‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫‪ ON-LINE ANALISZERS‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺴـﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨـﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫـﺪﺭ ﺭﻓـﺘﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺻـﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺑﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺪ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﻛـﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﮕﻼﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ )‪(SAMPLE LOCATION‬‬
‫ﻻﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ‪ ١/٤‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١/٨‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ BY-PASS‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ…‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪SAMOLE DISPOSAL‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺳﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻳـﺰ ﺧﻄﺮﺳـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪-١‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺲﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺟﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒـﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪-٢‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻻ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ FLARE‬ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ‪ FLARE‬ﻳـﺎ ﺧـﻂ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺧﻄﺮﻧـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺧـﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ )‪ (VENT‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫـﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ VENT‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪PH‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ PH‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ PH‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٢٠‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺁﻣﭙﻠﻲﻓﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺑـﺎﻻ )‪ (HIGH –INPUT IMPEDANCE‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻻﻣﭙﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻼﺀ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ PH‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٥٠‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸـﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ‬
‫]‪Ph=-log[+H‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (RANGEABLITY‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٤‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻗـﻮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ‪PH‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٤‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ PH‬ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ )‪ (Measuring Electrode‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١-١‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ ١-٢‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫‪ ١-٣‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﻥ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ ١-٤‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ‪ SHEILD‬ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ )‪ (EARTH‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ )‪ (Refrence Electrode‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧـﻮﻙ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ – ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺭ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (KCL‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺭ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (AgCl‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻙ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻼﻑ ‪ GROUND-GLASS‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ‪RTD (RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ DETECTOR‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ ﺑـﺎ ‪ PH‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﺍﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛـﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸـﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻣﭙﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻌﺒﻴـﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ PH‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ PH‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻛﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻲ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ PH‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ PH‬ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ PH‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﹰﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻳـﻚ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴـﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ‪ ١٥‬ﭘﻮﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻨﭻ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﮕﻼﺗﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ‪ ٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٥‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴـﺖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﹰﺎ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ ULTRASONIC CLEANER‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺳـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪FLASH – POINT ANALYZER‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻭﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺷـﻌﻠﻪﻭﺭ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PRECION SCIENTIFIC‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧــﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺍﺷــﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻭﻟــﻴﻦ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬
‫‪ DEVELOPMENT‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ‪ SHELL DEVELOPMENT‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧـﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ‪ P.S.D‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ‪ P.S.D‬ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﻳﺴـﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ )ﮔﺮﺍﻧـﺮﻭﻱ( ﺗـﺎ ‪٢١٥‬‬
‫‪ CENTI STOCK‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ١٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺍﺷـﺘﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٥‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٨٠٠‬ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﻜﻌـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ FLASH CHAMBER‬ﻳﺎ ‪ FLASH – CUP‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻏﻮﻃـﻪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﮕـﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺷـﻴﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )‪ (SPLASH – SHEILD‬ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺣﺲﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻗﻪﺯﻥ ﺻـﻌﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ HEATING‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﹰﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﹰﺎ ﺭﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻤﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٥٠٠٠/-‬ﻭﻟـﺖ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨـﺎﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺟﺮﻗـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻔﺠـﺎﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ COOLING‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﹰﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻂ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪ VENT‬ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ COOLING‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ FLASH – CPU‬ﺧﻨﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(H2 PURITY ANALYZER‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬

‫‪ (THERMAL‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫)‪CONDUCTIVITY‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻞ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺋﻴـﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﭘﻞ ﻭﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺋﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ %١٠٠‬ﻭ ‪ %٩٠‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ WARMUP‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭﺳـﭙﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪SALT IN CRUDE ANALYZER‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ‬

‫‪(PRECISION SCINETIFIC DEVELOPMENT) PSD‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻂ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ‪(ELECTRICAL‬‬
‫)‪ CONDUCTIVITY‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﻳﻠـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺨﻠـﻮﻁ ﻭ ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺯﻥ ﻛـﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻞ ﺿـﺪ ﺯﻧـﮓ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﻳﻠﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﻳﻠـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺮﻱ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ٧‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻗـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ (POUND / THOUSAND BARREL) PTB‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ‪ 0.5-10.0 PTB RANGE‬ﻭ ‪ 0.5-100.0 PTB‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ (±) ٥‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺕ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪OXYGEN MEASUREMENT‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻧـﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘـﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫـﺎ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ‪ (PART PER BILION) PPB‬ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢١‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺯﻑ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٧٧٤‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﻮﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٧٧٧‬ﻻﻭﺍﺯﻳﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺳـﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﻛـﻮﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ )‪ (EXESS AIR‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ )‪ (COMBUSYION EFFICIENCY‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻗﻴﻤـﺖ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ ORSAT‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ORSAT TEST‬‬

