Vo Hoai Viet

Computer Vision and Robotics Dept

vhviet@fit.hcmus.edu.vn
 Outlines

What is Statistics?
Introduction to Basic term
Comparison of Probability and Statistics
 What is Statistics?

Statistics: The science of collecting, describing,

and interpreting data.
 Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics: collection, presentation,

and description of sample data.
 Inferentical Statistics

Inferential Statistics: making decisions and

drawing conclusions about populations.
 Population and Sample

Population: A collection, or set, of individuals or

objects or events whose properties are to be
analyzed. Two kinds of populations: finite or
infinite.
Sample: A subset of population
Population and Sample - Examples

The population is the age of all members at

Biglabs.
A sample is any subset of that population. For
example, we might select 10 members and
determine their age.
Population and Sample
 Variables

A characteristic about each individual element of

a population or sample.
Examples:
The variable is the “age” of each member at Biglabs
The variable is the “height” of each member at
Biglabs
The variable is the “weight” of each member at
Biglabs
The variable is the “handsome” of each member at
Biglabs
 Two kinds of variables

Qualitative, or Attribute, or Categorical,

Variable: A variable that categorizes or describes
an element of a population.
Note: Arithmetic operations, such as addition
and averaging, are not meaningful for data
resulting from a qualitative variable.
Examples:
The variable is the “handsome” of each member at
Biglabs
 Two kinds of variables

Quantitative, or Numerical, Variable: A variable

that quantifies an element of a population.
Note: Arithmetic operations such as addition and
averaging, are meaningful for data resulting from
a quantitative variable.
Examples:
The variable is the “height” of each member at
Biglabs
The variable is the “weight” of each member at
Biglabs
 Measuring Variables

To establish relationships between variables,

researchers must observe the variables and
record their observations. This requires that the
variables be measured.
The process of measuring a variable requires a
set of categories called a scale of measurement
and a process that classifies each individual into
one category.
Measuring Variables
 Measuring Variables

Nominal Variable: Variables that are “named”,

i.e. classified into one or more qualitative
categories that describe the characteristic of
interest
no ordering of the different categories
no measure of distance between values
categories can be listed in any order without
affecting the relationship between them
Examples
Gender (male, female)
Blood type (A, B, AB, O)
 Measuring Variables

Ordinal Variable: Variables that have an inherent

order to the relationship among the different
categories
Note: The scale of measurement for most
ordinal variables is called a Likert scale.
Examples
Education level (elementary, secondary, college)
Agreement level (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral,
agree, strongly agree)
 Measuring Variables

Interval Variable: Variables that have constant,

equal distances between values, but the zero
point is arbitrary.
Ratio Variable: Variables have equal intervals
between values, the zero point is meaningful,
and the numerical relationships between
numbers is meaningful.
 Measuring Variables

Discrete Variable: A variable that can assume a

countable number of values. Intuitively, a
discrete variable can assume values
corresponding to isolated points along a line
interval. That is, there is a gap between any two
values.
Continuous Variable: A variable that can assume
an uncountable number of values. Intuitively, a
continuous variable can assume any value along
a line interval, including every possible value
between any two values.
 Random Variables

A random variable is a function or rule that

assigns a number to each outcome of an
experiment. Basically it is just a symbol that
represents the outcome of an experiment.
C = the daily change in a stock price.
R = the number of miles per gallon you get on
your auto during a family vacation.
V = the speed of an auto registered on a radar
detector used on I-20
 Random Variables

Discrete random variables have a countable

number of outcomes
Examples: Dead/alive, treatment/placebo, dice,
counts, etc.
Continuous random variables have an infinite
continuum of possible values.
Examples: blood pressure, weight, the speed of a car,
the real numbers from 1 to 6.
Comparison of Probability and Statistics

Probability: Statistics: Use

Properties of the information in the
population are sample to draw a
assumed known. conclusion about
Answer questions the population.
about the sample
based on these
properties.
Comparison of Probability and Statistics

Example: A jar of M&M’s Example: A handful of

contains 100 candy 10 M&M’s is selected
pieces, 15 are red. A from a jar containing
handful of 10 is selected. 1000 candy pieces.
Probability question: Three M&M’s in the
What is the probability handful are red.
that 3 of the 10 selected Statistics question:
are red? What is the proportion
of red M&M’s in the
entire jar?
 Questions
 DC(u4) = D(abc)-T(abc)-T(ab)-T(ac)-T(bc)-T(a)-T(b)-T(c)-1 = 3
 Top-k Buffer to store top-k skyline nodes.

Thank You ! ! !

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