ASSIGNMENTS
NAME- ATUL KUMAR JAISWAL
ID-17BTFT048
SEMESTER-6TH
SUBJECT CODE- EE 604
SUBJECT TITLE-INSTRUMENTAION & PROCESS CONTROL
Transducer
A transducer is an electrical device, used to convert one form of energy into
another form. The form of energy may be electrical, mechanical, thermal or
optical. The best examples of transducer mainly include a microphone,
loudspeaker, etc. A loudspeaker is one kind of transducer used to change the
low-frequency signal to high-frequency signal like audible sound. Similarly, a
microphone is also a transducer that converts the variations of sound
pressure into current otherwise voltage. Therefore, these two transducers are
considered complementary transducers. The transducer can be used as both
inputs as well as outputs for electronic circuits. For instance, in an audio
system, a loudspeaker is used as an output. Similarly, in a recording system,
a microphone is used as an input transducer.

What is an Electrical Transducer?

An electrical transducer can be defined as, a transducer which gives electrical
energy as an output. These transducers convert one form of energy into an
electrical signal. Here one form of energy may be heat, light, or sound and the
electrical signal can be frequency, current or voltage. These signals
production can depend on the effects of resistive, capacitive and inductive.
The nonelectrical quantities can be measured by using a detector which
changes the physical quantity to a displacement to activate the transducer.
Types of Electrical Transducer
These transducers are classified into two types namely active transducers and
passive transducers.

1). Active Transducer

This transducer is also named as -self-generating transducer. They generate

their voltage or current signal. The required energy for output signal
production can be attained from the energy required for the production of this
output signal is obtained from the physical occurrence being calculated. The
best examples of active transducers are a thermocouple, PV cell, piezoelectric
transducer, photoelectric cell, moving coil generator, etc

2). Passive Transducer

This transducer is also named as an externally power-driven transducer. They

derive the required power for energy change from an exterior power source.
Further, these transducers are classified into resistive, capacitive and
inductive. The resistive type mainly includes a thermistor, resistance strain
gauge, and photoconductive cell. The inductive type includes LVDT and
capacitance includes photoemissive and the devices which are based on Hall
Effect.
Apart from these, optoelectronic transducers are there which use the
principle of converting the energy from light to electrical. Some of the
examples of optoelectronic transducers are a photoconductive cell,
photovoltaic cell, solar cell, photomultiplier tube, and photomultiplier.

Advantages
The advantages of this transducer mainly include the
following

 Attenuation can be done easily.

 Mass inactivity effects can be reduced.
 Friction effects can be reduced.
 The o/p can be specified & recorded remotely at a distance
from the sensing medium.
 The signal can be mixed to get any permutation with outputs of
related transducers otherwise control signals.,
 Any system can be managed with a less power level.
 The output can be simply utilized to transmit as well as the
process for measurement.

Thus, this is all about electrical transducer and the selection of

this transducer can be done based on the parameters like
operating range, accuracy, sensitivity, resonant frequency,
frequency response, ruggedness, etc.

Hall Effect Transducer

Definition: The hall effect element is a type of transducer used
for measuring the magnetic field by converting it into an emf. The
direct measurement of the magnetic field is not possible. Thus the
Hall Effect Transducer is used. The transducer converts the magnetic
field into an electric quantity which is easily measured by
the analogue and digital meters.

Principle of Hall Effect Transducer

The principle of hall effect transducer is that if the current carrying
strip of the conductor is placed in a transverse magnetic field, then
the EMF develops on the edge of the conductor. The magnitude of the
develop voltage depends on the density of flux, and this property of a
conductor is called the Hall effect. The Hall effect element is mainly
used for magnetic measurement and for sensing the current.

The metal and the semiconductor has the property of hall effect

which depends on the densities and the mobility of the electrons.
Consider the hall effect element shown in the figure below. The
current supply through the lead 1 and 2 and the output is obtained
from the strip 3 and 4. The lead 3 and 4 are at same potential when no
field is applied across the strip.

OPTO-ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCER

• Convert light beam into an electrical signal.

• By proper interruption of the light signal due to motion input, the

electrical signal produced can be related to the input.

• Operate on principle that when light strikes special combination of

materials then following may result. 1. Electrons may flow 2. A
voltage may be generated 3. A resistance change may take place

• Types – Photo-emissive - Photo-conductive - Photo-voltaic.

 THANK YOU