შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

Tema 2: bazris fiasko da gare efeqtebi

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• gansazRvroT bazris fiaskos wyaroebi
• SeafasoT warmoebisa da moxmarebis gare efeqtebi
• gaaanalizoT kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebi

bazris fiasko
ukve aRvniSneT, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi Tu adgili ar eqneboda raime damaxinjebas (gada-
saxadebis dakisrebas), Tavisuflad konkurentuli wonasworoba uzrunvelyofda ganTavsebis
efeqtianobas. vsargeblobT terminiT `bazris fiasko~, romelic moicavs yvela im garemoebas,
romlis drosac wonasworoba Tavisufal araregulirebad bazrebze (e.i. bazrebze, sadac sa-
xelmwifo pirdapir ar gansazRvravs fassa da raodenobas) ver miaRwevs efeqtian ganTavsebas.
bazris fiasko dabrkolebebs uqmnis `uxilav xels~ resursebis efeqtianad ganTavsebaSi.
bazris fiaskos wyaroebia:
1. arasrulyofili konkurencia. srulyofili konkurencia firmebs saSualebas aZlevs zRv-
ruli danaxarjebi gautolon fass (𝑃 = 𝑀𝐶) da aseve, momxmareblis zRvrul Semosavals.
arasrulyofili konkurenciis dros mewarmeebi zRvrul danaxarjs utoleben sakuTar
zRvrul amonagebs, romelic naklebia im fasze, riTac produqtis bolo erTeuli gaiyida
(𝑀𝑅 = 𝑀𝐶). vinaidan momxmareblebi fass utoleben bolo erTeulidan miRebul zRvrul
sargebels (𝑀𝐵 − 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡), sabolood arasrulyofili konkurenciis firmebSi
zRvruli sargebeli gadaaWarbebs zRvrul danaxarjebs (𝑀𝐵 > 𝑀𝐶). aseTi firmebi miiswra-
fian awarmoon zedmetad mcire raodenoba, radgan gamoSvebis gazrda gamoiwvevda ufro
metad momxmareblis sargeblis gazrdas, vidre warmoebis danaxarjebs an gamoyenebuli
resursebis alternatiul danaxarjebs.
2. sazogadoebrivi prioriteti, rogoricaa samarTlianoba. samarTlianobis ugulebel-
yofis SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebiTi gadasaxadi iwvevs ganTavsebis simaxinjeebs imiT, rom
warmoqmnis gansxvavebas momxmareblis mier gadaxdil fassa da mewarmis mier miRebul fass
Soris.
3. gare efeqtebi. gare efeqtebia dabinZureba, xmauri da gadatvirTva. maTi saerTo niSani
Semdegia – erTi adamianis moqmedeba qmnis sxva adamianisTvis uSualo danaxarjebs an sar-
gebels, romelsac es ukanaskneli ar iTvaliswinebs. problema isaa, rom xmaurisTvis arc
bazari da arc sabazro fasi ar arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, bazrebi da fasebi ver uz-
runvelyofen xmauris warmoqmnis zRvruli sargebelisa da sxva adamianebisTvis im xma-
uris zRvruli danaxarjis tolobas.
4. sxva ararsebuli bazrebi: momavali produqtebi, riski da informacia. es aris farTo
moxmarebis Soreuli produqti, romlisTvisac bazrebi an saerTod ar arsebobs an SezRu-
dulia. rogorc gare efeqtebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar SegviZlia vimedovnebdeT bazrebisa-
gan resursebis efeqtian ganTavsebas, Tu TviT bazrebi ar iarsebeben.

gare efeqtebi
gare efeqti warmoiqneba maSin, rodesac individis gadawyvetileba warmoebis an
moxmarebis Sesaxeb pirdapir gavlenas axdens sxvebis warmoebasa da moxmarebaze. es gavlena ar
xdeba sabazro fasebiT, aramed, sxva saSualebebiT.
davuSvaT firma, romelic qimiur nivTierebebs awarmoebs, narCenebs uSvebs tbaSi, abin-
Zurebs wyals da pirdapir akisrebs damatebiT sawarmoo danaxarjs zRvis binadarT an moxma-
1
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

rebis danaxarjebs mocurave-myvinTavebs (vinaidan arasasiamovnoa da janmrTelobisTvis sa-

