Chapter: I i The Backgrounds The Council of Ministers and the office of Peshwa_éu: the Royal Period of History: (1630 - 1707 AsDe ) Part iis Shivaji Maharaj and his council of Ministerss Part 3 Is Sambhaji Maharaj and his Council of Ministers: Part 3 III 3 Rajaram and the Decentralisation of Powers Part i 1% 3 Maharani Tarabai's strong Regency.13 PARE among the achievements of Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of fhe ‘Maratha swarajya' the establishment of the Council of Bight Ministers or the ‘Ashta Pradhan Mandal’ can be considered as the most noteworthy. This practice of dividing the aduinistrative work of the state in different departments, and assigning each department to different ministers was based on the Aryan theory of the state, Shivaji's Right minister Council 1s believed to be based on the model suggested by the author of shukranitisar in his alternate List of pradhanas. The second or alternate list included the follow ing eight ministers s Sumanta, Pandit, Mantri, Pradhan, Sachiv? But Shivaji emulated the model judiciously by considering his needs and dropped the ‘Pratinidhi from the list and instead substituted ‘the ‘Senapati'. Shivaji appointed « Maratha Senapati and included him in his council. Although shivaji's Council of ministers was based on the model provided by the author of Shukranitisar, the designation of his ministers was borrowed from the Persian titles used by the Mohamedan rulers of the Bahmani, Wizamshahi and Adilshai @ynasties of the south. Mis ministers in the council were designated as + Peshwa, Majumdar, Waqia-navis, shuru-navis, Dabir, Sar-i-naubat, Sadar and Muhtasib (Marathi Pandit Rao and Danadhysksha) and Oadi- ul-Qusat or Myayadhish. Shivaji gave Sanskrit names to his ministers in 1676 on the occasion of his coronation at Raigad. The following Were the eight ministers who took part in the Abhishek Ceremony or Ceremonial ablution and poured holy water of different places from gold jars and vessels over Shivaji and stood by the eight pkllars at the coronation ceremony +s14 1. Moropant, son of Trimbak Pant : Peshwa- Mukhya Pradhan. 2, Maro Nilkanth and Ramchandra Nilkanth Majumdar s Their new designation was Amaty: 3. Ravji was Panditrao. His son was given the title of Rayjirac. 4. Hambir Rao Mohite, senapati. 5S. pattaji and Nirajipant were Waknavis; their new title was Mantri. 6. Trimbak Sondev Dabir's son Ramchandra Pant Sumant. J. Annaji Pant Surnisy his new designation was 8. To Miraji Ravji was given the Nyayadhishship. The _Peshwas of Shivaji + ‘The designation 'Peshwa' was borrowed by Shivaji from the administrative designations used by the Bahamani, Nisamshahi and Adilshai rulers. The officer occupying the office of Peshva Aischarged all the functions of a first minister under the Nizamshai at Ahmednagar. The Peshwa is mentioned once during the minority of Ibrahim Adilshah II when Afdal Khan was appointed Peshwa on the recommendation of Chand Bibi? In the Marathi sources, the Peshwa is first mentioned by shivaji's biographer Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad in his Bakhar while refering to the four ministers appoint~ ed by Shahaji Maharaj, Shivaji's father at Bengrul and sent to Poona alongwith Shivaji and Dadaji Konddev in 1640-41 A.p.* these officers were shamrao Nilkanth Ranzekar, Peshwa, Balkrishna Pant (cousin of Naro Pant Dikshit) as Majumdar, Sono Pant as Dabir and Raghunath Ballal as sabnis. 1s Shamraj wilkanth Ransekar Peshwa s Shivaji's first Peshwa was Shamraj ilkanth Rangekar appointed for him by shahaji Maharaj 4n 1640-41. He continued in that post upto the month of May 166215 and did net prove to be a competent officer. He was removed from his office for the following reasons + Firstly, it is said that Shamraj inourred the displeasure of shivaji because he had dis~ obeyed the master when ordered to march against Janjira.® secondly, Shamraj proved to be quite inefficient in handling the political affairs of Ja njira and was defeated in that expq iaition$ mirdly, Shamraj had developed an inordinate love for Watans and bought Kulkama and Joshi Watans of sixteen villages, It was alleged ‘tiig€snamraj had acquired these watans by abusing his official position as Peshwa, He was, therefore, required to return most of the Watans to descendents of the claimants.” Thus, shivaji femoved the incompetent Peshwa from his office. 2. Marhart Anendreo Peshwa s ‘The second man appointed to the post of the Peshwa was Marhari Anandrao. He was appointed on 2lst August 1961 and continued in that post upto April 1662 He was succeeded by Moropant Pingle. 3+ Mogopant Peshwa 1 Moropant or Moro Trimal was first appointed to supervise the buildings at Rajgad and Shivaji was mich satisfied with his work, and appointed him as peshwa after the removal of shamrao Nilxenth from that post.? According to Sabhasad, Moropant was rewarded by Shivaji with his appointment to the post of Peshwa on account of the hard work done by him in the conquest of the kingdoms of Jawli and shrigarpur.)°put according to Jedhe Shakavali, Moropant was first made Majumdar on 2nd January 1660 and after two years he was appointed as Peshwa on 3rd April 166232 Moropant continued in his office of Peshva throughout the career16 of Shivaji Maharaj; but during Sanbhaji's regime, he was imprison- ed for participating in a conspiracy against the king and removed from office after May-June, 1680. He died at Raigad sometime between 29th September to 12th October, 1680. ‘The duties of the Peshwa s The ‘Kanujabta’ or Memorandum drawn up in the first year of Shivaji's Coronation Era called Rajyabhisheka shaka presents the details of the duties of the pradhanas of Shivaji's Council. The @uties of the Peshwa or Mukhya Pradhan are as followa.s.“The Mukhya Pradhan should perform all works of administration. He should put his seal on official letters and documents. He should make expedi- ‘tions with the army and wage war and make necessary arrangements for the preservation of the districts that may come into our possession and act according to the orders of the king. All mili- tary officers should go with him and he should proceed with them. In this manner should he work. *!? Achievements of Moropant Peshva + Moropant proved to be the most competent of all the Peshwas of Shivaji. His main achievements are listed below + ory mestag She fovachon ut ateal Shen cquine®, Hue Suave Moropant was called with his army from Konken and asked to camp near the fort of Pravepyad. When the Khan was killed, Moropant launcheg,an attack om the Bijapuri forces and destroyed them. 2. At the time of the night raid on Shaistakhan at Poona, Shivaji had taken two armies with him, the one under the command of Metaji Palkar and the second under Moropant Peshwa which vere stationed outsidd the Mughal Camp. 14 Agter the successful raid, Shivaji joined these armies. 3-0n the eve of Shivaji's visit to Agra, a Council for defence of the Maratha Kingvom was appointed under the charge of Matoshri Jijabai. Rajgad and other forts together with Moropant, Peshwa and Wilopant Majumdar and Netaji 5 Palkar Sarnaubat were placed in the charge of Jijabai.5S. Moropant Peshwa took many new forts from Trimbakgad \gdoms of Ramagar and July 1672. In those proyinces attacked the forts of RaVla-Javla in Nasik District, Moropent sent 12,000 Mates to the help the garfjson. This army attacked the Mughals and drove fen ee 7e Woropant alongwith other military comenders such as Prataprao, Sarnobat, Anandrao and Vyankajipant distin- guished hinselé in the battle of salherfyin 16 1672 for which they were all rewarded by shivaji+ Moropant led an expedition against the brother of Mussain Khan and captured en important and steqtegi- eally located fort of Kopal on 3rd March 1679, fort of Kopel vas captured by bribing the Killedar Kasimkhan. 9. For the efficient defense of his kingdom, Shivaji had ferent ministers. Moropant was given the charge of the country Bhivandi 10, when Shivaji undertook an expedition against eastern Karnatak, he had left Moropant in Maharashtra. was fully informed about the activities of particularly, Sambhaji's correspondence with Diler Khan. Qn Shivaji's return, Moropant informed him of all the activities of the prince, which made the Raja very unhappy. 25 In this way Moropant Peshwa had played a very significant role under Shivaji's regime. He discharged both civilian and military functions and helped Shivaji in organising the Maratha State into a well administered one.Shivaji's relationship with the Council + While considering the relationship between shivaji and the ministers of his Council, it should be borne in mind that the ministers were very carefully chosen by the Raja himself and worked during his pleasure. There was nothing like a period or tenure of service for the ministers, who could be removed by the Raja_et his will. Dr.S.M.Sen remarked s "His (shivaji's) ministers were his servants, proud to carry out his instructions and his government had no more resemblance with those of his Hindu and Muhanmedan predecessors than with the British Government of today? According to G.S.Sardesai, "“shivaji wes a thorough autocrat and although he freely sought advice from his ministers, he as often overruled their advice and dictated his on measures as he thought best." Sir Jadunath Sarkar pointed out that the “Council of eight ministers, called the ‘Ashta Pradhan‘ was in no sense a Cabinet. Like Louis XIV and Frederick the Great, Shivaji was his own Prime- Minister snd kept all the strings of the administration in his own hands. The eight Pradhanas merely acted as his secretaries + they had no initiative, no power to dictate his policy; their function was purely advisory when he was in a mood to listen to advice, and at other times to carry out his general instructions and supervise the details in their respective departments." 7° it 8} A's of re at ‘Taking into account the activities of the ministers of shivaji and his relationship with them, the following observations are made 3Firstly, shivaji's Ashta Pradhan Council was based on the Aryan theory of the State with the eight ministers to help the king in the administration of different departments. Secondly, Shivaji's Council cannot be compared with the Cabinet of modern timeg and the Pradhanas were not his equals nor even his junior colleagues. Thirdly, Shivaji's government was a bureaucracy and his ministers were not merely the heads of the departments but they had also military duties besides their usual departmental work. he exception was in the case of the Panditrao and Nyayadhisha only. Moropant Peshwa and Annaji Datto Sachiv had undertaken Several expeditions besides their departmental work. Fourthly, shivaji 14 not adopt the principle of hereditary succession to the posts in his council. He appointed his ministers on the basis of their true individual qualities. He continued the ministers in their posts as long as they showed sincerity and good and efficient performance and removed them when other more effi~ Ciont purfarmanse and xemmr individuals were available. When Shamraj Nilkanth, the first Peshwa proved to be inefficient and Greedy, he was removed from his office, which was given to Moropant Pingle who had shown great bravery in the conquest of Jawli and Shringarpur. In the similar manner, Nilo Sondev vas appointed to the post of surnis for his hard work and efficiency.” *shivaji appointed Gangaji Mangaji as Waknis, Netaji Palker as garnobat Of the forces, Yeaaji Kank as Sarnobat of the Navies: JusticeMG. Ranade wrote + “Shivaji himself carefully guarded against this danger by providing that none of these offices should be hereditary. In his own time, he had four different Conmanders= in-Chief, viz. Mankoji pahatonde, Netaji Palkar, Prataprao Gujar and Hambirrao Mohite. He deprived the first Peshwa of his office, and gave it to Moropant Pingle. The Pant Amatya's office similar- 1YGHiangea hands, and in fact, the other off: ed to be hereditary in particular families.?+ Were not allow- Fitthly, Shivaji‘'s ministers had no fixed tenure of service; they worked during the pleasure of the king. When Shamraj Nilkanth Ranzekar Peshwa was sent against the Siddi, he was defeated and treacherously imprisoned by Siddi Khairiyat. shamraj appealed for pardon to the Siddi and was released by him. Therefore, Shivaji removed Shamraj from his post?” m 1666, when sarnobat Netaji Palkar failed to render timely help, Shivaji removed him from his post and appointed Kadtoji Gujar as Sarnobat and conferred upon him the appelation of ‘prataprao'?? Sixthly, Shivaji did not adopt the practice of giving Jagire; and military Saranjams to the ministers in the council, military officers, subhedare and other officers, despite the fact that the practice had prevailed in the neighbourly states of the Mughals, Adilshah and Nisamshah etc. Shivaji's general policy was not to grant Mokesa or Jagir to anybody. He had realised that “If Mokasa were granted, the Rayats would grew unruly and wax strong; and if the Rayats grew powerful, there would be rebellions, disturbances at various places. Those who were given Mokasa, if united with the Zamindars, would grow unruly.