BO CONG THU'ONG TRUONG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP. HO CHi MINH Khoa Céng nghé Déng lve one GIAO TRINH HE ‘HONG BIEN DONG CO (HE CAO DANG VA DAL HQC) 9 — 2008 (Luu hanh ndi b6)Nguyin Chi Henge Gitdo trink Bitn Ong co'~ He CD-DH KHAI QUAT VE HE THONG DIEN VA BIEN TU TREN OTO 1.1 Tang quat vé mang trén 6 t6 va phan bé cac hé thong 1. He thdng khoi ding (Starting system): Bao gdm accu, may khi dOng dign (starting motor), cfc relay dia khién va relay bio vg khéi dong. D6i voi dong co diesel c6 trang bj thém hé thing xdng méy (Glow system). 2. Hé théng cung cdp dién (Charging system): Gdm accu, mdy phat dign (Alternators), b6 tiét ché dign (Voltage regulator), cdc relay va din béo nap. 3. Hé théng dink liea (Ignition system): Bao gdm cc bé phan chinh: accu, khéa dién (Ignition switch), b6 chia dign (istributor), bién 4p danh lira hay bobin (Ignition coils), hdp diéu khién danh Wa (igniter), bugi (Spark plugs). 4, He ding chide dnk sing va tin hifu (Lighting and Signal system): ‘Gm cde dén chiéu sang, céc dén tin higu, cdi, cae cong the va cic relay. 5. H@ thing ao dae vi kiém tra (Gauging system): Chi yéu 1a c4c ddng hd tio én tableau va cde dén bio gém c6: ding hd tbe A> dong co (Tachometer), dong hd do téc 4% xe (Speedometer), déng hd do mhién ligu vi mhigt do nuoc. 6. Hé thing diéu khién d6ng co (Engine control system): Bao gém hé théng digu khién xing, lita, ge phdi cam, ga ty dng (cruise control). Ngoai ra, trén ete dng co diesel ngay nay thug sit dung hé thong didu khién nhién lig bing dign tir (EDC — electronie diesel control hogc unit pump in line) 7. Hé thing diéu knién 010: Hé théng diéu khién phanh chéng himABS (Antilock brake system), hop ng, tay lai, 26i hoi (SRS), luc kéo (Traction control). 8, He thing didu hoa nhigt dp (Air conditioning system): Bao gdm may nén (Compressor), gidn néng (condenser), loc ga (dryer), van tiét Luu (expansion valve), gian lanh (Evaporator) va céc chi tiét diéu khién nhur relay, thermostat, hop ditu khién, cing the A/C. _Néa hé théng nay duge diéu khién bing may tinh sé c6 tén goi la hé théng tr dong 2PbSO,+ Hinh 2-3: Phan phdi ban cwe 2420 Khoa Cong nghé Déng luc - BG man Din O16 4Gio trink Dién Dime co Hé CD - DH | ‘Trong qué trinh phdng dién, hai ban eve tir PLO; va Pb bién thinh PbSO,. Nhu vay khi phéng dién axit sunfurit bi hap thy dé tao thanh sunfet chi, con nude duge tao ra, do 6, ndng 6 dung dich HSO, gid. Qué trinh phong dién Ban cle am ‘Dung dich Ban ue dong dign phan Chait ban adn ry | ansos + 2140 PbO Qué trink ion hod So," S0;,4H" | 40H” Pott? naa ¥ ¥ Oud tinh voiding] PI 26 Pot ye Y 40 t Chat dutge tao ra PbSOs -2H:0| Pos. 2120 Qué trink nap dién Ban cule am Dung dich | Ban exte dong dign phan Chait duige tao ra PLSOs 4H;0 PDSO cudi qué trinh | T | phéng Qué trink ion hod Pe", Sox | 2H, 40H", 24" | S907 Pb trinh tao dong | *?° ~) Qua ta S Ppt ) 2m Chit ban dain } iste asos| Bho: Sur thay d6i ndng d9 dung dich di¢n phan trong qué trinh phong va ngp la mdt trong nhiing dau higu dé xac dinh mite phong dién ca accu trong si dung. 2.3 Théng sé va cae dic tinh ciia accu chi-axit 2.3.1 Thong sé a- Site dign dong ctia accu: Sire dign déng ca accu phy thude chit yéu vao sy chénh Iéch dién thé gitta hai tim ‘ban ewe khi khong c6 ding dign ngoai. - Sire dign dOng trong mot ngan. hoa Cang nghé Ding hac - BG min Bign O16 15Gido trink Bién Dong co~ Hé CD - DH * = 9 - GV) Néu accu c6 n ngiin £, = neq Site dién d6ng cén phy thude vao ndng 46 dung dich, trong thyc t6 c6 thé xac dinh theo cOng thie thye nghiém: Ey = 0,85 * prsoe np E, : La site dign d6ng tinh ca accu don (tinh bing Volt). p_: Néng d6 cia dung dich dién phin durge tinh bing (g/em’) quy vé + 25°C. P2s0c = Pio ~ 0,0007(25 —1) 1 : Nhiét d6 dung dich lie do. Po : Nong a0 dung dich Ie do. b- Higu dién thé cita accu: + Khi phéng dign Up = Ee- Rely 22) +Khingp din U,=Es+ Roly 23) Trong dé: I, - cutmg 46 dong dién phéng. I, ~ cubmg dQ dong dign nap. Ra dign tré trong cia accu. c- Dign tré trong accu: Rag = Raweneve + Rein eve + Rei ngan > Rung dich ign tré trong accu phy thudc cht yéu vao dién tré cia dign cyre va dung dich. Pb va PLO, déu cé a9 din dign tét hon PhSO, . Khi néng d6 dung dich dign phan tang, su co mit cia céc ion H* va SO/* cing lim giam dién tro dung dich. Vi vay dign tro trong cla accu ting khi bj phéng dién va gid khi ngp. Dign tr trong cita accu cfing phy thude vo nhiét 46 mdi tru’mg. Khi nhiét 46 thdp, céc ion sé dich chuyén cham trong dung dich nén dign tre ting, d- Do pong dign cia accu: Dé danh gid tinh trang ciia Accu ta sit dyng thong s6 dO phong dién. Bd phor ain co aoe ata ane, er ok ag dane © 40 Phong clés. De phins Pe> Puas00) %OQ = ———_——x 100 4) Pa Po ~ Ap = 0,16 g/cm ‘pn ndng 48 dung dich lic nap no. (Po~ ndng 49 dung dich lic do da qui vé 25°C. e- Nang hegng accu: ‘Nang Iugng cilia accu lic phéng dign: W, = 3600.0,Up OD (2-5) Khoa Cing nghé Dong lee - BG mon Bign Grd 16 Trong 4Gio trinh Dign Ding co ~ He CD- DH n-s6 lan do. Ning Iugng ctia accu Ite nap dign: Inte on (2-6) Trong dé; Q, - nding lung phong eta accu. U, - dién thé phéng cita accu, tn thd gian ngp accu. 8 Cong sudt ctta accu: P.=IE=I(0R + IR) en R: la dign tre tai bén ngoai. Po=PR+ FR, Céng suit dura ra mach ngoai (dura vao tai dign) Pq=IE-FR, aP, . E = £-2Rol dat cuc dai khi bing khéng —> 7 = —— 2-8) al Re Nhu vay khi & = R, , accu sé cho cOng sut len nit. 2.3.2 Die tinh @-Dite tuyén phing nep cta accu: Dac tuyén phng cita accu don: khi phéng dign bing dang dién khong di thi nding 49 dung dich gidm tuyén tinh (theo duéng thing). Néng d9 acid sulfuric phu thuéc vao lung acid tiéu t6n trong thoi gian phng va trit lugng dung dich trong binh. ‘Trén dé thi c6 sy chénh léch gitta E, va E, trong qué trinh phong dién 1a vi ndng dp dung dich chia trong chat téc dyng ctia bin eye bj gidm do téc 46 khuéch tan dung dich dén cc bin cue chim khién néng 46 dung dich thie 6 & trong long ban cy lun luda thap hon néng d6 dung dich trong timg ngin. Higu dign thé U, cing thay déi trong qué trinh phéng. © thoi diém bat diu phéng, 4igu Up gidm nhanh va sau do gidm ty 1¢ voi site gidm ndng 46 dung dich, Khi& trang thai can bing thi U, gan nhwr én dinh. O cuéi qué trinh phéng (ving gan diém A) sunfat chi duge tao thanh tong cac ban cue sé lam giam tiét dign ctia cdc 15 tham dung dich va lam can try qué trinh kchuéch tan, khién cho trang thai can bing bj pha hay. Két qua la néng 46 dung dich chia trong bin cyc, site dién dng £, va higu dign thé U, giim nhanh va c6 chiéu huéng gidm dén khong. Higu digu thé tai diém A dugc goi Id dién thé cudi cing. Khoa Cong ugg Dong lec - BG man Dign O16 0Gido trinh Dign Dong co — Hé CD -PH. Ses idm cudi qué mere Eng aay ‘inh phong, sezovy + Khong gh 1,96V Un \ acrov)| 27 0 2 4 6 & 10 mH oO 10 uh) 4. Théi gian nap So dd phOng va dae tuyén phong So dd nap va dae tuyén nap Hinh 2-4: Dac tuyén phéng - nap cita accu axit Khi nap ign, trong long ofc bin eye acid sunfurie tai sinh. Nang 49 cita dung dich chira trong cée ban eye tr nén dim dic hon, do dé £, khi ngp lon hon Ep mit lugng bing AB, con higu dign thé khi nap: U, ~ Ey + Jy Re. 0 eudi qua trinh nep sive dign ding va hig dign thé ting lén kha nhanb do céc ion H" vO bam & ede bin cye 36 gay ra sy chénh igeh dign the va higu dign thé accu ting vot déa gid tr 2,77 DS la du higu ota cubi qui ‘rinh nap. Khi qué trinh nap két thtic va céc chét tic dung & cdc ban eye tré Iai trang thai ban dau thi déng dign J, tr nén thira. Né chi dign phn nuée tao thanh oxy va hydro vi thodt ra dudi dang bot khi. b-Dung lugng cita accu: Luong dign nang ma accu cung c4p cho phy tai trong giéi han phéng dién cho phép duge goi la dung lugng eiia accu. Q=lby (A) 9) Nhu vay dung Itong cita accu 1a dai Iuong bién déi phu thudc vio ché d6 phéng dign. Ngubi ta con dura ra khéi niém dung Iwong dinh mite cia accu Os, Qj Oz» mang tinh quy usc img véi mot ché d6 phéng dién nhat dinh nhur ché dd 5 gid, 10 gid, 20 gid phong, dién 6 nhiét 46 +30°C. Dung lurong cla accu duge dic trung cho phin gach chéo (Hinh 2- 4). Khoa Cing nghé Ding lve - BB man ign O15 18Gido trinh Bién Dong co —Hé CD- BH Qian) To(A) 50 100 200 Hinh 2-5: Sy phy thuge cia dung lirgng accu vao dong phong Ché 46 phéng 6 diy 1a ché 46 dinh mite nén dung lugng nay chinh bing dung. luong dink mite cia accu. Qn = Q = 5,44.10h = 54h ‘Trén dd thi (Hinh 2-6) biéu dién su thay d6i dién thé accu theo théi gian phong trong trugng hap acca phéng vai dang dign lin J = 30m (Ché d0 khéi dng) & nbigt 46 +25°C va - 18°C. Céc yéu t6 anh hung téi dung lugng cia accu: Khéi long va dién tich chat tic dung trén ban cuc. Dung dich ¢ign phan, Dang dién phéng. Nhigt 46 méi trudng. ‘Thoi gian sir dung. Dung lugng ca aceu phy thuge Ii vo dong phéng. Phéng ding cang kim thi dung lugng cing giém, tun theo dish Int Peikert eeeee T'ptp = const (2-10) ‘Trong d6: n la hing s6 thy thudc vao loai accu (nt = 1,4 d6i véi accu chi) ‘Trén hinh 2-5 trinh bay sur phy thuge eta dung Iugng accu vao curdng dé phéng, Tit hinh 2-6 ta c6 thé thdy khi accu phéng dign 6 nhiét 46 thép thi dign dung cba né gidm nhanh, Khi nhiét 0 tang thi dién dung cting tang. Nhung khi nhigt 49 tia dung dich ¢ign phin cao qué (Ién hon ++5°C) thi céc tim ngan va bin cye rit mau hong, kim cho tuéi tho ea accu giam di nhieu. “Khoa Céng nghé Ding luc - Bf min Dién O10 19Gido trinh Bign Béng co —Hé CD- DH uy) [| 2% filha 10 {7 | ing ién hIne 1, = BOm — 8 2754Qn |p -18°C 6 11.25% Bw 4 th 1 2 3 4 5 Hinh 2-6: Dg tuyén phing cita accu acid & nhitng nhife dp khde nhau Dic tuyén volt-ampere Dic tuyén VOLT-AMPERE cia aceu la méi quan hé gitta higu dign thé eta accu vi cuvmg dé ding dign phéng 6 nhiét d6 khac nhav. uy 0 Tam Towa Hinh 2-7: Bde tuyén Voit — Amper cha accu Phuong trinh mé ta dic tuyén Votl — Ampere cita Accu: Uz = Usa ~ TpRog Trong 46: Ua - ban dau xc djnh theo céng thc thye nghiém. Inn ~ dong ngéin mach lic Ua, = 0. Vee ~ InnBay = 0 Jam = Usd Rag @-ll) Use = n(2,02 + 0,001361 — 0,001A0,). Iam = Me Le 1, = 2,24 + 1,75t-0,44Q, (@-12) nz: 1a s6 ngiin accu, ‘Khoa Céng nghé Dong luc - Bd mon Dien Ot6Gio trinh Dién Déng co Hé CD -DH re nhigt d ea dung dich dign phan 7C). AQ,: 46 phéng dién accu (2%Q,). n.2 s6 ban eure (+) durge ghép song song trong mt ng&n J: cudmg 40 dong dign di qua mot ban eye duong Iée ngén mech. Us Vay: Ra= Tom -Diic tuyén lim vige cia accu trén 6t6: Acceu lam viée trén 6t6 theo ché 46 phong nap lun phién thy theo tai ciia hé thong dign, Dign thé nap én dinh nhé cé bé tiét che. Upp = 13,8 dén 14,2V In = Crng- Ua) ERS (2-13) BR= Ry + Rust Roy Trong 46: Rag: din tre day din. Ry? dign tr cdc cusn stator may phat. way in iy Hinh 2-8: Chd ap phéng ngp cia accu trtn xe ‘Dé danh gia mite cin bing nang lugng trén xe, ngudi ta xem xét hé sé cén bing: nficd, Néu Koy > [: accu duge nap di. Néu Ky < I: accu bj phéng dién. 7: Higu suét nap. 2.3.3. Hign tong ty phéng dign 6 nhigt 6 cao sé xdy ra phan img dudi diy lam chi va oxit chi bién thanh sulphat chi Pb + HySO4 = PBSO,+ HP 2PbOz + 21804 = 2PSO4 + 21,0 + Or Khoa Céng nghé Ding lec - BG man Dign O16 2Gio trink Dign Bing co Hé CD- DH Ding ign eye bd trén ee tim bin eye do ay hifa dign ela ch ton kim losi, hove do sy chénh Kich néng 4 gitra'lép dung dich lén trén va bén dudi accu cing lim git dung long accu. 2.4 Cie phwong phép nap dign cho accu C6 hai phuromg phép nap dién cho accu 2.4.1 -Nap bing higu dign thé khong adi ‘Trong cdch nap nay tat ca cic accu duye mic song song voi ngudn dign nap va bao dam dign thé cia nguon nap (Up,) bang 2,3 — 2,5V trén mét accu don voi diéu kign Une > Us Cutmg 46 dong nap thay di theo céng thire: In = Urg~ Ea) 2R IU 4 Tox th Hinh 2-9: Nap bing higu dign thé khong d6i Imax #1 * 1,5 Qite Khinap £, ting, / giém nhanh theo dac tuyén hyperbol. Ninege didn etta phivong php nop nay Ia: Dong dign nap ban dau rit lon c6 thé gay hong binh accu. @ Dang khi gidm vé 0 thi accu chi nap Khoang 90%. 