Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules

Functional Groups:

1.) Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (CHO). Single C-C bond-saturated.

Names for the first 10 alkanes (Table 22.1) (p999)

Table 22.2- The most common alkyl substituents and their name (p1000)

Rules to name alkanes (P1000-1001)

Examples 22.2-22.3 Isomerism and nomemclature and structures from name

(p1001-1003)

2.) Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes (CnH2n): Hydrocarbons (CHO) that contains at least one C=C double bond

Naming: Replace –ane in alkanes by –ene

Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least a triple (C C) carbon-

carbon bond.

Naming: replace –ane in alkanes by –yne

Example 22.5 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes (p1007)

3.) Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A group of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons

4.) Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Table 22.4 The common functional group (p1011)

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22.5 Polymers

Polymers are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules
called monomers.

Table 22.7 Some common synthetic polymers, their monomers and applications
(p1020)

Two types of polymerization reaction: Addition polymerization and Condensation

polymerization

22.6 Natural Polymers

Proteins, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids

Proteins are polymers built from amino acid monomers. Molecular weight:6000-
over1,000,000.

There are 20 most common amino acids

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s primary structure, the

secondary and tertiary structure are determined by the weak interactions among the
various side groups.

The ultimate 3-dimensional structure is critical to the biological activity of

proteins.

Conformation: Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

Carbohydrates (CH2O): polymers composed of monomers called

monosaccharides, or simple sugar.

Nucleic Acids—DNA, RNA: Nucleic acids play the central role in reproduction of
living cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) stores and preserves genetic
information. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays the central role in protein synthesis.

Both DNA and RNA are large polymers made of their corresponding nucleotides

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Major components Nucleotides: Phosphoric acid, pentose (ribose and
deoxyribose), and base (purine or pyrimidine)

There are 5 major bases.