Regenerating Mathematics An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institute 4 Dp fvee J Y Proneet rstitte o 7 A A High Quality Study Material sd Higher Level Exam for V.G. LPG. StudentsChapter 1: Number System 141 Problems based on S'n,3'02 Sip smn 1.2 Cyelieity (Unit Digit) .. 1.3 Exponents (Number of Zeroes) .. 1.4 Factors Chapter 2: Time and Distance 2.1 Relative Speed .... 2.2 Boats and Streams... Chapter 3: Time and Work 3. Important Facts ... 3.2 Pipes and Cisterns .. Chapter 4: Schedule Day/Date/Time 4.1 Counting of Odd Days 4.2 Day of the Week Related to Odd Days .. 43 CLOCKS sn Chapter 5: Profit and Loss 5.1 Based on CP and SP... 5.2 Defrauding .. '5.3When the Profit/ Loss is Calculated on S.P5.4 Unitary Method 5.5 Reverse Ration .. '5.6 Difference Division Method .. 5.7 Miscellaneous ... Chapter 6: Permutations and Combis 6.1 Permutations 6.2 Combinations 6.3 Number of Linear Permutation of 'n' Dissimil Taken 'r' at a Time without Repetition ("P,) 644 Number of Combinations of » Dissimilar things Taken r at a Time .. 65 Number of Arrangements of m Items of Which p are of one ‘Type, q are of.the Second Type and the Rest are Distinct 6.6 Total Number of Combinations .. 6.7 Cireular Permutations nnn 6.8 Sum of all Numbers Formed From the Given Digits 69 Rank of Word sno 6.10 The Number of Diagonals in an. - sided Polyg01 umn 6.11 Number of Internal Solution of the Equati Kt tooth as Chapter 7: Probability 7.1 Deterministic and Probabilistic Phenomena .. 7.2 Biased and Unbiased Experiments 73 Equally Likely Events .. 74 Compound Events .. 7.5 Definition of Probability 7.6 Addition Theorem on Probability 7.1 Independent Events Chapter 8: Introduction to Data Interpretation 8.1 Data Table 8.2 Pie-Chart83 Two-Dimensional Graphs enn 84 Bar-Charts .... 8.5 Venn-Diagrams .. Chapter 9: Area of Plane Figures 9. Tria gles sno 9.2 Quadrilateral 93 Cirel 9.4 Ellipse Chapter 10: Area of Volumes of Solids 10.1 Prism 10.2 Cuboid or Rectangular Solid. 10.3 Cube .. 10.4 Cylinder 10.5 Pyramid 10.6 Cone 10.7 Cone Frustum -. 108 Frustum of a Pyramia 10.9 Torus 10.10. Assignment Sheet-L susCHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM eras Basic Introduction, COMPLEX NUMBERS eae © i —— ~ d PURELY IMAGINARY . REAL NUMBERS ® @ [|__| RATIONAL IRRATIONAL NUMBERS NUMBERS |__ —— INTEGERS FRACTIONS Oo ei PT) { vosrtive |[ WHOLE | [ NEGATIVE i Livrecers }| Nuwpers || intEGERs © W) © NATURAL | NUMBERS ZERO Prime Number: Except | each natural numiper which divisible by only I and |. 2 itself is called as prime number eg. tess 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31, el. ‘© There are total 25 prime number upto 100 ¢ There are total 46 prime number upto 200 (Quant ra on ln Sara our Kaa a TT New Deli 110076, Ph (Oy F7SYT, Ca 999185404 & SNPPVOTTG, ASRANGTHO2 nao sn ated ie ‘+ Zi the only even prime mimber and the least prime number. * Lis nether prime nor composite number ‘© There are infinite prime numbers. A list ofa the prime number upto 100 is given below. Table of Prime Number (1-100): 2B 3 41 $3 61 71 83.97 3.13 29 37 43 59 67 73 89 517 47 9 719 Ve ™ How «a test whether a number is prime or not: To wea amie n waked the square root of nand consider as its, fits a natwal uber oiherwise just increase the square rot of it to the next natural mye? divide the given number by all the prime numbers beloi-the v, then their relative speed = (wv) km/hr. If two trains of fengths»km and yk move inthe same direction at tukm hr and vio hr (where w> v), then time taken t crass each22 (i) Iftwo bodies are moving in the opposite directions then their relative velocity will be equal to the sum of their speeds. Suppose two trains or bodies are moving in the opposite directions at ukm/hr and vknw/hr. ‘Then, relative speed =(u-+v)km/hr. Iftwo trains of lengths x km and ykm moved in the opposite directions atwkmph and vkmph , xty uty then the time taken to cross each other is ( ws) Where x meter and y meter are the length of two trains. SS (lil) ftwo persons 9or vehicles) start at the same fing ew pots. and B towards each other and after crossing, they tak@rand y units oF ol time in reaching B and A respectively, oer” £ (iv) Time taken by train meters long in pasting a Sihsl post ora standing man isthe same asthe time taken bythe train to ‘cover xmeters with its own speed. (¥) Time taken by airainx meters tong Deets a stationary object of length y meters isthe same asthe time fe by the train to over coves(x+ y) meters with ts own speed. Boats and Streams Downstream: The direction along the stream (watet) is called downstream. Up stream: The direction against the stream is called upstream, ( _Letthe speed of a boat in still water be ukm /hr and let the speed of the stream be vAm / hr. Then: (a) Speed downstream==(u-+ v) kine (b) Speed upstream = (u—v) km/hr Gi) Let speed downstream =wkm Ar and speed upstream =v kn J hr. Then, (@) Rate in still water= (a+) kona (b) Rate or currest = = (u-v)kan/hr 2 ii) Ifa man rows a certain distance downstream int, hours and returns the same distance in t, hours, and the stream flows at the rate ofeokeeme! sek, then speed ofthe man instil waters “2 jr. at Examples: (a) A train, when it moves at an average speed of 40kmph , reaches its destination on time, When its average speed becomes 35kmpit, it reaches its destination 15 minutes late. Find the length ofthe journey. Sol: Suppose the destination is D km away fromthe starting point. Now, according to the question, =15x-4 [Convert minute SN into hour] Qe 40D-35D_15 Wen 40D~35D _15. So 3540 60 So sb __is SoS x 2 ‘s 35x40 60 \ ~ KS 1535.40 a = 1S235%40 «10h Nes 6x5 aN Required length of the journey, ben ‘ — (b) A car covers the first 30 km, ote ug “hin-45 minutes and the remaining 25 km in 35 minutes. What ithe average speed of the car? Totadistance travelled Sol: A ee ols NCIBE SPee Time taken otravelthedistance (45435 «0 35x60_ 1 =x) br go giCHAPTER 3 TIME AND WORK ‘Working efficiency is the work done by an individual in one day and this efficiency is inversely proportional tothe number of days to-complete a ‘work. It means that a person who takes less days to complete-a works said to be more efficient than a man who takes more days tqveamplete the sane, ‘work. For example, if A can do a piece of work in n ays, theitthe part of ery 1 os ‘he work by him in I day =. - SN 3.1, Important Facts @ IfA’s I day's work = 7 then the time taken ‘biAMto finish the work = ” a n days. oneday's work =———S—_S»=5 _____ ‘Number of Ways required to finish the work (i) ‘The total works assumed to be\L, SS (ii) _If*A’ can do a piece of work in x YaysB" can do it in y days then “A” and “B’ working together can do the same work in —“2= — ay tyebee days. (iv) IFA, Bend C can doa work in x,y and z days respectively then all of them working together can finish the work in —“2* — days. ayt yet (8) Time and number of men each are always in direct proportion to work IM, persons can do W, works in D, W; = Mz D; W,. We can also conclude that (2) More also tess days and conversely more days lessd men. (b) More men more work and conversely more work more men. (©) More days more work and conversely more work more days (vi) The time required to complete a certain apiece of work is increased or decreased) in the same ratio in which the number of men engaged of do that piece of work is decreased 9or increased). 3.2 Pipes and Cisterns Important Facts: (® Ifan inlet pipe can fill cistern in x hours, then the pat filled in 1 hour 5 Gi) Ia pipecan empty a fll tank in y hours, then part of tank emptied in (ST RHA TIL, rire Foor) Ra Garel, Hous Khas, Near LT; Now Dethi-110016, Ps oily 26537527, Cols 9999183434 & 9O99161754, BSEI344789Saroo soot 200s Corea! mates i V hour =— ? ii) Ifan inlet pipe can fill a tank in x hours and an outlet pipe empties the fuiltank in y hours, then the net part filled in 1 hour when both the vps oped (2-1) hoes Py (Gv) Ian inlet pipe can fill a tank in x hours and an outlet pipe empties the full tank in hours, then net part emptied in 1 vore(2 {we v x>y), SN NSS. Examples: RW ON (a) The work done by a child in one day is one threat By-a.man half that bya woman, [fone man, one woman.and oné-ghild Nogether can complete @ work in 2 days, in how days cai mean together ‘complete the same work? Sol: We have, IM = 3C and 1W = 2C. (Ci Ne male work, work, W = woman work) Therefore, Mt qwrio-se — Hence, the required number. of day days Ww (b) A tank is filled in 5 hours by three pipes A, B and C. The pipe C is twice as fast is B and B is twice as fast as A. How d much time will pipe A alone take to fill the tank ? Sol: Given, ratio of efficiencies of pipes A, B and C are as follows c oR 4 21 201 a2 Suppose the effici respectively. ies of pipes C, B and A are 4K, 2K and K Since, the tank is filled in hours by the three pipes having combined efficiency equal to 7k then the time requires t fill the tank by A alone (©) A and B together can dig a trench in 12 days, which A alone can dig in 30 days. In how many days B alone can dig it? 1 Sol: (4+.)'s 1 day's work =. & °F AF) Sara ar NLL Row aT, PAL FAT, Ca MDG a PETG RTS) Ramm: tise acon ciate enanihi date tmobaambanrniaTy 1 A's | day's work= Sais ay work oe i230 60 60 20 Hence, B alone can dig the trench in 20 days.Ty RCO oe Lcd ais0 9008 200s Cored inetite CHAPTER 4 SCHEDULE DAY/DATE/TIME 41 42 43 Jn a normal year there are 365 days i.e. , 52 weeks and Isday. Therefore, a normal year contains 1 odd day. Leap year: A leap year as 366 days. (© Every year divisible by 4 sa leap year, if itis nota @Bimuy (ii) Every year divisible by 4is a leap no other: oi Badep year. Counting of Odd Days ; ( Lordinary year = 365 days = (S2 weet *. 