**shivaji, therefore,paid salaries in cash or in the form of assignment of land to his ministers and other officers. The Peshwa's yearly salary vas 15000 Hons. The land cultivated by the officers was taxed like that of the Rayats and the sum credited as part of their pay. The balance of their dues was paid by ‘Varat' or orders either on the Mugur (Central Government) or on the district establishments. °> This poliey had good effects on the society, and the Jagirdars G6uLa not grow turbulent. "None of the great men, Who distin= guished themselves in shivaji's time, were able to hand over to their descendents large landed estates. Neither Moropant Pingle, nor Abaji Sondev, nor Ragho Ballal or Datto Annaji or Niraji Reoji, among the Brahmans, nor the Malusares, or Kanks or Prataprao Gujar, Netaji Palkar, Hambirrac Mohite or the Maratha Sardars, were able to found ancient families such as those which shahu's ministers 36 in the early part of the eighteenth century succeeded in doing.” Seventhly, Shivaji hed handed ever the administration of his kingdom to civil officers or Sarkarkuns and thus subordinated the military officers to the civil authorities. The general rule was that none but the Karkuns (or Ministers) had any authority over the lands. All payments to the army, the militia and the fort establish- ment should be made by the Karkuns?” Bighthly, shivaji's ministers, besides their departmental Work, were appointed as custodians of some provinces. This was essential for an efficient administration. shivaji placed his kingdom under the charge of three Sarkarkuns or ministers vis. Moropant, Peshwa, Annaji Datto Surnis and Dattaji Pant Weknis. The charge of Moropant included the “country from Kalyan and Bhivandi, including Kolwan up to Salheri, the country above theGhats and Konkan, Lohagad and Junnar with the tvelve Mawals from the pass of Haralya". Annaji patto had the country from "Konkan from Chaul to Kopel including pebhol, Rajapur Kudal, Bande and Phond." Dattaji Pant Waknis had under him the Maratha country “the Warghat (or country above the Ghats) from Wai to Kopal on the Tungabhadra". Dattaji was stationed at panhala?® MNinthly, Shivaji not only appointed the Sarkarkuns or ministers very cerefully but he also took great-cere and made personal scrutiny while appointing officers of the forts. He made it a rule that the agents or Mutaliks of the Sarkarkuns should remain with the Raje. The Sarkarkuns should come to see the Raja every year with the accounts and the revenue of their provinees:® Tenthly, Shivaji‘s ministers were his mere advisers whenever he needed such advice; but he was not bound to act by their advice. On many cccasions he overruled their advice and adopted his own policies. Sut he believed in consulting with his ministers whenever important decisions were to be taken. But in case of important treaties Shivaji associated all his ministers with the treaty- making, and they put their signatures on the treaty. Henry Oxinden reported that the English Treaty with shivaji was signed by all his ministers on June 12, 1674¢° Lastly, Shivaji's Comeil had been formed in accordance with the injunctions of the ancient Hindu Dharmashastras and therefore, he had included seven Brahmans out of the total strength of eight in the council. He could not inelude a single Vaishya or Shudra minister in his council and the easte-composition of the council of ministers remained the same throughout the course of Marathahistory. As such shivaji's council cannot be compared with the Cabinet system of today, nor his ministers can be compared with the elected representatives of the modern executive bodies. In short shivaji's Council was a body of efficient administrators fully loyal and responsible to the Raja, whose orders they faith- fully enforced for the general welfare of the Rayats. It is on account of the welfare measures of Shivaji's kingdom that his contemporary and his spiritual guide Samartha Ramdas admired Shivaji as “shiv Kalyan Raja* or Shivaji, a Welfare King!) ‘The Bighteen Karkhenas and Twelve Mehals + Besides the Council, shivaji had maintained large establish- ments known as the “Eighteen Karkhanas" and “twelve Mahals* which were an essential part of the administrationt? Stats of perakhadare + Each one of the eight ministers in shivaji's Council had a staff of assistants to help him in his work. The assistants were as follows + 1. The Diwan. 2. Majumdar or Auditor and Accountant. 3. Phadnis or peputy Auditor. 4. Sabnis or the Daftardar. 5S. Karkhanis or Commissary. 6. Chitnis or Correspondence Clerk. 7. Jamadar or Treasurer. staff of their assistants, the officers of the eighteen Karkhanas and Twelve Mahals and the vast infantry, cavalry and Naval estab- ee1ishments required a really strong, vigilant and competent ruler of extraordinary qualities of leadership to control and rule over them efficiently. shivaji was definitely such a ruler. His mini- sters were under his control and could not act without his orders or sanction. Shivaji combined in him both the qualities of an excellent administrator and a general of very high order. with Allthese qualities, he was ever watchful about_safeguarding the Welfare of his Rayats. Such combination of otherwise rare quali- ties made Shivaji “not only the maker of the Maratha nation, but also, the greatest constructive genious of medieval india. **¢ Shivaji's name and his fine achievements continued to inspire the Maratha rulers throughout Maratha history, but there was hardly any one to equal him, past zs Gbhatrapati Sanbhaii and the Council of Ministers + After the death of Shivaji in 1680 A.D. at Raigad the problem of succession to the Maratha throne had divided the council in to two factions. One faction was composed of Moropant Peshwa, Annaji Datto Surnis and others yielded to the pressure and the influence of Shivaji's Chief Queen Soyrabai and supported ‘the claim of her ten years old son Rajaram to the throne. The other faction was mainly composed of Hambirrao Mohite the Maratha Senapati and other Maratha officers of the army who supported the claim of the 23 years old Sambhaji the eldest son of Shivaji to the throne. This led to the formation of a conspiracy against Sambhaji and a brief Civil war. But Sambhaji was soon successful An overcoming these difficulties and captured the theone at the capital fort of Raigad. But the animosity and the jealousybetween the two rival factions lasted for long and affected the short career of Sambhaji. But the worst thing that had happened during this period was the total involvement of the *ashta Pra dhena" council of Shivaji's time into the succession dispute between the two sons of the deceased Chhatrapati, which under- mined the very prestiye of the council. The succession issue caused the implication of some of the top ranking ministers such Sa the Pestwa and the Sumis and others in the conspiracies against the claim of Sambhaji to the throne and even against his Life after he had been successful in capturing the throne. The exposure of the conspiracies brought great humili ations and punishment to the Peshwa Moropant, his son Wilopant, the Surnis amnaji Dato and secretaries like Balaji Avji Chitnis, his son Avji Bava and even officers such as Pralhad Niraji, Rahuji Somath, Miroji Pargand and even Rajaram‘s mother Soyrabai was not spared from punishment. The conspiracies and executions had left the worst legacy which had shattered the very foundations of the council of ministers and ultimately led to the emergence of an alien Brahmin Kavi Kalasha as the Chief Adviser to the Chhatrapati Sanbhaji. Sambhaji's relations with his Council + There is unanimity among scholars and historians on the role of Sambhaji as the Chhatrapati of the Marathas and his relationship with the Council of Ministers. Criticising the rule of Sambhaji Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade wrote, “it is useless to enter into a detailed account of Sambhaji's reigny for Sambhaji never can be said to have ruled the country. The Ashta Predhanas, being virtually set aside, ceased to bear the responsibility of rule in Sanbhaji's time. The civil and military arrangements of his father were neglected, the soldierswere not paid regularly, the hill forts were not properly garri- soned or provisioned and district revenues were farmed to the highest bidder. anarchy prevailed every where ...." 