, 3, -2), Bis the point (0, -2, 1) and Cis the point (4, -2, -5). When 4 is reflected in the line BC it is mapped to the point D. a Work out the coordinates of the point D. b Give the mathematical name for the shape ABCD. © Work out the area of ABCD. ©® 19 The diagram shows a tetrahedron OABC. a, b and eare the position vectors of A, Band C respectively P,Q, R, S, Tand Uare the midpoints of OC, AB, OA, BC, OB and AC respectively. Prove that the line segments PQ, RS and TU meet at a point and bisect each other. © 2 A particte of mass 2kg is acted upon by three forces: Fi = (bi + 23+)N F,=(i- bj +2k)N 2+ 2+ 4 H)K)N Given that the particle accelerates at 3.5 ms-~, work out the possible values of b. © 2 Inthis question fan j are the unit vectors due east and due north respectively, and k is the unit vector acting vertically upwards, ? A BASE jumper descending with a parachute is modelled as a particle of mass 50 kg subject to forces describing the wind, W, and air resistance, F, where: 205 + 169) N f+ 450k) N a With reference to the model, suggest a reason why the k component of F is greater than the other components. b Taking g = 9.8ms°, find the resultant force acting on the BASE jumper. ¢ Given that the BASE jumper starts from rest and travels a distance of 180m before landing, find the total time of the descent.