‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ٤‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪١-٤‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮﺷﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﹰﺎ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴـﺪ ﺷـﻲﺀ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪u = A . cos( ω t ).‬‬

‫)‪(١-٤‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ) ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ( ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪du‬‬ ‫)‪(٢-٤‬‬
‫= ‪υ‬‬ ‫‪= − A ω sin( ω t ).‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪d 2u‬‬ ‫)‪(٣-٤‬‬

‫= ‪a‬‬ ‫‪= − Aω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪cos( ω t ).‬‬
‫‪dt 2‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪u = A,‬‬

‫‪a = Aω 2 .‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻴـﻚ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‪ 200 Hz‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ 15.8 m/ s2‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪15 . 8‬‬

‫= ‪υ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 . 0126 m / s .‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪2 π × 200‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪15 . 8‬‬

‫= ‪u‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 . 1mm .‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪( 2π × 200‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺭﺑﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦﺭﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ )ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﻴـﻮﺗﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﺴـﻢ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺍﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ * ﺟﺮﻡ=ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‬
‫‪ ٢-٤‬ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻭﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(١-٤‬ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ ،ω‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺯﻭﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ‪ ،ωn ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑـﻪﺟـﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ‪ m‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪١-٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪m x = − c ( x − y ) − k ( x − y ),‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-٤‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ x‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ‪ m‬ﻭ‪ y‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪z = ( x – y ),‬‬ ‫)‪(٥-٤‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١-٤‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ‬

 ‫ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ y=Asin ωt‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫)‪ (٤-٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪m z + c z + kz = m ω 2 A sin ω t .‬‬ ‫)‪(٦-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺋـﻢ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ z=Zsin (ωt-ф‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻭ ‪ ф‬ﻓﺎﺯ ﺟﺎﺑـﻪﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (٧-٤‬ﻭ)‪ (٨-٤‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪mω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A (ω / ω‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬
‫= ‪z‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪(k − m ω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪) 2 + (cω ) 2‬‬ ‫‪[1 −‬‬ ‫‪(ω / ω‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ [2 ζω / ω‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪]2‬‬ ‫)‪(٧-٤‬‬

‫‪ωc‬‬ ‫‪2 ζω / ω‬‬

‫= ‪tan φ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٨-٤‬‬
‫‪k − m ω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 − (ω / ω‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ω/ ωn‬ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳـﻲ )ﺩﻣﭙﻴﻨـﮓ(‬
‫‪ ζ‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ٢-٤‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ) ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺯﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ١-٢-٤‬ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺞ‬
‫‪ω/ ωn‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ‪ ωn‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ‪ ω‬ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ‪ Z‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳﻲ ‪ ζ‬ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌـﺎﺵ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ‪ m‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪ m‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺶ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻫﻦﺭﺑﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻌـﺎﺵ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺯﻭﻧـﺎﻧﺲ ﻳـﻚ ﻟـﺮﺯﻩﺳـﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪ 1-5 Hz‬ﻭﻋـﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻧـﺪ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ‬
‫‪ 10Hz‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1kHz‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ‪ z =A‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ٢-٤‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪ ٧-٤‬ﻭ‪٨-٤‬‬

‫‪ ٢-٢-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ωn‬ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ ω‬ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﻪ ‪ ٧-٤‬ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ‪ ω/ ωn‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺻﻔﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫] ) ( ‪[1 −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ω ‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬
‫‪ω n‬‬
‫‪+  2ζ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ω n ‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ω 2A‬‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎب‬ ‫)‪(٩-٤‬‬

‫= ‪Z‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ω n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪Z‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺯﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫)ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﺍﺵ( ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ 1/ωn 2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣-٤‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫] ‪[1−(ω/ω ) ] +[2ζω/ω‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ ζ‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‪ ζ = 0.7‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪20 %‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺯﻭﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ ‪ 0.01 %‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ٣-٤‬ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ) ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬

‫‪ ٣-٢-٤‬ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺗـﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗـﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺯﻣـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ 0‬ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ‪ ζ = 0‬ﻭ‪ ω/ ωn <1‬ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٩-٤‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩﺍﻳـﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ‪ ζ = 0.7‬ﻭ ‪ ω/ ωn‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺻـﺪﻕ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪٢-٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ‪ ζ = 0.7‬ﻭ ‪ ω/ ωn‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ‪ ф‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪π ω‬‬
‫= ‪φ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪2 ωn‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‪ ) ζ = 0.7‬ﻭ‪ ( ζ = 0‬ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤-٢-٤‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ )ﺭﺯﻧﺎﻧﺲ( ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﻴﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟـﺮﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄـﻮﺭ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٤-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺶ ‪ ms‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ ﭘﻴـﺰﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ k .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺯﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ‪ mb‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ a/٤-٤‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻭﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ƒr‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪1 +‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪,‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠-٤‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ‪ ms‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ‪ K‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ƒs .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫= ‪fs‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(١١-٤‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١٠-٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻭﻧﮓ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ‪ ms‬ﺑﻪ ‪ mb‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻧﮕـﺎﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١٠-٤‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ mb‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ‪ ƒr‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻫﺮﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗﺘـﻲ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ b/٤-٤‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ mb ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ‪ ƒs‬ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻭﺯﻥ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٤-٤‬‬