1 ordinary year has \ odd day. (i) 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks +2 ads . | Teap year has 2 odd days. \ (iii) 100 year = 76 ordinary years +24 ee = (16x14 24x2) odd = days 7 re = (UTweeks +Sdays) = S ost dg ~ . ‘Number of odd days in 100 years ~ Number of odd days in 200 years “s x2)=3odd days (Here, we divide 10 days by 7, remainder is 3). [Nurnber of odd days in 300 years = (5x3)=1 1 odd day Number of odd days in 400 years = (5%4+1) = day. Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. Has an odd day. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days Ina given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days. Munberofdas[ 0 [1 [2)3([4 [| 5]6 Day __| Sun | Mon | Tues | Wed | Thurs | Fri | Sat Clocks ‘The dial of a clock isa circle whose circumference is divided into 12 parts, called hour spaces. Each hour space is further divided into 5 parts, called ‘minute spaces. This way, the whole circumference is divided into 12x5=60 minute spaces. ‘The time taken by the hour had (Smaller hand) to cover a distance of an hour space is equal to the time taken by the minute hand (longer hand) to cover a distance of the whole circumference. Thus, we may conclude that in 60 minutes, the minute-hand gains 55 minutes over the ‘our-hand. Tn. an hour, the hour-hand moves a distance of S minute spaces whereas the HATE, (ire Flos) da Sart Hus Kass Ie IF TAL, New DabiAl@eia Puy aessved7, Ca 9998105454 & bc T94,ASHBBCATE‘minute-hand moves a distance of 60 minute spaces. Thus, the minute-hand remains 60 ~ $ = 55 minute spaces ahead of the hour-hand. Important Facts: o In every hour, both the hands coincide once. (i) When the two hands are at right angle, they are 15 minute spaces iii w) w) apart. This happens twice in every hour. {) When the hands ae in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart. This happens once in every hour. ?) The hour hand moves around the whole circumference of clock once in 12 hours. So the minute-hand is twelve times faster than the hour- hand, The clock is divided into 60 equal minute divisions. ~ (vi) 1 minute division = 360°/60 = 6° apart. Each hour number is evenly and equally separ by fe minute divisions (5x 6°) = 30° apart. QwN In one minute, the hour hand niioves— In one minute the minute-hand gains, mtrehar the hou-hand. —< ‘Acclock will subtend an angle 6° tetwed tem of the two hands of a clock. At any time, the same can be Yqund Gut using the following formula forthe variants in a clocks.“ YN. 0 $20 wiertEm> 308) 2 2 Or 030k wien sor> En) 2 2 Example (@) ) It was Sunday on Jan 1, 2006, What was the day of the week Jan 1, 20102 ‘Sol: On 31" December 2005, it was Saturday. ‘Number of odd days from the year 2006 to the year 2009 =(1 + 1+2+ 1)=5 days. On 31* December 2009, it was Thursday. ‘Thus, on 1* Jan, 2010 it is Friday. Awatch which gains uniformly is 2 minutes low at noon on Monday and is 4 min, 48 sec fast at 2 p1m. op the following Monday. When was it correct? ‘Sol: Time from 12 p.m. on Monday to 2 p.m. on the following Monday =7 days 2 hours = 170 hours + The watch gains (2048) nin in 170b«s. 4 Now,=min, Are gained in 170 br1 ‘min. Are gained in (17055x2)h= 50 brs. ‘Therefore, watch is correct 2 days 2 hrs. After 12 p.m. on Monday i.e. , it will be correct at 2 p.m. on Wednesday. (©) A clock loses 1 % time during the fist week and then gains 2% time during the next one week Ifthe clock was set right at 12 noon ona ‘Sunday, What will be the time that the clock will show exactly 14 days, from the time it was set right? ‘Sol: the clock loses d1% time during the first week. In aday there are 24 hours and in a week there are 1a Therefore, there are 7x24 =168 hours in a week. which is 1% of 168 hours less than 12 Noon ae ct ote first week = 1.58 hours less. \ Subsequently, the clock gains 2% during dhe next Week. The second has 168 hours and the clock gains 2% time =2% £68 hours =3.36 hours more than the actual time. Y Ast lost 1.68 hours during the first at Mh ann gained 3.36 hours uring the next week, the net result-will BBe~1.68 +3.36=1.68 hour net gain in time. So the clock will gw aime which is 1.68 hours more ‘than 12 Noon two weeks from the tim’ it was set right. 1.68 hours = 1 ‘hours = I hour and 40.8 minutes = I hour + 40 minutes + 48 seconds, ‘That is 1: 40: 48 PM. (@) Ifthe third Sunday of a particular month falls on 20* day of the month, ‘what willbe the first day of that month? Sot: Given, third Sunday = 20" day of the month ‘Second Sunday =20-7=13" day of the month 3-7=6" day of the month saturday, 4" day = Friday, 3" day = Thursday, 2" day = Tuesday. Wednesday, I" (©) Sumedha would like to complete all her homework before 10 p.m. in corde to watch important final cricket match between India and Pakistan ‘on TV. She has 40 minutes assignment in each of her five prepared subjects, What is the lates time at which she can start and still complete hher homework in time for te final cricket match? ‘Sol: Time needed for Sumedha to complete all her 5 assignments =(40x5)minutes = 200 minutes = 3hours 20 minutes ‘I es Hor) a Sera Har Ks Nee LET, New DaI1O016 Ph (11-R6TSE, Cl STEN SRT SHEATHSHence, the required time is 3 hours 20 minutes before 10 p.m. so, she can start work at 6.40 p.mCHAPTER 5 PROFIT AND LOSS 5.1 Based on CP and SP (Tthe cost price is Rs, 60 and profit percent is 20%, selling price. - (Gi) Find out the selling price, if cost price is Rs. qa Yea ent is 15% (Find ou she cost rice, i sling price is RS, 0a percent is 25%. ~™, (Gv)_Aman bought some offees a3 fora rupee Howry fora rupee should he sell to gain 50% in the entire transaction? (¥) Aman bought some toffees at 6 fora repee4Rw many for a rupee should he sell to gain 25% in the entire raagction? (i) Dinesh purchased some lemons Hee ed enon Rs 2. He wl liens ad cet 2 ‘Ans: 6 for Rs. 5 Ratish purchased some lemons, He ‘Sam the lemons. He sold 8 Yemons and earned 25% profit. At what rate did he sell all the lemons? Ans: 16 for Rs. 15 Keshav purchased some lemons. He so all the lemons, He sold 11 lemons for Rs, 10 and incured 30% loss, What shouldbe the selling rate ihe incurs 20% loss? 77 for Rs. 80 2)_By selling 12 toffes fora rupee a man lost 20%. How many for a rupee shouldbe sell 0 grin 20%? (®) A man sold 50 toffees fora pee and hence lst 25%, How many for 4 rupee should he sell he sell to gain 25% ? (xi) By selling 45 lemons for Rs, 40, a man 20%. How many lemons 4 should he sell for Rs. 24 to gain 20%, ‘A man bought 6 toffees for Rs. 10 and sold them 4 for Rs. 6. Find out his gain or loss percentage. (ily Mukesh prciased some lemons. He purchased 7 femons for Rs, 9. He sold all the lemons. If he sold 11 lemons for Rs.13. What is the Aue percent loss inthe whole transaction? ‘Ans: Approx 8% toss (xiv) If the selling price of 50 articles is equal tothe cost price of 40 autiles, than the loss or gain percent is (xv) The CP. of 21 anictes is equal to SP. of 18 articles. Find the gain of loss percent ¢ (7 BRAT, ren Foe) tn Sra; Hans Kas, Near 1S New DGRETIOOIG, PR: (OT) ESTED, Cel 999183636 HHPOTOLT‘ ARBRAITID(avi) By selling 48 meters of cloth a person gains the cost price of 12 ‘meters. Find the gain per cent. Ans: 25% 52 Defrauding 0 A shopkeeper claims to sell his goods at cost price but he uses a false balance which show 1 kg instead of 800 grams. Find out his gain percentage. A shopkeeper marks up his goods by 20% and uses a false balance which show 1 kg instead of 900 grams, Find out his profit percentage. A grocer sell rice ata profit of 20% and uses a weight whichis 25% less. Find his total percentage gain. Ans: 60% A tradesman defrauds to the extent of 10% in buying pods and also defiauds tothe extent of 10% in selling. His gain peP vent is as 2200 When the Profit/ Loss is Calculated on'S.P 0 0) «iy (i) By mistake a shopkeeper calculates his proton selling price and claims to make a profit of 20% Bids actial profit? A shopkeeper calculates his loss: Dating price by mistake and claims a foss of 25%, find his actual profit? 37 (100% ‘A man sold two flats for Rs. 675958 each. On one he gains 16% while on the other he loss 16%, How much does he gain or loss in the whole transaction? A man sold two articles, each forthe same price Rs. 600, He eams 20% profit on the first and incurs 20% loss on the second, What would be his overall profit or loss ? (in Rs) Unitary Method @ Ww Aman sold his watch at 5% loss, if the selling price had increased by Rs. 2000, there would have been a gain of 15%.Find out the cost price of the watch? ‘A man sells an article at a profit of 25%. If he had bought it at 20% less and sold it for Rs, 10.50 less, he would have gained 30%, Find the cost price ofthe article Reverse Ration A person bought two watches for 960. He sold one at a loss of 20% and the ‘other at a gain of 60% and the found that each watch was sold atthe same price. Find the cost price of two watches.56 87 Ty ‘Ants0 9001 2000 cortied nee Ans: Rs 640, Rs 320 Difference Division Method ‘The profit earned by selling an article for Rs 832 is equal to the loss incurred when the same article is sold for Rs. 448. What should be the sale price of | the article for making $0 percent profit? Ans: Rs. 960 Miscellaneous 0 i) (ai) ww) ) wi A trader gives 4% discount on the MRP of a pen and gives one pen free for buying every 15 pens, and hence he makes 35% profit of the entire transaction, The MRP which is above the cost price'is? A dealer sold three-fourth of his articles at a gain'o/ 262% and the remaining at cos price. Find the gain eamed by.hini the whole transaction WS ~\\ ‘A tradesman marks his goods 20% above Geeky tive, He offers 10% discount to customers. What is his gain in percent? SS ‘Ans: 8% gain Radha purchased 10 dozens pens ats, 70 per dozen. He sold 7 dozens pen at 7% profit and the’ ig 3 dozens at 17% profit. What is his profit percemage in th ranevion? Ans: 10% 20g of potato costs as much as 5 kg of tomato, 12 kg tomato cost as much as 30 kg of onion, 15 kg of onion costs as much as 18 kg of cabbage. If 10 kg of cabbage costs Rs, 50. What would be the cost of 24 kg of potato? Ans: Rs 90 Two third of a commodity is sold at 30% profit, one fourth is sold at 16% profit and the remaining at 12% profit. Ifa total profit of Rs. 100 is eared, then find the value of the commodity. Ans: Rs.400 ‘AI Fir For) ia a Hass Ks Nar LT New Deli1016 Ph (0) 26ST, Oc PVIENGE A SOVOTTG ASSIS ‘Cope jeihdicncatens ont: Wiles ate Aeseatienine am,ee Leon CHAPTER 6 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATION ji Refore discussing Permutations and Combinations, lt us look at what is called as the “Fundamental Rule” ' “If one operation can be performed in ‘m’ ways and (tien, it haS been ‘performed in any one of these ways), a second operatiot then ean be performed in ‘n’ ways, the number of ways of performing the two operations will be msn" ‘This can be extended to any number of operation: If there are three cities A, B and C such that there are 3 roads, connecting A and B, and 4 roads connecting B and C, thgii thesyumber of ways one can ‘sevel ftom A to C via Bis 3x4, ie, 12. \ 6.1 Permutations . Each of the arangements which can be made by taking some or all of a ‘number of items is called a Permutation, Permutation implies “arrangement”, that their order ofthe items is important. ‘The permutations of three items a, b and c taken two ata time are ab, ba, ac, a, cb and be. Since the ordes in which the items are taken is important, ab and ba are counted as two different permutations. The words “permutation” and “arrangement” are synonymous and can be used interchangeably The number of permutations of n things taking rat atime is denoted by "Pr (and read as"nPr"), 62 Combinations Each ofthe groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of ‘a numberof items is called a Combination. In combinations, the order in : ‘which the items are taken is not considered as long as the specific things are included. ‘The combinations of three items a, b and c taken two at a time are ab, be and ca, Here, ab and ba are not considered separately because the order in which a and b are taken is rot important but itis only required that a combination including a and b be counted. The words “combination” and “selection” are synonymous. (Rea ieee te Sra63 Ty Sinreo soors 1008 Corin nets ‘The number of combination of m thing taking at atime is denoted by "C, (and read as"nCr") Number of Linear Permutation of 'n' Dissimilar Items Taken 'r' at a Time without Repetition ("P,) Consider r boxes each of which can hold one item. When all ther boxed are filled, what we have is an arrangement of r items taken from the given. 1n items, So, each time we fill up the r boxed with items taken from the given « items, we have an arrangement of r items taken from the given items without repetition. Hence the number of ways in which we can fill up the r boxed by taking things from the given » things meee number of permutations of n things taking rata time Ss ooo00 oO wo Boxes 1 23 4 r The fist box canbe filled in n on. ‘items can be used to fll ths box). Having filled the first box second box we now have only (n~1) items; any one ofthese De used to fill the second box and hence the second box can be’ a 1) ways, similarly, the third box in (n~2) ways ie the r box can be filled in {n—(r—1)} ways, ie., [n—r+1] waysHence; from the Fundamental Rul, all the r boxes together can veal (2-1) (0D ®=F+) —s $0, "P,2-(0-1)-(n1=2oun(n=r+l) This can be simplified by multiplying and dividing the right hand side by (n=) (n-r-})...3-2+1 giving us Rann Iln-2)on[a-(r-1)] fr-(e-)) (n-1(n-2), If we take n items at a time, then we get” P, . From a discussion similar to that we had for filling the r boxed above, we can find that "P, is equal to nt ‘The first box can be filled in m ways, the second one is (1) ways, the "BT, i Foti Seal Hawa Ks Naar T, New Da Ps (1) SSS, Cals RIDE A SWRTOTIG EDT? nm64 65 1n boxes can be filled in n(n=1)(n—2)....3.2.1 waysie., n! ways Hence, But if we substitute r=m in the formula for "2, then we get "P, since we already found that "P, =, we can conclude that O!=1 Number of Combinations of » Dissimilar things Taken.» at a Time oS Let the number of combinations "C, be.x. Consider one Of these x ‘combinations. Since ths is a combination, the order ofthe items is not important. If we now impose the condition that orders required for these r items, we can get r! arrangements from this one combination. So each combination can give rise to r! permutations x-coinbinations will thus give rise to x.r! permutations. But since these reall periutations of » things taken r ata time, this must be equal to "BS Hence, "C, ‘The number of combinations of m dissimilar things taken all at a time is I Out of n things lying on a table, if we select r things and remove them from the table, we are left with (nr) things on the table ~ that is, ‘whenever r things are selected out of m things, we automatically have another selection of the (nr) things. Hence, the number of ways of ‘making combinations taking r out of m things isthe same as selecting (n=) things out of m given things, ie., "C= "Cy 's Whi When we looked at” P, we imposed two constr wwe will now release one by one to find out the sumber of permutations. Number of Arrangements of n Items of Which p are of one Type, q are of the Second Type and the Rest are Distinct ‘The number of ways in which » things may be arranged taking them all at a time, when p of the things are exactly alike and of one kind, q of them third one is (n—2)ways and so on, then the n"* box in | way; hence, all the Saas, Cfuet Fans Eder mune us bea LT. Wau Dam cuoeees a aa TCA TONNIGITG GMUENOGTED ‘iteAy Knrag seott ao0e certed inetnte ‘exactly alike and of another: ay rr of them exactly alike and of a third kind, and the rest all distinct is Fi 7 6.6 — Total Number of Combinstions Out of » given items, the number of ways of selecting one of more items is Where we can select 1 or2or3.... and so on items ata time; hence the number of ways is “C, +" Cy 4" Cy +n" Cy This is called “the total number of combinations” and is equal to 2" -1, where 7 is the number of items. 7 re n isthe nu ite . a [Number of ways of selecting one or more items fom given esis 21 mene (Dividing given items into ous ee SN (Dividing (p +4) iter into tw groups a items respective ™S spectively. xX \ Gi) Outof (p +g) items, if we select p ag oan dein FHC, ways), then we will be leftwith *items, i.e., we have two gToups of p and q items respectively Go, the number of ways of dividing (p +4) items into two groups ofp and q items respectively is equal to ?**C, whichis equal to ED" (iv) The number of ways of dividing (p +g) items into two groups of p and q items respectively is ea a (v) The number of ways of divi ing 2p items into two equal groups af p ql each oe where the two groups have distinct ident v2) , (vi) The number of ways of dividing 2p items into two equal groups of p (2p)! each is 2Mp!)? where the two groups do not have distinct identity. (vil). The number of ways in which (p+q +r) things can be divided into three groups containing p,q and r things respectively is If p=q=r, ic, if we have to divide the given items into three EQUAL groups, then we have two cases where the tree groups ae distinct and where the groups are not distinct, ‘BAT, ew For) Sa Sar, Have Kies, Neat LT, Nev Dai 110016, Ph (11) 26S¥7SH7, Car 999183034 & 9BSDL6TING BSE67 Gey When te ire groups are disine the mumbe of way is (P 1 When the three groups are not distinct, then the number of ways is cad (p! Circular Permutations ‘When n distinet things are arranged in a straight line taking all the m items, ‘we get n! permutations. However, if these m items are arranged in 2 circular ‘manner, then the number of arrangements will not be bu it will be less than that, This is because in a straight line patter, if we have an arrangement ABCDE, and if we move every item one place te right (in cyele order), the new arrangement that we get, EABCD,will abt be the same as ABCDE and this also is counted inthe n! permujatioas that ve talked about. However, if we have an arrangement ABCDE ina cirtular fashion, by direction, we sil get the same arrangement ABCDE. ‘SO>if we now take nas the numberof permutations, we will be counttg the same ‘arrangement more than once. \\ ‘The number of arrangements in circular ee out by first fixing the position of one item. Then the .{n!) items can be arranged in (n1)!ways. Now even if we movedhese (nT) items by one place in the clockwise direction, then th ertigonent that we get will not be the same asthe initial arrangement becaust One item is fixed and it does not move. Hence, the number of ways in which ndistinct things can be arranged in a circular arrangement in (1-1)! If we take the case of five people, A, B, C, D and E, sitting around a table, then the two arrangements ABCDE (in clockwise direction) and AEDCB (the same order but in anticlockwise direction) will be different and distinct What isthe different between different and distinct? Here we say that the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements are different. However, if we consider the circular arrangement ofa necklace made of five precious stones A,B,C, D and &, the two arrangements talked of above will be the same because we take one arrangement and turn the necklace around (front to back), tien we get the other arrangement. Here, we say that there is no difference between the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements, In this, case the number of arrangements, In this case the number of arrangements will be half of what itis in the case where the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements are different. ‘The number of circular arrangement of n distinct item is (n-I)tif there is a DIFFERENCE between the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements, and (0-D" ig there is NO DIFFERENCE between the clockwise and68 69 [ntso soo) does cxrned matte anticlockwise. ‘Sum of all Numbers Formed From the Given Digits (i) If m distinct digits are used to make ail the possible m — digit numbers, wwe get n! numbers, We now want to find out the sum, of these n! numbers, Let us take an example and understand how this can be done and then look ati s formula (i) To find the sum of all the four-digit numbers formed using the digits 2, 3,4 and 5 without repetition. (i) We can forma total of 4! of 24 numbers. When we add all these numbers, let us look at the contribution of the digit 2 to the sum, (iv) When 2 occurs in the thousands place in a particulat numbers, its ~~ contribution tothe total wil be 2000, The nuinber Of numbers that can be formed with 2 in the thousands place is 315 vie numbers. Hence, when 2is in the thousands plate its cditrbutiog to the sum is 31x 2000 OS (%) Similarly, when 2 oceurs in the hundred pl Of tiése."Cy lines, n a ofthem are sides. Hence the diagonals are "Cyn = Consider the equation 0 (If we consider all possible integral solutions ofthe equation, there are infinitely many, But the number of positive (oF non-negative) integral solutions is finite. (ii) We would like the number of positive integral solutions ofthis equation, i., values of (x), x2,x3) such that each x; >0 We imaging 10 identical objects arranged ona line. There are 9 gaps between these 16 objects. If we choose any two of these gaps, we are effectively spliting the 10 identical objects into 3 parts of distinct identity. Conversely, every split of these 10 objects corresponds to selection of 2 gaps out of the 9 gaps. (iv) Therefore, the number of positive integral solutions is?C . In general, if x +x) +..44, 28 where 62-1, the number of positive integral solutions is*"C,.1 (8) For xy 49 445 tonne %q = where 520, the number of positive integral solutions (whens 2) is *1C,, and the number of non- negative integral solutions is "**"*C,. Miscellaneous Sa Ge Pe men Wine ane Re LT LIDRIE Py ball DARE] CLE DGUUNLI Dr amseuayus aunaaasveaSen ot oon cred @® The total eumber of ways in which a selection can be made by taking some or all out of p+g#?+ un. things where p are alike of one kind, r alike ofa third kind and so on it [(o+ala+ir+9)...}-1). ® c, Examples: (a) How many four letter words can be formed using the leters of the word “ROAMING”? Exp: None of the letters in the word are repeated 3, getting a number 23. \~ Set 4: Getting a number 23, getting a umber 3. ww @ Ifwe compare the 1" and 3" set of eyeits, one inain difference is that ‘the events of set | include all possible cocifences of the experiments ‘without leaving any occurrence, wherbas, the events of set 3 do not cover all the possible oecurencts Stig experiment (because the occurrence of getting a 3 is not covered hr ether one of the two events in set 3). ~ ‘Events that together cover all the possible occurrences of ant experiment are termed as COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE events. ‘The events of set 2 and 4 are also collectively exhaustive events, (ii) IF we compare the events ofa set | and ses 4, the main difference is that in the events of set | no occurrence appears in more than one ‘event, whereas, in the events of set 4 some occurrences appear in more than one event (inthis ease, the occurrence 3 appears in both the events of set 4), If the occurrence of one event precludes the possibility ofthe ‘occurrence of any other event, Such events are called MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE events. (¥) So, in aset of mutually exclusive events, any occurrence of the experiment cannot come in more than one event. (vi) Asis clear, set 2 and 3 are also mutually exclusive events, (vi) So, set | and 2 are both mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, If we have a set of events which are both mutually exclusive end collectively exhaustive, then the sum of the probabilities of such events will be equal to 1 (ix) The two events we discussed above are mutually exclusive and "BRAT, Pr For in Sarl Haar Was, ear LIT New DuMU AVANT) DEITELT, Cl 9909189494 & SOOVTEITIN BRUTE.ny 3 We just looked at collectively exhaustive as per the defini 16 jon Theorem on Probability (i) If there are two sets A and B, we known that the number of elements in AUB is given by n(4UB)=n(4)+n(B)~n(40B). (ii) A similar relationship exists in Probability Theorem (called the Addition Theorem of Probability) as P(AUB)=P(4)+P(B)~P(4B), where Aand B aretwo events. Gli) 16 A and B ave mua exclusive events (i.e, and B are disjoint sets), then P(AMB)=0 (iv) If there are two mutually exclusive events and B.then P(A4UB)=P(4}+ P(B) 71 Independent Events . (@) — Twoevents £, and £) are said to be independeht, if the occurrence of the event £5 is not affected by the occurence ir non-occurence of the event £ \ (ii) If A and B are two independent everits, then P(AMB)=P(A)-P(B) : Example (a) Two dice are called simultaneously. Find the probability that one of them shows a number which is at least 4 and the other shows @ number which is at mast 3 When two dice are thrown simultaneously, fotal number of (6) (6) =36. Out of these, favourable cases are (4, 1), (4,2) (4, 3).(8, 196, 23,(5, 3), (6, 1), (6,2) and (6, 3).ie,9 nit), 1 ©. Required probability = 9] — || = )x2=— ian (2) car] {b) Two dice ae ralled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on them is not 8. Exp: Probability of sum of the numbers is not 8 = 1 — Probability of sutn of the numbers on them is 8) = favourable cases for sum ofthe number is 8 are (2, 6), (3, 5) (4,4). (5, 3) or 6,2)Saigo soot 1008 corded intete Probability (sum ofthe mumers on them is 8) = G) eG 53 36 36 Required probability (©) Three fair dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the first die shows a composite number, second die shows an odd number and third die shown an odd prime number. Exp: Required probability = Probability of first die shows a composite ‘number * probability of second die shows an odd number * probability of third die shows an odd prime number 22)( L (@) Four dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers exceeds 22. _ Exp: Total number of cases = 64 =1296 > ‘The various combinations for the sum exceediig 22-and the corresponding number of arrangements iieach vase areas follows ‘Sum being 23 (6, 6, 6, 5), (6, 6, 5, ).16,5.6, 6) or (5, 6, 6, 6) ss Sum being 24 ~ (6,6, 6, 6) 4 15 Required probability =5|~] =—>_ ein pity =) «2 (©) Five fair coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting exactly 4 heads. Exp: The event of getting exactly 4 heads will be the combination of 4 heads and 1 tail. Number of arrangements possible with this combination 5, st Oman :, Required probability = (9 Five fair coins are tossed together. Find the probability of geting t most 3 heads. Exp: Probability of getting at most 3 heads probability of getting at least 4 heads [(probabilty of geting 4 heads) + (probability of getting 5 heads)]@) ‘A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of cards, Find the probability of it being ( ajack (ii) a black numbered card (it) adiamond (e) aed king (i) A pack of cards has 26 black cand®yyhich 18 are numbered. A. black numbered card can be draWitin "8G =18 ways. ~The required probability G18 © 3c," 52" 26° (i) A pack of cards has 13 diamonds ‘A diamond can be drawn in ‘The required probability Bq nt Be 24 (iv) A pack of cards had 2 red kings. Avred king cab be drawn in 2C, =2 ways. 2G Zo, (h) Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a well shuffled pack of cards ‘Find the probability of both being.Pipsacademy nso voor et Coctiey orton ® Kings (i) Honours (ii) Black honours Exp: Two cards can be drawn from a pack of cards in *2C, ways. ‘+ There are 4 kings in a pack of cards. Two kings can be drawn in 4 Cy ways. ‘© The required probability ‘© There are 16 honours ina pack of cards. oe + Therequied probability = 572 2 s ‘+ The required probability = —2- (0 Two ands ae drawn at random from a pabkeaf Ses, Find the probability that one of them is a mane the other is a queen. Exp: Two cards can be drawn from ack of oftards in °C ways, ‘A numbered card can be drawn in ee sae ‘And a queen card can be drawn in *C, ways, Bo 4 a4 x ‘The required probability = () Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a pack of cards. Find the probability that both are hearts or both are diamonds. Exp: Both cards should be hearts or diamonds. These are mutually exclusive events. Let X denote the event of getting both hearts and Y denote the event of geting both diamonds. P(XUY)=P(X)+P(F)-P(X AY) (2a) Are {52 | rer 120] (k) Three cards are drawn simultaneously from a pack of cards. Find the ‘probability that one of them is red, another is a spade and the third is a club. Exp: There are 26 red cards, 13 spades and 13 clubs in a pack of cards. THAT, (Fe Foor a Sart Hau KiTy Samo soe ue crete cy ; 6, BG 1 ‘The requited probability = C= (Two balls are dravin in suocession without replacement from a box. ee containing 3 black balls and 6 blue balls. Find the probability that (@ The first bal is black and the second ball is blue, (i) Both are blue, Exp: The first ball can be drawn in °C, =9 ways and as it is not replaced, the second ball can be drawn in ®C; =8 ways. * A black ball can be drawa in °C, =: 3 ways ine ae Ablue. ball can be drawn in °C, =6 ways inthe second dre Since this tll snot replaced bie ball can be drawn iS second draw. oO ‘The required probability (1m) A bag contains 3 blue balls, 4 greethballand 5 ted balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the probability tintitis ee (@) Nota green bal (b) A red ball Exp: A ball can be drawn from 12 balls in '?C, =12 ways. ‘A ball other than a green ball (3 + 5 = 8) can be drawn in ®C, ways. Hence, the probability of not drawing a green ball § G2 Po 3 ‘A ed ball out ofthe 5 red balls present inthe bag can be drawn in 5q=5 ways, A Hence, the probability of drawing a red ball = a e 3 i (a) A bag contains 3 blue balls, 4 green balls and 5 red balls. Three balls are raven simultaneously at random. Find the probability that (@) ‘The balls are of different colour @) Two are blue and one is green, (©) The balls are of the same colour. Exp: Three balls can be drawn from 12 balls in '7C, ways, anot conan ae (9 Wecan draw a blue ball out of 3 blue balls in °C; ways, @ green ball out of 4 green balis in 7 ‘C; ways and a red ball out of $ red balls in $C, ways 34g 5 ‘The required probability = oA 3 (ii) Two blue balls and one green ball can be drawn in >. 3 4g, :, The required probability =e = (ii) 3 blu balls or 3 green balls or 3 red balls can'be raven in °C or 4e ot 5 SotGa oy 3 Cy ot §C; ways required probability = oa (0) Mohn had 5 fifty rapes notes, 3 hundred rupee notes and 4 five hundred rupee notes in his pocket. Two\eales ere drawn at random. Find the odds in favour of both being Exp: Total number of ways of drawing two notes from a pocket containing 12 notes in '?Cy waysThe Husiber of ways in which two fifty Taper notes can be drawn = 5 Cy 5, ‘The probability of choosing two fifty rupee notes = ms 2 :, Odds in favour of the event = favorable ways: unfavorable ways = SB (p) Thete are 4 red, 6 blue and 8 white balls in a bag. Raju drew 2 balls from it one after another. Find the probability ofthe second bell drawn being blue if the first ball is (® Replaced i Not replaced. Exp (i): the required probability = Probability of drawing any bal from the bag as the first bal). (Probebility of drawing « blue ball from it as the second ball = S}- 18) 3 (Gi) There are two cases. The first ball is blue or it is not blue, ~The probability thatthe second ball is blue isTy Stso op01 2008 cere Irtete (3) 12/6 Sf Barf A212 (AGN) AD (ASR is\i7)*tali7) “t8li7 17) (tunaCHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO DATA INTERPRETATION 81 Data Table . Here dita is presented in the form of simple table, While lnype dda ‘can be presented in tabular form, that too in a very accuifate mianér, ~~ interpreting the data in tabular form is more difficult 4 ind time Consuming than the other modes, all of which are basically pictoriator graphical in presentation, ~ : Data tables can be of a number of types. They can be f'a single table variety or cottbination of tables. Some exaraples Oftables are given below. Railway Time Table- Coromangel Express te eno Place | Camulativ. ‘Atrival | Departure Time cemileage Time Unrs) Madras 0 5 a ae [ Netiore 200 1120 1130 Vijayawada | 525 | 1530 16.00 Rajamundry _ | 700 19.20 Visakhapatnam | 1100 01.10 Bhubaneshwar | 1430 Bs Kharagpur | 1600 0735 | Katkata 1925, 09.30 % From the above Time Table, we can obtain the following: (i) Distance between various stations, ii) Total idle time as a proportional of total travel time. a ‘Average speed between stations as well as over the entre journey. (iv) Minimum and maximum speeds between two stations. 8.2 Pie-Chart This is probably the simplex of all pictorial forms of data presentation, Hence, total quantity to be shown is distributed over one complete circle oF 360 degrees. In pie-charts, data is essentially presented with respect to only Imterpretatio AT, et iw) Sara Hoe Kas, Nee LET, New DADE83 che parameter (tilike in two and 3-dimensional graphs, described later). ‘This form essentially presents shares of various elements as proportion ot percentage of the total quantity. Each element or group in the pie-chart is represented in terms of quality (or value, as the case may be) or as the angle made by the sector representing the elements or as a proportion of the total or as a percentage of the total CChart-I gives distribution of the population in different geographical zones. Distribution of Population in Geographical Zones sath 2 NN From the above pie chart, we can calculate the fot \ (@ Population in any zone given the total populaticn, A“ (il) Population of any zone as a percentage of that of another zone. OS (ii) Percentage increase in the total popultian given the percentage increas in the population of ondgr Tose vones. Pie charts are also very frequently used in combination with other forms of data or along withthe Pie-Chars ‘Two-Dimensional Graphs This is essentially used for continuous data but can also be used for depicting discrete data provided we understand the limitation, Also, known a5 Cartesian Graphs, they represent variation of one parameter with respect to another parameter each shown on a different axis. These types of graphs are useful in studying the rate of change or understanding the trends through extrapolations. Motion Graph 020 40 60 W000 120 140 160 ‘Speed (in meves/second) =a ea ‘Chat represents another type of two-dimensional graph which is mostly used to depict scientific data like speed, velocity, vector ee. In the graph speed trends of three bodies Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 is given along with their actual ‘AI Fir Fra Sura Hour Kas, Nea LL, Rew Da 016 Pus (1) 2557, BPN A OB IGITN SHEETS84 Saiso seer a00e ceries stuns path of motion. Bar-Charts This i a type of graph used mostly to depict data in a discrete way. They are accurate and cornparison of variables is very convenient Refrigerator Sales of Company ABC (os ot uns) 1888 ise 198081 ~ Chart $ shows model wise sales of refrigerators nt but yeas, From this graph we can obtain the following: (0) Pereentge contribution of each model toe company’s tot sales for four years. ~. (ii) Relative increase or decrease in the share of €ach model. (iii) Sales trend of various models Venn-Diagrams ‘You must be familiar with the concept of sets. Data is represented inthe form of Venss-Diagrams when operations have tobe carried out on different distinct sets of elements each following a different functional rule. Al the clements in a set Follow the same functional rule. By Set Union and Intersection operations, you can establish new sets from the existing sets. For example: consider three of the courses Physits, Chemistry and Maths offered to B.Sc. students of various groups rc From the chart, you can arrive atthe number of students who are studying only one out ofthe above three subjects. Example: ‘These questions are based on the following table, which gives the details of the sports which students in all the classes ofa schoo! like. Introduction to Data Interpretation all, Gia fen Jani hake Nar LT, eo DG OeThe table gives the numberof students in each class and the percentage of ‘students in it who like Cricket, Volleyball, Basketball and Football. Introduction to Data Interpretation, | Class | Number | Cricket ‘YVoiteyball | Basket | Foot ball of ball students 6 120 | 60% | 70% 50% 60% a 7 140 | 50% — } 60% 0% 50% 8 160 | 40% | 65% 55% 45% 8 65% 5% 35% - | 180 | 15 ; 65%. 3% 10 | 240 | t0% | 80% | 75% Np 5% 1. How many students in the schoo! like cricket? “~~. (a) 436 NS . (6) 432 . (491 (asi \ () 540 ‘ Ans: ¢ 2 Exp: Number of students who like Crick: mol 50 say) 40 Tpptt20)+ (40) + 5 (160) 65 10 (180) += (240} ¥0("89)* jog) = 491 2, By what percentage is the number of students who like Volleyball in class 6 more/less than those who like Basketball in class 102 (a) 40% (b.) 50% (€) 33.33% (a) 56.67% (¢.) None ofthese Ans: Exp: Number of students who like Volleyball in class 6 70. ——(120)=84 720Pipsusdeny Kntso peor! 200s Certned ietace ‘Number of students wo lke Basketball {a class 10 Ta (oto)=180 84s ess than 180 by OH 10} = 53.33%, 3. Themumber of students who like cricket in class 7 is what percentage of the numberof students who like Footbal in class 8? {a} 88% (693.5% ~ (c.) 95.6% (4.)97.2% (@) 99.2% \. Ans: d Exget Numbec of student who like icin ciss-7 S40) =70 ~ \ \ Niurnber of studens who ike Foon ga (0) =n wl Required percentage 3 .100=97.2% 2 Esercise 2 Bar Chart ‘These questions are based on the following graph: 1, Inhow many of the given years was the exports at least 10% more than the imports? fo 1 TAT, ee Foor i Sarah Haus Kha, Near LET New Dei 110016, Pk: (II) DISSED), Gas Raa 8 SHNTRTTNG BeaTe Ans: ¢ Exp: In 1994, exports =80>70+22(70)=77 100 In 1995, exports 10 =130<120+—(120) =132 100 In 1996, exports 100+22 (100) =110 100 In 1998, exports 70 <160+ 2-160) 100 In 1999, exports =160< 150+” (150) =165 i00' The given condition was satisfied in two years. | 2. “What was the average exports for the given period (in ‘000 crores)? 4 it (a) 145 (b) 132 ©) 126 i @us () 138 ‘ Ans: b Exp: Average exports, FAA WFisa Pom) Iu Sill Wins Khan, Near LL Non nl Pn MDI CE WBIDN A oe_80+130+140-+112+170+160 6 =132 3. From 1995 to 1999, in which year was the percentage growth in exports, ‘when compared to the previous year, the highest? (a) 1995 (b,) 1996 (c.) 1997 (4) 1998 (e,) 1999 Ans: a Exp: Expotina year exceeded that in the prevdityear in 1995, 1996 and 1998. Percentages by which ‘exports: BS, 1998 an and 1998 exceed the exports in the previous year were Seibgye S e nt a (00) respectively, Only in 1995 was the growth more han BOM 4. What isthe simple average annual growth rate in the imports fromm 1994 to 19997 (ays (b) 18 19 (a2 (e) 23 Ans: ¢ Exp: Imports in 1994 (in ‘000 crores) = 70 Imports in 1999 (in ‘000 erores) = 150 Percentage growth 150-70 x100=115% ‘Average annua growth = 6 =23 5. Among the years in which the imports as well as exports exceed those in "BATT, rt low) Sarah HeBipsaadny Earned tate the previous years, in how many years was the percentage increase in imports less than the percentage increase in exports? (a0 91 2 (a3 (4 Ans: a Exp: The imports as well as exports exceeded those in the previous ‘years in 1995, 1996 and 1998, SN ~ In none of the years was the given condition satisfied: Exercise 3 Pie Charts \ The following pie chart represents the brea ots monthly expenses 1. TFRaju spend Rs, 4500 more on food and transport together than he spent on rent, then find his monthly expenses. (a) 15,000 (b.)25,000 (c) 30,000 (35,000 (e,) 40,000 Ans: ¢ By ercentage of his expenditure spent on rent= 15% Percentage of hs expenditure spend on transport and food 30% - 15% = 15% = Rs. 4500 Monthly expenses = 100% "BRAT, Pew Fier) in Sori Homa Kas, Near ELT, Rew eR1) iRaiao sont 2008 ceried nettste 100 = Ay (4500) = 30,000 2. Raju spent 20% of his expenditure of ‘others’ on entertainment, This amounted to Rs. 2100. Find his expenditure on education. (4500 (6) 5,000 (©) 6,500 (47,500 (e.) None of these \ Ans:e Exp: Expenditure on entertainment = 20% of 35% =9%= 2100 1% = 300 SO Expenditure on education = ve 3. Find the angle made by the expenditure on Yent aid\pthers' put together. ~~ % (a) 120° \ (b, 160° SN (e,) 180° . (4) 210° (e) 240° Ans: © ‘Exp: Total expenditure on rent and other = 15% + 35% = 50% 50 Re -d angle = —(360°) = 180° ued nee 5 (0) 4. As prices dropped, Raju’s expenditure on clothes dropped by 10%. Asa result of this, his expenditure on ‘others’ decreased from Rs. 10,500 to Rs, 10,290. What percentage of his expenditure on ‘others’ was spent on y clothes? 