FLUID MECHANICS

Student name : Muhammed Dlshad Yusif

Course title : Fluid
Stage : Two
Class : B
Department : Mechanical and mechatronics

College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020

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 ABSTRACT

The fluid mechanics subcategory is defined as a science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid Statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and fluid
interactions at the boundary, solids or other fluids. Fluid mechanics is sometimes
referred to as fluid dynamics, considering fluids at rest as a special case of motion
and zero speed. Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into a number of categories.
The Study Movement of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (e.g.
liquids) for particular, water and gasses at low speeds) are generally referred to as
hydrodynamics. Hydraulics is a subcategory of hydrodynamics that deals with
hydraulics. Liquid flows through pipes and open channels. Gas dynamics is
concerned with the flow Fluids that experience major changes in density, such as
gas flow via high-speed nozzles. The aerodynamics category is concerned with the
Flux of gasses (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles High or low level. Many broad groups, such as meteorology,
Oceanography and hydrology are concerned with naturally occurring flows.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 2
Introduction: applications of fluid mechanics 4
Method: radial flow pumps 6
Working of radial flow pumps 7
Main parts of radial flow pumps 8
Conclusion 10
References 10

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.radial flow pump 6

Figure 2. radial flow pump working 7

Figure 3.parts of radial flow pump 8

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INTRODUCTION: APPLICATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS

It is necessary to have a strong understanding of the fundamental principles

of Fluid mechanics, as fluid mechanics is commonly used both in daily life.
activities and design of modern vacuum engineering systems Cleaners for
supersonic aircraft. For example, fluid mechanics plays a vital role in the
human body. The heart is constantly pumping blood to all parts of the
human body through the arteries and veins, and the lungs are the sites of
airflow in alternating directions. All artificial hearts, breathing machines,
and dialysis systems are designed using fluid dynamics. An ordinary house
is, in some respects, an exhibition hall filled with applications of fluid
mechanics. The piping systems for water, natural gas, and sewage for an
individual house and the entire city are designed primarily on the basis of
fluid mechanics. The same is also true for the piping and ducting network of
heating and air-conditioning systems. A refrigerator involves tubes, through
which the refrigerant flows, a compressor that pressurizes the refrigerant,
and two heat exchangers where the refrigerant absorbs and rejects heat.
Fluid mechanics plays a major role in the design of all these components.
Even the operation of ordinary faucets is based on fluid mechanics. We can
also see numerous applications of fluid mechanics in an automobile. All
components associated with the transportation of the fuel from the fuel tank
to the cylinders—the fuel line, fuel pump, and fuel injectors or carburetors—
as well as the mixing of the fuel and the air in the cylinders and the purging
of combustion gases in exhaust pipes—are analyzed using fluid mechanics.
Fluid mechanics is also used in the design of the heating and air-
conditioning system, the hydraulic brakes, the power steering, the automatic

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transmission, the lubrication systems, the cooling system of the engine block
including the radiator and the water pump, and even the tires. The sleek
streamlined shape of recent model cars is the result of efforts to minimize
drag by using extensive analysis of flow over surfaces. On a broader scale,
fluid mechanics plays a major part in the design and analysis of aircraft,
boats, submarines, rockets, jet engines, wind turbines, biomedical devices,
cooling systems for electronic components, and transportation systems for
moving water, crude oil, and natural gas. It is also considered in the design
of buildings, bridges, and even billboards to make sure that the structures
can withstand wind loading. Numerous natural phenomena such as the rain
cycle, weather patterns, rise of ground water to the tops of trees, winds,
ocean waves, and currents in large water bodies are also governed by the
principles of fluid mechanics. It refers to a broad variety of disciplines,
including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering,
geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics and biology. It can be
divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, the
study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum
mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that
it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from
a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic. Fluid mechanics,
especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research, typically
mathematically complex. Many problems are partly or wholly unsolved and
are best addressed by numerical methods, typically using computers. A
modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to
this approach. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for
visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly
visual nature of fluid flow.
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 METHOD: RADIAL FLOW PUMPS

The main class of the centrifugal pumps is

the radial pump. The liquid being handled
leaves the impeller racially. The delivered
head is proportional to the impeller
diameter. In order to realize higher heads,
several impellers are placed in series
(multistage pumps) where guide rings
lead the treated medium from the radial
Figure 1.radial flow pump
flow to the axial inlet of the next stage.