‫‪ ٣-٤‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻄﻲ‬

‫ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٥-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻫﻦﺭﺑﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ du / dt‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪du‬‬
‫‪V out BL .‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪(١٢-٤‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ‪ B‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﻼ ﻭ‪ L‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٥-٤‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺁﻫﻦﺭﺑﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺭﺑﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٤‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬ ‫‪٤-٤‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ DC‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻫﻦﺭﺑﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﻫـﻦﺭﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭼﺮﺧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ‪ DC‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺩﻭ ﺳﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻐـﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻐﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻗﻄﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﻄﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﭙﻞ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ‪ DC‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻧـﻮﻳﺰ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ‪ AC‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ DC‬ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻠﻘـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻐـﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ AC‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺳـﻴﻢﭘـﻴﭻ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٧-٤‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍِﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﺔ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ‪ AC‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﻢﭘـﻴﭻ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٧-٤‬ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫‪٥-٤‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻜﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻌـﺎﺵ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﺍﻣـﺮﻱ ﺣﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺩﻩﺃﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮﻭ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺗﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻧﺼـﺐ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ٢-٤‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١-٥-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻡ ‪ m‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ‪ a‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١-١-٥-٤‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺟـﻪ ﺭﻭﺑـﻪﺭﻭﻱ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ )‪ (PE‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ٨-٤‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳـﻚ ﺁﺭﺍﻳـﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻜـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ F‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺳـﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ )ﺗﻚ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ( ﻭ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﺩﻫﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑـﺎﺭﻳﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٨-٤‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪٢-١-٥-٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ a/٩-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ( ﺟـﺮﻡ ﻟـﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﻓﻨـﺮ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭﺵ ﻣـﺮﺗﻌﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻡ ‪ m‬ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﺔ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻛـﻞ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺮﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ a/٩-٤‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ )‪ (center – mounted comperssion‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨـﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷـﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺟـﺮﻡ ﻓﻨـﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺱﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺎﭼﺴـﺐ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺳـﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ‪ 250 oC‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ )‪ (Delta Shear) (DS‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ )ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ( ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡﺗﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ DS‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ c/٩-٤‬ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠـﺚ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺿﻼﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ‪ DS‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ CM‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ‪ DS‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺷﺪﻥ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ c/٩-٤‬ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻼﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 250 oC‬ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ‪ (Annular Shear) AS‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ‪ DS‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ‪ CM‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ AS‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ b/٩-٤‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻢ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻻ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ ﺣـﺪ ﺑـﺎﻻﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬‫ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ 100 oC‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٩-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬

 ‫‪ ٢-٥-٤‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﺗـﺰ ﺗـﺎ ‪ 1/3‬ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹼ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5-10 Hz‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻻ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪ 5 Hz‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﻭ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻ‬
‫)‪ (> 109 π‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪٣-٥-٤‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ‪ 90o‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻝ ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﺔ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ 0 –5 %‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻣـﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣـﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ ) ‪ ( 90‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺭﺯﻭﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﺯﻭﻧـﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ‪ 100 %‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺳـﺪ)‪ .(off resonance‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 30 %‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻲ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻣـﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1/3‬ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﮔﺮﺩﺭﻣﻌـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﻙ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﭼـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤-٥-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﻲ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ )‪ (Piezoresistive‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﭘـﻞ ﻭﺳـﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟـﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤـﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ )ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ( ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ DC‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ]‪ [(-50) – (+150) oC‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻧـﺎﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺳـﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ )ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‪ 100 mV.10V‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻧﺞ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫‪١-٤-٥-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ‪ ، l‬ﻋﺮﺽ‪ ، w‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ t‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﺣﺠﻤـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ‪ R‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ρI‬‬
‫= ‪R‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣-٤‬‬
‫‪wt‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ‪ k‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dR‬‬ ‫‪/ R‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫)‪(١٤-٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ ε‬ﻛﺮﻧﺶ )ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )ﻛﺸﺶ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ‪ σ‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ١٠- ٤‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‪dl‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭘﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪dt,dw‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪dt= –υw ε ,dw = -υw ε‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪wt‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠-٤‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ‬

‫‪= wt + 2ν wt ε + ν 2 wt ε .‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ )‪ ( ν 2 wt ε‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺻـﺮﻑ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫‪A − A ′ = dA = − 2νε A ,‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪dA‬‬
‫‪= − 2 νε .‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١٣-٤‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪dR‬‬ ‫‪dρ‬‬ ‫‪dI‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫‪dρ / ρ‬‬
‫= ‪k‬‬ ‫‪+ ( 1 + 2 ν ).‬‬ ‫)‪(١٥-٤‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ν‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0.2‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0.3‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (١٥-٤‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣـﺪﺭﺝ ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﭼﺸـﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﹰﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺞ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١٥-٤‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ( 10‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ ٥-٥-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٦‬ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﺷـﺪ]‪ . [1‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﻨﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻴـﺮﺍ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ ‪١١-٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭﺩﻭﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟـﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﺟﺎﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪﺓ ﻣﻀـﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ b/١١-٤‬ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻴﺮﻙ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔـﻮﺵ ﻣﻮﺳـﻮﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻛﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪﻛـﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﺑـﻪﺟﺎﻳﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ c/١١-٤‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺧﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﭘﻜـﻴﺞ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻛﻤﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١١-٤‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪١-٥-٥-٤‬‬