45 Writing about the administrative system of the Marathas as Prof.SsN.Sen commented on Sambhaji rule. He wrote, “it was noto- rious that Sambhaji did not care to lookafter the affairs of the ite and although the royal authority was never formally dele- “Gated to anybody during his short reign, Kalusha, his favourite aid in fact rule the kingdom with his master's consent and tacit approval."“®sir sadunath Sarkar commented on Sambhaji's relations with his favourite Kavi Kalasha and wrote, “he (Kalasha) soon made his way into the Raja's heart and gradually monopolized his trust and the supreme control of the administration, while Sanbhaji rapidly became a ‘faineant king’, blindly following the minister’s advice ..=47 As for the opinion that “sambhaji never can be said to have ruled the country, The Ashta Pradhanas, being virtually set » thay baesntectou thet aside. Sambhaji not set aside the Ashta Pradhanas of shive~ J4's council. But in order to capture his father's throne at Rai- ged Sanbhaji had to face the situation boldly and punish the Brahmin ministers vis. the Peshwa Moropant and the Surnis Annaji Datto and their party for their conspiracy to deny him his right to the throne. But after capturing the throne Sanbhaji set the ministers free and even admitted them to his council end favour. ‘These punishments necessary to maintain the power and prestige ef the throne were mila and did not involve any cruelty and vindictiveness. mut the ministers unfortunately did not show any Wisdom when they conspired for the second time againstae Sambhaji in the month of August, 1681. The ministers wanted to take advantage of the presence of Sultan Akbar (son of Aurangzeb) in Maharashtra at Pali and conspired to kill sambhaji by poison- ing him. A British letter from Bombay Council to Surat dated 30-86-1681 refers to the incident : “Sambhaji had been in great danger of his life. He had like to have been dispatched by poison put into a dish of fish. But a boy privy to it prevented his eat- ifigOf ity he gave some of it to one of his servants and a dogy both died in a few hours."**rne conspirators, after thorough enquiry were punished." For plotting against his (Sambhaji's) life he hath put to death Annaji Pandit, Hiraji Farzand, Balaji Prabhu, and five more, bound and put under elephants! feet. Twenty more are to suffer death." “flamraja's mother (Soyrabai) is dead by report, poisoned by Sanbhaji's Raja's contrivance.°° ‘The Jedhe Shakavali also records that Sanbhaji on the advice ot not Ske SLY Nace ana Rana Sat killed at the foot of fort parli. shamji Naik was imprisoned in the Karnatek for his hand in the plot’) thus it is clear from from the above that Sambhaji gave harsh punishments to the ministers and some officers for conspiring against his life. ‘fhe third conspiracy against Sambhaji was exposed in 1684 when the Raja was engaged in his war against the Mughals, Portu- quese, Siddis etc. For their involvement in this conspiracy officers Manaji More, Gangadharpant, Vasudevpant and Rahuji Somath were imprisoned?” ‘The conspiracies referred to above were ofcourse unfortunate and the punishments harsh, no doubt. But such critical situations had been handled by Sanbhaji boldly. But it is observed that hehad not punished the officers without any sound reason. It sounds really strange and disappointing to note that the top-ranking ministers, trusted officers and the lieutenants of Shivaji who had not spared any pains for the cause of Shivaji and the Maratha KAngdom should change their attitudes so abruptly and conspire against his son and successor after so short a time. However, Sambhaji, inspite of the conspiracies, had continued the Ashta “Pradhana Council system. The following were the menbers of Sanbhaji's council + 1. The Peshwa + Moropant was the Peshwa for the first few days of sanbhaji's career till his imprisonment in May-June, 1660 for his hand in the conspiracy against Sambhaji. He was later on pardoned by Sambhaji and set free but he soon died at Rajgad, sometime between 29th September and 12th October 1680. Sambhaji set Moro- pant's son Niloji free from the prison and appointed him as Peshwa in 1680 and continued in that post till the end of san- bhaji's rule!? wilopant was appointed Sarsubha of Kalyan-shivandi. He led the Maratha raid on the Mughal town of Burhanpur with an army of 6,000. But the Peshwa's post seems to have lost the great prestige which was enjéyed by Moropant and could not recover it untill the appointment of Balaji Vishwenath to it in 1713. This proves that prestige and power depend not only on the post but on the intrinsic qualities of the person holding it. 2. Majumdar of Amatya + For the first few days of Sambhaji's rule Raghunath Narayan Hanmante was the Amatya. But after the release of Annaji Datto from the prison he was appointed as Mujumdar some time between29th September and 12th October 1680. Annaji continued in that post untill he was imprisoned for forming second conspiracy against the Raja in the August of 1661 and trampled under the feet of an elephant’ after annaji's death Khanderao Pansambal succeeded to the post$® raghunath Narayan Hanmante returned to Maharashtra in the December of 1682 and was appointed as Amatya, but died after five months on 4th May 1683 at valni=® 3+ Sachiv of Sumie + After Annaji Datto Surnis was imprisoned in May-June 1680. Abaji Sondev was appointed to the vacant post. After Abaji's death Ramchandra Nilkanth Bhadnekar was appointed as Sachiv the territory from Kudal to Tungbhadra was assigned to his care. In 1685 the Sachiv's post was taken over by Shankaraji Narayan Gande- kar Who continued in that post till the end of Sambhaji's rule in 1689. He administered the provinces of Maval and north Konkan. 4. Dabir or gumant » Janardan Narayan Hanumante continued death on 27-6-16035” He had the province of Panhala under him. Sumant upto his He was succeeded by Vasudev Janardan and Balkrishna vasudev in the post. S- Samncbat oF Senapati » Hambirrao Mohite was Sambhaji's Senapati upto 1687 and his support of Sambhaji proved decisive in the war for the throne. Me died an a battle with the Mughals and was succeeded by Senapati Maloji Ghorpade who died in 1689 in a battle.6. Panditrac oF panadhyaksha + Moreshwar Panditrao was the panadhyaksha since 1673 and held the post to the end of sambhaji's career. 7. pattaji Trimal was the Waknis under Shivaji. After his death his son Ramchandra was appointed Mutalik®® ®. Myayadhish + » Pralhad Niraji was appointed to the post of-Myayadhish by Shivaji who continued in that position up to the year 1688 when he was imprisoned. ‘Chhandogamatya had been a new post specially created to accommodate Kavi Kalash in the Council of sambhaji. The first mention of Kavi Kalash was made by the Jedhe Shakavali in the August-September of 1681 when the second conspiracy against Sambha- J4 was exposed and “on the advice of Kavi Kalasha Sanbhaji ordered Annaji and Bal Prabhu, Somaji Datto and Hiroji Farzand were impri- soned and killed at the foot of fort parii®? prom the above refer- ence it 4s clear that Sanbhaji started taking advice of Kavi Kalash from the year 1661 when there were conspiracies all around in Which the top-ranking ministers and officers of the kingdom were implicated. Sambhaji felt that he could not trust the senior leaders of shivaji's time. "He, therefore, felt that he stood absolutely alone and friendless in his native country and his whole reign was in fact disturbed by frequent conspiracies and desertions among his officers and rebellions among his vassals. “°° It was in this situation that Kavi Kalash who was already known as @ Shakta priest and a learned scholar, was sought and consulted by Sambhaji. The British have ferred to Kavi Kalash as ‘the chiefestminister of state’ at Raigad along with Prelnedpant in Novesber 16828” the Jeahe shakavali mentions the appointment of Kavi Kalash as Chief of Administration or Kulekhtyar of Raigad in December 1663/shaka 1605.°pnis proves that sanbhaji had appointed Kavi Kalash as ‘Chhandogamatya' in the year 1683. But soon Kavi Kalash started dominating the administration of Sarbhaji, who consulted | hion all major points. Kavi Kalasha soon started winning the favour of Sambhaji and dominating the administration. Sarkar comments that “he (Kalasha) soon made his way into the Raja's heart, and gradually monopolized his trust and the supreme control of the administration, while Sanbhaji rapidly became a faineant king, blindly following the ministers advice, and devoting all his time to wincand women, with fitful outbursts of martial vigour. © 2 avi ash under i's . Sambhaji’s rule in popular memory is much associated with Kavi Kalash, who has been referred to by many names such, Kabj i= baba, Kelusha Kabji etc. He 4s generally considered to be respon- sible for corrupting the mind of Sambhaji and ruining the Maratha Chhatrapati. Chroniclers such as Ishwardesnagar, Niecolao Manucei, Robert Orme, have branded Kalash as corrupt and a traitor to his master's cause. ‘The Chitnis Bakhar alleges that “Day by day, Sambhaji's mind became corrupt and he adopted the practices of the Shaktas as suggested by Kavi Kalash. He performed many rites or Anush= thanas and killed many animals for them. He spent lot of time in performing the ceremonies through the Brahmins. Those who tried to dissuade Sanbhaji from these practices were themselveskept away from the royal court and imprisoned. Many others were disappointed with the nature of sambhaji and stopped giving him any counsel ....°4 - ~, Sambhaji further ordered the massacre of the Shirkes. At that time Deulatrao Shirke, Ganoji Shirke, and Devji Shirke all escaped in the territory of Mabsan. stene cite ‘They ran into four directions and entered to the Mughal services® Bvidence of the domination of Kavi Kalash + fhe account os given by the author of the Chitnis Bakhar is one-sided and heaps all the blame; upon the Kavi Kalash for the ultimate ruin of Sanbhaji and his kingdom, gut the fact that Kavi Kalash was 2 Shekt Pandit and his growing influence in the court of Sambhaji was very mich resented because of the open quarrels between the Shaktas and the Vedic Brahwans of the times. ‘The Anupurana says that the appointment of Kavi Kalash, who was @ Shakta, as the Chief Minister had increased the domination of the Shaktas in the administration$® mus it is cleor that Sanbhaji Placed his trust and reliance in the advice of Kavi Kalash and allowed him wide authority in administration. The view that Kavi Kalash dominated the administration of Sasbhaji can be supported by the following evidences + (2) m the August-septenber, 1681, Sanbhaji took Kavi Kalash into his confidence and took some decision and when the second conspi- racy against him was exposed Sambhaji on the advice of Kavi Kalash Ordered Annaji Datto to be beaten to death. Balprabhu, Somaji patto and Hiroji Paraand were imprisoned and killed near parli§?(2) In the year 1683 Kavi Kalash was appointed as ‘Kulekhtiyar* or Chief Administrator at Raigad’? (3) Kavi Kalash used his authority in administration’? (4) Kavi Kalash was appointed the Subha of Kudal by sambhaji. In 1684, while camping at Patgaon, Kalash entertained a petition from Jivajiram Chitnis son of Pitambar shenvi chitnis. Kalash Faised the annual payment of Jivajiram from five to dne hundred “Wionis and issued instructions to shanji Gopal subiedar of xudai?° (5) Im April 1664 a Treaty was signed between Sambhaji and the British. Sambhaji had taken his envoys Pralhadpant and Kavi Kalash in his confidence in respect of the terms of the treaty. He wrote to the snglish Governor of Sonbay Mr. Keijwin, to give due consi- eration to the communication of the two!) pralhad Miraji, before this treaty was made, had expressed his regrets as the English envoy had returned without meeting Kalash and other Sarkarkuns!? In the treaty signed with the Portuguese in 1663-84 Sambhaji had appoinged Kavi Kelash as Chief Officer!°In view of the above points it can be said that Kavi Kelash nad played an important role under Sambhaji's rule and enjoyed complete confidence of his master. Some positive achievements of Kavi Kelash + (1) ™ the year 1683, Kavi Kalash invited the Deshmikhs of Kanad= Khore to meet Sambhaji Raje in order to solve some problems to their complete satisfaction. Kalash tried successfully ‘brganise the Watandars for defeating the Mughals?‘ (2) In the case of a theft of some articles committed on the farm of Mahadji Jagdaleby Sitoji and his brother Satwaji. Atter34, collecting evidence Chief Minister Nilkanth Moreshwar, Pralhadpant Chief Justice, Hambirrao Sanapati and Kavi Kalash discussed the matter together and decided to issue a warning that Chhatrapati sambhaji will not tolerate any falsehood. ”® This better bears the signatures of the Chief Minister, Naya- dhish, and Senapati but not that of Kalash. 3) ‘to lead expeditions to the battle fronts as was done by the Sarkarkuns. In the year 1685, Mughal general shabdikhan marched from Poona to Gangoli through the Borghat in order to invade Raigad. On 141-1685 Kavi Kalash fought against him and drove him back?® In the year 1685 when Sambhaji was engaged in helping the Adil shah of Bijapur and the outub shahi ruler of Golkunda he asked Kavi Kalash to send help to Bijapur. Accordingly, Kalash went to Panhale and from there he sent his armies for the rescue of Bijapur.”” Besides looking after the administration Kavi Kalash used (4) In a letter dated 24th November 1686 written to Moghegauda Desai Kavi Kalash appears to be trying to sustain the logalty and frienas"of the Desais whom Aurangakell was trying to win to his sides with the promises of jagirs etc!® ‘The above illustrations make it clear that Kavi Kalash had played a vital role in the administration of Sambhaji with whom he was very loyal. Therefore, the charges of treachery made against Kalash are groundless for want of supporting evidences. The very fact that Kalash had been brutally tortured and executed alongwith his master Sambhajj by the Moghal Emperor, Aurangzeb proves that Kavi Kalash was loyal to the Maratha Raja to the very end of his life. J.N.Sarkar wrote about Kalash that “ ... he was a foreignBrahmin and his administration ended in sambhuji's ruin and the fall of the Maratha Kingdom. Hence, the local Brahmans and the Maratha patriots alike have cherished the bitterest hatred to his memory. They have vented their spite by perverting his name from Kalasha (pinnacle) to Kalusha (sin).”9 * ... 1t is not contended that Kavi Kalash filled the administration with his own men, as the other seven pradhanas and all the lover officers ware men of Maharashtra. Tt is, therefore, historically untrue to make Kavi Kalesh the scapegoat for Sanbhuji's sins. His uppopularity with the Maratha ministers of the time (and, therefore, with the Maratha historians ever after) was due solely to the fact that he gained the royal favour and they could not. °° Gencluding cbeervations + Im the first place it was unfortunate that a few top ranking ministers of shivaji's Council had unnecessarily taken lead in denying the right of succession of the eldest son Sambhaji - to the throne. The Peshwa and the Sachiv particularly had marched against Sanbhaji with armies to imprison or kill hin and to place Rajaram on the throne. But the timely support of the Maratha Senapati Hambirrao Mohite strengthened the hands of Sambhaji, and when the Maratha armies rallied to his support, Sambhaji was successful in getting the throne at Raigad. Secondly, it 41s clear that Sanbhaji had imprisoned the mini- sters involved in the conspiraey against him but he soon released them and even admitted them to his favour and the council. It was because of the second conspiracy and the involvement of some top rFenking ministers and officers such as Annaji patto, Balprabhu, Somaji Datto, Hiraji Parsand ete. that Sambhaji was greatly shocked and flew into rage and inflicted very harsh punishments on theculprits, The third conspiracy which came to light in 1684 also Fesulted in more arrests of officers of high rank. Even after this conspiracy was suppressed the Maratha Kingdom could not enjoy Peace. In 1688 the Shirke family rose against Kavi Kalash and Sambhaji supported him and defeated the Shirkes on the battle ground. But soon he was captured at Sangmeshwar along with Kalash by the Mughal general Shaikh Nisam and taken to the Mughal camp and executed with great cruelty. Thirdly, while Sanbhaji was facing the troublesome tines he had hardly any conpetent and trust- worthy man left with him. Peshwa Moropant died in October 1680, aAnnaji Datto, his brother Somaji patto, Balaji Prabhu Chitnis, Hiroji Fragand were all put to death for their involvement in the conspiracies against Sambhaji. Raghunath Narayan Hanmante also ied in 1683, Netaji Palkar was not heard of after July 1681. Avji Pandit (Avji Mahadev), whom the English describe as a person of great esteem and quality, who commanded the army next under the Pestwa in Shivaji's time, was dismissed in Jenuary 16828! thus the mun loss of competent men and the nonavailability of new but compe- tent men really affected the short rule of Sambhaji and gave oppor= tunity to an alien Brahman Kelash to effect his rise in the court of the Maratha Raja. Writes Sarkar, “In this dearth of talent at the Maratha court and camp, Kavi Kalasha's ability shone more conspicuously and his predominance became naturally Uinrivalled, while Sanbhajis affairs in the outlying parts of his dominions suffered from the lack of competent agents on the spot. The evil was aggravated by fresh conspiracies against the king, which were inevitably followed by the execution or atleast imprisonment of more Maratha generals and ministers of leading positions. "©?37. Under such troubled times it is true that Sambhaji had not @isturbed the working ofthe Council of the Ministers and continued the ministers, “but practically entrusted all matters of admini- stration to this favourite Kalusha (Kavi Kalasha), for whom he created an additional post of Chhandogamatya.*®? In @ recent study on Sambhaji Mrs.Gokhale writes s “... It can be confidently said that as a ruler Sambhaji fulfilled all the obligations of his royal position.* she tries to remove the impression that Sanbhaji “did not take any interest in the affairs of the State, the chaos and disorder prevailed during his reign and that Kavi Kalash, his favourite, was practically considered ‘the supreme wire puller.“ She further contends that “sambhaji retained the council of eight ministers established by shivaji. He took keen interest in the welfare of his subjects and the defence of his kingdom.*** gut the original and reliable sources of Sambhaji's period make it clear that Sanbhaji no doubt continued the council of ministers but he could not afford to depend complete- ly upon his ministers for advice because of the atmosphere of sus- picion and doubt regarding the loyalty of the ministers and offi- cers to Sambhaji. It was under such circumstances that Kalasha, whom Sambhaji already knew, had his opportunity to win Sambhaji's favour and confidence. In 1681, when the second conspiracy was exposed Sambhaji, on the advice of Kavi Kalash, ordered the cons- pirators such as Annaji Dato, Sachiv, Balaji Avji Prabhu, Somaji Datto, Hiroji Parzand to be killed near the parii®® ~Mereafter Sambhaji's dependence and trust in Kalash increased Greatly and in the Decewber of 1683 Sambhaji appointed Kavi Kalash as “Kulekhtiyar* of Raigad®® in January 1684 Kavi Kalash was askedto accompanyprince Akbar. He also made a treaty with the Portu- guese on behalf of sanbhaji®? in october 1604 there were arrests of Manaji More, Gangadharpant, Vasudevpant, Rahuji Somath. After Just one month of the incident Kalash came to Raigad, and here- after started taking part in the military expeditions of the Maratha Kingdom. Kalash fought agsinst Shabdikhan who had marched to Gangoli from Poona through the Borghat. He compelled the Khan to Fatreat:” Hereafter, Sanbhaji depended more om Kalash whom he sent to help the Bijapur state. Kalash went to Panhala and sent the armies to Bijapur from there®” Thus Sambhaji and Kelash became greatly attached with each other. It was because of his confidence in Kalash that Sambhaji appointed him as Chhandogamatya in his council of ministers in 1684 or earlier tha-n that. Sanbhaji was greatly offended when he learnt that the shirkes had attacked Kalash, soon gambhaji went to Khelna and defeated the Shirkes. In November-Decenber 1688 Sanbhaji, on the advice of Kavi Kalash imprisoned the Chief Justice Pralhadpant, and Sarkarkun and several other people. In view of the above examples from the sources it is under- stood that Sambhaji depended for advice completely on Kalash and punished those whd'Kalasa hated or those who conspired against him, DesH.i.Sen remarks that “it was notorious that Sanbhaji did not care to lookafter the affairs of the state and although the royal authority was never formally delegated to anybody during his short reign, Kalasha, his favourite did in fact rule the kingdom with his master's consent and tacit approval." 7?" After Kalash established his gradually increasing domination over the administration of Maratha kingdom, Sambhaji threw himselfin pleasures. There were also conspiracies by the Brahmin officers, who resented the one man rule of Xavi Kalash. Even the French Governor of Pondichary learnt about the atmosphere in the kingdom of Senbhaji in 1683. Martine wrote in his diary “sanbhaji Rajah continues to exercise his cruelty with regard to the other officers of his father, particularly against the Brahmans. It can be forseen that this prince will ruin himself by his wicked conduct; the Brahmans never forgive and besides their character is to govern allétig"the Hindu princes.*?°martin further wrote, “Shambhuji Rajah had rendered himself odious to his subjects by his violence, his eruelty and his debauchery. This made some of his leading Brahmans conceive the design of destroying him. ‘Thus, under Sambhaji's regime the real power was exercised by Kavi Kalash, who had “gradually monopolized his trust and the supreme control of the administration, while sanbhaji rapidly became a faineant king, blindly following the minister's advice.....*?? ‘The administration under the Kavi Kalash was resented and hated by the Marathas because ultimately it resulted in the ruin of the Raja as well as the kingdom. PARLE Rajaram and the problem of decentralisation + ‘The capture of Sanbhaji by the Mughals and his brutal exe- eution in the Mughal camp at Koregaon on llth March 1689 was the most shocking event for the Marathas. Sanbhaji had, no doubt, some defects of character and he had allowed Kavi Kalash to dominate the state administrationy but the credit of fighting against the vast armies of the Mughal Emperor must be given to him and to40 these brave Marathas who remained loyal to their Raja to the end. In his tribute to the breve Sambhaji Sardesai wrote s “Thus perished the second Maratha Chhatrapati, accomplishing by his death ... the task of destroying Aurangzeb's hopes and conquest, whieh his own short life invain tried to bring about. The fear- less manner in which he met his end, united and steeled the hearts of the Maratha nation as nothing else would have done and nerved tigi Eo avenge the death of their sovereign. *9*"** With the death of Sanbhaji passed away the East Chhatrapati of the Marathas who had enbodied in himself all the qualities of @ soldier and general. The Chhatrapatis who followed sembhaji had other noble qualities of mind and heart, but they lacked the soldierly personality that endears the soldiers on the battle ground. The successors of Sambhaji had to depend upon their ministers and advisers for formulating plans of conquest and implementing them through the Senapatis. This lack of martial vigour in the Chhatrapatis, naturally, weakened their leadership in the state and paved the way for the rise of more competent and courageous men at the cost of the abridgement of the sovereign power of the Chhatrapati. The grave situation in Maharashtra s After the imprisonment of Sambhaji at Sangameshwar by the Maghal general Saikh Wizen on February 1, 1689, the Maratha Kille- dar of Raigad released Rajaram and other prominent men from con- finement. Rajaram was placed on the throne on February 9, 1689. The situation became more grave when Itikad Khan, Mughal General laid a seige of his armies around Raigad on 2th March, 1689.A little before that Sambhaji was executed on llth March, 1689 in the Mughal camp. In this grave situation, Sambhaji's queen Yesubai, who was in the fort of Raigad with her son Shivaji 11, advised Rajaram to slip out of the fort with his wives and some | prominent chiefs before the siege became stringent. Yesubai was | |determined to defend the fort hémself and advised Rajaram and | the principal commanders to carry on their usual harassing operations against the Mughals in all directions in order to distract their attention. Yesubai's wise advice was immediately acted upon. Before leaving the fort, Rajaram and the chief leaders took solemn oaths of loyalty to Yesubai's son shivaji IX (who was named as Shahu later on in the Mughal Camp) as their future peas oe rae ow ort leet in his name until the Liberation of the country from the Mughals.” Rajaram, his wives, and other chief leaders, such as Ramchandrapant Anatya, Pralhad Miraji, Shankaraji Narayan Sachiv etc. slipped out of Raigad on Sth April, 1689. The Maratha leaders gave top priority to the protection of Rajaram and his wives and the defence of Raigad. Rajaram's wives, Tarapai and Rajasbai were despatched to the fort of Vishalgad for safety. Since 19 years old Rajaram/devoid of any experience of warfare or court administration, the chief leaders volunteered to exert for the defence of the Maratha nation. ‘They took Rajaram to the fort of Pratapgad and then to Rengana and Panhala for safety. But soon it was realised that the Mughals were bent upon capturing Rajaram by any means. This hard reality soon prompted the Maratha leaders to decide to send Rajaram to the distant kingdom of the Marathas in Karnataka with its impregnable capital fort of Jinji. Thus in this grave situation the Marathaleaders took two important decisions s Pirst they decided to send Rajaram to Jinji under a safe escorty and Secondly, they decided that Ramchandrapant should organise the defence of Maharashtra with his headquarters at the fort of Vishalgad. Eegmation of 9 Rajmendal + Before leaving for Jinji, Rajaram made the necessary arrange ments for the defence of the Maratha country against the Mughals. He consulted his ministers advisers and appointed a Council or Hajmandal under the nominal superintendentship of his elder queen Tarabai. He also appointed Ramchandrapant and Shankeraji Narayan as the Chief administrators in the state?® Defence of Maharashtra + Por defending the Maratha country against the Maghals, Rajaram appointed two officers vis., Ramchandrapant Amatya and Shankaraji Narayan Sachiv. Ramchandra Pant Amatya was appointed as “Hukumat= panha" or Dictator and the supreme control of affairs of the Maratha State was vested in him. He was given the territori the south Konkan under his protection. Ramchandrapant had his headquarters first at Vishalgad and later on at Parli. He was sisted in his work by Shankaraji Narayan Sachiv, who was entrust- e4 with the defence of the north Konkan territories®® They were given authority in both civil and military matters. Shankaraji in Narayan was given a new post and authority of “Rajyadnya”.Rajaram issued sanads conferring these high posts on Ramchandrapant and and Shankaraji before leaving for Jinji. The Maratha generals such as Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhao, Senapatis of the cavalry and infantry were appointed to assist Ramchandrapant. Thus, in order to provide for the defence of the Maratha country in the @psence of the Chhatrapati, Rajaram, on the advice of his coun-sellors, delegated his sovereign power to Ramchandrapant who was @ trusted and experienced leader well-versed in Maratha polity. ‘The position of Ramchandrapant as Hukumatpanha was like that of the Chhatrapati himself in civil and military matters. "All offi- @4als and captains in the homeland were to take their orders from Ramchan@rapant and obey him like the king himself. The commands of this_dictator of the west were not to be upisat_aven by the king on appeal. The supreme authority thus conferred on Ramchandra was designated by his new title of Hukumatpanha. Ramchandra had an inborn genijlus for comand and organisation.**7 After providing for the defence of the Maratha country, Rajaram left Panhala on 26th September, 1689 and accompanied by several ministers and generals reached Vellor by 28th October and went to Jinji on 15th November 1689. Among the party of Rajaram are prominently mentioned Mansingh More, as General with his Adeutenants santaji Jagtap, Rupaji Bhosle, Bahirji Ghorpade and Maloji Ghorpade, Pralhad miraji with his assistant Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, Neelkanth Moreshwar Pingle with his brother Bahir- opant and assistant Udhao Jogdev, Neelkanth Krishna Parasnis and other Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus headed by Khando Ballal chitnis and Baji and Khandoji Kedam."?*pajaram was received by Shahaji IZ of Tanjore, Rajaram's cousin. At Jinji, Rajaram had to snatch power from the widow of Harji Raje, the sister of Ramraja, whose husband had died the month before?” Balaren’s Comet) et Jinji s Rajaram adopted for himself the post of Chhatrapati with the royal insignias but he did not celebrate his coronation, because he still believed that the real masterOf the Maratha throne was Sanbhajits son, ome — Mughal custody. Rajaram said that “shahu was the claimant or master of the whole kingdom. What I am doing is after all for his sake. All people ultimately have to look to him only. This cause is in fact decided by God only, "* Rajaram had no difficulty i appointing his Couneil at Jinji, because all his ministers had come to Jinji from Maharashtra. The following were the ministers in the council set up at Jinji + + Reshwa s ilo Moreshwar Pingle, who was the Peshwa at Raigad accom am panied Rajaram to Jinji,, was confirmed in the post of the Peshwa. Krishnaji Anant sabhasad was appointed as ‘mutalik'. 2. Peatinians + In view of very important services rendered to Rajaram by Pralhad wiraji who accompanied Rajaram to Jinji, a new post of ‘pratinidhi* was created for him in the Council. “pralhad Niraji was a very wise and competent man. Rajaram had great trust in him. He knew all important things right from their inception. He knew how to overcome difficulties. Rajaram, therefore, appointed him as his chief adviser. Since there vas no vacant post and Pralhad Niraji was the very image of the Raja, a new post of Pratinidhi was created and Pralhad Niraji was appointed to it, 402 ‘The post of Pratinidhi was upgraded and made superior to that of the Peshwa. The Pratinidhi was to exercise his authority over all the ministers including the Peshwa and had an annual salary of 15000 Hons. The seal of the Pratinidhi was to be impressed to the right side of the Peshwa's seal on the official letters.3+ Senapati + Since Mahadji Gomaji Pansambal, Senapati appointed at Panhala had died, Rajaram appointed Santaji Ghorpade to the vacant {fics of Senapati in 1691. After Santaji‘s dismissal from the NHMmI-p.280. 28. SHT=p.360. BDSB~pe97 SCope7- 30+ SeBepeD? SCopeBe3L- RUP=pe 57 @., 32-85,159. BB SB-p-60, 8C.p. 78.34. SB~p.28 SCopo34. 28-5.B.P. 287 SCeppe33-34. 366RMP=p.58. 37. B=. 287 SCope34. 38-5B~p.807 SC.pp-106~7.39.5B=pp-80-81,5C.p+107. 40.F+ReSurat Vol. 86. Oxinden's Narrativ@. 41. Letter of Ramdas to Shivaji. 42-SB.pp. 98-997 SC.pp.133-34. 43- Grant DuffsI~p.191. 44.HS=p.115. Rast-1i + 45. D.p.78. 46+ ASiiwpp~118-19. 47. HA=Iv-p-206. 48, Boubay Coto surat dt. 30-8-1681. 49 Bonbay Cato, surat $0, Ibid. 27-10-1681. $2. scP-p.30. $2- Ibid. p.336 $3. Ibid. p.30. $4. Bombay to Surat 12-10-1681. $5. DISH peiritesha.1636. p62. 386. scP. pe 326 $2. scp=p.32. $8. ASS-V-No.25. $9. SCP-p.31. 62. HAwIv-p. 206. $1. Bombay C. to Surat (tov. 1682).$2. scp-pp. 32-33. 63+ HA-IV-p. 206. $4. CSMC-pp.12-13. $8. Ibid.pp. 28-29. $6. PK-i §7-SCP-Js-p.31. 68, SCP=pp.32-337 TKKP.I-Nos. 143, 361. §2- SCS-VIII-No, 46. 1Q- Ohandorkar; Savanatwadi Sansthancha Itihas-No. 31-p.27. 1A, 7.R.Sambhaji to Bombay, April, 1684. 12-FR.Pralhad mirads to Bombay 16~2-1884. 73+ Pissurlekar: Portuguese-Marathe Sambandh, pp. 112-13. 14, SC3=v-H0. 872. 18, Mis-Kv-Wo.11. 1S. scP=p.33. Ee Ibid. p33. 78. SC8-XII-No. 2. 12. HA~pp. 206-07, 180,HAWIV=pr2.07 - Bl. HA. Iv-p.335. 82-HA-vV-pp. 335-36. 83. mO-1-p.311. 94. Gokhale, Sambhaji, pp. 380-81. 8S. ScP-p.31. 86. SCP-p.33. 82, scp-p.33.~ 88. Inia. Be Tide 89-4 Asm, 20, Martin's Memoirs, PP.NB.i9 Nov. 1683. 21. Ibia.may-1685. 22. HA~IV=p. 206. Part=IIt + 93. MHM-I-p.326. 94. NHM-1.330. 95. Mr-p.32. 26- Rajarancharitem-iv. 97. HA-v-p.18. 28. Rajaramcharitan- Pel Iv=pel7. 29. Martin's Memoirs, p.64.100.MIS~XV-No.285. 101. TRMC-p.61. 102.MRR=p.42. 103.ASS—p-66.MAR.P.43, 104. MIR=p.44. 205. mm-p.44. 206. mbia. 207. Ibid. - Mbid. + MHM-I-p.353. 120. Gore, Pant amatya 208. 208s Yanche Venshevrat pe2le LLL. Gores Ibid~p.24 112. sL-pp. 186-87. 213. HA-V~p.149. 114. ASs-t0.76. 225. MIS-xv-No. 21. 116. mr-p.37. 217. TRMC@p.47. 128, Ihid.p.48. 212. ASS-NO.76. 0. Bllict & Dow.VII- 121. NHM-I-p.331. - Martin's Memoirs, ae: p+ 346-47. aa ad PP. 67-6 123, HA-v-pp.51.52. Thid.p.53. 128. TRIC-pp.59-60. 126, scs-v-BisM-quart.p. MIS-KV-Nos. 347-48.127-MIS-KV-Nos.347-48. 128. Sardesai 8.6. Paranjape Lectures, p.35. 129.HA-V-p.151. 130. HA-v.152. 232. MRR-p.57. 232. HA-v-p.152. 133. Bhimsen Saxena: Dilkasha:ii-122by HA-V-p-153.134.MRR-p.96.» B. Saxena. Dilkasha. TI-222a.p. 206. J+ MIS-XVI-Wo. 28,XV- ue No.349. Rert-Iv ¢ 140. TRMC~pp.99-100. 142. TRMC=pp. 122-23. 145. TKKP.I-Nos.81, 84, 66. > Dabhade Daftar. 1- No.11)8L.pp. 184, 192. 150. Parashuran Trim. Prati. pp. 13-14. Js Rlliot & Dow. svII- PP+ 367-374. 1546 Ibidsp. 256. BE EE REEE SB~p- 2878C-p.34. 137.NHI4+I-pp.353-54) MIS-VIII-No.52. MRR. p96. History of the pratinidhis.III.p.451, MRR»pe107. 144. TKKP.1-No.460. TKKP. 1-No.106, 322. MRR.73-74. 149+ Bavde Daftar= TKKP+No. 141-480, SL=p.D85., Saxena: Nuksh.i.Dilkasha, p.232.