2.4.2 Phwong phap dong khong abt _ Theo cdch nay dong dién nap duge gitt ¢ mot gid tri Khéng ddi trong subt thei gian nap bing cach thay déi gid tri dign tro cia bién tro R. Thong thong ngudi ta nap bing dong c6 cudng 46 J, = 0,! Oa Gia tri lon nhét cia bién try R 06 thé xi dinh boi cing thite: R= (Ung —2,6,)/0,5In SE Hinh 2-10: So dé nap accu voi dong 1 Khong doi Khoa Cong nghé Ding luc - BG min Dign O16 2ito winks Ditn Bing co He CD ~DH. “Theo phuong phap nay tit ed ede accu duge mic nbi tiép nhau va chi cin dim bao dibs Hn thng of cdc occu donttrong mech ngp Lhdag viagt qué tr] ob Usy/2,7 . Cc accu phi e6 dung lugng nhv nhau, néu khéng, ta s8 phai chon curéng 49 ding didn nap theo accu e6 dig dung ahd nbét va nhu viy accu ¢6 dung long Ién sé phii nap léu hon. nz 6 accu don mic n6i tiép. 0.5 : he s6 du tri. Ung: higu dia thé ngudn nep. 2.4.3 Phuong php nap hai nic ‘Trong phurong php nay, diu tiéa nguisi ta nap accu véi cg 46 0. Ta, Khi accu bat ddu s6i, giam xuéng cén 0,05/y,. Phuong php nap 2 nfc dim bio cho accu durge nap no hem va khéng bj néng. PLA Om 0,051 ——= ih Hinh 2-11: Nap 2 nde 2.4.4 Phong phap nap hon hop pu titn nap blog phuomg phip higu dign thé Khong d6i va sau 46 nap bing phuong phép ding khéng 4éi. Cé thé ngp nhanh 46i véi binh bj can hét diga, nhung phai idm thei gian nap. 2.5 Chon va bé tri accu Bé chon accu ta dua vio cfc ky higu al gin hoi trén nhain higu dinh 6 v6 bink: @ 6 tha nhdt (3 hode 6) chi sé ngan accu trong mot binh va tuong tg voi thé higu 1a 6 hoge 12V. @ Choi tiép theo (OT) chi loai accu khai dng dtd. + 86 tiép theo cha OT chi dign dung dinh mite eva accu & ché dQ 10" phong dign va o nhigt do +30% + 2 tinh bang 4.h. Vat ligu im tim ngan: N-nhya xép; NT_nhya xép ghép v6i bong thuy tinh; GT_g6 ghép béng thay tinh; GN_ g6 ghép nhya to; Mi du: ky higu 3_OT_70_NT_TCYN ld binh accu e6 3 ngin, thé higu dink mite 66 GV, dign dung dink mie la 70 A.h, 6 tm ngin kép biinh nhya xép ghép véi bing thiy tinh. -én vd binh accu, trén cdc cau néi giita che Accu thutmg dat truéc diu xe, gin may khoi dong sao cho chiéu dai day néi tir may kkhéi d6ng dén accu khéng qua Im. Dieu nay dim bao ring d6 sut ap trén day din khi khdi dOng la nhé nbat. Noi dat accu khong durge qué néng dé tranh hong binh do nhift. Khoa Céng nghé Dong lec - BG min Dién O16 23Gio trink Dign Bong co Hé CD BH = Chuong 3: HE THONG KHOI DONG 3.1 Nhigm vy va sor dd hg théng khéi dng tidu bidu Nhigm vy cua hg théng Khoi dong [a truyén cho true khuju dOng co mot moment voi s6 vong quay nhdt dinh nio 46 dé Khoi dgng duge dng cv. Cu edu khéi déng chi yéu tren 016 hién nay la khoi dng bing dOug co dign mot chigu. Téc d6 khéi dong cia dong 0 xaing phil trén 50 v/p, dbi voi dong eo Diesel phi trén 100 vip. (COng tie khéa dign oe (ein wea hop 36 chu tof ban dap ly chi wah ting Hinh 3-1: So'dé mgch khoi dong téng qit 3.2 May khdi dong 3.2.1 Yéu edu, phin loai theo céu trac 3.2.1.1 Yéu chu ky thuit d6i voi hg thing khéi dong + May kd dQgg phi quay dae trve Khufu déng oy voi t6c 49 thip nbét ma d6ng cocé thé nd duge. 4 Nhigt dé lam vige khéng dirge qué gibi han cho phép. @ Phai bdo dim khoi dng Iai durge nhiéu nhiéu lan. 4 Tisé nén tir bénh ring eita may khéi déng va bénh rang cia bénh da nim trong gid han (tir 9 dén 18), 4 Chiéu dai, dign tro cha day din néi tir accu dén may khéi dong phai nim trong gigi han quy dinh (< 1m). 4 Moment trayén dng phai dui dé Khdi déng ding eo. 3.2.1.2 Phan Loai pé phin logi méy khoi dOng ta chia may khoi dGng ra lim hai thanh phan: Phan motor dién va phan ihe dng. Phan motor dién duge chia ra lam nhiéu loai theo kiéu ddu day, con phan truyén déng phan theo cach truyén dng cla may khoi dgng voi ding co. Khoa Céng nghé Dong luc -B) min Dign O16 24ito rinh Din Déng cor= ié CD -DIt «Theo kidu du day: Ti thuge theo Kiéa Gu diy mi ta phin va eke Taal sau iu néi tiép + + ¥ Dau hin hop Ditu ndi tiép, Hinh 3-2: Cée kiéu du day cia mdy khoi dong b. Phan logi theo cdch truyén dng: cé hai cach truyén dong, 0.1 Truyén dong true tiép véi bank da: loai nay thudng ding wen xe dvi cl va nhong dong co ¢6 cong suat Ion, duge chia ra Lam 3 loat: * Truyén dong quén tinh: Banh ring & khop truyén dng ty déng ving theo quan tinh dé &n khép v6i binh da. Sau khi dng co nd banh ring tur dOng tro vé vi tr co. * Truyén dong ewing bice: Khop truyén d6ng cia bénh ring khi in khép vio ving ring cia banh da chju sy diéu khién curtng bite cba m6t co fu kc. * Truyén dong 16 hop: bénh ring an khop voi bénh di cutmg bite nhumg Khi vige ra khép tr dng nhw kiéu ra khép cia truyén dong qua tinh. 4.2 Truyén dong phai qua h6p gitm the: Khoa Cong nghé Ding luc - BG min Dign O16 25Gito trinh Dién Dong co = Hé CD - DH. Hinh 3-3: Cu rg0 mdy knot dong 6 hop gldm te Loai nay duoe sir dung nhigu trén xe dai méi, Phin motor dign mét chiéu e6 cau tao nhé gon va oé s6 vong quay kha cao. Trén dau true cita motor dign c6 lip m@t binh ing nh, théng qua binh ring trung gian truyén xubng bénh ring cla hop truyén dong (hop giém t6c). Khép truyén dong 1a mét khép bi mdt chiéu c6 3 rainh, Bi ranh e6 hai bi dia dat ké tiép nhau. Banh rang cia khép dau truc cia khép truyén déng due cai voi banh rang cia banh da (khi khéi dng) nho mot relay ghi khép. Relay gai khép ob mot ty day, théng qua vien bi déy banh ring vao ain khép véi banh da. J- Truc thit edp; 2- Vang rng; 3- Banh riing hanh tinh; 4+ Banh riing mét tro; 5- Phan ing; 6- C8 gép Hinh 3-4: Céu tgo hOp gidm toc Khoa Céng nghé Dong luc - B6 mén Dién O16 26Gido tinh Dién Dong ca Hé CD - DH 3.2.2 Chu tgo may khdi ding ‘Tren hinh 3.5 trinh bay edu tgo may Khoi dong c6 hop giam t6c, duge sit dung phé bign trén cée 616 da lich hign nay. owe tc Pda og tox sehtan (ae ‘We my edad ‘cum enayaign Hinh 3-5: Cdu tao may khoi dng May kbéi dong hién 1a co cau sinh moment quay va truyén cho binh da cia dng ca. Déi véi timg loai déng ca ma cée may Khoi dong dign cé thé 6 két edu efing nhu cd déc tinh khac nhau, nhung néi chung ching thu’mg c6 3 b4 phfin chinh: Déng co dién, hop truyén déng va co cau diéu khién. > Motor kot dong: La b@ phan bién dién ning thanh co nang. Trong dé: stator gém vé, cdc ma cue va cde eugn day Kich thich, rotor 6m truc, khéi thép tir, cudn day phan tmg va ob gép dién, cde nap v6i cdc gid dé chdi than va chdi than, cdc 6 truot .. > Relay gai khdp va céng tic ti: Dung dé diéu khién hoat dng cia may khéi dong. Cé hai phuong phép diéu khié bigu khién trye tiép va diéu khién gidn tiép. Trong diéu khién tryc tiép ta phai te dong trye tiép vao mang gai khép dé gai khép va déng mach dign ciia may khéi dng. Phuong phap nay it théng dung. Dicu khién gidn tiép théng qua cdc céng tic hoic relay Ia phuong phap pho bién trén cac mach khéi d6ng hién nay. - Nguyén If host dng Relay gai khop bao gdm: cugn hut va cugn gitr. Hai cugn day trén cé sé vong nh hau nhung tiét dign cugn hat lén hon cun gitt va quan cing chiéu nhau. Khoa Cong nghé Bong hec- BG man Dién O16 OTGiéo trinh Dign Déng co —H¢ CD - BH 1_cuén dy init va cu6n gitt: 2_cuén dy stator; 3_rotor; 4_chéi than; S-thanh gai khép; 6_béinh rang dé; 7_vong réing béinh da; 8 accu; 9_céng tic khéi dong; 10_tiép diém relay khéi dons Hinh 3-6: So da lam vige hé théng khéi dong Khi bat cong tée 6 vj tri ST thi dong dign sé ré thanh hai nhanh: (Pp Ws> mass Wi > Wa > Brust > Wrowr > mess Dong qua cudn gitr va hut sé tao ra lye tir dé hit 16i thép di vao bén trong (tng lye tircita hai cudn). Lye hut sé day binh ring cia may khoi dng vé phia banh da, ddng thoi day 1a déng néi tit coc (+) accu xuéng may khéi dng. Lic nay, hai diu cugn hit ding thé va s® khong c6 dong di qua ma chi o6 dong qua cugn gitt. Do I6i thép di vao bén trong mach tir khiéa tir tré giém nén Iye tir tie dung len 13 thép ting lén. Vi thé, chi clin mét cugn W, van gitt duge I6i thép. Khi dong co da né tai xé tra céng tac vé vj tri ON, mach hé nhung do quan tinh dong dién vin con. Do dé hai binh rang con dinh va dong véin con qua la dong. Nhu vay dong sé di tir: (+> Wy Wg > mass. ‘Lie nay, hai cu6n day mic néi tiép nén dong nhu nhau, dong trong cudn gitt khong, 48; chidu, can dang qua cudn hit ngugc véi chiéu ban dau. Vi vay, tir trutmg hai cuén we nan hm, kkét qua la dui tac dung cia lye Id xo ban ring va lé dong sé tro vé vi tri ban dau Déi voi xe c6 hOp 86 yr dOng, mach khéi dng c6 thém cOng te an toan (Inhibitor Switch). Cong te nay chi ndi mach khi tay s6 & vi tri N, P. Trén mét sb xe cé hép sé co khi, cOng tc an toan duge bé tri & ban dap ly hyp. > Khdp truyén ding: La co cdu truyén moment tir phin dng co dign dén bénh di, ddng thdi bao vg cho dong eg dign qua ly hop mét chiéu, Khoa Cing nghé Ding luc - B6 min Dign Ot6 28Gibo trinh Dign Déng co—Hé CD - DH Tema Holtinwinding onset Pulcinwirding Conaee bres sing Return spring Hoving contact Enppgng bver Solenoid swch Meshing sie Commuacor end shld Driver rush her Rolereype ower eitch Carton brah Pion onmuator Armature shat Foe she Sop ene recurs Spat in Fieldfrane Gulag ecatlen wading : Cu tao khép truyén dong 3.2.3 Su dd tinh toan va dic tinh co bin cia may khoi dgng > So-dé tinh toan: Dé xc dinh cde d¥e tuyén co ban ciia may khéi dong (chi yéu 1a phin dong co dign), ta khdo sAt mach dién cua mét may khéi dng loai mic néi tiép. So dé tinh toan duge trinh biy trén hinh 3-8. Usa Hinh 3-8: So dé tinh todn may khoi dong > Dac myén va dénh gid hw hong thong qua cdc dic tuyén: a. Diic tuyén thc dp may khoi dgng n=fQ): Site dign d6ng nguge Eng sinh ra trong cuén day phiin img khi may khoi dong quay: e=Bly _ Bland a) Pn “30 e= Bla. Pn o-0.t Trong dé: B_cutmg dé tir trudng ca nam chim L_chiéu dai khung day Khoa Cing nghé Ding lwo - BG mén Dign O15 2Gido trinh Dién Dang eo He CD- DH YE vain te dai khung day P_sé cap oye ¢_tirthéng qua khung day @_s6 d0i mach mic song song trong rotor C._ hing sé Ce= pr/a.60 N_s6 day dfin trong rotor Sé vong quay cia rotor duige xéc dinh bai: Tirso dé trén hinh 3-8 tacé: U., Un Déi voi so dé trén, theo dinh Iuat Kirchhoff ta o6 thé viét: By ~ Egg = My + Ty + Buy +AU Ey = Ey~AU,, TER ‘Trong dé: Ry_dign tré day eép accu Rig_dign tré cic cudn day rotor va stator AUa_ a sut thé dign Ap chéi ign OU 4 = 1,3V 61 voi may khoi dong 12V Uz, = 2,5V déi voi may khoi déng 24V Eng duge xée dink: Eqg = Eq ~ MU y+ IRy, + TR, + Ty Khoa Céng nghé Bing lee BO mon Diégn O16 30Giéo winh Dién Déng cor, Hé CD - DH PaMu lo Vom Tam Hinh 3-9: Déic tuyén mdy khoi dong O ché dé tai nhé, déng dign qua may khdi dng nhé va tir thong cua cugn kich phu thudc tuyén tinh vao cudng 46 dong dién g = Kyl Ey~AUy -TER CK yl = tit T-a, Vi vay lic nay the d@ phy thuge vio cu’mg 46 dong dign theo quy lugt Hyperbol Ey-AUy “Ky 28 "Suk y Voi: ché dé tai lin, dang qua may khéi dong lén va mgch tir bj bao haa. Lue niy dic tuyén n=/() w6 nén tuyén tinh: #= const nm aj-azl Dong dign trong may koi dng lon nhét khi bénh rang may khoi dOng An khop voi anh da, Lic 45 Eng = 0 V2! = Jum b. Dite tuyén moment kéo M=f(): ‘Moment kéo duge tao nén do lye tic dyng tuong hé gita tir trudng cilia cde cugn kich va dong di¢n wong cdc day dan phan tng (rotor), M-=FD2 téng lye tie dyng Ién cdc khung day D: duéng kinh ctia rotor F=Nf Khoa Cang nghe Dang, lire - BG mon Dign O15 31 Trong 46:Gido wrinh Dién Dong co Hé CD - DH = véi fE lye tac dung lén mot khunj f= Bli su Ti 56 Khung ¢6 trong rotor : dong dign chay trong mét khung, Khi tai nho = Khi tii Ion: Moment det cue dai khi n-0. Nhu vay, Ie thi nhé die tuyén phy thupe vao curing 449 dang theo quy lugt Parabol va khi tai kin dic tuyén chuyén sang dang tuyén tinh. c. Date tuyén cong sudt P= (1): Ty sé moment kéo va van tée géc cha rotor sé la céng suit din tir P, tire 1a cong sudt do cdc lye dign tir lam quay rotor tao nén. P=Mo on 2mn 60 a, E, a tint voi: n= PCy PIX aX Cre VNC PHIL P=I(E,~AU 4 ~TER) + P=I(E,-AUy)-F ER Lfy dgo ham phuong trinh P é tim gi tri cye dai: a #4, -au,,-27ER=0 = By ~ AU, -2E. 1, Be cAUy pon 2ER 2 Khin=0 thi Ey —0 Khoa Cong nghé Dong luc - BO mon Bien Ot6 32Gido tinh Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH = &e-AU,—T,, 2R=0 Ey aU 5 2zR Inm 1 dong dién cyrc dai ma may khoi dOng tiéu thy khi né bj ham chat. Thay ‘gid tri Ipmax vio phuong thinh P ta duge eéng suat dién ti eye dai. (Ey -AU a) _(E,- AU 2zR 4=zR ae Eo -AUay Poe GER Ul = [Eye +(R, + RUM = Bg E+ (R$ RP RaP+ ary AP =P(R,+R,)=T* Ry P=P,+AP, +P, rong dé: P-cOng suét accu dura dén may khéi dong QPa- mat mat céng sudt vé dign do nhigt sinh ra trén diy Pp - cong sudt hi fch OP. - cng sudt mat mat do co khi (6 bi, chéi than) OP, - céng sudt mat mat vé tir, chit yéu 1a dong Fucd Py =P2+ OPa+ OPa + OP, P,=P)+ OP Higu sudt cia may khoi dong RAMP ze ~07 PB x a= 4. Dénh gid hie hong qua cde dic tinh: Can ctr vao cdc dic tuyén ta chia hoat dng cia may khéi déng ra lm 3 ché d6: > Ché do khong tai ing voi may Khoi dong quay & tbe dO khéng tai no , le db céng sinh ra di thing SPd, APck, SPt. © Ché d6 cong suit cue dai img voi cudng a6 dong dign gin bing /yn/2. © Ché d6 him chit img vi J = Jy Khit = OVA M=Myas ‘Trén thye té, ta 06 thé img dung cdc ché 46 lam vige thir nhit va thir ba dé chan doan hu hing ciia may khéi dong. 6 ehé 46 thir nhdt néu téc 46 khSng tii do duge cia may khéi déng nho hon gid tri cho phép eiia nha ché tao no va cumg 46 dong dién khong tai lén hon binh thudng thi he héng xay ra chi yéu & phan co: xem xét cic 8 46 va chdi than, © ché ao thir ba: néu dong ngin mach Im hom gid tri cho phép trong khi moment kéo nhé hon thi hu héng cho yéu xay ra @ phin dign: chap mach cae ving day hoe cham mass. 3.3 Cae cociu 'u khign trung gian trong hé théng khdi dong Khoa Cang nghé Dong luc - B6 min Dien O16 3Giéo wrinh Dién Déng co—Hé CD - DH 3.3.1 Relay lehéi dng trung gian Relay khoi dng 1A thiét’bj dung aé dong mech dign cung cp di¢n cho may Khoi dong. Thiét bj nay c6 tac dung lam giam dong qua céng tic may. = & sT BAT Hinh 3-10: Relay khdi dng 3.3.2 Relay gay khop Relay gai khép ding dé ddy banh ring may khéi déng vao &n khép voi vi vong ing banh da va déng tiép diém dua dong dién dén motor dién, gitt yén tiép diém cho dén +hét theri gian khéi dng. 3.3.3 Relay bao vé khéi dng - Céng dung: Relay bao vé khéi dong 1a thiét ding dé bao vé may khéi déng trong ahing trudng hop Khi tai xé kh6ng thé nghe duge tiéng dong co nd. + Khoi dong bing didu khid + Khéi d6ng Iai nhiéu Lan. Thiét bj ding bao vé khéi d6ng con goi 1a relay khéa khéi dong. Relay khéa khéi dGng hoat déng tiy thudc vao téc 6 quay cita déng co. Ta o6 thé lay tin higu nay tir may phit (day L ciia dén béo sac va diode phy). Khi khoi dng, dign thé 6 dau L cba may phat wing. Khi dng co dat tée do di lon (dong co da nd), relay khoa khéi dong sé ngit dong dign dua dén relay etia mAy Khoi dong cho du tai xé van con bat cong tic khoi dong. Ngoai 1a, relay khéa Khoi dng khong cho phép khoi dong khi dong co dang hogt dong. ~ Céu tgo nguyén I lam vibe ciia relay khéa khdi dong: * Relay khéa khdi doug ding tiép diém co khi: Khi bat céng tic khéi dng: dong dign qua Wey qua cuén kich méy phat vé mass lam déng tiép diém K, dong dién dén relay khdi déng. Khi ding co hoat déng, may phat dién bat dau lim vigc (diu L cé dién 4p bang dién dp accu nhumg may chua tit céng tie khdi déng), dong dién qua Wyy mat khién khéa K md, ngit dong dién relay khdi dong lam cho may khéi dng khong hogt déng nia. tirxa. Khoa Cong nghé Déng luc - BG min Dign Ot6 34Gio trinh Dién Dong cosHé CD - DH STUG/SW) L(ALT) BAT STARTING RELAY Hinh 3-11: Relay bio ve khdi dong at 1_accu, 2_céng tic nguon, 3_céng tée may, 4_cOng tdic khoi dong, 5_dén bao nap. 6 may phit, 7 relay bao vé khai dong, 8_mdy Khai dong Hinh 3-12; Sordé thye té mach bao vé khoi dong © Mach bdo vé khoi dong diéu khién bing dign tit: ‘Trong Jogi nay, ngurdi ta stt dung mach bién 43i tn 96 sang dign thé bing cdch dy tin higu tn sé tir day trung hoa (N) ctia may phat hoge diu 4m bobin. Tin higu téc 46 46 ca thé hiéf qua tn s6 dénh lita durge dura dén ng6 vao cia mach bao vé lim thay déi dns8 déng mé cia T). Higu dign thé trung binh trén ty C2 phy thuge vao tin $5 nay. Vi vay, khi d6ng co hoat ding, transitor T; sé & trang thai déng va mach khéi dng sé khéng hoat dGng. ‘Khoa Cong nghé Ding lve - BG mn Dign O16 35Gio trinh Dién Déng co —Hé CD - BH Am sr bobine 4g (relay a2) a = it re [4 Ra ++ Ry = a C2 p Ke Ry Hinh 3-13: Mach bao vg khai dong dig OPAMP 3.3.4 Relay déi d4u dign Ap Trén mét 36 xe cé cng sudt lon thutmg sit dung hé thong dién 12/24V. Hé théng ign 12V ding cung cip cho cdc phu tai cdn hé théng dién 24V ding dé khéi déng. Hinh 3.14 inh bay so d6 dau day lia mach déi dién ap trén xe IFA. Trén sor dd nay, may khdi | 2x35W Bom niga [Bin bio tn Detter |} | Pea vigu50-70W}*] | tableaa |] 8:2W Dentin sw] __|__, [Motor eat nude - [| 60-s0w He thong tigu | ; i = 70-100 pod 800 - 3000W Din Gu aad ax3sw /— - ug Fam mt * Quant dida _.| ~ doageo ‘hoa nhiét 3 |-— 2x 100W Dén ct 2x80W 4x55W Oi thude Xongkinh | f—} tow Dén pha pow |*— 4x cow f Tig thong xong - ‘Motor phan may (dgng.eo Be soi bién nude rita |] diesel) 1oow. sb 2x5W inh 30-60 Motor did CaaS -a0Ww]__| | khién antenna cow 4Gido trinh Dién Dong co—Hé CD - DH 4.2.2 Ché d6 lam vige gitta aceu - may phat va sy phan bo tii n Re Hinh 4-3: So'dé tinh todn hé thong cung cdp dign ‘Sy phan gitta may phat va accu duge thé hign trén hinh 4-3. ‘Theo dirih lugt Kirchhoff ta cé thé viét: Une =P dng + te Re @1) Eq = Fale * eR, (42) Ie = let Ing (43) Hay Pielng + Oly + IpRu ~ Ung Oly + rela + Rt = Eg Ing* lee =0 Uy 0 R, E, rR Ot =i) _Uy-r, ~R,)+ RE, aay 7 0 R, RJ-RR, Om Ry far -t Unylra + Ri) - RE a RuUng- Ed) + raU ny Lap. =< 5) Tita + Ri) + Riva Rita + 1) + Me i Uy te 0 FR, ne ~Ee)Re Be 46 Rr n+ re Khoa Cing nghé Ding luc -B6 min Dign O16 2Giio trinh Dién Dong co Hé CD- DH Og Be ORG tr (4-7) Trong dé: Ing : Dong dign may phat. Eyra : Site din déng va dign trd trong cla accu, Ry: Dign tréstuong dong céc phu tii dign J,: Dong dign qua céc phy tai. I, : Dang dién nap vio accu. ry :Dign wo day din néi gitta may phit va accu. Can cir vao biéu thite ca cdc cudng dé dong dign néu trén ta c6 thé chia sy phan tai gitta méy phat va accu lam ba ché 46: ¢ Ché dp thie unde day la ché 46 khong tai tmg véi trusng hop khéng mic dign tri ngoai (May phat chay khong tai). Khi dé R, > © — 1, = 0G ché dé nay, may phat chit yéu nap cho accu va déng dign nap pha thugc vo sy chénh Igch gitta higu dign thé higu chinh cia may phat va site dién dong cla accu. Unp- Ea Ing = ——— ret Bes Uep L- retry ¢ Ché a6 thir hai: \a ché 46 tai trung binh. Khi céc phy tai dign dang hoat dong co dién tré twong duong R, < « sao cho [;, < J”, may phat sé dam nhén nhiém vy cung cdip dién cho cdc phu tai nay va dong nap sé giam. G ché d6 nay, miy phat cung cip dign cho hai noi: mt phdn cho accu va mét phan cho phu Khi dign trérturomg durog ciia cée phy tai dat gi ti Eur R, wr thi dong nap bing khéng 9 Ché d@ tht ba: 1a ché dG qua tai xdy ra trong tru’ng hyp mé qué nhidu phy tai. Khi 46 Ry 0, néa diga tro tuong dutong cha céc phy ti dign dang lam vige Rr < (Exr)/Ony ~ E,), accu bat diu phong dién, hé trg mot phan dign ning cho may phat. 4.3 Méy phit dign Khoa Cong nghe Dong lee - 86 mon Bikn O15 “aGio trinh Bién Dong co Hé CD- DH > Phan togi: Trong hé théng dién 6t6 hién nay thudng str dung ba loai may phat dién xoay chiéu sau: May phat dign xoay chidu kich thich bing nam chim vinh ciru throng duge str ‘dung tr8n cf xo gin may May phat dién xoay chiéu kich thich bing dign tt c6 vong tiép dign str dung tren cde 616. May phat dign xoay chidu kich thich bing dién tir khng cé ving tiép din sir dung chi yéu trén my kéo vA es xe chuyén dung, > pacaiim chu tgo: @. May phit kich tie bang nam chim vinh cieu: Phan Ién may phit dign xoay chiéu kich thich bang nam chim vinh ciu dang duge six dung du e6 rotor 1a nam cham quay. Mech tir ela may phit nay khée nhau chit you & két cdu cia rotor va 6 thé chia lam bén logi chinh: Rotor nam cham trén, rotor nam chim hinh sao véi ma eye hoge khéng ma cue, rotor hinh méng va rotor nam chém gidn nhdt 1a loai rotor nam chim tron, 1. Nam cham vinh ettu, 2. Cye tie thip, 3. Cupn Hinh 4-4: Mach tie ea mdy phét dign rotor nam cham tron Uu diém etia Iogi nay 1a ché tao don gin, cdn nhuge diém la higu sudt mach tr rit thdp. Rotor loai nay chi tmg dung trong cde may phat dién cng suét khéng qué 100VA (Thuing cho xe dap va xe gin mAy). Cac may phat dign xoay chiéu vai rotor nam chim inh sao loai eé eye ¢ stator va khing cé mé eye & rotor théng dung hon ca Vige ché tao cdc may phat dign c6 céc ma cuc & stator khé don gia. Stator o6 thé £6 6 hoae 12 exe, cOn rotor thug 1a nam cham ¢6 6 cue. Nhuge diém: khé nap tir cho rotor, 46 bén co khi kém. Véi két cdu mech tir nhur vay géc léch pha sé 1a 90° va may phat dién c6 kha ning kim viée nh may phat dign 2 pha. stator. Rotor nam chém hinh sao logi nay duge mg dung chu yéu trong cde may phat dign cha may kéo cong suit nhd, Ngoai ra cé thé gip nhting may phat dién ma rotor cla ching 6 phin mé cye bing thép & diu céc cénh nam cham. Trong nhing méy phat dign nhw vay, téc dung khir tir do phan tir phan tng gay nén efing it hon logi khong c6 ma oye. Két Khoa Cong nghé Dong luc - BG man Bién O16 44Gio trinh Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH edu rotor c5 ma eye cén cho phép ting chiéu dai ma cue, tiét kiém day déng. giam duoc trong lirong vA kich thuée cia may phat dién, dc tinh ty digu chinh t5t hon va céng suat may phat dién cé thé 1ém hon. 1. Stator; 2. Rotor. Hinh 4-5: Mach tir mdy phét dign logi G-46 Vide phit hign m nhitng vit lifu nam chiim méi o6 Ie tt lim cho phép ting Ong suit cita cde may phat dign kich thich ‘bing nam chim vinh ciru ma trong mt sé trrémg, hgp ching 6 thé thay thé ede méy pit dign xoay chiéu kich thich kiéu dign tir. Véi nhiing vat ligu nay nguvi ta ¢6 thé ché tao nhing rotor hink méng. Dé |i nam chim tron duge nap eve theo chieu truc. G hai diu cia né ngudi ta dg hai tim bich lim bing thép it cacbon €6 ede méng bé tri sao cho ede méng ciia hai tim bich xen k& nhau. Hai tim bich nay 8 chju anh hudng eta hai exe tir khée déu (N va $) & hai mat bén ctia nam cham vA ‘cae méng eta tim bich cfing mang d4u cia tir trong dé, sé trd thanh nhiing cuc tir xen ké nhau & rotor. Dé tranh mat mat tir trudng, true rotor duge ché tao bing thép khéng dan tir 1. Nam cham hinkh sao; 2. Hop kim khong din tix; 3. Truc rotor. Hinh 4-6: Rotor nam cham hink sao logi khong c6 mé cyre Rotor hinh méng c6 nhiéu uu diém nhur: nap tir c6 thé tién han sau khi da Jip ghép va tir trrémg phin bd déu hon: vin téc tiép tuyén cia rotor hinh méng c6 thé dat ti 100m/s, hon nitta, c6 thé lép hang loat nam cham trén truc va bing cach nay cé thé gidm tri s6 tir théng quy dinh cho méi nam chim dén hai lan hojic hen tuy thudc vao s6 nam cham, giam duémg kinh ciia céc nam chim, ting eéng suat cla cdc may phat dién rotor hinh méng Khoa Cing nghé Ding luc - BG mon Dign O16 45Giko trinh Dién Ding ca—Hé CD - DH . May phat ktoh tir kibu dlifn ti logi od 8 vong Up ifn (cB ehBithany ‘May phat dign logi nay gém co 3 phan chinh IA stator, rotor va b chinh hru. 1,2. Quatt lam met; 3. BG chink leu; 4, Vo; 5. Stator; 6. Rotor; 7. BO tiét ché va chéi than; 8. Vong tiép dién Hinh 4-7: Céu tao mdy phat dign xoay chidu kich thich kidu dign tie * Stator: Gém khéi thép tir duge lip ghép bing cdc 14 thép ghép Jai véi nhau, phia tong co xé ranh déu dé xép cac cudn day phan img. Cuén day stator c6 3 pha mic theo Kieu hinh sao, hoc theo kiéu hinh tam gide (Hinh 4-8). a Kiéu tam gfe Kiéu sao Hinh 4-8: Cac kibu déu day a. Bé tri chung: 1. Khéi thép tie stator; 2. Cugn day 3 pha stator. b. So dé cugn déy ba pha mde theo hinh sao. Hinh 4-9: Stator cita miy phat dign xoay chiéu ‘Koa Cang nghe Dang lec ~ BG min Dign O15 461. Chim cue tie tinh S; 2. Chitm cue tir tinh N; 3. CuOn day kich thich; 4. Cie vong tip dign; 5. Truc rotor; 6. Ong thép ti. Hink 4-10: Rotor mdy phat dign xoay chiéu hich thich bang dién tic cd ving tiép diém © Rotor: Bao gém tryc 5 va & phia cudi truc cé lip cae ving tiép dign 4, cdn & gitta o6 lip hai chim cyte hinh méng 1 va 2. Gita hai chim cyc la cugn day kich thich 3 duge quan trén éng thép dan tir 6. Cac dau day kich thich dugc han vao cic vong tiép dign (Hinh 4- 10). Khi c6 ding dign mot chiéa di qua cugn day kich thich Wy, thi cugn day vi éng thép din tir te thinh mt nam cham diga ma hai diu éng thép 1A hai tir eye khde div. Dui inh huéng ia cde ti ee, ofc méng tré thinh ede eye eta rotor, giéng nhur céch tgo exe ella logi rotor hinh méng véi nam cham vinh ciru. &. Méy phat kich tir kiéu dign tie khong cé vong tiép dign: Co’ sé If thuyét va nguyén by hogt dong: Vong tiép xc va chdi than lim han ché tudi thg ca may phat. Néu bs di vong tiép ric va chi thi tudi tho eda may phat s€ ting lén va chi phy thudc vao sy mai mon cla e&c 6 do va su Ido 6a cia lop vd cdich dign ce céc cudn day. Cac may phét khong 66 chéi than goi la méy phat khéng tiép diém (Kh6ng ¢6 vong tiép dign). Cac loai may phat nay