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    5 views5 pages

    Bat Dang Thuc

    Uploaded by

    Nguyễn Quốc Phượng

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 5
    (GV THPT chuyén Nguyén Quang Diéu, Déng Thé| PHAM TRONG THU ) Bai todin tim gia trj lon nhdt (GTLN), gid tri nho nhdt (GINN) ciia mét biéu thite thuedmg xudt hién trong cdc Ki thi tuyén sinh vito lop 10 chuyén, lép 10 THPT vés hoc sinh gidi todn lop 9. Cé le day la dang todn theimg dy cho cée ban hoc sinh nhiing khé khan nhat dink trong qué trinh giai todn. Trong bai nay chiing t6i xin gidi thiu m6t sé phwong phdp tueong ding tim GTLN, GTNN cia biéu thitc, nhdm giip cho ban hoc sink c6 edi nhin thién cém hom véi dang todn nay trong cdc ki thi trén. Xét trong tip xéc dinh D. i + Néu f(x) < f(x) =M, Vx (M Ia hing s6) ta ndi ring Mla GTLN cia f(x) tai X=. Ki higu max f(x) =M © x=. +Néu_g(x)2 g(%9) = N, Vx (Ia hing 36) ta néi ring N la GTNN cia g(x) tai x=%. Ki higu min g(x)=N e x= 2. Nou f(x, 5.) S fos Yoo) = MW, (Mla hing s6) ta néi ring Ma GTLN ctia FY) tet eS os. Ki higu max f(x, Ys...) =M & x= X03 Y= Yo3.. + Néu g(x, Y.--) 2 804 Yoru) =N, Vis Yo- (1A hing s6) ta n6i ring N la GTNN cia BOG Yon) tal x= 29: Ki higu min g(x, y,...)=N Oo x=x93 Dé tim GTLN, GTNN cia biéu thite ta thuing ding céc phuong phdp sau. Diea vito tinh chat A” 20 VneN’. *Thi dy 1. Cho x <1; x+y>3. Tim gid tri nho nhdt ctia biéu thize Ande ty say sd. Loi gidi. Dat x=1-ava x+y =3+b, Tir gi thiét suy raa>0, b>0. Tacé A=3(1-a)?+(2+a+b)?+ $d-a2harn+3. Khai trién va va rit gon ta duge TOAN HOC. * Cjusitre e A= +B ~Sa+Tb—ab+92 (do b> 0). Vay min A=8 <> (x; v-(-3 2). a *Thi dy 2. Cho hai s6 x,y théa man arty? = =4.Xée dinh x, y dé tich x xy nho nhat. (Trich dé thi HSG Todn 9 tinh Thica Thién- Hué ndm hoc 2003-2004). Loi gigi. Tac 1 Preraee yon Penhd gs 1 4e+tio e(aeeds }* +(4x? + y? + 4xy)—4ay-2=0. Do dé 2 ty -(2>-2) +(2x+y)?-22-2, 2x 2x-+ =o Bing thite xay rac {7*~9y 2x+y=0 Déte san 14 Vay et a 5 2 (uy) ; D}. rTM Sie dung cdc bat ding dién hay ding Phone phap nay cha yéu sir dung céc bat ding thie (BDT) cO dién hay ding (Cauchy, Bunyakovsky,...) hoc cic BDT in dé ude hong gid trj ci Tir d6 tim ra diéu kign xay ta dau ding thite dé suy ra GTLN, GTNN can tim. © Bat dang ttc Cauchy BR Dang 1. ab< 2+ Dang thite xay ra a= b. Dang 2. ab <4 voi a>0, 20 a+b) hi ib <| ——} - ay ab <( “2 ) Diing thite xay ra oa = b. © Bat dang thite Bunyakovsky Dang 1. (a? +b2)(x? + y2)2 (a+ byy. Diing thite xay ra => ay = bx. Pty bath véi moi a>0, b> 0. ling thite xay ra = ay = bx, 2 Dang 2. + @ hay 222 néuxy 20. xy (BDT 6 dang 2 con goi la BDT Schwarz) © Bat ding thite gid tri tuyét doi l4}+[a||4+ 8}, [4|-[3l|<|4-2l. Cac ding thite xay ra > AB>0. #Thi dy 3. Xét hai sé thee khong dm x, y théa man diéu kién x+y=1. Tim GTLN va GTNN ctia biéu thite C= (Sx? +4y)(Sy? + 4x) +40xy. Loi gidi. Ta c6 C=25x2y? +20(x3 + 3) + 56xy = 25x2y? +20[(x+y)? —3ay(x+y)] +5607 TOAN HOC... * cTusitye * = 25x2y? +20(1-32xy) + 56xy (do x+ y=) Ap dung BDT Cauchy, ta cd xty)_1 O0< xty=l + maxC = 222 dat duge khi 1 16 xyes 4 * 2 ex Ege + minc = 25. dat doe ki | ook 25 Savi *Thi dy 4, Cho x>0,y>0 va théa manx+y=1. Tim GTNN ctia biéu thite peas Bree Loi gi@i, Ap dyng BDT Bunyakovsky dang 2 ta c6 : ve (ee =ve+Jy (). Tiép tue ap dyng BDT Bunyakovsky dang 2tacd: oy Sty? ‘gy PD we a+) Tir (1) va (2) suy ra: eee. 1 Too = (theo BDT Cauchy hase x+y=l). Tirdo