3 0% (b.) 12% (c.) 15% (d.) 20% (e) 2.5% Ans: d Exp: Decrease in expenditure on ‘others’ = 10500 ~ 10290 =Rs. 210 ~ Initial expenditure on clothes New Da 006 Ph (1) 65ST, Ca SRD BOTT anteTors =210(%)=a.210 10 Required percentage = 21 (100) =20% 10500. Exereise-t Line Graphs The following line graph represents the population (in mitlions) of country X in each year from 1980 to 1985, F - 5, Find the percentage increase in the population of X from 1980 +0 1985. (a) 60 2 66% oN (70% (a)75 (@) None of these Ans: € Exp: Required percentage 19-11 Remar Lt (100) =ndy% ii 6. Inwhich ofthe given years, fom 1981 to 1985, did she population increas by the highest percentage over the previous years? (2) 1981 (b.) 1982 “e) 1983, (a) 1984 OS ossiy {e) 1985 Ans: Exp: As the maximum inorease in population between any two years is 0.2 million (1981, 1983 and 1985) and asthe increase in population in 1981 is ona lower base, the percentage increase in 1981 would be the highest 7. Ifthe percentage of women in the population of country X inthe years ‘rom 1980 to 1985 are 40, 45, 50,55, 60 and 65 respectively, then in which ofthe given years when compared to its previous years, did the female popiltion show the highest percentage increase? (a) 1985, (63 1984 () 1983 (4) 1982 (e) 1981 Ans: ¢ Exp: As the percentage increase isi! papulation, and the pereeotage increase in the share of female pop atidnin 1981 (40-45, ic., 12.5%) is the highest, the percentage increase iMemaale population would be the highest in that year Direction for question 16 to 19: These questions are based on the following ine graph, which shows the time taken to complete a pasticular task by seven different persons A to G 8. In how much time can B and D together complete the task? @ x ours, tb) x hours ©) ca hours @ at hours © az = hours Ans: ¢ NeyPen 9. IfCleaves 3 hours after A and C started the task, then how many more hours will A take to complete it? (@) 12 hours (b) 2.4 hours (©) 15 hours (@) 2.5 hours (€) 3.8 hours Ans: a 10. F, E and G worked on the task for one hour and then E left. If F and G ‘together complete the remaining work, then how many more hours did F and G take to finish the remaining work? (2) 62 hous 1 b) 7 hours (by 7 hee (©) 5 hous | @ ot hours 1 © ao hours Ans. d 11, Approximately how long will it take-far AS@;D and F together to complete the task? (a) 15 hours (©) 17 hours (@) 23 hours i (€)2.1 hours | (e) 19 hours | Ans: ¢ | \ | (07a ow rom) pa ders oases Nai, Now DaREATONTS (ly B6SSTS31, Coll 999PIED4G4 Be PODDLOTTDA, ASBREAATE|CHAPTER 9 AREA OF PLANE FIGURES 91 Triangles The area of a triangle is represented by the symbol A. For any triangle, the ‘hive sides are represented by a,b and c and the angles opposite these sides represented by A, B and C respectively For any triangle in general, (When the measurements of three sides a,b, c are givers. ~~ Aeon sea)EB) where s= 2B ‘This is cated Hero's formula Sea (When base (b) and atiude (height) 10 that bag are given, LN YS Area = 3 base x altitude ca. sin B, (iy) Area= = where R is the circum radius ofthe triangle. (8) Area =r. s where ris the in radius ofthe triangle an s, the semi perimeter. ut of these five formulae, the first andthe second are the most commonly used and areé also more important from the examination point of view. (i) Fora right angled triangle, ‘Area= ; > Product of the sides containing the right angle (vil) Foran equilsteral triangle 2 Area= Bed where ‘a’ is the side of the triangle. The height of an Bea quisiera angle (vill) For an isosceles triangle b 2 Area = [4a’—b* where "a" is length of each of the two equal it on) a Ser ne A. Kone is, Near LT, New Da 0016 Ph (ASST, Ca 99910504 STATIN ETTBipsaadeny figeee 92 sides and b is the third side Quadrilateral @ w i) (iy) ™ wi) (wily For any quadrilateral Ate ofthe quater = > «ope diagonal» sum ofthe ofes drawn to that diagonal For a cyclic quadrilateral where the four sides measure, b,¢ and d respectively. Area= oie) 7 Where s is the semi-perimeter, ie s For a trapezium vo them aN 4x(AD#BC)*AE — For a parallelogram a ‘sea = Base Height ‘Area = Product of two sides sine of included angle. Fora rhombus ‘Area =% x product ofthe diagonals Perimeter = 4 * side of the rhombus Fora rectangle ‘Area = Length * Breadth Perimeter =2(1+b), where / and bare the length and the breadth of the rectangle respectively Fora square ‘Area = Side” Area = ¥ x Diagonal? [Where the diagonal = 2 xside] Perimeter = 4 * Side, a93 94 (vil) Fora polygon ‘Area of a regular polygon = \4 « Perimeter x Perpendicular distance from the cenite of the polygon to any side. For a polygon which is not regular, the area has to be found out by dividing the polygon into suitable number of quadrilaterals and ‘wiangles and adding up the areas of all such figure present i the polygon. Circle (® Area ofthe circle =r? where r is the radius of the circle Circumference = 2nr (i) Sector ofa circle a S Length of ae= x2 ~ ath ofa = = xDAr _ a4 sca Area= se%m7* where O isthe angle ofthe is the radius of the tirce. ior in degres and + Area = (3) rs Tis length ofan Finis (iil) Ring: Ring is the space enclosed by two concentric circles, Area= aR? nr? =n(R+r)(R-r) where Ris the radius of the outer circle and rs the radius ofthe inner cirele Ellipse (Area = nab where "a" is semi-major and “b' is semni-minot axis i) Perimeter =n(a-+6) fg "EAD, et Poo) Jia Sara, Ba Kh, Nea LT New DeCHAPTER 10 AREA OF VOLUMES OF SOLIDS @ ii) (iv) w Solids are three-dimensional objects which, in addition to area, have volume also, For solids, two different types of area are defined. (a) Lateral surface area or curved surface area and (b) Total surface area As the name itself indicates, lateral surface area ig the ared‘of the LATERAL surfaces of the solid. Total surface fea inclitdes the area of the top and the bottom surfaces also ofthe slid Hele, total Surface area = Lateral surface'aréa FAreg of thetop fave + Area of the bottom face, ~ LS In solids (like cylinder, cone, sphere), where the Lateral surface is curved, the lateral surface area is usually refered to asthe “curved surface area" \ For any solid, whose faces are regular polygons, there is a definite relationship between the number bf vertices, the number of sides and the number of edges ofthe solid. This Telationship is given by “Euler’s Rule”. ‘Number of faces + Number of vertices = Number of edges + 2 (Euler's Rute) 10.1 Prism oO i) (i) ‘A right prism is a solid whose top and bottom faces (bottom face is called base) are parallel to each other and the identical polygons (of ‘any numberof sides) that are parallel. The faces joining the top and bottom faces are rectangles and are called lateral faces. There areas ‘many lateral faces as there are sides in the base. The distance between ‘the base and the top is called height or Jength of the right prism. {na right prism, if perpendicular is drawn from the centre ofthe top face, it passes through the centre of the base For any prism, {Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base x Height of the prism. Total surface area = Lateral surface area +2 Area of base. ‘Volume = Area of base x Height of the prism. 10.2 Cuboid or Rectangular Solid ~ ARAL, First Floor) Jia Sarai pasar Runs Neny LILI Now DemITI@IC FLT WIN UMSET Ca OIA II eeA right prism whose base is a rectangle is called a rectangular solid or cuboid. {and b are respectively the length and breadth of the base and 4, the height, then Volume = lis Lateral surface area = 2(I+b)-h Total surface area = 2(1+5)h+2Ib =2(tb+thbh) Longest diagonal ofthe cuboid = Vi? «6? +4? : 10.3 Cube SS : (A right prism whose base is a square and height is'equal tothe solid of the base is called a cube Volume = a° where a is the edge of the cube Lateral surface area = 4a” Total surface area = 6a” (ii) The longest diagonal of the cube (i:¥.;the line joining one vertex on the top face to the diagonally opposite vertex on the bottom face) is called the diagonal of the cube. The length of the diagonal of the cube is a3 104 Cylinder (® —Acylinder is equivalent to aright prism whose base isa cite. A. cylinder has a single curved surface as its lateral faces. If ris the radius ofthe base and ‘is the height ofthe cylinder. Volume = nr7h ‘Curved surface area = = 2nrh Total surface srea = 2nrh + 2nr? = 2nr(h+r) (ii) Ahollow cylinder has a cross section of a ring. Volume of the atrial contained ina hollow eylindrcal ring. =2(?—r?)h where Ris the outer radius, ris the inner radius and f, the height 105 Pyramid (A solid whose bas is a polygon and whose faces are triangles is called a pyramid. The triangular faces meet act a common point called1] [Rao fot Faoue ceed eat vertex. The perpendicular from the vertex to the bast is called the height ofthe pyramid. A pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and the foot ofthe perpendicular from the vertex to the base coincides with the centre of the base, is called a right pyramid. (ii) The length ofthe perpendicular fromthe vertex to any side ofthe base (please note that this side will be the base of one of the triangular lateral faces of the prism) along the slant lateral surfaces is called the slant height ofthe prism. 1 ; Volume of pyramid = > * Area of base Height SAN 1 peri N . Lateral surface area = Di Perimeter of the base * ‘Slant Weight. WS ‘Total surface area = Lateral surface area + Area dF the base. 10.6 Cone wo (@ A.cone is equivalent toa right pyramid whose base is a circle. The lateral surface af cone does not consist of triangles lke in a right pyramid but is a single curved surface (i) If ris the radius ofthe base ofthe cone, A is height ofthe cone and 1 js the slant height ofthe cone, when we have the relationship. Pare Volume = Lh 3 Curved surface area = = nr-1 Total surface atea =nrl+m* =nr(l+r) (iii) A cone can be formed by taking the sector ofa circle and joining together its straight edges. Ifthe radius ofthe sector is Rand the angle of the sector is 6°, then we have the following celationships between the length of the are and area of the sector on the one hand and base perimeter ofthe cone and curved surface area of the cone on the other hand. Radius of the sector = Slant height of the cone ie., R= a. | SBA Pe Ber a Sora Hau Ks, (PDE SET, Cae OO E4 & 99916173 r= New Dane 10016, Ph10.7 Cone Frustum, Ty ‘nib0 9001! 3000 Corte ne Length of the arc ofthe sector = Circumference of the base of the cone. a fey s@ge2enR= Dar sree 360 ‘And area ofthe sector = curved surface area (actually, from this last equation, substituting the values from the first two equations, we can get the curved surface area of the cone, which is what is given previously as equal to nr! ) ao SS (® Sfaccone is cut into two parts by d-plane parallel to the base, the Portion that contains the base is called thé frustum of a cone, (i) If ris the top radius; R, the radius of the base; f the height and J the slant height of « frustum of a cone, Lateral surface area of the cone =n( +7) ‘Total surface area = (Ra? eR Ter) sare?) P=(R-eP 4? FH isthe height of the complete cone from which the frustum is cut, then from similar triangles, we can write the following relationship. r fh ‘A bucket that a normally used in a house is a good example of the frustum of a once, The bucket is actually the inverted form of the frustum. 108 Frustum of a Pyramid "PAN/AL, (Fest Floor) Ja Sarai, Haus Kes, Neos LL New Dalbdivaie, Pur li) Ges7S07, Call eonaiRtata @ aeaarevo™7Dipsaadeny eoatonerae @ A pyramid left after cutting ofa portion at the top by a plane parallel to the base is called a frustum of a pyramid. (i) If Ais the area of the base; 4p the area ofthe top and f, the height of the frustum, ' Volume of fst = Ixhn( + + (4) Lateral surface area =—x (Sum of perimeters of base and top) x Slant height ‘Total surface area = Lateral surface area-+ dp +p XS, 10.9 Torus AS CNS ° cB Say () A torus is a three-dimensional fi lized by the revolution of a circle about an axis laying in its plage Bat not intersecting the circle, ‘The shape of the rubber tube in a bicycle (when it is inflated fully) is an example of a torus. If r is a radius of the circle that rotates and a is the distance between the centre of the citele and the axis of revolution Surface area of the torus = 4n?ra Volume of the torus = 2n°ra 10.10 Sphere (@ Any point on the surface of a sphere is equidistant from the centre of the sphere. This distance is the radius of the sphere. ii} Surface area of a sphere = 4nr? ‘i 4 (ili) Volume of a sphere =| FI mr seb (lv) The curved surface area of a hemisphere is equal to half the surface area ofa sphere, ie, 2nr? Examples: (2) P and Q leave point a the same time P travelled towards North at a speed of 15 km/hr. Q travelled towards west at a speed of 20 km/hr.pete Find the shortest distance between them after 3 hour Exp: The position of P and Q after 3 hours. 6 SS . 13 hours, P would have travelled 45 kan and Q would have traveled 60 km. Shortest distance between them (PQ) = 4s? 3602 RN (b) The wheel of a motorcar makes 800. revolonPiabvering 880 m, Find 2) is amet Take 2) Exp: Let the diameter be dit. Distance covered = (Numbes of revelations) (circumference ofthe whee!) ss0-(om (2) 35 @ Inthe figure above, © is the cen ofthe circle, Find the length of the mor are AB if OA =7 om. {rte 2) Exp: ZAOB = 360° ~ 270° =90° Length of the mirror are AB = = Dar “RAI, Pia Paar) Ba ara, Wo Whe, Neve ELE, New Dene TO, PRs GIF AGITEDT, Cal SOHNE A OOMTATTIN ReaD{S\oF)) =llom (€) A goat is tied to a comer of a square field of side 21 m with a rope of length 14m. Find the area ofthe square field that the goat cannot graze. rae=2) 7 Exp: c___am [T ‘ 7 um Oo Oo os oF im aS ‘Area that the goat cannot graze = (Area of ABCD)-S(Area of sector AEF) ° 2)_( 28 eq)?) NS =(212}-[ 2 x(4 ‘e (0) -( FE at) = =287 sqm Mm (©) A circular garden has a radius of 15 wn, [is Surrounded by a circular path of width 7 m. If the path isto be polished at a rate of Rs. 15 per sq / , find the tt cost of olihingthe pat, Take x 2 ) ) Exp: Total cost of polishing = (15) (Area to be covered) ~1(2(2-18)) =Rs.12210 (O) Find the volume of the largest right circular cylinder which can be cut, from a cube of slide 7em, (tae m= 2) Exp: The iaxgest right circular cylinder will have its height as well as its diameter equal to the side ofthe cube. Its volume ag Jo 269.5 eubic em (@) A roller bas a length of 3m. Its diameter is 0.7 m. Itrequires 600 revolutions of the roller to level a road. The cost of usage of the roller is Rs. $ per sq, m, Find the total cost of leveling the road. (tte-22) SSS SSS nn LL Ml GnumExp: Curved surface area ofthe roier =2(2)(Zor-66oam Cost of leveling the road = (600) (6.5) (5) =Rs. 19800. (h) A cylindrical vessel of base radius 4 em is filled with water toa height ‘of om. {lead shots each of radius 2 mm are dropped into it and the ‘water level rises to 8.50 cm. Find the numiber of lead shots dsopped. @ 500 (i) 3750 ae i) 1000 . qe) 1500 . Ans:b ™. (0) Three cubes whose diagonals ate 6\S2m, 8V3.cmb and 103 em are melted to form a new cube. Find the length atthe Wiagonal ofthe cube formed @® Wicm \ (i) 125 em Git) 145 cm (i) 13V3.em Ans:'b (i) The thickness of a pipe is 2 mm and its external diameter is 0.8 em. If | em’ of the material of the pipe weights 15 gm, then find the weight of the pipe of length 28 em. @ 256em Gi) 31.8 gm 1584 gm (iy) 63.6 em Ans: (B) A goat each is tethered with ropes of length 14 m, to two diagonally ‘opposite comes of a rectangular plot with dimensions 35 m x 14 m, Find the total area that they are graze inthe rectangular plot @ 182sqm @) W2sqm (iii) 308 sq.m (iv) 154sq.m Ans. ¢ () The area of.a cite, a square and an equilateral triangle are equal. If the perimeters of the cite, the square and the triangle and C, $ and T respectively. Which of the following holds true?c [9 Ld (a) -19 (b) 3 () 9 @) -9 ‘AGW Wen Rt) i Sra Hert Ner LL New Da Pas Oni Ga HMI A TET RET f9% 10. Ty Three circles of equal diameters are placed 11. Suppose three meetings of a group of such that their centres make an equilateral professors were arranged in Mumbai, Delhi triangles as in the figure and Chennai. Each professor of the group attended exactly two meetings. 21 professors attended Mumbai meeting, 27 attended Dethi ‘meeting and 30 attended Chennai meeting. How many of them attended both the Chennai and Delhi meetings? (a) 18 (b) 24 Within each circle, 50 points are randomly (c) 26 mated The Sequacy diuiion of (a3! Camnot be found fam the above listances between all possible pairs of points SN Htommation will look as ~S ° @ o ‘IL “Decode : gi] \ SSL ENTS TU tal \ » 1S sOoLVD a LIU’SPAE > ence LMHTRBN ) 3| ry EELBOLT g| / TNIYBES 3\ / & \ () GENT STUDENTS CAUSE LITTLE stance HEARTS BURNS © ze (b) STUDENTS ARE (NTELLIGENT & f\ BUT PROBLEM IS NOT SOLVABLE 3 £ / \ (c.) THIS PROBLEM IS UNSOLVABLE Gate BY ANY STUDENT istance a) > (d.) THIS PROBLEM IS SOLVABLE BY me INTELLIGENT STUDENTS & 13. There is an inner circle and an outer circle 2 around a square, What is the ratio of the area “ 'fistance of the outer circle to that of the inner circle? e e e e e e e e e The minimum number of straight lines required to connect the nine points above (@) 2 without lifting the pen or retracing is (a) 3 (b) 2 hy 4 @5 () W2 (a) 6 @ SR "BA, et i na14, 15. 16. 1. 18, Prizseciony feared ee ‘One is required to tile a plane with congruent 19, regular polygons. With which of the following polygons is this possible? (a) 6-go0 (b) 8 gon (©) 10-gon (a) 12-g00 20, Most Indian tropical fruit trees produce fruits in April-May. The best possible explanation forthisis )) optimum water availability for Sruit production. (b.) the heat allows quicker ripening of fruit. : (€2) astimals have no other source of food in summer. Loo ND (4) tte impending monsoon provides \ optimum conditions for propagation. The probability that a ticketless traveler is caught during a trp is 0.1, Ifthe trayeler\° makes 4 trips, the probability that he/she vill ‘be caught during at least one of the tipi,“ (a) 1-(09)* (b) (1-09) (©) 1-(-09)* 2. (@) (03)' Let 4.8 be the ends of the longest diagonal of the unit cube. The length of the shortest path from 4 to B along the surface is @) 8 (b) 1+V2 ©) 5 a (@) 3 ‘The statement: “The father of my son is the (©) 54 ~ (a8 . 140, Four lines are drawn on a plane with no two parallel and no three concurrent. Lines are \. drawn joining the points of intersection of the“ previous four lines. The number of new lines > obtained this way is ‘ @)3 ‘ (b)2 (12 @2 EAI, a Fra Sara Hau ns, Near LT, Ne Da OIG, PhO) SSD, Cle OPTED LTS, SATIS