rat edn thiét cho 6t6 va may kéo lam viéc & ving dam lay hoge nhiéu bui. Hinh 4-11: So dé my phdt xoay chiéu khong chéi than hoa Cang nghd Dongle ~B6 min Dign Ora “7Gio trinh Ditn Ding co—Hé CD - DH ‘Nguyén Iy lam vige cia miy phat loai nay nhur sau: . s& xem xét mt nam cham dign cing véi rotor quay (hinh 4-11) duge két hop bing Ioi sit ché tgo tir thep tir mém va mgt cugn kich trong d6 c6 dong dign mot chieu. Cie dau cye nam cham dign ¢6 dang hinh try duge khoét rah: gilta cde cue rotor 6 dang bénh xich lam bang thép tir mém. Gia thiét ring: trén chiéu dai ciia cung rinh nam cham dién (stator) c6 mét sé ring ela rotor chin , bude ring ciia stator @/ va cia rotor f22 c6 quan hé t2/ = 22/2 va 6 rin stator ta dit cuén day cd bude bing dé chia ring cua stator. ‘Néu 6 mé cia rnh nhé thi khi rotor quay, tng tir tr cia mach tir khong dBi. Vi vay Khi site tir dng Pk ciia cugn kich thich khéng déi thi tir théng qua toan bo mach tir fing khéng déi. Khéng phu thugc vio vj tri ca rotor, phan ldn tir thong sé di qua cdc ring ciia rotor chi c6 mét phn nhé 1a qua rank, Trén (4-11b) md t& hinh wai cla nam ebim dign theo khe hé (phan che khudt eda ranh stator duge bo qua). Khi rotor quay, vi tri cc rang cia né so véi cdc rng cia stator sé thay adi va tir théng qua m6i mOt ring cia stator sé gidm xuéng mét céch tun hod tir cwe dai (tim cla cde rang tring nhau) dén tri cyc tiéu (tim rang stator tring tam ranh rotor). Sy thay déi cita tir théng trong céc rang ca stator lim do sir xuat hign sttc dign dng trong cuén img. Cun day trén cde rng stator 14 cugn day phan img. uring cong tir théng trong khe hi khéng Kh chidu di J cia duimg trén phn img 46i vi timg vi tri da Iya chon ca rotor duge thé hign trén hinh 4 -16b. RB ring li him = Al) — 46i ximg véi truc Oy. Vi vay, khi viét dusi dang chudi Fourier ta 6 dang: @= @, + Dcosl + Deos3l + Dscos5l + . Trong dé: , - Thanh phin cé dinh ctia tir thong @, = 0,5(Dyar + Dai) ®, - Bién 46 cita séng da hai bac nhat bing 0.5(Pyax + Pind. Néu bd qua céc séng da hai bic cao ta dtrge @= 0, + Deosl, Khi rotor quay véi van tic @ = 2af thi sy thay déi cia tir théng trong ranh la: D> &, + Pjcosar, _ _ Sur thay d6i cita tir théng tai rang stator tao ra m6t sic dién déng trong cudn day nim trén ring li: Che ~ Ded Bid Trong dé: o- S6 ving day trong cudn day. Gis trj wie thoi cha ste diga dOng tai pha cugn img: C= Ded Dt = w ko; Ge P, Sia = En Sina. Trong 46: a> Sé ven ay tong pha, bane Ze, Em ~ Bign 46 cha sire dign déng pha, bing @Ky; oD. Z,- S6 cudn day mac nbi tiép 6 pha. Gid tri se dién dong hi¢u dung cta pha khi c6 xem x¢t dén dang thye cia tr thong trong khe hés: Khoa Cing nghé Ding luc - Bj min Dign O16 48Gido trinh Dign Déng co ~ Hé CD - DH Ba= tho hoy 72 09,1 Bmax ~ Pn = 2hghyy 2 el Dmx ~ Pai) Khi thiét ké may phat clin giam Pym, ttc Dyig > 0 Wc 46: Zn Ep Zkako; We Prac (48) Nhu véy: khi rotor quay, trong cic vong cla cudn day stator se cam img mgt site ign dong xoay chiéu co tan sé bién doi ty 1¢ voi van t6c rotor. Nhu vay: may phit khong tiép diém hay cdn goi la may phit dién cam (mg la may ‘ma tir théng chinh & diém bat ky stator chi thay di ve gid trj ma khéng thay d6i vé déu. Néu nur léy dc diém mach tireda phin éng lim tiéu chudn phan Logi thi may phat dign cam mg c6 thd durge chia lim logi kich thich doe true (cugn kich nim dge tre méy) va logi kich thich hudng tim (cugn kich nim doc theo cde durtmg kink). Sy phan bé cha cdc cun kich thich sé 6 inh hugng lén lin két cfu cla may phat efing nhw Ién ede dic tinh va tinh chit cia né. Hign nay ngudi ta thuéng ding logi kich thich doc true (trén cde indy kéo). Kétcéu may phét cam ing Durdi diy 1a cde so 43 két edu cita may phat cdm img kich thich doc true: kich thich ‘mét phia (Hlinh 4-12) va hai phfe (Hinh 4-13). I+ Cu kick; 2-Ong lét; 3- Truc: 4- Rotor; $-L6i thép stator; 6-Nép bang thép tie; 7- Cujn pha; 8- Ndp nhém; A,B,C- Dé ode pha; a,6,c- Cudi ode pha. ‘Hinh 4-13: Két clu mdy phdt kich thich hai phia Khoa Cing nghé Dong lec BG min Dign O16 49Gita trinh Dign Ding co—Hé CD - DH _ Trén trac 3 cia may phét ngudi ta 6p mot banh xich 6 ring ché igo ti vat ligu sit ti. Truc cing 4 lain duge dat & np 6. O may phat kich thich hai phia thi cd 2 nfp Jam tir vit ligu sit ti. Tai ede nip diy nay o6 éng lét dang mat bich 2 (Bac 161 nay duge lip kin chit (65 46 he theo mat bich nhd) dé cé thé b6 qua). Cac bac I6t nay durge lip trén true 3 66 Khe hé gitta ching la 5=0,15 + 0,30 mm. Loi phin ting 5 (cia stator) duge hinh thinh tr cde tm thép ky thudt dign o6 9 rink phan bé déu nhau. Cac ranh cia phan img deng hi, Tgi cdc ranh ota phan émg e6 cudn day ba pha 7. Céc eugn day 6 mot pha duge mic néi tiép nhau, cdn chinh ede pha duge dau dang tam gide. Nap day 6 duoc ché tir vat ligu tir tinh con nép kia tirhgp kim nhém. CuGn kich thich 1s tgo nén ti théng trong mgch tir. Khi rotor quay thi tir thong nay sé trd thanh khéng d3i vé tri 96 va chidu, Tu thong s@ durgc kehép mach khi di qua khe hd gitta dng lot 2 va truc 3, theo truc 3, qua binh xich 4, qua khe hé céng téc rotor va. stator 5, qua nap tir 6 va Sng l6t 2. Duong di va huéng cua tir thong dugc thé hign boi duong gach va cae mili tén. Do Khi tryc rotor quay thi tir théng chi thay déi vé tr] s6 tai cdc oe rotor va cum stator, nin cde dogn nay cia mach tir duge ché tao tir cac tm sat tir chiéu day 0,5 - 7 mm, Tir thong tai cic nap day, éng 161, truc sé hiu nur khéng thay déi. Vi vay, chung duge ché tir thép 14 sit tir mém c6 chiéu day 12 + 25mm. Hinh 4-14: GG) Cin —s meaynnae NRL Mil xoay ee 2 es Khéng choi Zi 7 7 tan RY al Fee > ll i \ Edw sane Ness SS INS ‘Nhim ting céng suit trén mOt don vi kh6i lugng cia may phat ngudi ta ché may phat cam img dang kich thich m6t phia ding dng lét mat bich dang non va truc dang con. 06 két cu duge thé hign trén hinh 4-14. May phat cho phép gidm ti trév nhé ting dign tich khe hé khing lam viée, vi vay, nang duge céng sudt do mdy phat sinh ra. Song éng lét va truc dang nén din dén céng nghé ché tgo phitc tap, tén kim logi lim gi thanh etia may phét cao. Trén mot sO may phat ngutsi ta khic phye nhuge diém nay bang edch str dung hé thing kich thich phéi hop ding ‘cugn kich thich va nam chim vinh cir, d. May phat xoay chiéu hai ndc dign dp 14/28V Pi véi céc loai xe c6 céng suit (P) én (6t6 tii), ngudi ta sir dung ngudn dién U = 24V d& cung cdp cho my khoi d6ng va cae phy tai dién. ‘bé nang cao mac dign dp cung cdp cho he théng khéi dgng vi ede phy tai dign, hign nay trén cdc xe thutg ding 2 accu va relay d6i dau dign dp, bing cdch dau ndi tiép 2 accu lai v6i nhau dé durgc dign ap 1A 24V trong lic sit dung tai 6 céng suit lon (May khéi Ong, bom dign ...) va ddu song song 2 accu dé o6 dign 4p 12V hi ding cde phy tai c6 céng suat binh thuong. Khi str dung tai c6 cOng suat lon hon (P = U1) vi dign dp U ~ Khoa Cong nghé Déng lie - BG mbn Dién O16 30Gido trinh Dién Dong co Hé CD - DH _ TV thi dong qua tai rat lon nn phai diing logi day din c6 tiét dién 1én. Thém vao a, nhigt lnomg sinh ra trén day dan ty 1é véi binh phwong cudng 46 dong dign, Néu ta nang, mite dign 4p len U = 24V thi dong qua tai sé gidm, vi thé c6 thé dling day dan cé tiét dién nhé hon va mét mat nung long trén diy dain sé giam, bot néng hon (Q = RF). Dé 6 duge cing mGt Nic hai nic dign dp 28V va 14V thi may phat pl ké cd, 2 nie dign ap tuong tmg nay. So d3 mach dign cia may phit logi nay durgc thiét ké theo cic mach trén hinh 4-15. oo #FkkICG KKK HIS a. H44sc Hinh 4-15: Cac kiéu may phat 2 nde dign dp Khoa Cong nghe Dong luc - BG mon Dign O16 stGiéo trinh Dién Déng co HCD -DH @. BO chink heu: ms ‘ [5 nore " aha SRA A =o Hinh 4-16 B6 chinh lieu 6 diode ‘é bién 44i dong dign xoay chiéu cha may phét sang ddng dign mét chiéu, ta ding Be chinh bru 6 diodes & dade hog 14 diode, D6i vi méy pit of cng suit Ion (P > 1000 7) su xadt hign séng da hai bée 3 trong thinh phn eta higu dign thé pha do dnb hueng céng suit méy phét. Hinh 4-16b: BG chink liu 8 diode Vi vay ngudi ta sir dung cip diode mc tir day trung hoa dé tin dung song da hai bac 3, lam ting céng sudt may phat khoing /0 — 15% (Hinh 4-16b). Trong mt sé may Khoa Cong nghé Déng lee - BG min Dién O16 52.Gio irinh Dién Ding co Hé CD - BH phat, ngudi ta con sit dyng 3 diode nhé (diode tio) mile te che pha dE eung ep cho evn kich déng thoi déng ngit dan bao nap (Hinh 4-16c) + 15 p—-~—1 30 30 1. Accu; 2. Cugn kich (G); 3. Cupn déy stator; 4. Diode chink lieu (+): 5. Diode chinh ew (-); 6. Diode trio; 7. Cée diode céng sudt; 8. Diode chinh heu dong trung hod; 9. Ty dign; 10. Déu cudi esta cugn déy may pheit (W). Hinh 4-16 c: B9 chink luu 14 diode = Hogt dong ctia b6 chink bea ‘Trén hinh 4-17 a so dd cia my phét chinh hw 3 pha o6 b§ nin dng mic theo so 48 nin dong 2 nia chu ky, 3 pha, Cie cugn diy stetor duge du dang sa0. Voi kiéu méc ny thi quan hé gitta dign ap va cudmg d dong dign trén day va trén pha la: U,=V3 Ueva In = lo Ta gia thiét ring tai ctia may phat la dign tri thuin. Dign Ap tire thoi trén céc pha A, B,C la: Ug = Unsinox Up = Umsin( at - 27/3) Ue = Unsin(at + 27/3) Trong dé: Um: Dign ap eye dai ca pha; @ = 2af = 2xnp/60 lavan téc g6c. ‘Ta cng gia thiét 1a cdc diode méc & huéng thugn 6 dign tre: R, vO cing bé (Ry — con hurong nguge thi rét 16m (Ry = ©) Khoa Cong nghé Déng hec - B6 mon Dign Ot6 33Gido trink Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH a. So db nguyén Ii co ban; b. So dé chinh lara. €.B4 thy bidn thitn ditn thé trong ede pha ‘va quy ludt bién thién din thé khi da chinh teu. Hinh 4-17: So dé chinh liu may phdt 3 pha ‘Trén so dB chinh Iwu 3 pha nay ¢6 6 diode, 3 diode & nhém trén hay edn goi la céie diode duong (VD, VD3, VD;) 66 catod dirge ndi véi nhau. Nhém duéi cdn goi la cde diode Am (VDz, VDs, Va) cde anode duge néi véi nhau. © huréng din dign, m6t diode nhém tén din dign khi anét cia né c6 dign thé cao hon, cdn & nhém dudi diode din cé dign thé thép hon, Vi vay, & mot thoi dim bat ky déu 6 2 diode hoat dng, mét diode cue tinh duong (phia tn) VA mét diode cue tinh am (phia dudi). MBi diode sé cho dong dign qua trong, 1/3 chu ky (1/3). Digan thé day ca may phét durge dura 1én b6 chinh lu. Dign ép chinh lu duge xée dinh béi céc tung 46 nam gitta cc duémg cong trén va dudi (H 4-17c) ctia dign ap pha Us Up, Uc. Vi vay, dign 4p chin hru ti thoi Upy sé thay déi va tin s6 xung dong cite dién dp chinh Iuu Jén hon tn s6 cia dign dp pha 6 lan: Tri s6 nhé nhit ca dign ap chinh hvu bing J,5U,,, va lon nbit la 7,73 Us, Su thay 46i cua dign ap chinh hu: MU yg = (1,73 ~ 1,5).Uy = 0,23 Uy = 0,325 Uo 9) ‘Tur dd thi Ghinh 4 -17c ta cé thé xc dinh gid tr] tite thoi cba dign 4p chinh hu, tng = NF Um C08 0 4-10) ‘Trj trung binh eda dign 4p chinh wu (c6ng thére 4-10) Khoa Céna nehé Ding luc in Dién O16 54Gio trinh Dién Ding co— Hé CD - DH % 6m, 1 Uy = zy | cososar $0, + 65.0 q @-an Ung = LOT Vor 2,34U 0 = 1,35Ug Ue: Pign thé higu dung pha. Ux: Dign thé higu dung day. ‘Nhu vay d6i vGi mach chinh liu edu 3 pha thi gid tri trung binh cia dign dp lu lon gdp 2,34 Kin 50 vi dién 4p pha va /,35 lin so véi dién 4p day. Xung d6 cia dién ap chinh uu 6 thé biéu dién qua dién ap chinh liu trung binh, bang cdch dua vao cng thitc (4-10) gid tr] Uy xdc dink tir (4-11). AU yg ~ 0,23 Unf 1,65 ~ 0,139 Ung % xung a6 cia dign dp chinh leu: MU py = 100 Ung Ung = 13,9. % Vi dy 6 tri trung binh cla dign ép chinh Inu la 4 V thi 46 xung dé la 1,95 V. Lac nay gid trove dai cia dign dp chinh hu bing 14 V con tr eye tiéu la 12,7V. ién tr thuin R vao bo chinh lu thi ding chinh lum (tej tire thos): ing = Unf R ‘Hinh dang cta dong chinh lu cing tuong ty nur hinh dang cia dign dp chinh Iuu, tire 1a dong chinh liu dao dng voi bién 4 Uf R ‘Gia tri trung binh cla dong chinh luu duge tinh béi pip L Jay = gf tame 3-2 =09551,, (4-12) Nhu da néu, mdi mQt diode sé cho dong dign di qua trong 1/3 chu ky (773). Vi vay gid tr tire théi dong dign qua céc diode #), /.. ig 66 dc tinh xung (Hinh 4.17c) va gid tr] trung binh cua dong dign qua mot diode = fp/3. Déng dign chay trong cdc cu6n pha cla may phat c6 thé duoc xdc dinh khi ta xét nit nbi iy + i) =O > i Nhe vay, dong pha khéng sin va ngit quing. Gid tri higu dung dong pha: aE otdt = 0,755, @13) Tidd: Ly = 0.815Ing ‘Khoa Céng nghé Dong lec - B6 min Dién O16 55Giéo trinh Dién Dong co— Hé CD - DH = 4.3.2 Dic tinh may phat dién © Date tuydn cita méy phét xoay chidu ich thich bang nam chim vinh ctu | Trén hinh 4-18 la so dé va dc tinh tai theo s6 vong quay cila may phat dién xoay chidu kich thich bing nam chém vinh ciru (khdng cé co cdu diéu chinh tr dong) lam vige v6i phy tai thudn (céc bong dén). 