‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﻰ‬

‫‪ ١-٧‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﺏ ﻧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺷـﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ‬
‫»ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ« ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ »ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻋـﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻴﺪﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ« ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺿـﺢ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﺑـﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺎ ﻟﻮﻻﻫـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺮﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻛﻨـﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀـﺮﺏ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭ )ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ SI‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﺘﺮ )‪ (Nm‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻤـﺎﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ( ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲﺗﺮ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻛﺮﻧﺶ )ﻳﺎ ﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١-٧‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻼ ﺳﺮﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧـﺎﻥ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ‪ ω‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ P‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ T‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫)‪(١-٧‬‬
‫‪ω‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪ I‬ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ‪ J‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ‪ G‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ‪ T‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤـﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ‪ θ‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪TI‬‬
‫=‪θ‬‬ ‫)‪(٢-٧‬‬
‫‪JG‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪ τ‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Tr‬‬ ‫)‪(٣-٧‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬
‫‪J‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ r ،‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ J‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪= πr 4 / 2‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫‪2TI‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪2T‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-٧‬‬
‫‪θ= 4‬‬ ‫‪τ= 3‬‬
‫‪πr G‬‬ ‫‪πr‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻳـﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺁﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺸـﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺂﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺂﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮕـﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻧﻌﻜـﺎﺱ ﻧـﻮﺭ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺷـﻤﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞﺗـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ) ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ٢-٧‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﻗﻴﻤـﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢-٧‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ )ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪(r‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬
 ‫‪ ٢-٧‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﺮﻣـﺰ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻭﻗـﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ‪ M‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ )ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪-٧‬‬
‫‪ .(٣‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻭﻱ ﻓﻨﺮﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ‪ T‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺯﺍﻩ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ‪ Mg‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻭﻱ ﻓﻨـﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ T‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ )‪ (Mg – T‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ ‪ R‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‚ ‪ = (Mg – T)R‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ = 2π N (Mg – T) R (W‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ N‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣-٧‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳـﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٣-٧‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺘﺮ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺩ )‪ (W.Froude‬ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻉ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٤-٧‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٤-٧‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺁﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻭﻱ ﻓﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻨـﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻌﺒـﻪ ﺩﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺟﻌﺒـﻪ ﺩﻧـﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ )ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻـﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ‪ Tin‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ‪ Tout‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻜـﻮﺱ ﺳـﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺩﻧﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ٥-٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﺗﻨﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ »ﺍﻛﺴﻞ ﻋﻘﺐ«‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Tin ω out‬‬
‫=‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‪Tin − Tout = T‬‬
‫‪Tout ω in‬‬

‫ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴــﺮﻱ ﺳــﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟــﻲ ‪ Tin‬ﻭ ‪ Tout‬ﺭﺍ ﻣــﻲﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﻛــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ٥-٧‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻞ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺗـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﭼـﺮﺥ ﻣﺘﺼـﻞ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻭﻱ ﻓﻨﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣-٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛـﺮﻧﺶﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ ،٢-٧‬ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺼـﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ١-٧‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ :‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻐﺰﺍﻥ )‪ ،(slip ring‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻪﻣﺘﺮﻱ )ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ( ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﺗﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻐﺰﺍﻥ )ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ( ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺗـﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ 45°‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤـﻮﺭ ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٧‬ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ 45°‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻤﺶ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ ﮔـﻴﺞ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٧-٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﹰﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻛـﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ]‪.[3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٧‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺗـﻮﭘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻣﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ]‪.[4‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٨-٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﻳـﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺻـﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺗـﻮ ﺧـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺗﻮﭘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊ ﺩﺍﻳـﺮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٦-٧‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﺠﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺣﺖﺗﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ]‪ ،[5‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺤﻴﻢﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﻴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٧-٧‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺮﻩ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﺴﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٨-٧‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ( ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤-٧‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺴـﺒﻲ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺤـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻧﺶﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻠـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻴﻬﺎﻱ )ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ( ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻐـﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٩-٧‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﻙﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 2‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ‪ 1‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺑﻮﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ )‪ 600 rpm (10 Hz‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫]‪ .[6‬ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠-٧‬ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻮﺵ ﻫـﻢ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺩﻱﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﻜﻴـﻪﮔـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺴـﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﭘﺴـﻴﻮ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻲﭼﺮﺧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯﻣﺤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺞ ﺳﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢﭘـﻴﭻ ﺳـﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﻼﺗﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١١-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻣـﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘـﻲ ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﻼﺗﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺴﻴﻮ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﺸـﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧـﺔ ﺧـﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٩-٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ‬

 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠-٧‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺱ )‪ (Locus‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ]‪ .[7‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺟﻔـﺖ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٢-٧‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺭ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١١-٧‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺞ ﺳﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٢-٧‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺴﻨﺞ ‪ EPAS‬ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺱ‬

 ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻧﻮﺭ )‪ (LED‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺳـﻨﺠﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﺎﻑﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ‪ LED‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪-٧‬‬
‫‪ ١٢‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺩ ‪ LED‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺭﮔﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ‪ LED‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ LED‬ﺗﺎﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 40%‬ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻑﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻜﺔ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ )‪ (A‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ )‪(B‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٢-٧‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔـﺖ ﺩﻳـﻮﺩ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = (A - B) / (A + B).‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺁﻥ(‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺎﻧـﺎﻝ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﮔﺸـﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻴﺖ )‪ (A + B‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ‬
‫)‪ (A + B‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻲ )‪ (selftest‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﻳﭙﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌـﺖ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻀﺮﺏ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ]‪ [7‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﻜﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪﺳـﺎﺯﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﺔ ﺭﻳﭙـﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10%‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﻞﻟﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﺎﻑﺩﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ]‪.[8‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٧‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪ ٥-٧‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﺸﺶ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ ]‪ [8‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٧‬ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻓـﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻣـﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬
‫)‪ (permeability‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ ٣-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ ١٣-٧‬ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﻭﺳﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻴﻢﭘـﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺞ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ AC‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﻮﺳـﺎﻥﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﻞ ﻭﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ 45°‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗـﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﭘﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠـﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ‪ /‬ﺷﺎﻑ‪،‬‬
 ‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻥ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪ 50%‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳـﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺳﻨﺴـﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻳﭙﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺣـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪SAW‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٤-٧‬ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ‬

‫)‪(SAW‬‬ ‫‪ ٥-٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SAW‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟـﺮﺩ ﺭﺍﻳﻠـﻲ )‪ (Lord Rayleigh‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ١٨٨٥‬ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ]‪ .[10‬ﺍﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻣـﻮﺍﺝ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻣـﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﻳﻠـﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٤-٧‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳـﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻢ ﺗﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪ SAW‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ‪ SAW‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﭘـﻴﭽﺶ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢-٧‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷـﻮﺩ( ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ‪ SAW‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ‪) 1000 µε ،500 MHz‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺳﺘﻴﺸـﻦ( ﻓﺮﻛـﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫‪ SAW‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ 500 kHz‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ]‪ .[11‬ﺩﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٥-٧‬ﺑـﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪ ‪ 45°‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷـﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٥-٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SAW‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﺪﺑﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﻼﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺗـﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪ SAW‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﻢ ﭘﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻳﻮﺳﺮ ‪ SAW‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ ]‪.[11‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ SAW‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻚ ﺁﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺯﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ ]‪ .[11‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ‪ SAW‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ )ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ٣-٧‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﺗﻠﻪﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻐـﺰﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