School of Engineering & LT. CHARLES DARWIN UNIVERSITY ENG424 Power Engineering ‘Tutorial 4: DC Machines Tutorial 4.1 ‘A four-pole de machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an effective length of 25 cm. The poles cover 75% of the armature periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each coil having seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average flux density under each pole is 0.75 tesla, 1, If the armature is lap-wound, (a) Determine the armature constant, Ky. {Ans: 73.53} (b) Determine the induced armature induced voltage when the armature rotates at 1000 rpm. {Ans: 212.5} (©) Determine the current in the coil and the electromagnetic torque developed when the armature current is 400 amps. {Ans: 100, 811.8} (d) Determine the power developed by the armature, {Ans: 85} 2. If the armature is wave-wound, repeat parts (a) to (d) above, The current rating of the coils remains the same as in the lap-wound armature. {Ans: 147.06; 425; 811.8; 85} Tutorial 4. ‘4.12 KW 100 V 1000 rpm de shunt generator has armature resistance of 0.1 ohm, shunt field winding resistance of 80 ohms and 1200 turns per pole in the field circuit, The rated field current is 1 amp. The magnetization characteristic at 1000 rpm is shown in the Figure 4.2. The machine is operated as a separately excited dc generator at 1000 rpm with rated field current, (a) Neglect the armature reaction effect. Determine the terminal voltage at full load. {Ans: 88) (b) Now consider that armature reaction at full load is equivalent to 0.06 field amperes. Determine the full load terminal voltage. Determine the field current required to generate a terminal voltage of 100 volts at full load condition, {Ans:1.46} 120 Magnetization curve at 1000 rpm 100 80 60 E,, volts 40 20 0 02 04 06 O08 10 12 14 Ty, amps Figure 4.2 Magnetization curve for the generator of Tutorial 4.2 ENG424 Tutorial 4 DC machines 1B K. DebnathSchool of Engineering & LT. CHARLES DARWIN UNIVERSITY ‘Tutorial 4.3 The de machine of Tutorial 4.2 (12 kW 100 V 1000 rpm, 80 © field resistance) is connected to a 100 V de supply and is operated as a de shunt motor. At no load condition, the motor runs at 1000 rpm and the armature takes 6 amperes. (a) Find the value of the resistance of the shunt field control rheostat, {Ans: 21} (b) Find the rotational losses at 1000 rpm. {Ans: 596.4} (©) Find the speed, electromagnetic torque and efficiency of the motor when rated current flows in the armature, (Consider that the air gap flux remains the same as that at no load. {Ans: 885.31, 113.9, 82.35} (ii) Consider that the air gap flux is reduced by 5% when rated current flows in the armature because of armature reaction {Ans: 931.91, 108.21, 82.35} @ Find the starting torque if the starting armature current is limited to 150% of its rated value. (i) Neglect armature reaction, {Ans: 170.82} Consider armature reaction of 0.16 amp. {Ans: 160.71} Putorial 4.4 The De machine of Tutorial 4.2 runs at 1000 rpm at no load (I, A) when operated as a shunt motor. 6 A) and at 932 rpm at full load (I, = 120 (a) Determine the armature reaction effect at full load in ampere-turns of the field winding. {Ans: 156} (b) How many series field turns per pole should be added to make this machine into a short-shunt motor whose speed will be 800 rpm at full load? Neglect resistance of the series full winding. {Ans: 4.56} (©) Ifthe series field winding is connected for differential compounding, determine the speed of the motor at full load. {Ans: 1343.9} Tutorial 4. ‘A.220V 7 HP series motor is mechanically coupled to a fan and draws 25 amps and runs at 300 rpm when connected to a 220V supply with no external resistance connected to the armature. The torque required by the fan is proportional to the square of the speed. Armature resistance is 0.6 ohm and seties field resistance is 0.4 ohm, Neglect armature reaction and rotational losses. (a) Determine the power delivered to the fan in HP and the torque developed by the machine in newton- meters. {Ans: 6.54, 155.2} (b) The speed is to be reduced to 200 rpm by inserting a resistance in the armature circuit, Determine the value of this resistance and the power delivered to the fan. {Ans: 7, 1.94} Tutorials 4.6 to 4.9 should be solved by students themselves. Ask my help only if they prove too difficult for you. ENG#24 Tutorial 4 DC machines 208 K. DebnathSchool of Engineering & I-T. CHARLES DARWIN UNIVERSITY Tutorial 4.6 ‘A. 10 KW 100 V 1000 rpm de machine has an armature resistance of 0.1 ohm and is connected to a 100 V de supply. (@) Determine the starting current in per unit of rated current if no starting resistince is used in the armature circuit. {Ans: 10} (b) Determine the value of the starting resistance if the starting current is limited to twice the rated current, {Ans: 0.4} (©) This dc machine is to be run as a motor, using a starter box. Determine the values of resistances required in the starter box such that the armature current is constrained within 100 to 200% of rated value during start-up. {Ans: 0.25, 0.125, 0.025} Tutorial 4.7 (@) A de generator delivers 1OkW at 250 V to a load resistance Ry, when driven at 1500 rpm. Armature resistance = 0.3 . Total brush voltage drop = 2V, independent of small changes in armature current, Calculate 1,,E, and Ry,. {Ans: 40 A, 264 V, 6.25 Q} (b) The speed is decreased to 1400 RPM. Ry, and field current are kept constant. Calculate the new values of 1, E ; also the output power, and efficiency, {Ans: 37.3 A, 246 V, 8.7 KW, 94.6%} (©) Repeat (b), but neglect the brush voltage drop. {Ans: 37.6 A, 246 V, 8.84 kW, 95.4%} {Note: In practice, due to mechanical losses the efficiency would redue to about 90%.} Tutorial 4.8 ‘A de motor is rated at 5kW, 1000 RPM, 130 V. It has an armature resistance of 0.4 ©. When driven as a generator at 1150 RPM it generates 127 volt for a field current of 2.0 amp. (a) Calculate the value of kg. (Ans: 1.054 volt-sec/rad) (b) Derive a formula relating T in Nm and speed in rad/s for a constant supply voltage of 127V (and Ip = 2.0), and use it to calculate motor speed, input and output power, efficiency, and current, for values of torque of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Nm, Neglect all losses except the armature resistance loss. (Ans: 1.054, T=335 - 2.78). Tutorial 4.9 ‘A de permanent magnet motor has the torque vs speed characteristic shown in the figure below when running on a 24 V supply. Its armature resistance is 0.5 ., Allow a total of 2 volts drop across the brushes (a) Calculate the constant kg, and hence the current, input and output powers, and efficiency, at 1000 pm. {Ans: k®=0,105,1=22A, Pj, =528W, Pyy=242W, 17= 0.46) (b) Repeat for speeds of 0 to 2000 rpm in steps of 200 rpm, but include a result for 1900 rpm. T (Nm) 4.62 > |__| __, Speed (rpm) 2,000 Figure 4.9 Toraue Sneed characteristic of a nermanent motor magnet ENG424 Tutorial 4 DC machines 33 K, DebnathTutorial 4.1 1. Lap-wound de machine Mp Zp ma” 2ar Z=2X33%7=462, a=p=4 4624 _ . 2xaxn 7353 (a) K, a X 0.125 X 0.25 x 0.75 4 6.8 X 10° mt Ip X B= 36.8 X 107! 0.75 .0276 Wb (b) aig = 73.53 X 0.0276 x 1000 X20 = 212.5V 100A Ph, = 73.53 X 0.0276 X 400 = 811.8N+m (@) Py 12.5 X 400 = 85.0 kW 1000 11.8 X—Eo~ x 2 = 85.0 KW = Tom 2. Wave-wound de machine. pe4, a=2, 2=462 462x4 @) Ixdxg 7 147.06 ~ 1000 y= “Gye X 2a = 104.67 rad/sec (b) EB, = 147.06 x 0.0276 x 104.67 = 425 V. © Jeoa = 100A 100 = 200A 147.06 x 0.0276 x 200 = 811.8N +m @ P,= 425 x 200 = 85.0kW =‘Tutorial 4.2 In a de shunt generator, the main field winding is the shunt field winding. Also, from the data on the machine, Rated armature voltage E,jmet = 100 V Rated armature power (or full load) = 12 KW Rated armature current (or full load) Iya = 12,000/100 = 120 A Rated speed = 1000 rpm Rated field current Jjlinea = 1A (a) YaBWhR = 100 ~ 120 x 0.1 =88V (b) (i) From Bq, 4.25 Tyan = 1 ~ 0.06 094A From Fig. 4.24, at this field current B,=98V Vi=B,- LR =98- 12001 =86V Ga E=VthR = 100 + 120x0.1 Rv From Fig. 4.24, the effective field current required is 4A Tuer From Eq. 4.25, Trycaa = 1.4 + 0.06 =146ATutorial 4.3 (a) No load, 1, = 6 A. A- TR, 00-6 x 0.1 =994V From the magnetization curve (Fig. 4.24), to generate E, = 98 at 1000 rpm requires I; = 0.99 A. Vi _ 100 Ria Ret R= 1010, 101 ~ Ry = 101-80 =210 (b) At no load the electromagnetic power developed is lost as rotational power. (©) The motor is loaded and J, = Iylnid = 120 ACE rompbe=t®): (froble= @ No armature reaction, that is, Oa = On, ae + 1000 = 885.31 rpm. 885.31 GX 24 = 92.71 radisee Eady _ 88120 _ Bo oT 39Nm Pou = Ealy ~ Proc, = 10,560 ~ 596.4 = 9963.6 W Pa = Vi = Ville + ld = 100(120 + 0.99) = 12,099 W. 9963.6 - 5 = Fogg * 100% = 82.35% Gi) With armature reaction, Oy, = 0.95%. Buln. _ Keron, Bla KPwon, oe 304 0.952% ay 1 - = BS x ghg * 1000 ~ 931.91 1pm on,Tutorial 4.3 (continued) Note that the speed increases if flux decreases because of arma- ture reaction, iy = 3191 x 29 = 97.59 rad/sec 60 88x 120 _ : 52120 _ 10821N-m 9963.6 Eff 77055 * 100% = 82.35%, assuming rotational losses do not change with speed. @) T= Ko. @) If armature reaction is neglected, the flux condition under load can be obtained from the no-load condition. Exh, = 99.4V = K,Pi0q = Ke 1000 35 K,@ = 0.949 Virad/sec 1,= 1.5 X 120 = 180A Taye = 0.949 X 180 = 170.82 N-m Gi) I; = 0.99 A. When J, = 180 A Fret = Te Lua = From the magnetization curve (Fig, 4.24) the corresponding gen- erated voltage is E,= 93.5 V (= K.