Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Cauchy-Euler Equations

Bernd Schröder

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
d2 y dy
a2 x 2 2
+ a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
d2 y dy
a2 x 2 2
+ a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
d2 y dy
a2 x 2 2
+ a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = xr and solve for r.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
d2 y dy
a2 x 2 2
+ a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = xr and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefficients.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Definition and Solution Method

1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
d2 y dy
a2 x 2 2
+ a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = xr and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefficients. We will
use this similarity in the final discussion.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0 p
−(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4 · 2 · (−1)
r1,2 =
2·2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0 p
−(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4 · 2 · (−1)
r1,2 =
2·2
1±3
=
4

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0 p
−(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4 · 2 · (−1)
r1,2 =
2·2
1±3 1
= = 1, −
4 2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0 p
−(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4 · 2 · (−1)
r1,2 =
2·2
1±3 1
= = 1, −
4 2
1
y(x) = c1 x1 + c2 x− 2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0
2x2 r(r − 1)xr−2 + xrxr−1 − xr = 0
2r(r − 1)xr + rxr − xr = 0
2r(r − 1) + r − 1 = 0
2r2 − r − 1 = 0 p
−(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4 · 2 · (−1)
r1,2 =
2·2
1±3 1
= = 1, −
4 2
1 1
y(x) = c1 x1 + c2 x− 2 = c1 x + c2 √
x logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2
3
−1 = c2
2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2
3 2
−1 = c2 , c2 = −
2 3

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2
3 2
−1 = c2 , c2 = − , c1 = 1 − c2
2 3

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2
3 2 5
−1 = c2 , c2 = − , c1 = 1 − c2 =
2 3 3

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Solve the Initial Value Problem

2x2y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0(1) = 2
1
y(x) = c1 x + c2 √
x
1 1
y0 (x) = c1 − c2 3
2 x2
1 = y(1) = c1 + c2
1
2 = y0 (1) = c1 − c2
2
3 2 5
−1 = c2 , c2 = − , c1 = 1 − c2 =
2 3 3
5 2 1
y(x) = x− √
3 3 x
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1
y(x) = x − √
3 3 x

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1
y0 (x) = +
3 3 x 23

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
 
1 1
2
2x − 5
2 x2

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
   
1 1 5 1 1
2x2 − 5 + x +
2 x2 3 3 x 32

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1
2x − 5 + x + − x− √
2 x2 3 3 x 32 3 3 x

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1
− 1
x2

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1
− 1 + x+
x2 3 3 x 21

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+
x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12

x
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12

5
x
3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
 
5 5
x −
3 3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
 
5 5 1
x − + 1
3 3 x2 logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
  
5 5 1
x − + 1 (−1)
3 3 x2 logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
  
5 5 1 1
x − + 1 (−1) +
3 3 x2 3
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
   
5 5 1 1 2
x − + 1 (−1) + +
3 3 x2 3 3
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
   
5 5 1 1 2 ?
x − + 1 (−1) + + = 0
3 3 x2 3 3
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

5 2 1
Does y(x) = x − √ Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
3 3 x
2x2 y00 + xy0 − y = 0, y(1) = 1, y0 (1) = 2
5 2 1 √
y(x) = x − √ , y(1) = 1
3 3 x
5 1 1 √
y0 (x) = + , y0 (1) = 2
3 3 x 23
1 1
y00 (x) = − 5
2 x2
     
2 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
2x − 5 + x + 3 − x− √ = 0
2 x2 3 3 x2 3 3 x
1 5 1 1 5 2 1 ?
− 1 + x+ 1 − x+ = 0
x 2 3 3 x2 3 3 x 12
√
   
5 5 1 1 2 ?
x − + 1 (−1) + + = 0
3 3 x2 3 3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
an xn n
+ a n−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx dx

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
an xn n
+ a n−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
an xn
n
+ a n−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = g(x).
dx dx dx
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
an x n n
+ an−1 x + · · · + a 1 x + a0 y = g(x)
dx dxn−1 dx
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r1 , . . . , rm of p(r) = 0.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r1 , . . . , rm of p(r) = 0.
4. If rk is real then y(x) = xrk solves the differential equation.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ an−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r1 , . . . , rm of p(r) = 0.
4. If rk is real then y(x) = xrk solves the differential equation.
If rk = ak + ibk is complex
then y(x) = xak cos bk ln(x)


5.
and y(x) = xak sin bk ln(x) solve the differential equation.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ a n−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r1 , . . . , rm of p(r) = 0.
4. If rk is real then y(x) = xrk solves the differential equation.
If rk = ak + ibk is complex
then y(x) = xak cos bk ln(x)


5.
and y(x) = xak sin bk ln(x) solve the differential equation.
6. If (r − rk )j is a factor of p(r), then xrk , ln(x)xrk , . . . ,

j−1 r
ln(x) x k solve the differential equation. (If rk is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

General Solution Method

dn y n−1 d
n−1 y dy
Solving an xn n
+ a n−1 x n−1
+ · · · + a1 x + a0 y = 0.
dx dx dx
1. Substitute y = xr into the equation.
2. Cancel xr to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r1 , . . . , rm of p(r) = 0.
4. If rk is real then y(x) = xrk solves the differential equation.
If rk = ak + ibk is complex
then y(x) = xak cos bk ln(x)


5.
and y(x) = xak sin bk ln(x) solve the differential equation.
6. If (r − rk )j is a factor of p(r), then xrk , ln(x)xrk , . . . ,

j−1 r
ln(x) x k solve the differential equation. (If rk is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefficients c1 , . . . , cn .
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations