Statistics

Faculty of Pharmacy
1-DEC- 2019
 Basic concepts
Statistics::
Statistics is a field of study concerned with methods of
procedures of collection, organization, summarization ,
presentation, classification, and analyzing the data.
This analysis may lead to conclusions and decision.
Medical Statistics:
The medical statistics deals with application of statistics to
medicine, and the health sciences, including epidemiology,
public health, forensic medicine and clinical research.
Biostatistics:
More commonly connotes all applications of statistics to
biology.
 ‫علم االحصاء‬

‫النتائج‬ ‫تحليل البيانات‬ ‫جمع البيانات عرض البيانات‬

‫و اتخاذ القرار‬ ‫وتنظيمها في جداول‬

‫االحصاء االستداللي او االستنتاجي‬ ‫االحصاء الوصفي‬

Inferential statistics Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics: Tools for summarizing organizing and

simplifying data.
Inferential statistics: Tools for generalizing beyond actual
observations. Data from sample use to draw inferences about a
population.
 statistical Data

Numerical Data Descriptive Data

quantitative variables qualitative variables

Numerical Data
1- Continuous as, weight, Temperature.
2- Discrete as, number of cars.

Descriptive Data
1- Ordinal as, Blood pressure (high, good and low), Grades
(Excellent, V.good, good and fail).
2- Nominal as, Male, female , Married , single and divorced.
Variable (Data):
It is a characteristic that takes on different values
in different persons, places, or things.
For examples: heart rate, the heights of adult
males, the weights of preschool children, the ages of
patients seen in a dental clinic.
Types of variables
1- Quantitative Variables:
It can be measured in the usual sense.
For example:
the heights of adult males, the weights of preschool
children, the ages of patients seen in a dental clinic.
2-Qualitative Variables:
Many characteristics are not capable of
being measured. Some of them can be
ordered (called ordinal) and Some of them
can’t be ordered (called nominal).
For example:
classification of people into socioeconomic
groups, hair color.
A population:
It is the largest collection of values of a random
variable for which we have an interest at a particular
time.
For example: The weights of all the children
enrolled in a certain elementary school.
Populations may be
finite or infinite.

A sample:
It is a part of a population. For example: The
weights of only a fraction of these children.
Parameters
1- Values describing populations, as μ,σ𝟐 , σ , ρ.
Mean , variance , standard deviation.
2- Values describing samples, as 𝑿 ഥ , 𝐒.𝐃𝟐 ,S.D , r.
Mean , variance , standard deviation.
Sampling error:
Discrepancy between sample statistics and corresponding
population parameter.

Represented sample:
Sample whose characteristic are similar to population.

Random sampling:
Each event in the population has equal chance of being selected
from sample.
 Measure of central tendency ‫قياس النزعة املركزية‬
Mean:
Is the arithmetic average of the values.
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
ഥ
sample mean = X = 𝑛

Population mean = μ =
Median:
The median is the middle value when the sample size is odd. But
when the sample size is even take the average of the middle values.
Mode:
The most frequently occurring value, it is not influenced by
extreme values.
Measure of Dispersion‫قياس التشتت‬
Range ‫املدى‬
R= largest value – smallest value
Variance ‫التباين‬
Standard deviation ‫االنحراف املعياري‬
coefficient of variation ‫معامل االختالف‬
Definition (Ordered array)
Ordered array is a listing of the values of a collection
(either population or sample) in order of magnitude from
the smallest value to the largest value.

The goal of ordered array is:

1-Enables us to determine quickly the value of the
smallest measurement, the value of the largest
measurement.
2-The arrayed data might be needed in a hurry in
order to taking general information about the data .
 Purpose of grouping
-It well known that the data contain the information of an
event and the summarization of this data is a way of making
it easier in order to determine the nature of this information.
-Reducing the large quantity of the information in data in
order to avoid inadvertently lose some of specificity with
regard to the underlying data set.

Procedure of grouping of an data set :

1 Select a set of contiguous/
2 Non overlapping intervals, such that each value in the set
of observations can be placed in one, and only one, of the
intervals.
How many intervals in the group ?
-Too few intervals are undesirable because
of the resulting loss of information.

-If too many intervals are used, the objective

of summarization will not be met.

-The best guide to determine the number of

intervals is our knowledge of the data

Remark
The intervals should be no fewer than five
intervals and no more than 15.
Guide of determining the intervals

The best guide to determine the number of

intervals is our knowledge of the data.
By Sturges’s rule which have formula
k = 1 + 3.322(log n),
where k stands for the number of class
intervals and n is the number of values in
the data set under consideration.
Example:
Suppose that we have a sample of 275 observations
that we want to group. We have
= 2.4393.
Then by Sturges’s formula
k = 1 + 3.322(2.4393) 9.
Width of the class intervals
This width may be determined by dividing the range
by k, the number of class intervals.

𝑹
W=
𝑲
where R (the range) is the difference between the
smallest and the largest observation in the data set,
and k is the number of intervals.
Relative Frequencies
It may be useful at times to know the proportion, rather
than the number, of values falling within a particular
class interval.
Relative Frequencies
The Histogram
We may display a frequency distribution (or a relative
frequency distribution) graphically in the form of a
histogram.