D> V2. Vay minD=J2 > x=y= 2 *ThI dy 5. Cho a, b la cdc sd dicong thay d6i va théa mana +b =2. Tim GTNN cia biéu thitc waa) (able tetei) =2(a? +b2)-6( 245 J+9/ +4] ova) la B) (Trich dé thi vao lop 10 THPT tinh Hai Dueong néim hoe 2013-2014) Lai gidi. Ta c6 2%, ye Ena +844 “G a) “2 6). b a Ap dung BDT Bunyakovsky dang 1, tacé #2 p00 +3(3-a130) > =243(-2) (doa+b=2) (1) ab 2 Mat khdc theo BDT Cauchy ta cé abs(24) = @ TC) va @) ay £2245 2(6- 2)° =10. x43-4Vx-1 tyr415 Loi gidi. DK : x21. Ta cé: =|Ve-1-2]+|4—-Ve=]. Ap dung BDT : |4]+|B|>|4+B], ta c6 F2|\Vx-1-2+4- vx=1]=2. Diing thitc xay ra khi va chi khi pees 220 ° 4-Vx-120 TOAN HOC * CTusitre Sie dung diéu ki ctia phucong trinh bac 2 dé tim GTLN, GTNN ctia biéu thitc. Phuong phap nay xét PT bac 2 theo mt an no dé, an cén lai 1a tham s6. Sau 46 tim diéu kign ciia tham sé dé PT bic 2 cd nghigm (*). Tir day thiét lap duge BBT dé chin gid trj c6 tham s6. Gia sit tir (*) cho ta ay 0 Vx, nén G xéc dinh v6i Vx. Ta cé : 2x? + 12x 42x43 © (G-2)x°+2G-6)x+3G=0 Ges -NéuG = 2 thi aa3. ~Néu G #2 thi coi (*) la PT bac hai dn x 06 A’ = 2G? ~6G +36. PT (*) 6 nghiém khi A! =-2G? -66 +3620. -6x=3.0 ‘ Thi dy 8. Tim GTLN, GTNN (néu c6) ctia H = 6xy +8y*, biét cde s6 x,y théa man 6148 P+ hay He ~61+H-8=0 (*) Dat =~ thin = y -Déie san 14 -NéuH =Othi it. - NéuH #0 thi coi (*) 1 PT bac hai an ¢c6 A’ =-H? +8H +9. PT (+) c6 nghiém khi A’ =-H? +8H 4920-15 HS9. Do dé + max H =9 dat duge khi (EMME! Deca vaio tinh don digu ctia ham s6 dang y = ax +b. Co sé cla phuong php nay 1 véi him s6y = ax +bta ludn c6 min{ f(a); f()} $ fe) S max{ f(a); F(B)} voivxe[a; A]. *Thi dy 9. Cho x, y, 2 €[0; 1]. Tim GTLN tia biéu thie T=x+y+z-2014(ay+ yztzx). Loi gidi-Xét ham s6 f(x) =(1-2014y-20142)x+ y+2—2014yz trén[0; 1],c6 : (0) =1-(-y\l—z)-2013yz <1 va (1) =1-2013(y +z)-2014yz <1. Khi d6 f(x) (x;y; z)=(0; 0; 1) va cdc hoan vj cia n6.0 TOAN HOC... * CTuditye Ung dung hinh hoc dé tim GTLN, GTNN cia biéu thitc Hinh hoc 1a mét cong cy dé gidi quyét duge nhiéu bai toan dai s6, trong 46 c6 bai todn tim GTLN, GTNN cita biéu thie. Tim van dé nay qua thi dy 10 cho ching ta thay phan nao moi lién hé gitta hinh hoc va dai s0. *Thi du 10. Cho cdc 86 a, b, c€ (0; Iva 3 thoa mn a? +b? +c? =5-Tim GTN ciia biéu thite Loi giai. Vi a? +b? +c? amily ¥ l-a@ 1-8 1-c? Dung nia dudng tron tim O, duong kinh AB=1. Do 0 AM BM nén 2Saiaw = AM.BM = avii—a?. N M, 4 B oO Dé thay 2Ssiey <2Sasen (voi N la diém chinh gitra cia nia duimg tron da cho) 1 avl-a SON.AB =4 i 1 @ai(l-a?)s7 hay 24a qa Ding thie nly a> M=N eo a= 2. Tuong ty ta duge 1 1 > 4? (2), > 4c? (3). eth @), ABA? @) Céng (1), (2) va (3) theo vé ta duge Dike san 14 K24(a +h +2) =4, Vay minK =6 © a? =6' BANTER 1, Tim GTNN cia biéu thie Az=xotyt-aytx—y+2014, Dap sé. mind =H esas )=[ 2. Cho hai s6.x, » thoa man 5(x2 +?) = 2014-8xy. Xée = x2 + y? lon nhit, Dép sé. max B = 2014 205 ype|(—Viomr; i007), Jioa7; -1007)} 3. Tim GTLN ctia biéu thite C=Vi10-5x + V5x-3. £ 13 Dap sé. max C= Vid > x= 77 4.Cho x, y>1. Tim GTNN cia biéu there aed —(@+yt1 Dép so. min D = 5 5. Cho hai s6 duong a va b thoa min a+b=1.Tim GTNN cia biéu thite 1 i 1 1 geet pel ; : e ab D + P 29 1 Dip sé. min =— <2 a=b=> 6. Tim GTLN, GTNN (néu 6) cia F =x-2y+2014, biét cée sO x,y thoa min x? +2y?=4, Dap so. « min F =-2y3 +2014 : mes 7. Tim GTNN cia biéu thite Gay x+24+4yx—-2 +x4+47-14yx-2 Dép sé. minG =9 > 2

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