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Does electrical stimulation reduce spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study
Amir H Bakhtiary and Elham Fatemy
Clin Rehabil 2008 22: 418
DOI: 10.1177/0269215507084008
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Received 24th April 2007; returned for revisions 16th July 2007; revised manuscript accepted 14th August 2007.
and head injury patients there are several the Semnan University of Medical Sciences and
techniques, sometimes based on opposing princi- participated voluntarily in the study. Exclusion
ples.9 In physiotherapy, various methods have criteria included sensory deficit or taking medicine
been employed for spasticity reduction, such as for reducing muscle tonicity.
Bobath inhibitory techniques that may reduce A computer-generated randomization list
the activity of stretching reflex and spasticity.10,11 was drawn up by the statistician for each group.
It has been stated that the Bobath concept tries It was given to the physiotherapy department in
to inhibit spastic paralysis12 and the associated sealed numbered envelopes. When the subjects
reactions to improve the voluntary movement of qualified to enter the study and had signed
limbs with the ultimate goal of enabling exercises their informed consent forms, the appropriate
in a functional situation.9 numbered envelope was opened at the reception;
Another method for reducing spasticity is the card inside indicated the subject’s allocation to
neuromuscular electrical stimulation over the either the Bobath or the combination therapy
agonist or antagonist muscles of spastic group. This information was then given to the
muscle.2,13 There is some evidence that electrical physiotherapist to administer the appropriate
stimulation of the antagonist muscles can reduce intervention (Figure 1).
spasticity immediately following treatment.7,13,14
It has also been claimed that spasticity reduction
by this method is achieved without any muscle
weakness or paralysis.7 However, there are contro- Intervention
versial reports about the spasticity reduction The subjects were randomly assigned to one of
effect of electrical stimulation.15,16 Bogataj et al. the two experimental groups: combination therapy
found that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (Bobath plus electrical stimulation method) or
may increase sensory inputs into the central ner- Bobath. Before starting the treatment protocol,
vous system and so accelerate nervous plasticity the subject’s lower limbs were exposed for 10
and lead to faster motor learning.5 It has been minutes to infrared at a distance of 50 cm to
claimed that electrical stimulation may reduce warm up the limbs. This was also done to ensure
muscle tonicity via the reduction of the stretching the same skin temperature in all subjects, as the
reflex, causing lower spasticity and allowing a afferent sensory signals may affect motor neuron
larger range of motion,17,18 and preventing soft pool excitability in the central nervous system.21
tissue stiffness and contracture.19,20 However, as The combination therapy group underwent 20
there has been no study on the combination daily sessions of Bobath inhibitory techniques
effect of these methods, and also controversial and neuromuscular electrical stimulation.
reports about the effectiveness of electrical stimu- Bobath inhibitory techniques included applying
lation on spasticity rehabilitation, this study has for 15 minutes passive movement of ankle
been designed to investigate the effectiveness of joint dorsi-flexion, knee joint extension, abduction
combination therapy of Bobath and neuromuscu- and external rotation of hip joint, which is
lar electrical stimulation methods on spasticity in known as the reflex inhibitory pattern.4
spastic stroke patients. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation included
9 minutes of supramaximal (25% over the
intensity needed to produce maximum contraction
of muscle) muscle stimulation. The stimulation
Material and methods current included 100 Hz pulse stimulation (pulse
duration ¼ 0.1 ms, pulse interval ¼ 0.9 ms) which
The study was approved by the ethical committee was applied in surge mode (surge duration ¼ 4
of the Semnan University of Medical Sciences. seconds and rest between surge ¼ 6 seconds),
Forty stroke patients, ranging in age from 42 to known as Faradic stimulation,22 on the tibialis
65 years (average 55 years) with upper motor anterior muscle via cathode (over the neuromus-
neuron lesion and ankle plantarflexor spasticity cular junction of the muscle) and anode (over the
were recruited from the neurology clinic of fibula head) electrodes.
The control group received just the Bobath dorsiflexion until any resistance was felt. Total
inhibitory technique after infrared exposure for free range of motion was measured by placing
15 minutes as in the combination therapy group. the moving arm to the new position of the first
metatarsal. The average of three measurements
was calculated and considered to be the dorsiflex-
Measurements ion range of motion.
The staff who assessed the outcomes measure To record the H-reflex and M-wave, the subject
were different from the staff administering the lay prone in a comfortable and relaxed position
treatments and they were blinded from the while the legs were supported by pillows at
type of treatment each patient received. All the ankle joints, maintaining the knee joints
measurements were performed before and after in apposition of slight flexion throughout. A por-
the 20 daily therapy sessions. Outcome measures table Dantec electromyography device (Keypoint
for each patient consisted of: (a) tonicity Portable, Bristol, UK) was used to record the
evaluation by Modified Ashworth Index,23 H-reflex and M-wave to calculate the H/Mmax
(b) ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion ratio.26 Briefly, H-reflex and M-wave were elicited
(ROM) by hand-held goniometer, (c) ankle with a bipolar stimulating electrode on the tibial
dorsiflexor muscle manual strength test24 and the nerve at the popliteal fossa and recorded with a
evaluation of soleus muscle H-reflex amplitude.25 bipolar surface recording electrode placed on the
A hand-hold goniometer was used to measure midline of the soleus muscle. The active recording
passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion. electrode was placed halfway between the crease of
The axis of the goniometer was placed 2 cm below the popliteal fossa and the edge of the heel, so the
the medial maleolous of the ankle joint, while its recorded site was the same for all recording
fixed arm was placed along the long axis of leg and sessions. Low-stimulus intensity (0.5 Hz, 0.1 ms
its moving arm placed along the long axis of first rectangular pulse) was applied to elicit H-reflex,
metatarsal bone. The reference position was the then the stimulus intensity was increased to
right angle between foot and leg. The foot was supramaximal stimulation until the maximal
then moved passively to the end of ankle joint amplitude of M-wave was recorded. To ensure
Table 1 Measured parameters before and after intervention in both experimental groups
Ankle joint dorsiflexion ROM (degrees) 13.55 (9.52) 14.5 (9.27) 0.75 24.95 (9.57) 20.6 (9.68)
P ¼ 0.0001 P ¼ 0.0001
Ankle stiffness (Modified Ashworth Scale) 3.5 (0.76) 3 (1.08) 0.69 1.9 (0.72) 1.9 (0.97)
P ¼ 0.0001 P ¼ 0.0001
Dorsiflexor strength (graded from 0 0.25 (0.55) 0.8 (1.15) 0.07 0.95 (0.83) 1.2 (1.51)
(no contraction at all) to 5 (normal contraction))24
P ¼ 0.0001 P ¼ 0.002
H/Mmax amplitude ratio 0.65 (0.37) 0.69 (0.37) 0.73 0.24 (0.19) 0.39 (0.16)
P ¼ 0.0001 P ¼ 0.0001
Table 2 Mean changes of measured parameters after intervention in both experimental groups
Ankle joint dorsiflexion ROM (degrees) 11.4 (4.79) 6.1 (3.09) 0.0001
Plantarflexor muscle tonicity (Modified Ashworth Scale) 1.6 (0.5) 1.1 (0.31) 0.001
Dorsiflexor strength (graded from 0 0.7 (0.37) 0.4 (0.23) 0.04
(no contraction at all) to 5 (normal contraction))24
H/Mmax amplitude ratio 0.41 (0.29) 0.3 (0.28) 0.243
tonicity (P ¼ 0.0001) and higher dorsiflexion Ozer et al. showed that the combined use of neu-
strength (P ¼ 0.04) were found in the combination romuscular electrical stimulation and bracing is
therapy group by comparison of mean more effective than either alone.27 In 2005,
change recorded from both groups. However, no Carda and Molteni showed in a case–control
significant difference was found between mean study that patients treated with adhesive taping
changes of H/Mmax amplitude ratio (P ¼ 0.23) and botulinum toxin achieved a greater reduction
recorded from both experimental groups. in spastic hypertonia than those treated with trans-
cutaneous electrical stimulation therapy after
botulinum toxin therapy.16 In another study the
therapeutic effect of transcutaneous electrical sti-
Discussion mulation and oral baclofen was compared in the
treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple
This study has been designed to investigate the sclerosis and authors suggested that
effectiveness of a combination of neuromuscular transcutaneous electrical stimulation may be
electrical stimulation and Bobath inhibitory applied as a supplement to medical treatment in
techniques on spasticity in spastic patients. the management of spasticity.28
Our results indicated that the combination of Functional electrical stimulation has been used
neuromuscular electrical stimulation and Bobath for motor-complete spinal cord-injured patients
techniques may be more effective in reducing and no benefit of such a therapy was found on
spasticity, as it caused lower ankle stiffness, spasticity.29 However, it should be remembered
higher ROM in ankle joint dorsiflexion and that their subjects had no motor control from
higher ankle dorsiflexor muscles strength. Several the upper motor neuron system, unlike patients
studies have been designed to investigate the effect in other studies who had some control from the
of electrical stimulation on spasticity either in upper motor neuron system.32–34 These studies
transcutaneous or neuromuscular form.15,27–29 By showed significant spasticity rehabilitation after
searching MEDLINE, 17 studies were found neuromuscular electrical stimulation in hemiplegia
about the effects of neuromuscular electrical and cerebral palsy patients.
stimulation on spasticity. Five of these studies Although our findings showed significantly
showed no significant change in spasticity, improved spasticity indexes, such as joint stiffness
while the other 12 studies reported some benefits and joint passive range of motion in the combined
of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on group, no significant changes were found in the
spasticity reduction. Hazlewood and colleagues H-reflex amplitude as reported by others.28
stated that neuromuscular electrical stimulation H-reflex amplitude has been introduced as an
may increase passive range of movement index for the evaluation of spasticity,35 although
among children receiving electrical stimulation different studies present different reports about its
by reduction of muscle tone.17 However, in changes. Geoulet and colleagues reported no
two separate studies, the authors concluded H-reflex amplitude changes after reduction in
that electrical stimulation has no effect on the the gastrocnemius colonus due to electrical
spasticity.16,30 On the other hand it has stimulation therapy.36 Conversely, Gaft and col-
been claimed that different parameters used for leagues showed that electrical stimulation therapy
electrical stimulation may be the reason for the may reduce spasticity and H-reflex amplitude as
different reported results.22 This was seen in the well.37 Later in 2001, these contradictory reports
Hines et al. study that reported no decrease in were also reported by other authors.38,39
spasticity in hemiplegic patients by functional elec- It has been shown that an abnormal pattern in
trical stimulation.30 However, most of the studies the H-reflex amplitude may be seen in spastic
indicate that neuromuscular electrical stimulation patients regarding the level of muscle tonicity.35
may be an effective method for rehabilitation of Tanino and colleagues reported that after muscle
spasticity,27,31 as was shown in our study, electrical stimulation, there is no such
although the specific mechanism of this improve- pattern of H/M ratio changes in normal subjects.40
ment remains uncertain.32 In a more recent study, They suggested that the main reason is the
amplitude reduction of M-wave due to muscle fati- and may help to provide better functional perfor-
gue, which happens after electrical stimulation. mance for these patients. Therefore, it may be
This was also found in our study, as lower spasti- recommended from these findings that
city was found in the combination therapy group, electrical stimulation may be used as a standard
but no further reduction was seen in the H/Mmax therapeutic protocol with Bobath inhibitory
ratio, which may be due to the muscle fatigue as a techniques for treatment of spasticity in the
result of electrical stimulation therapy.40 However, rehabilitation clinic, before starting any motor
it should be remembered that the H-reflex is a control therapeutic protocol. However, as this
variable electrophysiological value due to small study showed the benefits of neuromuscular
changes in the level of activation of the motoneur- electrical stimulation on spastic muscles, further
onal pool during repeated trials.41 studies are needed to investigate the long-term
These results showed significant beneficial effects of electrical stimulation on spasticity and
effects of electrical stimulation on spasticity also on the functional activity of spastic patients.
reduction, although these effects were only It would also be recommended to design the study
assessed immediately after the intervention and to compare the beneficial effects of neuromuscular
no long-term effect of the therapeutic protocol electrical stimulation on agonist muscles versus
was assessed by the study. However, other antagonist muscles to find the most effective
studies showed that the reduction of spasticity protocols for the treatment of spasticity.
due to electrical stimulation may last for up to
six months in spastic patients secondary to cere-
bral vascular accident and head injuries.32,33
As spasticity may impair functional activities in Clinical message
stroke patients, it is necessary to control it before
applying any motor control therapeutic protocol. In stroke patients, therapy that combines
From our findings, it can be recommended to Bobath inhibitory technique with electrical
apply neuromuscular electrical stimulation to stimulation may help to reduce spasticity.
reduce spasticity in stroke patients so that
they can receive more benefit from motor control
programmes and improve their functional activity.
The emphasis is on the clinical implications of
electrical stimulation for spastic patients with References
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investigate any improvement in motor function diagnosis and treatment of spasticity. J Neurosurg
Sci 2006; 50: 101–105.
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