Complex word stress

Complex words
Care - careful - carefully (grammatical units)
Majority of them are taken from other languages.
2 types:
1. basic word (stem) + affix
2. two or more independent words
Affixes: Effects: 1. Itself: semicircle
2. As if the affix were not there: unpleasant
3. On the stem, but shifted: magnetic.
Suffixes
Productive
Problems: 1. stem is difficult to imagine as an English word. Audacity
2. a word has one or more affixes
personality
stem vs root
Suffixes
stem more than one syllable: secondary stress will be on one of the syllables of stem, but not on
the last, if so it is moved to an earlier syllable. Japan + ese

ance, ant, ary + single-syllable stem: stress is on stem

when the stem has more than one syllable: it is on one of the syllables in the stem (if final is
strong (importance), otherwise before the last (inheritance))
Prefixes
Their effect: not the same as suffixes
No prefix of 1 or 2 syllables that carries primary stress
The same rules for polysyllabic words without prefixes.
Compound words
two or more independent words
uncertainty: photograph (compound or simple?)
draw a graph displaying numerical information about photos.
writing compounds: armchair, open-minded, desk lamp

stress:
first: N+N (most familiar compounds): typewriter
It will fall in this way on the other compounds.
Compound words
second: adj+ed adj: bad-tempered
with number: three-wheeler
functioning as adv: head first
functioning as V and have advial 1st element: down grade

The 1st words often have secondary stress.

Variable stress
stress is not always fixed.
reasons: 1. stress on neighbouring words (connected speech): final-stressed compound moves to
a preceding syllable and changes to secondary stress if followed by a strongly stressed syllable.
bad-tempered > bad-tempered teacher.
2. all speakers do not agree on it.
controversy
Word-class pairs
Pairs of two-syllable words with the same spelling which differ from each other in stress
placement according to word class.
They appear as prefix + stem

Rule:
V - N or Adj (stress is on the 2nd syllable of the V
but on the 1st syllable of the N or Adj).
Abstract (Adj or V)