‫‪ORSAT‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ ORSAT‬ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﭘـﻲﭘـﺖ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﻲﭘﺖﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺣﺠﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ORSAT‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺴﻞﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ )‪ (OUT-PUT‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪PARAMAGNETIC OXYGEN SENSOR - ١‬‬
‫‪ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL - ٢‬‬
‫‪ZIRCONIUM OXIDE CELL - ٣‬‬

‫‪PARAMAGNETIC OXYGEN SENSOR - ١‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻲ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢‬ﻛﺮﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻣﺒﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻛـﺮﻩ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﻇﺮﺍﻓﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻃـﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻭ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺷﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬

‫‪ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL- ٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻃﻼ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻞ ﻛﻠـﺮﻭﺭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ )‪ (KCL‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻞ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ‪ BECKMAN‬ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ‪ AMPEROMETRIC OXYGEN SENSOR‬ﻭ ﺳـﻞﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫‪ TELEDYNE‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ MICRO – FUEL CELL‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ZIRCONIUM OXIDE CELL- ٣‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ZIRCONIUM OXIDE CELL‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ‪ SENSOR‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ‪ SENSOR‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺲﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ )‪ (ZIRCONIUM OXIDE‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ YTTRIUM‬ﻳﺎ ‪ CALCIUM‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻞ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﻔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘـﻲ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ١٢٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨـﺪ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻞ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻞ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺳﻞ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﻛـﻢ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ZIRCONIUM OXIDE CELL‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺸﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺳـﺮﺩ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻞ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺸﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺞ ‪GAS – GRAVITOMETER‬‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻛﻔﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛـﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﻔﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﭘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻔﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻗـﻂ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻔﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﻚﺗﺮ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٤‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ (Speciric Gravity) S . G‬ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪TURBIDIMETER‬‬ ‫ﺯﻻﻝﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻻﻝﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺣﺴـﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ (Nephelometric turbidity unit) N.T.U‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﺮﺗـﻮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻏﺮﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ N.T,U %٤‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺪﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ١٥‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﻣﭗ ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ١ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٣‬ﭘﻴﻨﺖ )‪١/٨‬ﮔﺎﻟﻦ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ )‪ ١/٥‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٠/٥‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ( ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ٢ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٢‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ٠ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪N.T.U ٠/٢‬‬
‫‪N.T.U‬‬ ‫‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪٣‬‬
‫‪N.T.U‬‬ ‫‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪٣٠‬‬

‫‪Hardness Analyzer‬‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﺨﺘﻲﺳﻨﺞ ﺁﺏ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻲﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﭼﮕـﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺴـﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻦ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ ٣٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﺭﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺷـﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ ٠/١‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺭﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻫﻜﺶ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺳـﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺳـﺨﺘﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮ ﺣﺴـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪ ١ :‬ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ‪ ٢٦‬ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ ٥٠ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ ٠ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﮔﺮﻡ ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫‪٠ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﮔﺮﻡ ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ ٠ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﮔﺮﻡ ‪ /‬ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺁﺏ ‪Oil in water Analyzer‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ )‪ (Oil in water‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﺷـﻌﻪ ﻣـﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺑـﻨﻔﺶ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺷـﻜﺎﺭ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ٥٥‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﮔﻴـﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺳـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ )‪ (p.p.m‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗـﺖ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‪ ± ٢‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hydrocarbon Leak detector‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰﺭ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗـﺐ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨـﺪﺓ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺳـﺒﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )‪ (Sparger‬ﻭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻞ ﺿـﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ١٥٠ PSIG‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺷـﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٣٨ PSIG‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٣٨-٤٨ °C‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﺭﮔﻮﻻﺗـﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻭﺗﺎﻣﻴﺘﺮ )‪ (Rotometer‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ Sparger‬ﻭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺭﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢٠ PSIG‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﺳﻨﺞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻧﺼـﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ Sparger‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻼﻃـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺳـﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﻮﺩﺓ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺭﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺣﺴـﺐ ‪ L.E.L‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ Sparger‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪ Vent‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ Sparger‬ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻤﻴﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Bead Type Sensor‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ SENSOR‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ bead‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ head‬ﺣﺲﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪ (ACTIVE‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ )‪ (INTER‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻢﭘـﻴﭻ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﻼﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﻛﺶ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺭﻭﻛﺶ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺠـﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺭﻭﻛـﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻛﺶ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷـﺖ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻣﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜـﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ (Lower Explosive Limit) L.E.L‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ SENSOR‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ Hydrocarbon Leack Detector‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