@oq) at 1000 rpm 93.5 @q 1000 X 27/60 0.893 x 180 = 160.71N-m .99 — 0.16 = 0.834 0,893 Virad/secTutorial 4.4 At no-load, the back emf was 99.4 volts (see Tutorial 4.3). From the magneization curve, the corre: (b) ©) onding field current is obtained as 0.994 At full load, E,= 100 ~ 120 X 0.1 = 88 Vat 932 rpm The effective field current (ig) at full load can be obtained from the magnetization curve (Fig. 4.24) of the machine, if we first find , at 1000 rpm. x 88 = 94.42V From the magnetization curve, for E, = 94.42 V at 1000 rpm, Treen = 0,86 A = Ip~ Tran i, — 0,86 = 0.99 ~ 0.86 =0.13A ‘The corresponding ampere-turns = Nefrary = 1200 x 0.13 56 At/pole E, = 88 V at 800 rpm. From the magnetization curve for E, = 110 V at 1000 rpm, Fea = 1.32 = 1+ NEC +1) ~ Lea Ne Nee . 1.32 = 0.99 + 7399 (120 + 0.99) — 0.13 Ng = 4.56 turns/pole For differential compounding, 4.56 X 120.99 _ 1200 = 0.99 ~ 0.46 ~ 0.13 =04A Tue = 0.99 = 0.13 From the magnetization curve, at 1000 rpm and J; = 0.4 A, By = 65 V. But E, = 88 V at full load (parts a and b). If the operating speed is 1 rpm, 65 = K61200 88 = Kon or 88 n= GX 1000 = 1343.9rpm‘Tutorial 4.5 (a) From Fig. 4.55a B= V,~ Ii(Ra + Ru + Rudd = 220 - 25(0.6 + 0.4 +0) =195V PoE = 195 x25 = 4880 W 4880 = 4880), = 6.54 746 PP P E, Om 4880 = 300 x 27/60 = 155.2N-m (b) T= Kulp 155.2 = K,.25? K,=0.248 7 _ (200)? Thane = (332) x 155.2 = 68.98N-m From Eq. 4.54 200 pe 2000.6 404+R, 60 V0.248 V68.98 0.248 Re=70 P= Tere = 68.98 x 200 x 25 = 1444 W— 1.94 hp or 68.98 = 0.24813 1.= 16.68 amps Ey= Kylitig 200 = 68 XO x 2p 0.248 x 16.68 x 20 x 2 = 86.57V Ex=Vi~ 1(Ry + Rar + Rug) 220 ~ 16.68(0.6 + 0.4 +R,ENG224 Tut 4.8 DC motor: 5 kW, 1,000 rpm, 130 volts (@) Asa generator, it develops 127 volts at 1,125 rpm E=koN FT volts /rpm = 22 © voit seo rad = 1.05457 olt—see/ rad N_ 1,150 1,150 2% eee nnaete tinea ) E=kp@=1.054570 V-E R 1, V-E T=kol, =ke Pla = KOx Ee = 1.05457 , (127 -1.054570) =334.6-2.780 =120.36rad/sec Po = OT =0 1 =20 = 3348-20 113, 1712d/s0 2.78 Poy = OT 21317 20 = 22603 vats = 20 18.97 amps kp 1.05457 Pin = V x 1g =127%18.97 = 2,409.9 watts », : 1 = aut. = 2:263:3 _ 9.939 or 93.9% 2,409.9 ENG224 Tut 4.9 V =24volts; Vp, = 2volts;R, = 0.5 ohms N=2,000 T=kgl, When T= 0, [= 0. So V=E + Vir E=V~Vp=24~2= 22 volts 2n B=kp@=kpNx a= kgNx 022 x 2,00 £2. 0,10504 vott—see/rad ©ENG224 Tut 4.7 DC generator; V = 250 volts, 10 kW; Ry = 0.3 ohms; Veruh = 2 volts; N = 1,500 rpm 10,000 250 12 Ry, =10,000 RL (@) Ig = =40amps = 10,000 (40)? E=V+2+1, Rg =250+2+40x0.3 = 264 volts 4.25ohms E_ 264 =E ei-- / (b) (ko) N=F ko N71500 0.176 volts/ rpm. = (kp) N = 0.176 1,400 = 246.4 volts At 1,400 1pm, “R,+RL 034625 31 amps Pioss = 12 x Ra + Vprush XI =37.3? x 0.3 +2 37.3 = 491.99 watts 8,701.6 Efficiency = 701-6 ___ 9 46 0r94.6% 8,701.64 491.99 246.4 c) Iy = 2464 = 37.6 amps Oo 625 = E = 246.4 volts as before. Pout =13 Rg = 37.67 x 6.25 = 8,836 watts 2 Raq = 37.67 x 0.3 = 424.1 watts 8,836 88364 424.1 Poss = Efficiency = .954 or 95.4%(@) From the given graph, at N= 1,000 rpm, T =yx 4.62. =2.31Nm Pogt = OT =Nx 22x 7 =1,000x 2% 2.31 = 241.9 watts 60 60 — T_ 231 From T=K0lys Ta =F yp5g4 Pin = VXIq = 24x 21,99 = 527.8 watts 1,99 amps Pout _ 241.9 = Pow Pin 5278 = 0.458 or 45.8% Nx 2,00 (b) Fora sped of Ny, Tx = With N= 1,900 rpm, Pogy = OT =Nx 2% xT = 1,900 2% 0.231 = 45,96 watts 60 60 eee ako 0.10504 Pip = VxTq = 242.199 2.199 amps 2.78 watts Pout, . 45:98 _ 9 8708 or 87.08% 52.78