Transfomer protection with differential protection scheme

Aim:

To protect the transformer from the internal faults using differential protection scheme
which belongs to the category of the numerical relay.

Introduction:

Transformers are static devices totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. Therefore,
chances of faults occurring on them are very rare." However the consequences of even a rare
fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This
necessitates providing adequate automatic protection for transformer against possible faults.
Small distribution transformers are usually connected to the supply system through series fuses
instead of circuit breakers. Consequently, no automatic protective relay equipment is required.
However, the probability of faults on power transformers is undoubtedly more and hence
protection is absolutely necessary.

Microprocessor-based protective relays are the latest development in this area. With the
development in VLSI Technology, Sophisticated and fast microprocessor are coming up. Their
applications to the problems of protective relaying schemes are of current interests to power
engineers. The inherit advantages of microprocessor-based relays over static relays with or a
very limited range of applications, are attractive, flexibility due to their programmable approach.
Microprocessor-based protective relays can provide protection at low cost and compete with
conventional relays.

In this type of protection relay we take the data from the ct’s which are connected at both
primary and secondary of a transformer. When there is any internal fault there will be imbalance
in the currents in the secondary and the primary. This is condition of imbalance is measured by
using adc. The output of both the ct’s is connected to the analog to digital converter. All these
values are analog values and we are using ADC to convert them in digital values .We are using
micro controller to control this ADC and calculate the fault current from the digital values that
are converted using ADC.

In this we are using ADC0808, it is an 8 channel ADC and operating voltage is 5V only.
 Microcontroller AT89S52 is used to gather the data from each of the devices. When ever
there is fault controller will operate the relay and will protect the transformer. To create such a
fault condition we use normally 60w bulbs for the demonstration purpose.

Advantages:

1. Fast in operation
2. Operating time can be variable
3. By making small hardware changes we can even get the data onto other digital systems
like plc, scada etc

Applications:

1. Used in power plants to protect the power transformer.

2. Using in industries to protect the distribution transformer in their premises
3. Used to protect transformer from internal faults.

SOFTWARE TOOLS USED:

1. Embedded C programming language

2. KEIL IDE for writing the program for micro controller

3. PROLOAD for dumping

4. ORCAD to draw the schematic diagram

HARDWARE USED:

1. AT89s52 Micro Controller

2. Power supply

3. LCD Display

4. ADC0808
5. Relay

6. Current transformer.

Block diagram: