Functions

Arrays
Objects
Variables
Scripting Introduction
 Functions
▪ Encapsulate actions for _later_ invocation
▪ Can be invoked multiple times
▪ Wrapped in curly brackets
▪ Can have return values
▪ Parameters passed on in parenthesis
▪ Can also be a parameter
▪ Integral part of inheritance
▪ No methods, are functions as well (see Object section)

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 Functions
– Function declaration (loaded before code execution (hoisting))
function say( name ) {
console.log( name );
}
– Function expression (loaded when interpreter reaches code)
say = function( name ) {
alert( name );
}
– Anonymous Function (a function without a name)
function( name ) {
alert( name );
}
– Array Function ([ES6] shortcut with special scoping, talked about later)
function ( name ) => {
alert( name );
}
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 Example Functions
factoral = function( number ) {
result = 1;
var ix = 1;
while( ix <= number ) {
result = result * ix;
ix++;
}
return result;
}
result = factoral ( 5 );
result = factoral ( 10 );
result = factoral ( 15 );

[code]

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 Functions - Examples
Examples

▪ Factoral function
▪ Mask credit card numbers as function

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 Composite “complex” Data Types
▪ Arrays
▪ Objects

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 Arrays
▪ A comma-separated list of values wrapped in square braces.
▪ Values are accessed by their index starting from 0.
▪ Arrays can be nested inside other arrays.
▪ Assigment
numbers = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
names = [ "John", "Peter", "Jane" ];
something = [ 1, "Hi", -12.35 ];
coordinates = [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 2, 3 ], [ 3, 4 ] ];
▪ Getting values
name = names[ 1 ]; // "Peter"
xCoordiate = coordinates[ 1 ][ 0 ]; // 2
▪ Setting values
names[ 1 ] = "Sepp";
coordinates[ 1 ][ 0 ] = 3;
[code]
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 Arrays - Useful methods (1)
names = [ "John", "Peter", "Jane" ];

▪ push( element ) Adds new element to the end

names.push( "Joan" ); // 4;
console.log( names ); // [ "John", "Peter", "Jane", "Joan" ];

▪ pop() Removes last element and returns its value

name = names.pop(); // "Jane";
console.log( names); // [ "John", "Peter" ];

▪ unshift( element ) Adds new element at beginning

names.unshift( "Joan" );
console.log( names ); // [ "Joan", "John", "Peter", "Jane" ];

▪ shift() Returns & removes first element and returns its value
name = names.shift(); // "John"
console.log( names ); // [ "Peter", "Jane" ];
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 Arrays - Useful methods (2)
▪ length; number of elements
names.length; // 3

▪ sort(); sorts an array

names.sort() // [ "Jane", "John", "Peter" ];

▪ reverse(); reverts ordering

names.revert() // [ "Jane", "Peter", "John" ];

▪ indexOf( s ) Return position of element

ixPeter = names.indexOf( "Peter" ); //2
ixSepp = names.indexOf( "Sepp" ); // -1

▪ join( s ) Joins all elements of an array into a string

allNames = names.join( "->" ); // "John->Peter->Jane"
[code]

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(example_3_3, example_3_4, example_3_5)9
 Arrays - Examples
Examples

▪ User-friendly month
▪ European countries

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 Arrays - Useful methods (3)
▪ splice( start, howMany ) cuts elements
name = names.splice( 1, 1 );
console.log( name ); // "Peter"
console.log( names ); // [ "John", "Jane" ];

▪ concat( l2 ) Merges arrays and returns result

browsers = [ "Chrome", "Edge" ];
merged = names.concat( browsers );
console.log( merged ); // [ "John", "Peter", "Jane", "Chrome", "Edge" ]

▪ forEach( function( element, ix ) ) Iterates array and calls function with element and index
names.forEach( function( name, ix ) { // <- anonymous function
console.log( ix + " : " + name );
} );

[code]
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https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/jsref_obj_array.asp
 Anonymous Functions (1)
numbers = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];
numbers.forEach( function( number ) {
result = 1; ix = 1;
while( ix <= number ) {
result = result * ix;
ix++;
}
console.log( result );
}
);

[1,2,3].forEach( (num, ix) => {

console.log( `index: ${ix}, value:${num}` );
} );
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[code]
 Anonymous Functions (2)
▪ Pro
– Less code
– Code self-contained
– Improved code readability

▪ Con
– Not reusable
– Not unit testable
– Not accessible at runtime

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 Anonymous Functions - Example
Example

▪ Alert a sentence word by word

▪ A conjugation quiz

Exercise

▪ Re-write previous example “European Countries” using forEach

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 Truthy/falsy values
▪ In JS any value is either “truthy” or “falsy”
▪ “Truthy” does not mean a value is really [true]
▪ It means in boolean context (comparison) the value is forced (coerced)
to [true]
isTruthy = function( x ) { falsy truthy (everything else)
if( x ) {
alert( x + " is truthy" );
} false true
else {
alert( x + " is falsy" );
null {}
} 0 []
} "" "some string"
isTruthy( 1 ); // 1 is truthy
isTruthy( 0 ); // 0 is falsy
'' 3.14
isTruthy( ls[ 3] ) undefined function()
isTruthy( "" ); // 0 is falsy NaN
isTruthy( { a: 1 } ); // [object Object] is truthy
isTruthy( isTruthy ); // func[..] is truthy
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[code]
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 Objects
▪ A comma-separated list of colon-separate key-value pairs wrapped in
curly braces. (Object Literal)
Person = {
name : "John Doe"
, age : 35
, phoneNumbers : [ 123345, 123345 ]
}
▪ Creates its own “namespace” encapsulating functions and variables
▪ Get
name = Person.name; // "John Doe"
age = Person[ "age" ]; // 35
▪ Set
Person.name += " Poe";
Person.phoneNumbers[ 0 ] = 234234;
[code]
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 Objects - useful methods
▪ delete object[ key ] deletes key/value pair (attribute or method)
delete Person.name;

▪ array = Object.keys( object ) get keys of an object

l = Object.keys( Person ); // ["name", "age", "phoneNumbers" ]

▪ hasOwnProperty( property) returns true if in the prototype chain of "object"

more on this when dealing with inheritance

▪ isPrototypeOf( object ) returns true if in the prototype chain of "object"

more on this when dealing with inheritance

[code]

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 Iterate through an object
▪ “for in” loop
▪ Loops through all properties of an object
▪ property is exposed as string

for( property in Person ) {

value = Person[ property ]; // Person.property raises exception!
result = "key: " + property;
result += " value: " + value;
console.log( result );
}

[code]

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 Typical uses of objects in JS
▪ Object Maps (hashtable, associative array)
▪ Setting objects (manifest files)
▪ Result lists (database output)
▪ Simple "class" (fake singleton)
▪ Base object for inheritance (covered later)
▪ Anything we get from the server

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 Object Maps
▪ aka Dictionary, associative arrays, hashtable
▪ Like an array but with a name (string) as key rather than an index
(integer)
▪ In JS mostly created as simple object

cards = {
Ace : 11
, King : 5
, Queen : 4
, Jack : 3
, "The Joker" : 15
}

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 Object Maps - use cases
▪ One way to lookup/search for element

deck = [ "Ace", "The Joker", "Jack", "Jack", "Jack" ];

result = 0;
deck.forEach( function( card ) {
result += cards[ card ];
} );
console.log( result ); // 35;

[code]

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 Object Maps - use cases
▪ Fast way to aggregate unique key structures by testing for existence of
a key in a map and filling it up.

stack = {};
deck.forEach( function( card ) {
if( ! stack[ card ] ) {
stack[ card ] = 0;
}
stack[ card ]++;
} );
console.log( stack ); // {"Ace":1,"The Joker":1,"Jack":3}

[code]

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 Object maps - Example
Example

▪ Card deck report

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 Settings objects
▪ Excerpt of a browser extension manifest file
manifest = {
app : {
background : {
scripts : [ "background.js", "uus.js" ]
}
},
manifest_version : 2,
name : "TimesTable",
version : "1.0.1",
default_locale : "en",
description : "An extension to annoy your kid for a good cause"
}
}

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 Result lists
▪ Results of queries against a database or web service.
result = {
from : 11
, to : 20
, total : 312
, events : [
{
bookingCode : "UP004"
, event : "MS - SharePoint 2016"
, venue : "Plaza Hotel"
, speakers : [
"Mr. John Wayne", "Ms. Holly Johnson"
]
}
,{
bookingCode : "AX209"
, event : "OT - Content Server 16"
, venue : "Hotel Regent"
, speakers : [
"Mr. John Wayne", "Ms. Julia Roberts"
]
}
]
}

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 Simple "class" (fake singleton)
▪ Technically it is just a (global) variable
▪ Practically we have attributes and methods
▪ It is one of the most commonly used constructs
Popup = {
title : "default title"
, width : 300
, height : 200
, color: {
titleBar : "blue"
, titleText : "white"
}
, create : function( config ) {
// implementation
}
, moveTo( x,y ) { // <- shortcut
// implementation
}
}

[code]

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 JavaScript Object Notation
▪ aka JSON
▪ Prevalent in JS
▪ Used as
– Data structure in JS
– Interchange format like XML
▪ Difference to pure JS Object
– Keys wrapped in double quotes
– No functions allowed

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 JSON methods
▪ JSON.stringify( o ) convert an object to string

▪ JSON.parse( s ) convert a string to an object

[code]

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 Naming of variables

▪ JavaScript is loosely typed and applies type coercion

▪ hard to know type of variable at times
▪ “Hungarian notation” can help
▪ Two types of HN (system, application)
▪ Use of HN is controversial
▪ Hungarian notation in a nutshell:
▪ prefix of kind of variable in lowercase
▪ type can be inferred from prefix
▪ prefix followed by variable name

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 Naming of variables - Examples
sManager = “John Wayne” name of a manage string

mailManager = “john@wayne.com” email of a manager string

cManager = 15 count of mangers number

ixManager =3 index of number

lsManagers = [ “John Wayne”, “Clint Eastwood” ] list of manager names array (of strings)

oManager ={ manager object object

sName : “John Wayne”
, mail : “john@wayne.com”
, nAge : 34
}

loManagers = [ { sName : … } list of manager objects array (of objects)

, { sName : … } ]

dnManagerMenu = document.querySelector( “#Manager” ) DOM node of manager’s menu DOM node

[more examples]
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 The “window” object (a first visit)
▪ The “window” object is the top most object in JS
▪ In JS nothing exists outside “window”
▪ “self” is an equivalent of “window”
▪ There is a lot to say about it, but for now we are interested in:
– It is parent to “window” methods like alert, prompt, console
– It is parent to all global variables
– We can omit preceding “window” in front of above two (we did
this until now and will continue to do so).
▪ alert( “Hi” ) == window.alert( “Hi” )
▪ alert( s ) == alert( window.s )

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 Variable scope
▪ Two types of scopes
– Local
▪ Created inside functions using "var" (function scope)
▪ [ES6] Created inside blocks using "let" (block scope)
▪ Passed on as functions argument
▪ Accessible only inside the function/block
– Global
▪ Created outside of functions
▪ Created inside function without "var" keyword
▪ Accessible from everywhere
▪ In case of ambiguity accessible via “windows”
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 Variable scope example
sky = "blue"; // <- global func( "red" );
eyes = "brown"; // <- global
func= function( blood ) { // <- local console.log( 8, sky ); // blue
var sky = "grey"; // <- local console.log( 9, eyes ); // green
var coffee = "black"; // local console.log( 10, sun ); // yellow
if( sky == "grey" ){ console.log( 11, blood ); // ReferenceError: blood is not defined
let sky = "cloudy"; // <- local (block scope) console.log( 12, coffee ); // ReferenceError: coffee is not defined
let sun = "hidden"; // <- local (block scope)
console.log( 0, sky );
console.log( 1, sun );
}
console.log( typeof sun )
eyes = "green"; // <- global
sun = "yellow"; // <- global
console.log( 2, sky ); // grey
console.log( 3, window.sky ); // blue
console.log( 4, eyes ); // green
console.log( 5, blood ); // red
console.log( 6, sun ); // yellow
[code]
console.log(
© 7, coffee ); // black
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}
 The “this” keyword (1)
▪ inside an object's function (method)
– "this" points to the object
▪ inside an event handler's function
– "this" points to the trigger element (covered later)
▪ Rest
– "this" points to "window"
– that includes nested functions (covered in a minute)

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 The “this” keyword (2)
▪ inside an object's function (method)
str = "global variable";
obj = {
str : "object attribute"
, func : function() {
let str = "inside parent function";
console.log( 1, str ); // "inside parent function"
console.log( 2, this.str); // "object attribute" .. “this” points to the object
console.log( 3, window.str ); // "global variable"
}
};
obj.func();
console.log( 4, this.str ); // “global variable” (Rest)

[code]

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Examples

Event management - event report

Event management - list of speakers

Exercise

Credit card masking as object

 The “that” keyword (normal functions)
▪ Is not a keyword, it’s a local variable set in an object’s function
(method) used inside its nested functions to access the parent object.
▪
var s = "global variable";
var o = {
s : "object attribute"
, fn : function() {
let that = this;
let normalFunction = function() {
console.log( "normal function (that.s): " + that.s );
console.log( "normal function (this.s): " + this.s );
console.log( "normal function (window.s): " + window.s );
};
normalFunction();
}
};
o.fn()
[code]
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 Arrow functions and “this”/”that”
▪ Arrow functions “lexically” bind their context. “this” refers to the
originating context, e.g. the Object.
var s = "global variable";
var o = {
s : "object attribute"
, fn : function() {
let arrowFunction = () => {
console.log( "arrow function (this.s): " + this.s );
console.log( "arrow function (window.s): " + window.s );
};
arrowFunction();
}
};
o.fn();
[code]

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 Function shortcut in objects
▪ Shortcut object functions, pure syntactic sugar, no difference in
behaviour.
let obj = {
s : "attribute"
, oldSchool : function() {
// do sg
}
, newSchool() {
// do sg
}
};

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Examples

Event management - Improve output

Excercise
Event management - Improve output 2