Lec7: Map Generalization

Introduction:
Generalization is one of the basic features of cartographic representation, it is the result
of maps scale reduction. It is a composite process encompassing the wide range of
relations between geographic area and the great diversity of maps that constitute its
reflection. It is a specific, composite set of processes based on logic and is reflected in
the graphic design of the map. It is carried out so that:
1- the scope and the presentation of the content can be more easily perceived by users
2- should guarantee that the map is a reflection of the spatial variability of the Earth’s
Surface.
3- Also the characteristics of the represented objects most important to the map user.
Cartographer role:
It is, essential that a cartographer have a broad background in a wide range of subjects
to enable him to select appropriate information against which the data mapped can be
more readily comprehended.
The information is selected & represented on a map to suits the new scale of the map.
The cartographer is given license to adjust the content & location of symbols. The
degree of Generalization is inversely proportional to map scale.
Definitions of map generalization
- Selection and simplified representation of detail appropriate to the scale and/or the
purpose of a map.
- Process of deriving from data source through the application of transformations,
where derivation objectives are to reduce data in scope of amount, type and carto-
graphic portrayal with maintenance of consistency and clarity of presentation
- Process of thematic and geometric resolution reduction.
Generalization processes: The main processes are:
1- Selection
 2- Classification
3- Simplification
4- Symbolization

1- Selection :-
It begins the mapmaking activity. It involves early decisions regarding:
1- the geographic space to be mapped,
2- map scale, map projection
3- aspect,
which data variables are appropriate for the map’s purpose, and any data gathering
or sampling methods that must be employed.
Selection is critical, it requires the cartographer to be familiar with the map’s content,
especially the nature of the data being used in the mapping process.
Selection aims at solving problems associated with too high density of objects by
leaving some of them out.
2- Classification:-
It is a process in which objects are placed In groups having identical or similar
features. The individuality and detail of each element is lost. Information is
Conveyed through identification of the boundaries of the group. It reduces the
complexity of the map image, helps to organize the mapped information, and thus
Enhances communication.

reclassifying objects to a new object type

3- Simplification:-
Selection and classification are examples of simplification, but simplification may
take other forms as well. An example might be the smoothing of natural or man
made lines on the map to eliminate unnecessary detail.
Simplification would be the process in which its path is straightened between two
points so that it no longer retains exact planimetric location (even though this
might be possible at the given scale). It Can be straightened because the purpose
of this map is simply to show connectivity between two points, not to illustrate the
road’s precise locational features.
4- Symbolization:-
Perhaps it is the most complex process. Developing a map requires symbolization,
because it is not possible to create a reduced image of the real world without
symbols that stand for real-world things.
Two major classes of symbols are used for thematic maps: replicative and abstract.
Replicative symbols are those that are designed to look like their real-world
counterparts; they are used to stand only for tangible objects. trees, railroads, houses,
are examples.
By its very nature, the symbolization process is a generalizing activity shaped by the
influence of scale. At smaller scales, it is virtually impossible to represent geographical
features at true-to-scale likeness. Distortions are necessary. For example, rivers on
base maps are widened, and cities that have irregular boundaries in reality are
represented by squares or dots.
a- at large scales, individual buildings
b- at smaller scales, built-up area symbol for the larger urban areas
c- at very small scales, (small) settlements shown by point symbols

A b c
Methods of generalization
A- In case of Cadastral maps :-
Tobfer and bulfazer is used to calculate the number of objects that will be included in
the new map :-
nf=ma Ma/Mf
Where:-
nf= number of objects in the new map
ma= number of objects in the original map
Ma= the inverse scale in the original map
Mf= the inverse scale in the new map
B- Scientific map:-
In a soil map , the cartographer can omit each map unit that its area is less than the
standard unit map (2*10 or 5*5mM2) in order to decrease the complexity of the map .
C- Contour map:-
In a contour map the cartographer can omit the second contour line and leave the third
one and so on .