1) Hinh 4-18: So dé tinh todn mdy phdt xoay chiéu kich thich bing nam cham vinh cia Din tre cla cae dén ky hiéu la R, con din tré thudn va cam khing cla cudn day stator ky higu la r va Xi, trong dé: %; la cdm khéng cita may phat dién. © ché a) khOng tai ttre la khi fy ~ 0, thé higu cia miy phat dign bing site dign dng cdm ing trong cugn diy stator: U, = B= 4S. = 4k...) ®, = Con. Pe (4-14) @; Tic thng cha m6t cp ewe mam cham & ché 46 khOng tais w: Téng sé véng day cia cuén day stator. ke He 86 tinh dén dang dung cong cia ste dign dng cam tg, Trong a6: p: 86 doi cye nam cham ciia rotor, ni: $6 vong quay cia rotor (min). f Tan sé cia dong dign cém img trong cugn stator, Hz. C, = 4kw.p/60: Hang sé Khi déng phy tdi sire dign dong cim tmg s® tao nén ding dién ctia méy phat. E Ing +e, ‘Trong dé cam khang phy thude vao tan s6 cla may phat. Mi, = 2ALL = 2x PWOYL = Con C, = mp.L/30 : Hing sé. Thay biéu thie £ vao X;, yao phuong trinh Inyé Com, Ly (4-15) [orn Khoa Cong nghé Dig hee - BG man Dig O16 56Gio trinh Dién Ding co — Hé CD- DH Phan tich phyong trinh tron & 66 vong quay thip, ta thiy gid te Cyn" rit Be co VS (r+ BF vives thé bs qua, lic 46: Co% Intn-v0 r+R Nhu vay 6 sé vong quay thdp (doan dau ctia dé thi) dang dién phy thudc vao sé vong quay mét céch tuyén tink. Ung a Ung = Up ki R= 20 | ar = sim) 0 500 1000 150 200 250 3000 (9 $00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 ‘Hinh 4-19: Die tinh cia may phat dign xoay chiéu hich béing nam cham vinh citu 6 s6 vong quay cao gid tr) C,’.n’ rat lon so véi (r + R)? nén cé thé bé qua, Khi 6: C0, Tipo const & Khi sé vong quay ctia may phat dién ting, dong dign cia no sé tién gin toi gid tri khong d6i, con higu dign thé cla may phat sé bang d6 syt thé 6 mech nok, tie TA Uy = IngR. Néu chon dién tro tai o6 dinh thi dién thé ciia may phat sé thay ddi ty 1é thuan voi dong dign. Trong thyc té, dign tré cha bong dén c6 tng lén khi cudng dO ding dién qua n6 ting, do dé hiéu dién thé may phat ting nhanh hon cutng 46 dong dién. Phuong trinh thu durge cin cho thiy dign thé ciia may phat dién thay d4i ty 1g vai sy thay i cita dign tré tai trong khoding tit Uyy = 0 véi R = 0 dn Upe= Uz vdi R= 20, vi trong may phat dign loai nay, chi cé ding dién J,yduge ty diéu chinh va han ché, cdn dién thé Uys Ya hima Cha Iyy VA R. Qua nghién ciru dgc tinh, ching ta thay 16 rang may phdt dién xoay chiéu loai nay 6 thé sir dung binhh thudng 6 sé vong quay giéi han va voi mot tr s6 dinh muc cla phy ti. Nhuoe diém nay han ché kha ning sir dung céc may phat dign xoay chitu kich thich bing nam chim vinh ciu, vi trong thyc té str dung céin phai thay di phu tai. * Dac tuyén mdy phdt xoay chidéu kich thich bing dign tir ‘Dic tinh cila cc may pht xoay chiéu duge xdc dinh bing cdc méi quan hé gitta ‘cde dai lurong eo bin sau: Khoa Cong nghé Déng luc - B6 mon Dién C16 oO 37Giéo trinh Dién Dong co~ Hé CD - Dit @ Dign thé cha pha Uy Dign thé day Ug ign thé chinh Inu Dong dign eta pha Dang dign tdi mdy phat Dong dign kich fy 86 yong quay cia méy phat a. Dac tuyén khong tai: La nhig dung cong dac trung cho méi quan hé dign thé ctta may phat va déag ign kich thich: Upy = fi) khi s6 vong quay khong d6i rp = const va dong dig tai yy — 0. Dac tuyén khéng tai durge xc dinh tir phuong trinh phy thugc cia ste dign dng may phat vao sé yong quay. Vi dong dign ich va tir thong twong tmg (6 khe ho khOng khf) phy thudc vao s6 vong quay cia may phat dign, nén strc di¢n dong khong ty 1¢ thugn voi sé ‘vong quay cia may phat dign. Do dé dic tinh khong tai cla may phat di¢n gdm nhing dung cong tuong img voi sO vong quay (Hinh 4-20) ‘Theo dic tinh, ta xAc dinh duge hé s6 dic tring s6 vong cila may phét. Ky = Pilitnin = 8 #10 ‘Ste dign dng pha duge xéc dinh béi: Eo = thagn.bp/60. Trongdé —_k: Hé s6 phu thugc vao két cu may phat. (k= 111 48i vi méy phét xoay chidu) @: Sé vong day quan trén mot cudn day pha, @; Tiething i qua khe hé gitta rotor va stator, te eee | Une Hinh 4-20: a. Bic tuyén khong tai tong voisé vong quay khdc nhau. b. Ditc tuyén ngoai tng voi s6 vong quay khdc nhaw, Khoa Cng nghé Dong lwe - B6 mén Dign Ot6 38Giéo trinh Bién Dong co-Hé CD - DH b. Dieing dc tuyén ngoai: La nhang durimg cong dic trang cho mdi quan hé gia dign thé may phét dign sau chinh luu va dong dign tai (hinh 4-206). Ung = Fling Voi n= const; Ug = Van = const, va dign 0 kich thich Rk const. Khi tai may phat ting dign thé U,,y giém nhanh. Nguyén uhin giim dign thé khi dign tii tang la do 46 sut Ap ting (49 sut 4p trong diode, 4 sut ép trén dign tré thuin va cim khang cta cun day), do anh huémg cia phan ‘ing lam tix théng qua stator giém va do hign tong phan th. Dign tré toin phin ciia pha trong cupn stator: Z_=VRR+KE apr X, sor =2epak ‘ 60 ‘6 khéng cia pha. L: 48 eam eita cugn pha Gia tri cia Ze phy thude vao sé vong quay 7, vi vay, khi n tang 1én thi d6 cong eda ign 4p Une ting len e. Date tuyén tai theo s6 vang quay: ac tuyén tai theo 36 vong quay ld nhing duémg cong Ale trung cho quan hé gita dong dign tai va s6 vong quay (hinh 4-214), T,= Sr); Up= Un’ T= const ‘Trong mét dai ln cia van téc quay cia rotor thi déng dign ting chim va 36 vang quay cye dai cia né khOng vugt qua gid tri cuc dgi da dinh, tire 1a may phat 6 tinh chat tu ps ch dng iin 4-21). Trong nhimg truéng hop nay thi b6 phan han ché dang 1A khéng edn thiét. Khoa Cong nghi Dong hee Bo man Dien Oro 59ite vith Dies Dinmen eC Dit Une ~, lenin 1a a z | ewnar (a2) [lacey «on eaey Véi: Ce = 4KK 4 p/60 Ky) = 2,34 O tbe ap thap: (er e,y >>[ Vi vay: Ine > G téc d6 cao: inert Ig > — Oo ™ > Drak [60 Nhu vay may phat sé c6 kha nang ty han ché dong tbc d6 cao 4.4 BG didu chinh dign 4.4.1 Co so ly thuyét diéu chinh dign 4p trén 6t6 va phwong phap diéu chinh Khi diéu chinh dién ap va curing a9 dong dién cia mAy phat trong cée he théng cung cp hat cing accu xay ra khi cé sy thay di vén ti pl 1g ign thi di tung diéu chinh IA may phat vA accu. Hoat déng dng théi cla méy be 'e quay eta phan img (rotor) cia may phat, cilia ti va ciia nhigt dO trong pham vi rong. Bé cde b6 phan tiép nbn dién ning lam viée binh thydng thi dién thé ciia Idi dign phai khéng ddi. Vi vay cin phai cé sw diéu chinh din thé. Khoa Cang nghé Ding lire - BG min Dign O15Giéo wrinh Dién Ding ca —Hé CD - DH Trong qua trinh van hanh, may phat ed thé c6 nhiing trudng hop Khi tai virot qua tri 36 dinh mic. Diéu nay sé din dén hién tung bi chay, lam giam kha ning chuyén adi mach hoc qua nhiét din dén tang tai trén cdc chi tiét co khi ca hé théng din déng may phit. Vi vay cfin e6 thiét bj dim bio sur han ehé dng dign ciia may phat. TAt ca céc chite ming nay 6 hg théng cung cp dign cho 6t6, my kéo durge thye hién nr dng nhér bé diéu chinh dign thé va dong dign. Dign thé cia may phit mét chiéu hoe xoay chiéu ¢6 thé direc biéu dién bai cBng thie: Uns = Cot B= 20 ~ Rutling (16) ‘Trong a6: C.—Hling 8 két ofu ota méy phét. C, = pw/60.a — Dbi vi may phat mot chiéu. Cp = 4k yko ko p.wa/60 — Bbi voi may phat xoay chidu. fp —He 56 chinh lum, xae dinh qua ty sé git dign ép chinh wu trung binh va dign ap pha, n— Van téc quay cita rotor may phat, — DO sut 4p trén bo chinh luu cia may phat (voi may phét mot chidu 2U, 186 sut p trén chéi than). —Dign tré tuong durong ca may phat c6 tinh dén 46 sut ép trong, indy phat va bo chinh Tura (yéi may phat xoay chiéu Ry ~ lt mot bién sé phy thudc vao van téc quay cua rotor). Inj ~Diong dign cia miy phit. Ko_He s6 day quan. K,_Hé sé dang tir trutmg. Tur thong cia may phat duge kich thich bing dign tr e6 thé biéu din qua dong kich thich, @= ©, + Wat bly. ‘Trong dé: ®,—latir du. @, b— chc hé 86 cia dudng cong tir hod. o ® Uz uw ‘oy Ie 7h 7 Hinh 4-22: bac tuyén tie va higu dign thé mdy phat ‘Phu thuge vao dong kich Khoa Céng nghé Ding lwe - BG mon Bign O16 61Gio trinh Bién Déng eo ~Hé CD - BH ‘DE xAc dinh cdc hé 36 a,b wén dung dae tinh khng tai (Hinh 4-22) ta chon hai idm: dim 1 —teén dogn thing, didm 2 trén dogn bao hoa, Bé qua anh huémg cia tir dur Q, va d@ sut 4p trén b6 chinh hm 2U/, 44i vai nhimg diém da chon, ta cé thé viét. Uy = ConLya* bey). Uz = Con Ta/(a + bla). Giai hg phwong trinh nay ta duge = [Con liyle(U2— Up] (LU Urlli2 te )- b= [Com Up Tia Ur tad) / [U1 Ura ~ lead). ‘Néu tinh dén nhing gia thiét dx néu, phuong trinh (4-16) sé cb dang: Une = Colas (a+ bles) ~ Readng 17) Nhu véy dé cho ign dp méy phit khéng thay 48i khi van tSc eta phin tg va tdi iy GAIL Gane phgin vi rong, Gdn Phd thay GAL dbug alta kich thich. Quy lute tay 48i dong kich thich o6 thé x4e inh tir (4-17). Te = [Ong + Retelmg-Al [Con = Umng + Retdng)-b] (4-18) ‘Vi vay, khi vin téc phan img may phat tng thi dang dign kieh thich phai gidm, con ichi ti ting thi déng dién kich thich ting. Pham vi thay d6i cia van t6c phan tmg, ma khi dy dign thé cia my phat phai gitt cb dinh duc xéc dinh béi hé s6 téc 46: Ku =Mnaditin (Ky = 6 #8.Abi VOI O10) (Ky, = 3 #4 d6i véi may kéo). Hé sé dong kich thich duge x4e dinh boi: K) = Jimar/Timin 6 thé suy ra tix phurong tinh (4~ 18) tir diéu kign: 6 6c do: nin dong kich thich c6 gid tri cye dai Timex Pinae — dng lich thich 06 i tr] eye ti8u Taner Tacé: Ky = [Cottnas ~ Ong + Rut lng)-B] / [Cota ~ Ung + Ret lng BI] Nhu yay, hé s6 ding kich thich sé lin hon so véi hg sé diéu chinh theo vin tée phin img. Diéu ay xdy ra la do duéng cong tir hod c6 dic tinh phi tuyén. Dé diéu chinh (s6 14n) 16n nhdt vé dong kich thich o6 thé thyc hign & ché d6 khéng tai thudng 1a & may phat chinh luu c6 dO bao hoa sau cia mgch tir, h¢ s6 cia cée may phat loai nay Li 15 +20. Khi gidi phurong trinh (4-17) theo van t5c quay cita phn tmg ta duge: n= Ung + Realag) (a+ bi) / Colic ‘Tir phuong trinh nay ta thay khi tai tng lén (6 Jinan U, img ma khi 46 méy phit tao re dign thé khong 4éi cfing tang lén. ‘Theo phurong trinh (4 — 17), (4 — 18) khi thay di vain t8c phan img va tai ta e6 thé xAy dymg die tinh lam vige etia may phét (Hinh 4 22a). = const) thi van téc phan hoa Cang nghé Bong lee BG mon Dig O16 «2Giéo inh Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH. Hinh 4-23: Dée tinh higu chink dign thé ctia may phét © Phuong phdp aiéu chinh aign thé: ‘Can cir vao phuong phap diéu chinh dong kich thich, cdc bO diéu chinh dign thé duoc phan lam hai loai: a. BG diéu chink hogt dong lién tuce B6 diéu chinh hoat host d6ng lién tuc cé tin higu trén dau vao va dau ra ctia tat ca cdc phan tir cé dang 14 mOt ham lién tuc theo théi gian. © nhiing bd diéu chinh nay, dong kich thich va dién tré thay déi theo thi gian va phy thugc vao van téc cua phn img va tai may phét, Dong dién kich thich ¢ m6t hé théng nhu vay: Ty = Unf (Ra + Rad. Unp = Vite = 13,8¥. Trong db: Ry — Dign tro bd sung oa bién tré trong mach kich thich. Cn a Ry =U, -k i Eee | ‘Vi vay dé dam bao dign thé khong déi cia may phat thi dign wo phy Rj, cdn ting khi tang van te phdn tig vA glam khi tang ti tren may phat. b. BG diéu chinh hoat dong gidn dogn: BO diéu chinh hoat déng gidn doan thye hign vige thay 44i tin higu theo mite 46 hoic thyc hién diéu bién bé dai xung. Cac phan tir cha yéu ciia b6 didu chinh logi nay la cae relay khée nhau, Qué trinh dieu chinh dign ép xay 1a nhu sau: Khi dign 4p may phat Ujy < U; thi sé xudt hign qué trinh ty kich thich cdc thong sé va cfu trac diéu chinh sé thay di dang bude nhay. Do vay, dong dign kich thich giam xuéng va tai mach kich thich cac thong sé va cdu truc diéu chinh sé tré Igi gia tri cl. Qua trinh lap lai cé tinh tun hoan, Lic nay dign thé trang binh cla may phat Un, va dong kich thich I, sé khong thay di & vin téc phan img va tai cla may phat da cho. Sy thay doi van téc quay cla ng hode cua tai st anh hung lén dong dign kich thich trung binh va ign thé trung binh sé khéng di. Khoa Céng nghé Ding lec - BG man Dign O16 63Gio trinh Dign Déng co ~ Hé CD - DH ‘Dé diéu chinh dién thé, dong dién cia may phat trén 616, vé nguyén tie ta ding bb du chinh hoat dng gidn dogn. 4.4.2. LY thuyér didu chinh gién doan _ . Qué tinh diéu chinh dign 4p my phat dong m6t chiéu hoc may phat chinh luru cb thé dirge mé ta béi phuong trinh vi phan Uy ~ ip Re + Lgci/ et O 0. @ Nhom4:Khic = 1, k< 0. Nhém5 +8: “1 k> O,k 0, <0). Hé s6 dong kich thich én nhét trong tmg voi ché 4 khong tai: Une = Condy/ (a + by. Duong nhién sy phu thudc nay ding déi voi dign dp lam vige U;, dign dp ta U2 va 4ign ép trung binh cua may phat Uy. Uy = Conta + b.L) Uz= Conta + bb) Up = Con uu/(a + bla) Trong a6: Jug ~ Dong kich thich trung binh. Giai cdc phurong trinh nay déi véi I), Tz, Ine ta durge: I) = aU (Con bU) T= aU y/(Con— dU; (27, Tis = a y/(Con — BU a) Cac thong s6 cha yéu cua relay b6 diéu chinh hogt dng kiéu gidn doan la: dign thé lam vige U; cua relay va hé s6 phan hoi Kp, = UyU; < 1. Qua che thing sé relay, ta c6 thé biéu thi dign ap trung binh Uy do b6 ditu chinh tae dng gidn doan tao ra. Usp = 0,5(01 + Uz) = 0,5(1 + Kp) Ur Cing nhu d6 thay déi dign 4p diéu chinh: AU pp = Uy ~ Un ~ (Kp) U Xung dgng ciia dong kich thich. a(C,n.AU yy) AL =1,—1,= = 7? aE (C.27 — 26C,nU,, +07 (Us — 0,25AU ay) (4-28) Néu b6 qua s6 hang 0,254U'prthi xung lugng khéng déi ella dign ap AUpythi xung Iuong cia dong kich thich giam khi ‘yan téc cia phin fing. Diéu nay 1a do duong cong, tir hoa cua may phat c6 dac tinh phi tuyén, Cfn bing céc vé phai ciia cde phuong trinh (4-24), (4-26), (4-27) va (4-28) ta duge: Khoa Cang nghé Ding lec - BG mon Dign O16 66Giéo trinh Bién Dong co Hé CB - DH Lua “nf (-K)G-0).0-e).