formulas for discrete-time LTI signals and systems useful formulas

name formula name formula

Euler’s formula ej θ = cos(θ) + j sin(θ)

X
area under impulse δ(n) = 1
n
ej θ + e−j θ
. . . for cosine cos(θ) =
multiplication by impulse f (n) δ(n) = f (0) δ(n) 2

. . . by shifted impulse f (n) δ(n − no ) = f (no ) δ(n − no ) ej θ − e−j θ

. . . for sine sin(θ) =
X 2j
convolution f (n) ∗ g(n) = f (k) g(n − k)
sin(π θ)
k Sinc function sinc(θ) :=
πθ
. . . with an impulse f (n) ∗ δ(n) = f (n)

. . . with a shifted impulse f (n) ∗ δ(n − no ) = f (n − no )

X Z-transform transform pairs
transfer function H(z) = h(n) z −n
n
x(n) X(z) ROC
f
X −jωn
frequency response H (ω) = h(n) e X
x(n) x(n) z −n (def.)
f jω n
. . . their connection H (ω) = H(e )
provided unit circle ⊂ ROC δ(n) 1 all z
z
u(n) |z| > 1
z−1
formulas for continuous-time LTI signals and systems z
an u(n) |z| > |a|
z−a
name formula z
−an u(−n − 1) |z| < |a|
Z z−a
area under impulse δ(t) dt = 1 z 2 − cos(ωo ) z
cos(ωo n) u(n) |z| > 1
z2 − 2 cos(ωo ) z + 1
multiplication by impulse f (t) δ(t) = f (0) δ(t)
sin(ωo ) z
sin(ωo n) u(n) |z| > 1
. . . by shifted impulse f (t) δ(t − to ) = f (to ) δ(t − to ) z 2 − 2 cos(ωo ) z + 1

z 2 − a cos(ωo ) z
Z
convolution f (t) ∗ g(t) = f (τ ) g(t − τ ) dτ an cos(ωo n) u(n) |z| > |a|
z 2 − 2 a cos(ωo ) z + a2

. . . with an impulse f (t) ∗ δ(t) = f (t) a sin(ωo ) z

an sin(ωo n) u(n) |z| > |a|
z 2 − 2 a cos(ωo ) z + a2
. . . with a shifted impulse f (t) ∗ δ(t − to ) = f (t − to )
Z
transfer function H(s) = h(t) e−st dt
Z Z-transform transform properties
f −jωt
frequency response H (ω) = h(t) e dt
x(n) X(z)
f
. . . their connection H (ω) = H(jω) a x(n) + b g(n) a X(z) + b G(z)
provided jω-axis ⊂ ROC
x(n − no ) z −no X(z)

x(n) ∗ f (n) X(z) F (z)

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selected laplace transform pairs selected Fourier transform pairs

x(t) X(s) ROC x(t) X f (ω)

Z Z
x(t) x(t) e−st dt (def.) x(t) x(t) e−jωt dt (def.)
Z
δ(t) 1 all s 1
X f (ω) ejωt dω X f (ω)
2π
1
u(t) Re(s) > 0
s δ(t) 1
1
e−a t u(t) Re(s) > −a 1 2 π δ(ω)
s+a
s 1
cos(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > 0 u(t) π δ(ω) +
s2 + ωo2 jω

sin(ωo t) u(t)
ωo
Re(s) > 0 ejωo t 2 π δ(ω − ωo )
s2 + ωo2
cos(ωo t) π δ(ω + ωo ) + π δ(ω − ωo )
s+a
e−a t cos(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > −a
(s + a)2 + ωo2 sin(ωo t) j π δ(ω + ωo ) − j π δ(ω − ωo )
ωo
e−a t sin(ωo t) u(t) ωo “ω ”
Re(s) > −a o
(s + a)2 + ωo2 sinc t ideal LPF
π π
cut-off frequency ωo
Note: a is assumed real. 2
„
T
«
symmetric pulse sin ω
ω 2
width T , height 1
Laplace transform properties
impulse train impulse train
2π
x(t) X(s) period T , height 1 period, height ωo =
T

a x(t) + b g(t) a X(s) + b G(s)

x(t) ∗ g(t) X(s) G(s)

dx(t) Fourier transform properties

s X(s)
dt
x(t) X f (ω)
x(t − to ) e−s to X(s)

a x(t) + b g(t) a X f (ω) + b Gf (ω)

1 “ω”
x(a t) X
Fourier series |a| a

If x(t) is periodic with period T then x(t) ∗ g(t) X f (ω) Gf (ω)

X
x(t) = c(k) ej k ωo t 1
x(t) g(t) X f (ω) ∗ Gf (ω)
2π
where
x(t − to ) e−jto ω X(ω)
2π
ωo =
T x(t) ejωo t X(ω − ωo )
and
Z x(t) cos(ωo t) 0.5 X(ω + ωo ) + 0.5 X(ω − ωo )
1
c(k) = x(t) e−jkωo t dt
T hT i x(t) sin(ωo t) j 0.5 X(ω + ωo ) − j 0.5 X(ω − ωo )

dx(t)
j ω X f (ω)
dt

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