en ee ee ee Acknowledgements Iisa cause for sadness that several of those who helped most decisively at one stage or another in this work are no longer alive. In first place, my thoughts go to the late Professor Halil Bedi Yénetken, formerly of the Belediye Konservatuari and Radyoevi, lstanbul. I established contact with him in 1961, without formal introduction, through the kindness of the American Information Service in Istanbul, and from the day of that frst smecting he gave me every possible help, eis a pleasure to recall his pleasure in hearing of my findings, whenever I returned to {sanbul ftom a tip in the interior of Anatolia. Frequent references to unpublished information from his notebooks will be found in the pages that follow. Among the dead, two others have also to be named: Professor Mahmut Ragip Gazimihal, with whom I corresponded from 1950 onwards on the origins of the Black Sea fiddle (p. 296), and the late Professor Muzaffer Sarisoven who assembled, at his own expense, the small collection of folk instru. ments in the Folklor Arsivi of the Devlet Konservatuvar in Ankara. Itisa source of particular satisfaction to me that I was able to discuss every item in that collection with him shortly before his death, Again, among the dead is an American friend, Mr. Herman Kreider, formerly Bursar at the Amerikan Kw Koleji, Amavutkéy, istanbul, a distinguished amateur photographer, with a vast knowledge of Turkish folk costume and of Turkish crafts. To him T am indebted for all photographs of instruments shown in the hands of performers in costume, and for all photographs evidently made in the open-air and with instruments mounted on impro- vised supports. These photographs were mostly taken in 1966 on the occasion of the Folklor Bayram in Istanbul; my debt can be judged. Lam particularly grateful to Professor A. Adnan Saygun of the Devlet Konservatuvars, Ankara, for permission to quote from. his pioneering transcriptions of fiddle and bagpipe tunes of the East Black Sea coastal region, first printed in publications that are now classics among ethno- inusicological studies in ‘Turkey. My oldest Turkish friend, Asim Zihnioglu, has known of and assisted nly work since 1952. First, when as Director of the Tea Factory in Rize he put me in touch with his workmen-fiddlers and provided me with facilities for recording, and most recently when he and his brother-in-law, Cemalxiv Acknowledgements Erkartal, obtained for me the unique gifte diimbelek from Tavsanlt (p: 62). It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to Serif Baykurt of the Koy Isleri Bakanligi, Ankara, who on many occasions facilitated my meetings with musicians and dance-teams. I am also indebted to Dr. inci Enginiin and Dr. Susan Skilliter for help with the translation of folk-song texts. Several musical examples are transcribed from recordings made (in 1953) by Johanna Jurgens and George Philcox, with whom I have not been able to make contact. My debt is here acknowledged. "The bulk of the photographs assembled in the plates, other than those by Herman Kreider, are of instruments in my collection and were taken by Dr. Richard J. Skaer, by Gordon Runnalls, or by me. Photographs loaned or given to ime include the original transparency of the Frontispiece from Dr. Milo Keynes, the Black Sea fiddler in Korea from John Levy, and seven items from Prof. Dr. Kurt Reinhard. The provenance of each photo- graph is acknowledged in the underlines to the plates. For the preparation of the prints and their assembly in the plates, I am indebted to three in- defatigable helpers: Richard and Helen Skaer, and Gordon Runnalls, who devoted an entire week without interruption to printing and mounting. For the use of facilities for photography so generously made available to me in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, I have to thank Professor Torkel Weis-Fogh, F.R.S. and Professor J. Arthur Ramsay, FRS. The number of informants (helpers of all kinds and friends) that remain is too great for me to mention them and their contributions individually. One only must receive special mention, one who has been fully apprised of the work on which I have been engaged since 1961 and has made me free of all his knowledge and of all the knowledge, skill and craft of his workmen and staff: Semsi Yastuman of Istanbul, the distinguished bard (atk) and noted maker of saz, whose instruments reach the furthest comers of Turkey. His introduction has made possible my direct access to the finest urban makers as well as to village craftsmen. For the rest of my helpers and informants, | list them in two groups, adding to each instance a reference to the service rendered or to the page, or pages, on which their services are mentioned. TURKISH INFORMANTS AND HELPERS Akgaoglu, Kazim (1962, aged 13) (pp. 48, 351, 364, 463); Akdemir, Ali (pp. 46, 52); Akpinar, Ali (1966, aged 12) (p. 175); Aksoy, Dr. Osman (pp. 155, $30, 554); Altay, Hadi (pp. 196, 197, 203); An, Nazmi (pp. 360, 422, 477, 502, 504, $05); Artan, Hasan (p. 33); Artan, Ismail (p. 33); Ataman, ‘Adnan (pp. 209, 292); Ataman, Sadi Yaver (pp. 5, 353); Ata, Salim (p. 483); Baba, ismail (pp. 553, 554); Bagmen, Latif (pp. 98, 143, 551)see eens eden vattiesetes-a ems Baie ee Acknowledgements xv Bakkal, Mustafa (pp. 118, 120); Barutgu, Sevket (pp. 41, 379, 471, 367); Baser, Musa (pp. 159, 389, 455); Baykurt, Serif (p. 551); Bekar, Remzi (pp. 475, 520, 528, 531, 532, 534, 537, 547); Bey, Haniifii (pp. 72, 73); Bey, Mahmut (p. 163); Biber, Osman (pp. 493, 502); Bilgic, Sala- hattin (pp. 28, 36, 45, 203); Bozbay, Hiiseyin (pp. 449, 456, 499); Biiyiikbay, Muhdi: for help; Cah, Arif pp. 271, 373, 278, 279, 280, 281); Geler, Sevket (pp. 371, 387; 388,. 389); Cinan, Hilmi (1952) (p. 322) Gaur, Kemal (p. 19); Civelek, Kasif (1952) (pp. 298, jor, 325, 328, 320) Gubukgu, Kazim (pp. 441, 459, 506); Dag, Mustafa (pp. 393, 551); Delioglu, Emin (p. 157); Demirtas, Hasim (1966, aged 13) (pp. 48, 364); Duman, Ahmet (‘Feltes’) (pp. 34, 55, 56, 135, 156, 366, 468, 469); Duran, Siikrié (pp. 227, 284); Durucan, Ali (pp. 35, 37); Durucu, Ahmet (p. 68): Erden, Bekir (p. 120); Erden, Liiefi (pp. 120, 134, 466); Erkartal, Cemal (pp. 62, 64, 65); Erogluer, Hadi (pp. 2r4, 215, 221); Eskici, Murat, Sahib and Ziyah (pp. 446, 447, 448, 449, 452); Gazimihal, Mahmut Ragip (p. 316); Gélpmarh, Professor Abdiilbaki (pp. 264, 265); Giller, Hiiseyin (pp. 549, 551); Gillli, Auf (pp. 77, 507); Giintepe, Abmet (1952) (pp. 298, 30%, 325, 326); Hatibo§lu, Ibrahim Hakka (p. 163); Hanger, lhsan (p. 264); Ibrahimoglu, Celal (1952) (pp. 301, 308, 309, 330); Leyildiz, Huzar (p. 151): Ubay, Biilent (1966) (aged 11) (p. 380); ilbay, Kemal (1966, aged 12) (pp. 156, 160, 162, 163); Irfanusta, Ahmet (p. 369); Iskender, Abdullah and Mustafa (pp. 418, 420, 421, 439, 445, 452, 456, 457, 458, 459, 47, 504); legérdii, Yasar: for help; lemirliec, Adnan (pp. 48, 510, $12); Kahraman, Sadik (p. 53); Kahraman, Kazim (1962, aged 13) (p. 367); Kap, Ali (pp. 72, 73, 77 95, 142, 114); Kapl, Kazim (pp. 506, $07); Kaplan, Pro~ fessor Mehmet (pp. 265, 266); Karacaolu, Hiseyin (pp. 360, 433, 443, 444, 502, 503, 504, 505); Karaca, Mehmet (p. 205); Karacam, like (pp. 348, 364, 423); Karacam, Nazif (pp. 24, 80, 98, 150, 280, 340, 351, 357, 461, 463, 551); Karacam, Umit (p. 348); Kayabag, Seyid (p. 19); Kayacik, Vedat (p. 200); Kaynak, Hasan (pp. 144, 369, 527); Kececioglu, Osman (p. 184); Kiltg, Mustafa (pp. 18, 160, 370, 400, 444); Kills, Kadir: for help; Korkmaz, Remzi (pp. 422, 502); Kutmanu, Iskender (pp. 440, 444, 451); Kiilekci, Bekir (pp. 418, 419, 420, 421, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 442, 452, 457, 458, 459, 503, 504, $05); Limoncu, Ali (pp. 227, 278, 281, 286, 505); Mahsudogiu, Dr. Mehmet (p. 266); Memijogiu, Avukat Fikret (pp. 180, 184, 20r, 389, 421, 473); Mentes, ihsan (1966, aged 13) (pp. 48, 464); Nisan, Dikram (pp. 114, 360, 36r, 393, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 421, 434, 461, 481, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 500, 504, 50S, $06,576); Onay, Hasan (pp. 214, 215, 216, 217) ; Oransay, Dr. Giiltekin (pp. 353, 390, 400, 520); Ozano§lu, thsan (pp. 281, 288); Ozgiil, Omer Liithii: for help; Ozler, Hasan (1966, aged 12): fora whistle; Ozsoydan, Omer Latti (p.295); Ozttirk, Hasan (pp. 78, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 433, 449, 484, 496, 503); Pisici, Ihsan and Ismail (pp. 53, 46t, 484); Salkam, Cercis. (p. 273); ) )sxvi Acknowledgements Sarica, Ahmet: for a zipgik; Sarica, Fatih (1966, aged 8) (p. 42); Sarica, Hasan. (1966, aged 12): for 2 ceviz firildagi; Sarica, Ismail (1966, aged 20): for a (firldak; Sarsca, Ramazan (pp. 6, 18, 25, 42, 373); Sangil, Abdurrahman, {p. 373)3 Sanisézen, Muzaffer (pp. 440, 451, 453, 470, 519, $20, $29); Sahin, Mehmet (pp. 42, 366); Selman, Bin Ali (pp. 476, 479); Sever, Ahmet (p. 160); Seyhan, Ozcan (pp. 35, 78, 153, 388, 392, 482); Soysal, ‘Ahmet: for a firldak; Tastan, Sevki (p. 204); Teke, Kémil (p. 52); Tekeli, Mehmet (pp. 215, 217, 277); Telléloglu, Mahir (pp. 18, 28, 205, 286, 391, 422); Tezcank, Metin (p. 461); Trabzonluoglu, Nuri (1952): for help; Uysal, Mehmet Omer (pp. 440, 443, 450, $02); Uysal, Mustafa (pp. 446, 447); Uzun, Ibrahim (1952): (p. 301) for help; Unal, Hiiseyin (pp. 89, 356, 357 358, 359 360, 361, 362, 461, 492, 493, 494, 496, 502, 504, $05, 507, 581); Ungir, Etem Rubi (pp. 153, 367, 511);"Unlenet, Harun (pp. 131, 147, 148); Usta, Mehmet (p. 461); Yayacik, Vedat (p. 455); Yastuman, Semsi (pp. 65, 211, 217, 218, 220, 224, 230, 286, 440, 505); Yibis, Mehmet Alli (pp. 383, 384, 388, 392, 482); YOnetken, Halil Bedi (pp. 24, 28, 79, Gig, 117, 138, 187, 286, 476, $14, 516); Yiicel, Ismail (pp. 46, 159); Zihnioglu, Asim (pp. 62, 328). OTHER INFORMANTS AND HELPERS Alichin, Dr. Raymond (p. 393); Bailey, Professor Sir Harold, F.B.A. (pp. 17, 66, 485, 486); Bérczi, Géza (p. 323); Bell, Tan (p. 424); Bishop ‘Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii (pp. 49, 51); Blacker, Dr. Carmen (p. 592); Clayton, Dr. W. D. (pp. 355, 361); Darke, Hubert S. G. (p. 263); Davis, Dr. Peter (pp. 574, 575. $76, 577); Dowding, Dr. Paul: Text-figure 33; Edinburgh University Press (p. 356); Fortescue, M. (p. $96); Fozzard, J. A. E. (for help with X-ray photographs); Gaffney, P. J. (p. 592); Gerhard, Dr. Fernando (p. 599); Gershevitch, Dr. Iya, F.B.A. (pp. 259, 485); Gombos, Imre (pp. 323, 324); Graf, Professor Dr. Walter (p. 50); Hudson, L. C., of J. Hudson & Co. (Whistles) Led., Birmingham 19, England (pp. 380, 485); Imber, Dr. Colin (pp: 263, 264, 265, 266, 267); Jeeps, Bruce A., for advice on technological matters, including termino- logy; Jenkins, Jean (p. 519); Jones, P. (p. 53); Kaeppler, Dr. Adrienne L. (pp. 49, 51); Killen, Dr. J. T. (pp. 595, 598); Kinnier Wilson, J. V. (p. 66); Levy, John (p. 553); van der Loon, Professor Pict (p. 600); MacNeal, Sarah (pp. 43, 65, 116); Mander, Noel P. (p. 424); Martin, Max B., of Max B. Martin KG. Deutsche Signal-Instrumenten-Fabrik, 7522 Philipsburg /Baden, Federal German Republic (p. 485); Metcalfe, Dr. C. R. (p. 353); Munn-Rankin, J. M. (pp. 420, 421); Murray, Keith C. (p. 61); Németh, Professor Dr. Gyula (pp. 196, 269, 323, 482); Percival, ‘Alan L.: for advice on international wire-gauge standards; The Rocke- feller Foundation, Information Service, Mary Ann Hass: for informationAcknowledgements xvii about the provenance of a photograph showing a davul; Sicre y Cerda, Ricardo (p. 599); Skilliter, Dr. Susan (p. 263); Schuclein, Rainer (Table 41); Smart, Jack: for advice on transliteration from Arabic; Smith, Dr. Sydney: for advice on ceramics and photography; Teicher, Dr. J. C. (p. 595); Topman, A. R. (p. 380); Trim, J. L. M. (p. 51); University of Hlinois Press: Musical Examples 4, 5, pp. 124-126; Whitehouse, Dr. Harold (p. 276); Ward, Professor A. G., O.B.E. (p. 39); Wayre, Philip (p. 594); Yeo, P. F.: for advice on botanical names. Iremember also, with gratitude, those who have read the text in whole or in part and have given me the benefit of their comments: Anthony C. Baines, James Blades, Jeremy P. S. Montagu, and Harvey Tumbull; the care devoted to the preparation of the final typescript by Mary E. Rayner, assisted by Clare M. MacClelland and Brenda J. Lovering, by my sister-in- law, Marian Picken, who typed the Tables, and by Katharine Lowe who typed Preface, Contents and Postscript; the patient industry of Dr. Richard J. Skaer and Dr. Helen Skacr, Danielle Scruton (née Lafitte), and Alaeddin Gelikel, who checked the final typescript and corrected proofs. T recall: the generosity of the V.E.B. deutscher Verlag fiir. Musik, Leiprig; the ready helpfulness of Dr. Peter Davis and the University of Edinburgh Press; and the patience, care, and skill, of Herr Gerhard Raschpichler, who so vividly translated my rotigh sketches into text- figures, : ; ‘My last words of thanks go to my young colleagues: Jonathan Condit, Allan Marett, Richard Widdess, and Rembrandt Wolpert, who gave their time, and helped so generously in the ordering of the indices. ERP. December, 1974,