-e nya) +KG-e" U,| d=). R Phuong trinh (4- 29) va (4- 30) xdc dinh va 4. Nhu vay, tan s6 dong mo fy ~ 1/7 = 1/(t Ts) phu thude vao van téc phan tmg may phat. Néu can phai xéc lap 7’ va fe theo thi thi & céng thite (4- 29) va (4- 30) sur phu thude cla Ug ta thé Up + Ruling ‘Nhu da thdy 7-va f; phy thuge vao céc thong s6 cia relay (Uy, AU 9, cde thong 36 may phat a,b, C,, Rp Li, Va so 4 mach diéu chinh (f,¢). Bé xéc dinh oy Twat phy thude 7 va 4: vao vin tc cia phan tmg va tai ta cin biét gid tr clia céc thong s6 da neu, 4.43 Cicb6 tiét ché tiéu bigu 4.4.3.1 Phan loai tiét ché: ‘Tay thude vao chu tgo va nguyén ly lim vige ota cae tiét ché dign thé ngudi ta chia thank hai loai: Tiét ché loai rung. @ Tiét ché ban dan, a. BO tiér ché logt rung: Viée diéu chinh dign 4p dang rung dng (Hinh 4-23) thudc loai diéu chinh relay ma 6 d6 chit ning cia bé phan diéu chinh do relay dign tir thye hign. Nho c6 cae tip diém cia relay ma céc dién tré phy duoc n6i voi mach kich thich. Néu dign 4p ca may phét nhé hon dign thé U; dign ap hoat dong cia relay dign tir, thi tiép diém K déng va cugn kich thich @,,cha may phit due mic vao dau ra ella may phat, Khi dign 4p may phét det gid tri U; thi tiép diém K s@ bj net, dién tro phu Rp duce méc vio mgch kich thich. Dong dign trong cugn kich thich va dién ép méy phat gid xudng. Khi dign thé cia may phat gim xudng dén dién ép phan hdi relay U2, cdc tiép diém ota relay duge déng lai, Dong dign trong cugn kich thich va dién thé may phat bat du ting len. Khi dign ap may phat dat dign ap lim vige cba relay thi céc tiep diém lai bi ngjit. Qué trinh lai tiép tue m6t cach tun hoa. Vige diéu chinh dng dign kich thich duge thye hign biing cach thay déi thdi gian déng tiép dim twong déi 7 va chu ky tuong d6i x Do b@ phan digu chinh cha bo diéu chinh loai rung 1a relay dign tir nén dé xéc dinh mute d9 va ‘chat lugng diéu chinh can phai biét ede dic tinh cia nd. Duong nhién la vigc ngit cae tiép diém c6 thé thye hign khi lve kéo oita 10 xo Fy va lye dign tir Fy ciia relay bing nhau. Lye dign tir: Fa ~ 05.65 MtoS) sen "9.0. ait 1 | a0, ndU y (4.30) Khoa Cang nghé Dong lie - BG mon Dien O13 67Giéo winh Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH R IG. Wo We I ‘Hinh 4-23: So dé nguyén If tiét ché logi rung “Trong do: @e- Tir thong & khe hé khéng khi gitta |i st va phan img cita relay. S— Tiét dign cita 16i sit. .—Bé tir thm khong khf ‘Tix théng & khe hé 6 thé xie dinh bai chinh e, va tre tir Rye bs = Io O/Ruy- Dang dign J, khi relay hoat dng (cic tiép diém bj nglit) sé 1a Us/Ro. Trong dé: Ry —Dign trés cba cud chinh relay. ‘Tre tit (néu bo qua tir tréscia thép) ty 1é thudin véi khe h6 khOng khi gitta 16% sit va phin tng relay: Ry = C'S hur vay Ie dign tir cia relay 06 thé biéu dién béi: it dong do ding dién chay trong cudn 2 Ue. 1 Fu =| Gi ) 215 Giai phuong trinh adi y6i dign thé hogt dng ota relay ta tim durge: u,-cre6 JF ‘Trong d6: c=c 2,5 Nhu vay, dign dp hoat dng oiia relay thuge vao site cling 18 xo Fj, Khe he 5 vi thong s Ry va @ cla cugn diéu khién relay. péi v6i cic relay dién tir ding trong céc b6 diéu chinh dang rung, hé s6 phan hdi cia relay K, = 0,8 (&, = UsU) Trj trung binh cia dign thé do bé diéu chinh dién 4p rung tgo ra durge xéc dinh theo. cOng thie: Khoa ng nghé Dong lec - BG mon Dien O10 6sGio trinh Dién Déng co Hé CB - DH vy, OE ENR OTF nis = 2w, ign ép diéu chinh phy thuge vio sire cing 1d xo va gid tri Khe he & Khi thay di khe ho khong khi sé thay d8i hg s6 phin hdi relay. Trong thyc t&, vige diéu chinh dign ép duye thyc hign bling céch thay 48i stic eding 18 x0 Fy. Khi khao sat hogt dng ctia b) diéu chinh dign 4p ta gia thiét ld: cdc tiép diém cba relay — déng va ngat tire thoi & U; va U;. Thye té, do quan tinh dign tir cla cugn diéu khién relay va quan tinh co hge, tiép diém s& bj gitr thém mgt khoang thoi gian sau khi ngit va déng. Diéu nay lam gidm hé s6 phan hdi ctia relay. Vi vay, AU, a ‘ya lam giam_ sé chuyén déi mach. Két qua ciia cic tinh todn cho thay tan so ‘chuyén doi cia bO bién d6i dign 4p don gian dang rung la rdt thdp: 10 + 20 Hz. "Tan s6 chuyén abi thdp cite dign 4p lam ode bing d8n nhép nhéy va tao ra ta Kia ti cae tiép diém do viée ting lugng dign tich di qua tiép diém dang mé. ‘Dé tang tin sé déng mé relay ta cn ting hé sé phan hdi (giém AU»), ting 49 nhay cia relay hoac dién wé phu. Viéc ting dign tré phy lam tng cng suit ngat tren cac tiép diém. Dé giam AU yngudi ta ding cic logi mach héi tiép mém va cing khée nhau. a1 Céc bé diéu chinh dign dp 06 céc lién két phin héi hogie ting toc: ‘Vigc giam 46 bién thién dign 4p AUg, 6 céc bo diéu chinh dién ap dang rung c6 thé duge thyc hign khi diing cdc cugn diy gia téc va cée dign tré gia t6c. (4-31) R, Re KY Fl | Rywe Wu rate El @ - o Hinh 4-24; Soa tilt ehé véi eupn gia the Cugn day gia téc W_ durge quan trén 16i st relay dign tir va duge mc song song véi cic tiép diém ota relay (Hinh 4-24a) hoge cuon day kich thich Wj, cla may phat (Hinh 4-24b). Liic nay site tir dng cua cudn day gia téc sé trang vé phuong voi site tir dng cla cudn day chinh Wo cita bé bién déi dign 4p. Néu cugn day gia téc duge mic song song voi cudn kich thich thi khi tiép diém dong, dien ap trén cudn gia téc va cudn chinh bing dign thé may phat, Néu relay voi cu6n gia téc cO cling dign thé lam vigc U; nhu 6 relay co mot cugn day chinh, thi 6 cing m§t dO céng 10 xo, suc tir dong lam vige cua hai relay nhu hau. Khoa Cong nghé Dang lwe - BB man Dign O16 0Giko trinh Dign Ding co — Hé CD- DH. ~_Khi tiép diém he, dign thé én cugn day gia te gidm ddr ngdt mot eid ti IAT Ry, Didu nay din dén hién tng déng Ini tiép diém & dién dp cia may phit cao hon, tire fa dign ap phan hdi U ting len: Vi Vay AUpy = Uy — U2 gitm xuéng con he s6 phan di eta relay tang, Khi AU py gidm, tn sO dong mo se tang. Do céc cudn day (gia téc va cudn kich thfch) doe mée song song nén 6 thei diém bat ky, dién 4p cla chung sé bang nhau (Uy, = Ud) Néu xem Uge — Lge Resi Ug = Te Re thi lg = (RPP) Nhu vay, dong dién trong cuén gia téc ty 1¢ thuin véi déng kich thich cua may phit, tire 1A & mach higu chinh sé c6 mach hdi tiép theo déng kich thich. Vi vay, khi dua vao cugn day gia thc, tin s4 déng mé ctia relay sé ting lén. Song, khi ting van téc rotor may phat (dng kich thich giim) thi dign 4p trang binh trén dau ra eta may phat ting, Dien tro gia téc 6 so dd diéu chinh dign ap dang rung co. ang 1a mOt phan dign tro phy &,, Relay dign tw cé mot ougn day dieu khién chinh Wo duge dau vao diu ra ciia may phat qua din tre’ gia toc. ign tro tinh toan ca dign tre phy: Ryo Ry t Rip Thuong thi & céc b6 diéu chinh dign p 06 dign trd gia the gié tti Ry << R'p Khi dda mach cudn day chinh v6i dign tr® gia tée sf dam bio duge vite ting thn 36 déng mo relay. ‘Tai thai diém cic tiép diém déng, dign Ap trén cuén day chinh la: Uo = Ung Tol Bee 'p)/(Res + By)] ~ Vian Te Ry Khi cdc tiép diém bi ngat, dong dign kich thich do hign tugng ty cam sé bao toan vé gid tri va hung. Dang dign qua dign tro gia téc sé sinh ra d6 sut ap. Vi vay, dign thé dat Ten cugn déy chinh cla 9 diéu chinh_ sé gidm = -xudng va Up = Ung (lo + IDRp Nhur vay, ede tiép dim eita relay durge déng Iai 6 dign thé cao hon cha may phat. Dign 4p phan héi U; cia relay ting Ién edn AU = U; ~ Uz giam xubng va tin sb déng mo relay ting. Vige dua dién to gia téc dé lam tang tin s6 dong mo relay sé din dén hi¢n wong: ki van tée rotor méy phat tang, gi rj dign ap trung binh trén du ra cla méy phat ng. So dé c6 dign tro tang téc rat don gian. No duge str dung rong rai trong céc b6 diéu chinh dign ap dang rung. Dé gidm_hign tugng vira néu, trong céc bd diéu chinh dién dp dang rung ta ding cugn day can bing (cugn khit) va céc dign tre cin bang. Cugn can bang Wo (Hinh 4-25a) duge mac n6i tiép voi cugn kich thich Wy, con site tir dong Fey nguge huéng, ‘Y6i sitc tir dong F, cla cudn chinh W, cia bé diéu chinh dién ap. Néu ta xem xét b6 didu chinh dién 4p c6 cu6n chinh va cuén can bing ma khéng cd cede lign két gia téc thi site tir dOng toan phan la: Fip = Fo~ Fes = UngaW Bo ~ Wee Lite d6 trj trung binh cita dign ap duge duy tri boi b6 diéu chinh 1a: Khoa Cing ngh? Ding lc - BG min Dign O16 70Gio inh Bién Ding co Hé CB - DH 4 Ky )Re fe Caney Wr, (CB Fy +1, Kon) Sw hign dign cia cudn day cén bing lam gidm dién dp khi tang van t6c cita rotor. Nhés véy cudn cn bing thu hign duge viée bi lai sai sé ciia viée diéu chinh trong cde bO digu chinh dién dp dang rung cé lién két gia téc. 416 (b) @ Hinh 4-25: So dé riétohé vbi cupn clin bing va din tré can bing Dign tro R,, (Hinh 4-25b) duge mac néi tiép vao mech Kich thich cia may phat. ign 4p may phat cao hon dign dp due dura lén b6 diéu chinh dang rung mot lueng JR. So 48 cia bé diéu chinh dién dp ding dién tré cn bang 2,» rat don gién. Song nhuge diém cia né 1a vige ting dign tre ctia mgch kich thich sé lam ting t6c 46 khng tai cla may phat. Nhu vay, bo diéu chinh dang rung dé diéu chinh chinh xdc dign dp phai cd cugn diéu khién chinh, cu6n gia téc va cun can bang. a2 Vin dd én dinh nhije cho b§ didn chinh dign dp dang rung ‘Tir phuong trinh, (4-31) ta thay higu dign thé higu chinh sé ty 1 voi dign tro Rp cla cugn day chinh. Khi nhiét 46 thay déi, dign tro X, thay d6i. Vi du khi ting 100°C, R, ang lén 40%. Vi vay, dign 4p diéu chinh cing sé thay d6i, Dé dam bao do dn djnh theo nhigt ciia dién ap diéu chinh ta mac dign to bi nhiét ndi tiép voi cudn day chinh lam bang nierém hoe constantan (loai cé dign tr khong phy thude nhigt 49). Ngoai cich mic dign tré bit nhiét nguvsi ta con ding gid treo relay dign tir bing tim Iuémg kim nhiét. Tam nay céu tao tir hai kim loai dire han voi nhau. Mot kim sit niken c6 hé s6 dan né nhiét thip va tam kia tly thép C din né lén. Do sy bién dang cita tim luting kim nhigt sé xuat hién lye nguoe chiéu véi ¢ cing lé xo. Trong truémg hgp nay téng lye tic dung lén mé treo sé giém khi nhiét 46 méi ‘truémg ting lén. bé khit anh huong nhiét len dign dp digu chinh ngudi ta cdn ding cae sun tir lim bing thep niken. Tir 6 eta sun tir ting khi nhiet d9 tang. Sun duge mic gita éch tt vA 18i sit. O nhiét d6 cao, sun sé bj khir tir con tir thong tai khe ho khi de phy thuge vao stic tir dong va tir tro cua khe ho khong khi. G nhiét d6 thap, sun sé iro nen din tir va mot phan tir thong do sue tir dng tao nén sé drgc khép mach theo sun nay. a3 Dé ban cia b6 diéu chinh dign dp logi rung ‘Khoa Cong nghé Déng luc - Bb mon Dign O16 1Gio trinh Dién Ding co - Hé CD- DH Trong qua trinh lim viée, cic tiép diém chju tae Ong in mon ve co, héa va dign, nh hung Ién a9 bén cia bé diéu chinh dign 4p dang rung. Tae dong co hoe dui dang va dép cla cic ite diém dong len cae tiép diém c6 dinh se din dén hign wrong nén eye b9 va nit eae tigp diém. Tae dong hoa hoc s€ lam cho cée tiép diém bj oxy hoa va céc phan dmg hoa hgc khac cia kim loai voi céc logi khi chira ‘trong m6i truéng din t6i tinh trang ri sét, két qua 1a trén bé mat tiép diém hinh thanh céc ming ©6 dign torriéng cao. Tac dOng vé_dién thuimg ¢ duéi dang tia lira dign hd quang sé lam xuat hign sy an mon, Lic nay mot tiép diém bj 16m con tiép diém kia Idi, ‘Vat ligu phé bién dé ché tao tip diém thug IA Vonfram, c6 46 cimg én va nhiét 49 néng chay rat cao (370°C). D6 bén an mon cia Vonfram cao hon bac hay platin. Nhuge diém ctia tiép diém Vonfram la khi bj ri sé tao nén cdc mang sunphit va ming oxy hod. Trong cic b§ diéu chinh dang rung ngudi ta ding c&p tiép diém (Vonfram — Vonftam bac) ¢6 tinh din dign va 6 bén eao hen. Thong thuong, hd quang cé thé xudt hién khi tiép diém bj ngat con tia Ita dién xuat hign Ie dong va Ine ngét tip aim, ‘Tia hia xudt hign & cutmg d6 dong dign khong lén va higu dign thé tren cac tiép diem cao hon 300V. Anh hung cia tée déng vé dién lén kha nang lim vige ctia cdc tiép didm cé thé duoc dic trung béi eéng suit ngit: Png = Ing Ong Trong d6: Jup Ung cudng a6 va dign ap trén cac tiép diém 6 thai diém ngit. i ofp tip diém vonfram — yonftam lim vige én dinh thi céng suét ngit khong duge virgt qué 3007.4. Cong sult ngit cue dai chi c6 thé 6 & van t6e nhé nhét cba rotor my phit, khi ma Je — Tense Page = Iimae» Ry = Ima (kr ~ DR = Unite Times (4-32) Vivy: —— Tamin

, Néu mn << ng thi c6 tip diém K; mé hoa dong. Nhu véy khi lam viée & ché do nay, bo diéu chinh dign ap thude nhm I1 (c < i, K > 0). Moin Pen Hinh 4-26: So dé va dae tayén lam vige ctia tét ché 2 née Khoa Cong nghé Ding lec - BG min Dign O15 2Giéo trink Dién Dong co Hé CD - DH. - Dién ta phy dwoe [ua chon dé git dién Ap khong doi chi an ta (inh 4-266) va durgee x4e dinh béi cng thite: Ry = Vand le — Re Khi tiép tuc tang van téc rotor thi Kz s& hoat dng. Lic nay, dign 4p higu chink sé ting lén mét it do phai tgo thém Ive tir dé vugt qua khe ho. Chp digu chinh tht 2 thuge nhém 5 (¢ > 1, K = 0). Do dign to phy Ry & b6 didu chinh hai cép nho hon nhigu so véi mét cp cho nén céng suat ngat trén cac tiép diém ‘cing thép hon. Didu kign hoat déng cia c&p tiép diém thir hai cing tét hon nhé khi ngit, dong kich thich khéng 16n. Nhuge diém cua bo digu chinh dign ap hai cdp 1a 46 6n dink thdp. Dé giam 46 chénh Iéch digu chinh dien 4p 2 ndc, khe hé phai nhé. Do 46, khi mit vit bj ban, tiép diém sé bj ket, lam cho hoat dong cia bd diu chinh sai lgeh. Phuong. phip khac dé gidm cOng suit ngit cia bo diéu chinh dign ép dang rung la sir dung bd diéu chinh dién dp doi, G loai nay, dong kich sé di qua 2 cap tiep diém mac song song. 6, Tiét ché bén dén: Nhuoe diém co bin cia bé difu chinh dign 4p ding tip diém dang rung 1a dong ign kich thich bj han ché va d6 bén cia b} digu chin thdp. Cac phuong phép giém céng sudt neat duroc siz dung khéng khic phue duge day du cic nhuge diém di neu mi chi e6 thé mé rong pham vi sir dung cde bo diéu chinh dign ap dang rung. B6 diéu chinh dién fp dees rung trong qué trinh sit dung can phai diéu chinh va bao dudng thuéng xuyén do phin tir quyét dinh Ia 1d xo 06 46 dan ‘hai phy thugc vao diéu kign van hanb. Dé khic phye nhiing nhuge diém cua bd digu chinh dign 4p dang rung, nguvyi ta san xuit céc b6 diéu chinh dign ap khong tiép diém (tiét ché ban din), sir dung cdc link kign an din: diode, diode 6n ap (diode zener), transistor. Co 2 loai tiét ché ban din khéc bigt & transistor mac néi tiép voi cudn kich. Néu ding transistor logi PNP thi eugn kich duge néi tryc tiép ra mass con diing transistor loai NPN thi mét iu cugn kich st duge ndi véi duong qua cing tic may. b.1 So db chu tao va nguyén ly lam vige tiét ché ditng transistor PNP B6 digu chinh dign ap khOng tiép ¢iém Logi diing transistor duge thé hign 6 hinh 4- 27, BO digu chinh dién ap transistor edu tgo ti b> phn do (mach RI -R2—R— VDA) va thiét bj didu chinh co dang mOt transistor PNP (ede VT1, VT2, diode VD2, céc bién tré R,, Ra, va R,). Tai co transistor 18 cugn day kich thich Wy ella may phat diroe méc song song v6i diode VD3. Néu dign p trén dign trd Ry nhé hon dign ap mé cia diode zener VD1 thi diode s& Khéng dan va cudng dé dong dign trong mach R-VD1 gan nhu bang khong. Dign ap dat 1én méi ndi BE cia transistor: Ug = Urn~ Upo =O Vi vay, transistor VT1 sé 6 trang thai ngat. Dien ap Urci tau nhu bing véi dign ép_ cia may phat va duge dat lén lop tiép gigp BE cla transistor theo huéng thugn. Transistor ‘VT2 sé 6 trang thai bio hoa, duge xac dinh boi dign tro Rs. Khoa Cang nghé Dang tue - B6 mon Bien Oro 73Gio trinh Dién Dong co~ Hg CD - DH Hinh 4-27: So’ dé tiét ché ban dn logi ditng transistor PNP Do dign tré R, va 46 sut ép VD2 nbd, nén ta e6 thé xem dign ép ctia may phat hu hy durge dura 1én cudn kich thich. Nhu vay, dim bio su ty kich cita may phat. Néu higu dign thé eda my phat bing voi higu dign thé hogt dng U; cha tiét ché, thi trong, mach R — VD1 sé xuit hign dong dign J ~ J2. Dign dp trén lop chuyén tiép BE cha twansistor thir nhdt dat gid tr] nguOng Uoe) ~ IR ~ Ugo ~ IR — Iso Transistor VT1 durye chuyén tir trang thai ng&t vé trang thai bo hoa khién dign 4p Ugc; gidm va transistor VT2 tir trang thi bao hoa chuyén vé trang thai ngét. Dong dign kich thich giim lim ting din tp wen mi nbi BE eda VTI dt ngot. Usy — ZR — 14R, va chuyén né te trang thai mgt vé trang thai bao hoa. Khi VT chuyén sang trang théi bao hoa: Usa ~ User ~ Uno <0 Nén VT2 sé chuyén vé trang thai ngét, Sy dich chuyén cua lop tiép gidp BE cha VT2 8 huéng nguge duge thye hign béi sy Ia chon cdc thong s6 cia mach VT2-Ry, Vige chuyén VT2 vé trang théi ngit déng nghia voi vie ngdt cudn kich Wy khéi may phat. Ding Kich trong mach W,,— VD3 gidm xudng. Sy gidm cua dong kich dan dén gidm higu dién thé hiéu chinh cita may phat. Khi dign ap cha may phat dat ti dign 4p phan hdi U; cia tiét ché thi dign dp trén lop chuyén tiép BE cla VT2 sé dat gia trj nguOng, tue Ki: Ur2 = Uncr - Urs = Ue? ‘Lic nly VT2 bit dau chuyén tir trang thai ng&t sang trang thai bao hoa, lim ting. dong kich, Sir ting lén cia ding kich lim gidm dign ap trén lép chuyén tiép BE ctia transistor thé nbd. Up) = IR-1Ro = Vost ___ ‘Tie trang thai bio hoa, transistor chuyén vé trang thai ngit, con VT2 tir trang thai agit v8 trang thai bio hoa. Nhu vay, hiéu img relay trong b6 diéu chinh dién ap nay dat duye la nbd dign tra R, — dim bio duge lién két dirong ngurgc. © dign 4p hoat déng cia transistor ta c6 cac phyong trinh sau: Khoa Cang nghé Béng luc - BG min Dign O16 “Gido trinh ign Béng eo —Hé CD - DH U, = [Ry + Ry) + TR Uy = WR+ Re) + Uae + 1+ Ly) Ro 33) Didu kign transistor déng més Usy = 1R- Ro Giai h¢ phuong trinh (4-33) di v6i dign 4p hogt dng co xem xét didu kign dong méta tim duge. U=Undi ey ae RRB tR(R+RI-R] ——-38 ‘Trong 46 Rz va Upz la dign tro va dign ap mé cua diode zener VD1. Nhu vy dign ap lim viéc cia transistor phu thuéc vao cu phén ap R, va Ro. Khi ting R, hose giim Ra, dign 4p lim vige giim va ngucc lai. ign ap lam viée cing phu thudc vao cing d6 dong dién kich thich va do dé phy thudc vio van téc cla rotor may phat. 1D6i véi dign Ap phan hdi cia transistor U; khi bé qua d9 sut dp trén Ro (vi Ry bé) thi ta 06 cdc phuong trinh: U) = Uo2 + TooRo2 + BilaezRs + Uoez U2 — Up2 + (Roz + Rone Uy = VR + Rp + lon ~T)R2 (4-39) Uy = Ung + 1'(R + Ro + Ry) + Inr (Ro + RY + VR2 Uogs = UR - Rei + BYRee2 Trong 46 J’, I’ la cutmg a6 dong dién chay qua Ry, Ro va diode VI2 & dién ap phan hi U>. Uoz, Up2- fb dign 4p lm vige cia diode zener VDI va diode VD2. fj la hé gi cia transistor VT1. Giai he phuong trinh (4-35) t xfe dinh durge dign ap phn hdi eda relay wansistor. U,=C/D. ‘Trong a6: C=(R, + RB, Woz — LIRR, + Ra) + RR Ry (t+ Ay) BW or + Y oa Xl + Bi)Rer — Pr RsV on 14. RR R =(R, + R,)| 25 _+ R+ 8, 4 41 AG astea 2] 88 Lata | Nhu vay, dign 4p phan héi Up cia tiét ché khéng phu thudc vao dong kich thich, Khi x4c djnh duoc dién ap lam vig va dign ap phan hdi ta c6 thé tim duge cae thong sé khic ciia transistor. Déi voi tiét ché ban dan, hé sé phan hdi K,y = 0,9 + 0,98. Néu tinh gan dang mirc 4p duge duy tri béi bé tiét ché dién 4p loai ding transistor la: Khoa Céng nghé Ding lc - Bb mon Dién O16 75Gido trinh Dign Déng co — Hé CD DH ama ~Uz (1 + RPR) b.2 So dé céu tgo va nguyén Ij lim vige cita tiét ché ditng transistor NPN Hinh 4-28; So dd dé ché ding transistor NPN Joai nay gém hai thanh phin: thanh phin do: Ry, R2, D; va thanh Tiét ché bin phan higu chinh T), Ts. ___ Nguyén ly lam vigo nhwr sau; Khi bat edng, tie méy, dang dign tir accu dén tiét ché, din Ry > Rp > mass. Dign Ap dBt vao Dy — U.Rz /(Ry + 12) < Uoz dign thé lam vige ota Dj, nén Ty dong. Do do dong di theo mach R3—> D; —> Ry —> mass. Khi sé vong quay » may phit ting cao, higu dién thé tang va dign dp dat vao D, tang khién né dan lam T, din bao hoa va T, ding. Dong dign trong cugn Wi: giam khién dign ap may phat giim theo. Dy st déng tre Jai lam T, déng va T,mé. Qué trinh nay Iai lip di Lip lai Khi cudng 46 dong dién ly, giém trén Wy xudt hign mot site dign dong ty cdm va diode D2 ding dé bio vé transistor T2, Trong so dd niy ngudi ta sir dyng mech héi tiép am bao gém R, va tu C. Khi T; chém déng, dign dp tai oye C tng lim xuit hign dong nap I, (Wis > Tr> CRs > R —> mass). ign thé tai chin B ctia Ty ting vi Use: = RI + Ic) khién Ty chuyén nhanh sang trang thai bio hoa va Tz chuyén nhanh sang trang thai déng. Khi Ts chém m6, tuC bit diu phing theo mach + C > Ts > R > Rs—>-C. Dong phéng di qua dign tré R theo chiéu nguge Igi va dign Ap dgt vao mdi néi BE cla Ti 06 gid tri: User — (7—I)R khién T, chuyén nhanh sang trang thai déng va T2 chuyén nhanh sang trang thai bao héa, Nhu véy, mach hdi tip gitip ting tan sé dong mé cia tiét ché. Liic bit dau hoat d6ng, higu dién thé lam vige ctia tiét ché duge xae dinh: Uy = Ry + RT -D Uy, = Ry + Uoz* Ral + BR. Urey /R. Thé gid tri I-vao 2 phuong trinh trén ta duge: ‘Trong 46: Khoa Cong nghé Dong ue - B6 mén Dién Ot6 6Gido tink Bién Déng co Hé CD - DH Ty (Ry + Ry) ~ RaUsxs/R Uy = Ril + Vor * ReVae/R + User Giai hé phuong trinh trén qua U; ta thu duge: Uy = (1+ BYRD Wor + Raz RU pe/R] + RiVoc/R ‘Nhu vay, muén ting higu dign thé higu chinh ta ting R, hoac giam Ry b.3 Mach bio vé tit chE _ Tren hinh 4-29 tinh bay so d8 tit ché voi mach béo ve gdm C, Ry Rs, Ta, Ds 6B dé phong truéng hyp cuOn kich bj ng&n mach . Hinh 4-29: So dé tiét ché ding transistor NPN 06 mach béo ve Khi cu$n kich bj ngin mach thi du F bj néi truc tiép voi dong va tw C sé duge nap vdi dong Ua Re at Rs Trong dé: fe—hiing s6 mech nap, U,— dign ap accu. te= (Ry + RIC Ue Ret Ry+R U; 2 6 sut Ap trén Rs lim T; mé va T; dong nén mach duye bao vé. T; sé tiép tuc dong. én thai diém ty khi dong nap khong dt dé mé Ta tire 1a: Ue pew Rak” Von =1,=Tha (Ret Rs) Uosr Khoa Cong nghé Déng lec - BG mon Bin O16 7Gio trinh Dién Dong co—Hé CD - DH ‘Lite nay, T, chuyén sang trang thdi dng va Ty chuyén sang trang thai khuéch dai. ‘Tu C s8 phong dign qua T; va qué trinh Iai lp Igi nhur ed c. M6t sé mach thy té trén xe ‘Trén hinh 4-30 trinh bay cdc mach tiét ché phé bién. el Tiét ché vi mach xe NhGt kiéu A Charging Hinh 4-30: So dé wét ché vi mach xe Nh@t Mech cung efp dign cho cugn kich vi béo nap duge thye hign bai 3 diode nhé Giode trio) mic tir dau etia cfc cudn pha (Dy, Ds, Do) Khi bat cng téc may va d6ng co chua host d6ng, dong qua dén bao nap di qua cudn kich lam tang kha nang ty kich ca may phat. Khi may phat hogt dong, d&n béo nap tit vi hai du dén ding thé va luc nay, dong cap cho cugn kich sé di true tiép tir 3 diode trio. Nguyén ly lam vigc ctia b6 tiét ché logi nay tong ty nhu cac mgch ta di khdo sat & phan trén nhung cic linh kign duge ché tao theo céng nghé vi mach va tiét ché duge dat bén trong may phat. €.2 Tikt ohé vi mach xe Nit kidu M Biém khic biét cia so dé tiét ché vi mach M la cach diéu khién dén bio sae. ho dign ap ldy tren mot pha cp vao dau P ciia tiét ché vi mgch sé diéu khién trang thai hogt dong clia transistor TR2 va TR3 theo tinh trang ola may phat Khoa Céng nghé Déng le - BG mon Dién O16 78Gido trinh Dién Dong co ~Hé CD - BH tinea 3 Mach tir ché PP 350 (ZL). | Trén hinh 4-31 trinh bay so dé tiét ché PP350 trén xe Zil (Nga). Diém uu y trong sod nay li mach hdi tiép g6m dign tro Ryo mic tir diém A sang B. Hoat dng, cla mach hdi tiép nhur sau: Khi T; chém d6ng, T; chém mé, dign thé tai B lon hon tai A lam dong dign tir B sang A: Rio —> L —> mass. Dign