‫ﻼ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟـﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 500 –5000 Hz‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪300‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ )ﺩﺭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪ – 2000Hz‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪٢-٥-٥-٤‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ‪ ms‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ (trasduction efficiency) b‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ms‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪= b.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪K‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ b‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ƒr‬ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫‪( 2π ) 2 b‬‬ ‫)‪(١٦-٤‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪f r2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١٦-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻳـﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‪ 5 mV/g‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ‪ 500 Hz‬ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ DC‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 150 Hz‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 37 kHz‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺮﺳـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 5µV/g‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫‪٣-٥-٥-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٢-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ a/١٢-٤‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ b/١٢-٤‬ﻭ ‪ c/‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳـﻚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﻫـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺧﺸﻤﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺩﻫـﺎ ﻧﺸـﺄﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻴﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ 5 %‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٢-٤‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬

‫‪ ٦-٥-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻮﻫﺮ )ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ( ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﭼـﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ( ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷـﻲ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺁﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﻻﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻳﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺮﺑﺪ ﻻﻳﺔ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳـﺪ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳـﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻓـﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻻﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )ﻋﺎﻳﻖ( ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﺷـﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻓﻮﻻﺩ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺪﺭ)‪) (binder‬ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺧﺮﺩﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻜﻞ )‪) (vehicle‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣـﻼﻝ ﺁﻟـﻲ( ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ )ﺁﻟﻴﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﻼﻝ ﺁﻟـﻲ‬
‫)ﻭﺍﻳﻜﻞ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻭﻛﺴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿـﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻻ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺮﻻﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﺟﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 100 –150 oC‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺣﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‪ 500 –1000 oC‬ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻛﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﭘﺨﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻬـﺎ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻻ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻛﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﺔ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﻳﺔ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺳﻴﻠﻚ ﺍﺳﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼـﺎﭖ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴـﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ) ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﹰﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺷـﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻻﺑﻪﻻﻱ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻜﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )‪ (Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) (TCR‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴـﻚ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ]‪ . [2‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ‬
‫)‪ (TFR‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛـﺮﻧﺶ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﻪ ﺗـﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ] ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ref. 3‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ[ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‬
‫]‪. [4‬‬

‫‪ ٦-٥-٤‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻛﻨـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ )ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺳـﻮﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻟﺮﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟـﺮﻡ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﻛﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﻜﺎﻑ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻧﮕـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴـﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ DC‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨـﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧـﺪ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ١-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘـﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺳـﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷـﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴـﻒ ﺩﻳﻨـﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺫﺍﺯﺵ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٤‬ﺑﺮﺵ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ ٧-٥-٤‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺗﻜـﺎﻧﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺻـﺪ‪ ، g‬ﻃﻴـﻒ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻃﻮﺑـﺖ‬
‫)ﺗﺎ‪ ،(100 %‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑﻨـﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻛﻪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ١-٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻴﻮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ‬

‫‪DC‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺭﻧﺞ ﺩﻣﺎ )‪(˚C‬‬ ‫‪-55-100‬‬ ‫‪-55-150‬‬ ‫‪-50-120‬‬ ‫‪-200-200‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬

‫‪ ٨-٥-٤‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ١-٤‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 100 oC‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺧﻄـﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻳﻚ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ‬
‫• ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﺴﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ١٠-٥-٤‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺁﺏﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﭼﺴـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻛﺎﺑـﻞﻛﺸـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺁﺏﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﭼﺴـﺐ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ‪ - 70 oC‬ﺗﺎ‪ +260 oC‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ ١١-٥-٤‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺔ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻴﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﻮ ﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﻱﺗـﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١٢-٥-٤‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﻧﺸـﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺣﺴﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ )‪ g/ µ‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ( m.s/µ‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺿﺨﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (PE‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١٣-٥-٤‬ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ )‪ (EMI‬ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻨﻠﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ )ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻧﺰﻥ( ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢﻛﺸﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ‪) EMI‬ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻲ ( ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ‪ EMI‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٤-٤‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫‪ ١٤-٥-٤‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ١٤-٤‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺻﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻧﺼـﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺯﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١٥-٥-٤‬ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺰﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﺤﻜﺎﻙ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻢ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﻠﺪ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺧـﺎﺯﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٥-٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴـﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻬﺎﻱ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺩﺳـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺍﻛﺴﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞﺳـﺎﺯ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺍﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻜـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺶ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣـﺮﺗﻌﺶ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﮔـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺪﻭﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٥-٤‬ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ‬