Radial flow pumps are centrifugal pumps in which the fluid is pumped
perpendicularly to the pump shaft. The flow mechanism in a centrifugal pump can
generally be described as follows: Through suction flange the liquid flows through
the suction hub into the rotating impeller due to an energy fall. The pump unit
absorbs mechanical energy from a drive motor through a shaft. The blades of the
impeller which is permanently fixed on the shaft exert a force on the fluid and
increase its angular moment. Pressure and absolute speed increase as a result.
Consequently energy is being transferred to the fluid. The energy which is present
in kinetic form as an increased absolute speed is usually converted into additional
static pressure energy by a diffuser device. Nowadays volute casings or bladed
diffusers normally are being used as diffuser devices. In combination with the
impeller the diffuser device represents the so-called hydraulic of the pump. To
maintain the flow there also has to be an energy fall directly behind the pump after
the outlet from the discharge flange, analogous to the pump inlet. Losses occurring
in the system for example due to friction or leakage flows require an increased
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power consumption of the pump. Centrifugal pumps differ in their constructive and
functional characteristics due to their pre-determined installation location and the
liquid to be pumped. For pumps of one model range various installation types may
be implemented. The hydraulic characteristics and the pumping performance
remain nearly unchanged. Main characteristics are the design of the shaft in the
horizontal or vertical position, the position of the pump connections and the
connection type of the pump to the drive unit using a coupling or direct assembly
on the motor shaft (block design).

WORKING OF RADIAL FLOW PUMPS

The first step in the operation of a centrifugal pump is priming. Priming is the
operation in which suction pipe casing of the pump and the position of fluid with
the liquid which is to be pumped so that all the air from the position of pump is
driven out and no air is left. The necessity of priming of a centrifugal pump is due
to the fact that the pressure generated at the centrifugal pump impeller is directly
proportional to density of fluid that is in contact with it.

Figure 2.radial flow pump working

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After the pump is primed the delivery valve is still kept closed and electric motor is
started to rotate the impeller. The delivery valve is kept closed in order to reduce
valve is opened the liquid is made to flow in an outward radial direction there by
vanes of impeller at the outer circumference with high velocity at outer
circumference due to centrifugal action vacuum is created. This cause liquid from
sump to rush through suction pipe to eye of impeller thereby replacing long
discharge from center circumference of the impeller is utilized in lifting liquid to
required height through delivery pipe.

MAIN PARTS OF RADIAL FLOW PUMPS

1. Impeller
It is a wheel or rotor which is
provided with a series of
backward curved blades or
vanes. It is mounded on the
shaft which is coupled to an
external source of energy
which imparts the liquid energy Figure 3.parts of radial flow pump

to the impeller there by making it to rotate. Impellers divided into three

types are open impeller; semi enclosed impeller, and enclosed impeller

2. Casing
It is a pipe which is connected at the upper end to the inlet of the pump to
the centre of impeller which is commonly known as eye. The double end
reaction pump consists of two suction pipe connected to the eye from both
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 sides. The lower end dips into liquid in to lift. The lower end is fitted in to
foot valve and strainer. There are three types of casing are used in radial
Flow pumps, types are volute casing, vortex casing, casing with guide
blades.

3. Delivery pipe
It is a pipe which is connected at its lower end to the out let of the pump and
it delivers the liquid to the required height. Near the outlet of the pump on
the delivery pipe, a valve is provided which controls the flow from the pump
into delivery pipe.

4. Section pipe with foot valve and strainer

Suction pipe is connected with the inlet of the impeller and the other end is
dipped into the sump of water. At the water end, it consists of foot value and
strainer. The foot valve is a one way valve that opens in the upward
direction. The strainer is used to filter the unwanted particle present in the
water to prevent the centrifugal pump from blockage.

5. Radial blades
Have the simplest geometry and produce the largest pressure rise of the three
for a wide range of volume flow rates, but the pressure rise decreases rapidly
after the point of maximum efficiency.

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 CONCLUSION
Fluid mechanics is a science branch concerned with moving and stationary fluids.
Considering that the vast majority of the observable mass in the universe resides in
a fluid state, that life as we know it is not possible without fluids, and that the
atmosphere and oceans that surround this earth are fluids, fluid mechanics have
unquestioned theoretical and practical significance. boundaries, partly because they
are defined by nonlinear field theory and also because fluid phenomena are readily
observed. Mathematicians, physicists, biologists, geologists, oceanographers,
atmospheric scientists , engineers of many kinds, and even artists have been drawn
to study, harness and exploit fluid mechanics to develop and test formal and
computational techniques.

REFERENCES

➢ Fluid mechanics, fundamentals and applications, third edition, by yunus A.

cengel and john M. cembala (2010).
➢ www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fluid-mechanics
➢ www.britannica.com/science/fluid-mechanics
➢ Durst, F., "Grundlagen der Strömungsmechanik: Eine Einführung in die
Theorie der Strömungen von Fluiden", Springer,2008.
➢ physics-help.info/physicsguide/mechanics/fluid_mechanics.shtml

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