thé 6 A ting, dong qua Ry va R2 giam khién d6 sut ap trén R,, Rp gidm, lim T; déng nhanh va T, ménkanh. Hinh 4-31: So dé tiét ché PP350 ‘Trong trong, Mop nguge Iai, khi T; chém mé va Tz chém déng, dign thé diém B cao hon A, Vi vay, xuit hign dong tir A sang B, Déng nay di qua Ri, Rs khién Dy mo nhanh lam T, mé nhanh va T déng nhanh. Tiét ché vi mach nim trén may phat xe KAMAZ duge trinh bay trén hinh 4-32. «4 Tiét ché vi mach xe KAMAZ Khoa Cang nghé Dong le - Bb man bién O16 79Gido trinh Bign Déng co He CD - DH 2av| Hinh 4-32: Sw dé tiét ché vi mach xe KAMAZ ‘rong 3 may, dp ign ap hl chins me 2B nén ngu a dang 2 diode zener D, va D2 mac néi tiép. Dé déng nhdt hod chi tiét cla may phat, cudn day kich hogt dong 6 dién ap 14V va duge mic vao dau day trung hoa. G thoi diém bat céng the may ma dong co chia hoat dong, cugn kich may phat duge cép mt dong nhé qua Ry dé ty kich. ‘Trén tiét ché loai nay cén cé céng tic chuyén déi dign 4p higu chinh theo mia bing cach thay ddi gid tri dién tré cia cau phéin ap. 4.5 Tinh toan ché 4 tai yA chon may phat ‘pé xéc dinh ding loai may phit can lip trén t6 voi diéu kign dam bao cong sudt cip cho cdc phy tai, ta phai tinh toan chon may phat phi hgp theo cac bude du6i day 4.5.1 Tinh todn céng suat tigu thy cAn thiét cho tit ca cac tai dign hoat déng lién tue (465i véi loai 14v xem so 4d hinh 4-33). Vi dy Pw, = 3500 trén Ot6 Tai dign hogt dong lién uc | Cong sudt (W) Hé thong danh lire 20 Bom nhién ligu 7 He théng phun nhién ligu 100 Radio, cassette | | Dan dau (pha hod cos) 110 én kich thude 10 Dén bang sé 10 Dén soi séng tableau wo | “Teng cong sudt Pw) =350W Bang 1: Tiéu thy dign cia cdc tii dign hogt dong lién tuo Khoa Céng nghé Dong lec - BG mbn Bign O16 80Gido trink Dién Dong co He CD - DH 4.5.2 Tinh toan cOng suat tiéu thy edn thidt cho tat ed cfc tai dign hoat dng gidn doan theo bang 2 ta c6 Pw. ~ 1430 Tai dign hog dpng gin dogn | Gidirjthec | Hesd | Cong sudt wrong 2) dueong (W) Quet diéu hoa gian néng va gian 80 0.5 40 Janh X6ng kinh 120 05 60 Gatnuse 60 0.25 15 Quat cign tin niet OL Dén ii on Den thing 42 oO. 42 | Ben tin higu bao r& 70 OL 42 | ben song mi 70 0.1 7 én bio suong mo 35 OL 35 ‘Téng cong sudt Pw =134W Bang 2: Tidu thy dign cita cde tai dign hogt dong gidn dogn 4.5.3 Lay téng céc cong suat tiéu thy (Pw; + Pw2 = Pw mitc ta duge cumg dé dong dign theo yéu cau So dé tinh toan hoe kiém tra may phat K1-14V 23/55A. = 484W) chia cho dign 4p dinh Céng suit | Pw, = 3500 (Cong Sudt 2 Pw2 = 1347 ‘Tong cong sult eta tai Pw = Pw) + Pw2 = 4840 Powy1|<250] 250+ | 350+ | 450+ | sso+ | 675+ | 800+ av <350 | <450 | T > mass. Dong din i; ting th tir do ste dign dOng tee cm sinh ra trén cud socdp Ly chong lai sy tang cha cung do ding dign. 6 giai doan may, mach this clp cla he thing danh Ia gin nhu khOng anh huéme dén qué winh ting ding & mach so c&p. Higa dign thé va cuong do dong dign xuit hign & mach tht: sip Kkhdng dang ké nén ta 6 thé coi rnhur mach thir ep hé. Vi vay, & giai doan nay ta cé so dé tong divong duge trinh bay trén hinh 5-2. Trén so dé, gid trj dign tré trong cia accu duge bd qua, trong 46: Re= Ri + By U=U,-AUr ‘Khoa Cang nghé Ding luc - BG mon Dign O16 85Gido trinh Dién Déng co—Hé CD - DH — ‘Uz: Higa dién thé ciia accu. A Uy: DO sut ap trén transistor cdng sudt 6 trang thai din bao hda ho¥e a sut Ap trén vit lta, Tirso dé hinh 5-2, ta c6 thé thiét lap durge phuong trinh vi phan sau: 4 iRy+L,Sb=U (1) Giai phwong trinh vi phan (5-1) ta duge: =a Goi 7 = L,/Rr la hing sé dign tir cia mach. i) ~ UR A-e") ($2) Ly dao ham (5-2) theo théi gian t, taduge téc d6 ting truéng ca déng so cdp (hinh 5-3). HU pron ay et cry ad, a" 7, atten Hinh 5-3: Qud trink ting trirdng dong so ep ts Dé thj cho thay 46 tu cam L, eta cue so cp cang lon thi toc dg tang trong dong so cp i; cang giam. _ Goi fg ld thési gian transistor cng sudt din thi cudng 46 dong dign so cp Jp, tai thoi diém dénh hia khi transistor céng suat ngat la: U geet qe (53) Trong 46: ta= vel = 74 120/ (2). (53a) T: Chu ky dénh lira (8). n: 86 vong quay tryc khuyu dong co (min). 2: 86 xylanh cia dOng co. ‘7 That gian tich Iy ning lugng trong ai. ‘Tren cde xe dbi ci, ty 1é thoi gian tich Iy nang lugng 7 = 2/3, cdn 6 cfc xe doi méi nhé co cdu hiéu chinh thdi gian tich ly nang long (g6c ngdm) nén 74 < 2/3 ‘Khoa Cong nghé Dong lec - Bp mon Dien Oto 80Giéo trink Dién Déng co~Hé CD - DH ala = eo} (6-4) ‘Tir bidu thie (5-4), ta thy Jng phy thuge vio tdng tra ciia mach so efp (RD, 46 te cm ote cuga so edp (L,), 98 vong quay truc Iehuyu dng co (n), va s6 g/lanh (Z). Néu Rs, L}, Z la khéng di thi khi ting s5 vong quay truc khuyu dng co (n), cudmg a6 dang dién Ing 8& gid Tai thoi diém danh lira, ning lung 44 duge tich Idy trong cudn day so cip dudi dang tir qaewyt a AYU a-2e* +e" 5-5) 2° RE (= 2e ) 6-5) Trong dé: War. Néing hrgng tich ly trong cugn so cip. Bey, 7, Ham We = fla) (5-5) dat duge gid tri eye agi, tite nhfin duge ning Inong tir hé théng cdp dign nhiéu nhat khi: ~ Ru, L, péi voi he théng danh Ira thudng va hé théng dénh Ita ban dan logi khéng cé mach higu chinh thei gian tich ly nang lugng ig, diéu kign (5-6) khOng thé thye hign duge vi ty la gia tri thay di phu thuc vao téc dO n ctla dong co (5-3a). Sau khi dat duge gid ti U/Rs, dong dién qua cugn so cap sé gay tiéu phi nang luyng vO ich, ta nhiét wen cugn so cp Va dign ire phy. Tren cde xe doi méi, nhuge diém wén duge loai tir nhiy mgch bigu chinh thei gian tich Idy nang Iurgng f4 (Dwell Control). Larong nhiét t6a ra trén cuén so cp ctia bobine W, duge x4c dinh béi cong thir 256 (5-6) sau: jona- 2e0 ee?" dt Beg ema—eryoe/ot-e™] 2 Resane (ede RE (5-7) Céng suat téa nhigt Pn trén cugn day so cdp cia bobine: Khoa Cing nghé Ding lwe- BG man Dign O16 87Giéo wrinh Dién Déng co—Hé CD - DH. _ P, >, Lhienae uw oft, P,=Z al RE Ls ha-ewyeteace™)] i Khi cong tic may 6 vj tri ON ma d9ng co khéng hoat ding, cOng suat toa nhiét tren bobine 1a lin nba: Pana ZR, __ Taye té khi thiét ké, Prag phai nho hon 3017 dé trénh tinh trang néng bobine. Vi néu Pimax 2 30W, nhiét lurgng sinh ra trén cugn sor cp Ién hon nhiét hong tiéu tan. ‘Trong thdi gian tich lay nang Iwong, trén cugn thir cp cing xuit hign mot site dién dong tuong di nho, chi xdp xi /.000 V. Trong dé: es: Site dién dng trén cudn thtr efp. Kiss: Hg 86 bién dp cia bobine. ‘Ste dién d6ng nay bing 0 khi déng dién so cap dat gid tri U/Rs * Qué trinh ngit dong so cdp KKhi transistor cong suét ngét, dong dign so cp va ti thong do né sinh ra gidm dot ng6t. Trén cugn thir cp cia bobine sé sinh ra mét higu dign thé vao khoang tir 15 KV +40 KV. Gi tri cita higu dign thé thir cp phy thudc vao rat nhiéu thong s6 cla mach so cdp va thi cap. Dé tinh toan higu dién thé thir cp cye dai, ta sir dung so dé tuong duong durge irinh bay trén hin 5-6. Trong so 4 nay: Rp: Dign tro mat mat, Re: Din tré ro qua dién cue bougie. Re Ra ee 3|g a Ry qj Lila 1 Ie [Cott 4Bousie Hinh 5-6: So a3 tong dicong ctta he thing din lika Bo qua higu dign thé accu vi hiéu dign thé accu rat nh6 so véi higu dign thé xudt hign trén cuén so cAp hic transistor cing sudt ngét. Ta xét trudng hgp kh6ng tai, co nghia la dy cao dp dugc tach ra khéi bougie. Tai thii diém transistor cong suit ngit, nang luong tir truéng tich lily trong cudn so cdp cla bobine duge chuyén thanh nang lugng dign Khoa Cong nghé Dong lec - BG mén Dign O16 88Gide trinh Din Bing co — He CB - DH _ trimg chira trén tu dign C, va C; va mbt phin mat mat. Dé xc dinh hiéu dign thé thtr cp cue dai Uzy ta Ip phyong trinh cfm bing ning lung lic transistor céng suat nga Sighs C\Uin CVn, 4 2 2 2 “Trong dé: Cr Diga dung cla ty dign mic song song Voi vit lita hoge transistor cOng suat. Cy Dién dung ky sinh trén mach thit ep. Um Um: Higu dign thé trén mach so edp va thir cp hie transistor céng suit ngit. A: Nang long mit mat do dong rd, dong fucd trong 10i thép cua bobine Un = Koo. Vim Kyy = W2/W): 8 86 bién ap cia bobine. W,, Wo: S6 vong day cia cudn so cp va thir cp. aH 21 =¢+2e+6uh ay, HOA GEA CUS, aw, [__ 2M 9 *VCt Kanes” eo ne He sé tinh dén sy mat mat trong mgch deo d6ng, 77 = 0,7 + 0.8. a Qui lugt bién adi cha dong dign so cap iy vat higu dign thé thi chp Vim Khoa Céng nghé Béng lec - BG min Dign O16 89Gidio trink Dibn Ding co He CD = DH (Qui lugt bién 48% dong dign so ep 1) vi higu dign thé thir cp Um duge bibu difn trén hinh 5-7. Khi transistor cdng suit ngit, cudn sc cép sé sinh ra mot sire dign dng khoang 100 —300V. * Qud trink phing dign 3 dign ce bougie Khi dign dp thir cp Up dat dén gid tri Uz, tia lia dign cao thé sé xuit hign gitta hai dign cue cila bougie. Bing thi nghigm ngudi ta chimg minh duge ring tia lim xudt hign & ign cye bougie gém hai thanh phin 1a thanh phan dign dung va than phan dign cam. ‘Thanh phn dign dung cia tia Ia do nfing lugng tich Idy tr8n mach tha cap duge qui wéc béi dién dung ky sinh C2. Tia lite dign dung duge die trung bei sir sut 4p va tang dng 46t ngGt. Dang c6 thé dat vai chye Amper (hinh 5-8). Um (KV) Um 20 Beas “ a, Thai gian tia lia dién dung. b. Théi gian tia lita dign cém. Qui tuat bién dét higu dign thé thie chp Urq, va. cudng 16 dong dign thi cdp iz khi transistor cong suds ngdt. Mac dit nang lung khdng lon lim (C2.U°q)/? nhumg céng, swat phat ra béi thinh phin dign dung cita tia Ita nbd thai gian rit ngin (/4us) nén c6 thé dat hing chuc, 6 khi t6i hang trim KW. Tia hia dién dung cé mau xanh sing kém theo tiéng né lach tich die trung. Dao dOng v6i tin s6 cao (0 + 1072) va dong Ion, tia lira dign dung gay niu vo tuyén va mai mon dign eve bougie. Dé giai quyét van dé vira néu, tren mach thir cdp (nhu nap delco, mé quet, diy cao 4p) thudng durge mic them cde dign td. Trong cde 6t6 doi moi, ngudi ta ding day cao 4p c6 1oi bang than dé tang diga to. Hinh 5. Khoa Cing nghé Dong le - BG mon Dign Ot6 90Giko trinh Dién Déng co Hé CD - DH. —— Do tia Ia xuit hign truée khi higu dién thé thir cp dat gid tri Uz» nén ning long ‘eta tia lira dign dung chi 1a mét phn nhé cla nding luong phong qua bougie. Phin nang. jung cén Igi sé hinh thanh tia ha dién cam. Dong qua bougie hic nay chi vao khoang 20 +40 mA. Higu dign thé gitta hai eye bougie giam nhanh dén gif tri 400 + 500 V. Thoi gian kéo dai cia tia lira dign cam gip /60 dén 1.000 lan this gian tia lira dign dung va thoi gian nay phy thude vao loai bobine, he héy bougie va ché dé lam vige cia dng co. Thudg thi thoi gian tia lim dign cm vao khoang / dén 1.5 ms. Tia lta dign cdm 06 mau vang tim, edn duge goi 1a dudi ira. Trong thoi gian xudt hign tia lira dign, nang lwgng tia la HF, duge tinh béi e6ng thite: W, = Uat(ede 4: Thai gian xudt hign tia Ita dign trén dign eye bougie. ‘Trén thye t6, ta 6 thé sir dyng cdng thie gn dling: Wy 0,5 - Irae Uru tre Trong 46: Ines Ure VA tre Yin uot la cudmg d6 dong dién trang binh, higu dign thé trong binh va thoi gian sudt hign tia lia trung binh gitta hai dién cuc cia bougie. Két qua tinh toan va thye nghigm cho thay ring, & t5c 46 thip ea déng cv, % ©6 gia tri Khoding 20 +50mJ. 5.2 Nhigm vy, yéu chu va phan loai hé théng dinh lira 5.2.1 Nhigm vy Hé théng dénb lira trén dng co cé nhigm vy bién nguén di¢n xoay chidu, mot chigu c6 higu dign thé thip (12 hode 247) thinh cde ‘ung, dign thé cao (tir 15.000 dén 40.000V). Cac xung higu dign thé cao nay sé duge cung cap dén bougie cia cac xylanh diing thoi diém dé tao tia lita dét chy hoa khi. 5.2.2 ¥éu cau M6t hé théng danh Ira lam viéc tt phai bao dam cde yeu cu sau: - Hé théng danh lira phai sinh ra ste dién ddng thir cp dit lon dé phong dign qua khe hé bougie trong tit ca cde ché d6 lam viée cila d6ng co. ‘Tia tira tren bougie phai dé ning Ixong va thi gian phéng 43 a&t chay hoan toan hda kh. = Gée danh lira sém phai ding trong moi ché a6 hoat dong cua dgng co. = Cac phy kign eta hé thing dénh lia phai hoat dng t6t trong digu kién nhiét 46 cao va d9 rung x6¢ len. = Sy mai mén dign cye bougie phai nam trong khoang cho phép. 52.3 Phin logi Negay nay, hé théng danh lira cao ép duge trang bj trén dong eo 6t8 6 rat nhidu Logi Khao nhau. Dua vao edu tao, hogt Ong, phuong phép diéu khién, ngudi ta phin loai hé théng danh lira theo cdc cach phan Jogi sau: > Phan logi theo phuong phip tich lity niing legng: = He théng danh lira dign cam (71 — Transistor Ignition System), Khoa Céng nghé Déng luc - B§ mon Dign O16 on