SiSic curva da/an WuWyian sanapiroze yofna). Tu ar iarsebebs `bazari~ gaWuWyianebisTvis, fir-
mas SeuZlia danaxarjebis gareSe piradi interesebis sasargeblod ganagrZos tbis dabinZureba.
is iqamde gaagrZelebs am qmedebas, sanam dabinZurebis zRvruli sargebeli (qimikatebisaTvis
ufro iafi sawarmoo procesi) gautoldeba dabinZurebis zRvrul kerZo danaxarjebs, romelic
jer-jerobiT nulis tolia (𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝑃𝐶). is mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs zRvrul danaxarjebs, ro-
melsac misi saqmianobiT gamowveuli dabinZureba akisrebs zRvis binadarT da mocuraveebs.
meore mxriv, Tqveni saxlis SeRebviT alamazebT mTel quCas da aZlevT moxmarebis sarge-
bels (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) Tqvens mezoblebs. magram Tqven RebavT iqamde, vidre Tqveni saku-
Tari zRvruli sargebeli gautoldeba Tqvens mier nayidi saRebavebisa da daxarjuli drois
zRvrul danaxarjs, romelic amave dros aris sazogadoebis zRvruli danaxarji, magram sazo-
gadoebis zRvruli sargebeli Tqvensas aWarbebs, vinaidan cota Rebavs saxlebs.
orive SemTxvevaSi arsebobs Seusabamoba individebis zRvruli danaxarjisa Tu sargeblis
Sedarebasa da sazogadoebis zRvruli danaxarjisa Tu sargeblis Sedarebas Soris. Tavisufali
bazrebi ver daavaldebuleben adamianebs, gaiTvaliswinon es arapirdapiri Sedegebi sxva adami-
anebze, Tu ar iqna bazari am arapirdapiri SedegebisaTvis.

Seusabamoba kerZo da sazogadoebriv danaxarjsa da sargebels Soris

davuSvaT, firmis mier mdinareSi CaSvebuli damabinZurebeli (Sxamiani) qimikatebis rao-
denoba qimiuri warmoebis donis proporciulia. moSorebiT, mdinaris sanapiroze ganlagebu-
lia sakveb produqtTa gadamamuSavebeli kompaniebi, romlebic iyeneben am mdinaris wyals,
magaliTad, moxaluli muxudosgan sousis dasamzadeblad. aqvea ganlagebuli sasoflo-same-
urneo fermebi.
roca mcire moculobis qimiuri produqtebi iwarmoeba dabinZureba umniSvneloa. mdi-
nares SeuZlia gaazavos CaSvebuli qimikatebis mcire raodenoba, magram rogorc ki met nivTi-
erebas CauSveben wyalSi, dabinZurebis danaxarjebi mkveTrad gaizrdeba. sakveb produqtTa ga-
damamuSavebelma unda izrunos wylis sisufTaveze, aaSenos ZviradRirebuli gamwmendi nagebo-
bebi. dabinZurebis ufro maRali done iwvevs wyalsadeni milebis dazianebas da sasoflo-
sameurneo savargulebis dabinZurebas.
naxazi 2.1 gviCvenebs qimikatebis warmoebis zRvrul kerZo danaxarjs. simartivisTvis Cav-
TvaloT, rom 𝑀𝑃𝐶 mudmivia. is agreTve gviCvenebs qimiuri warmoebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv
danaxarjs. sxvaoba zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjebsa da zRvrul kerZo danaxarjebs Soris
gamoxatavs sxva mewarmeebze dakirebul zRvrul danaxarjs, dabinZurebis sawarmoo gare efeq-
tis im damatebiTi erTeuliT, romelsac qimikatebis mwarmoebeli ar iTvaliswinebs. moTxovnis
𝐷 mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad surT momxmareblebs gadaixadon qimiuri produqtebis mwar-
moeblebisTvis, Tu is moqmedebs, rogorc fasis mimRebi, wonasworoba miiRweva 𝐸 wertilSi da
qimikatebis gamoSvebis moculoba iqneba 𝑄, romlis drosac zRvruli kerZo danaxarji utol-
deba firmis mier gamoSvebuli produqtis fass.
Tumca, Q𝑄 gamoSvebis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji qimikatebis zRvrul sazo-
gadoebriv sargebelze metia, rogorc es mocemulia Sesabamisi wertiliT moTxovnis 𝐷 mrudze.
qimikatebis bazari ar iTvaliswinebs sxva firmebze dakisrebul warmoebis gare efeqts. vina-
idan 𝑄 gamoSvebis dros bolo erTeulis sazogadoebrivi sargebeli naklebia zRvrul sazoga-
doebriv danaxarjze (romelic moicavs warmoebis gare efeqts), 𝑄 gamoSveba sazogadoebisTvis
efeqtiani ar aris.

2
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

MSC

fasi
F

E’

E
P MPC

Q’ Q raodenoba

nax. 2.1. warmoebis gare efeqtebis

‘ sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi 𝑬𝑭𝑬′

qimikatebis gamoSvebis SemcirebiT, adamianebi ufro mets dazogaven sazogadoebrivi da-

naxarjiT, vidre dakargavdnen sazogadoebrivi sargebeliT. es qmnis saSualebas, raTa sazoga-
doebis zogierT wevrs gauumjobesdes mdgomareoba sxvaTa keTildReobis gauaresebis gareSe.
sinamdvileSi, sazogadoebrivad efeqtiani gamoSveba aris 𝑄 ′ , romlis drosac gamoSvebis
bolo erTeulis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli utoldeba zRvrul sazogadoebriv
danaxarjs (𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 ). 𝐸 ′ aris efeqtiani wertili.
ramdenad bevrs kargavs sazogadoeba, roca awarmoebs 𝐸-s Tavisufali bazris wonasworo-
bis dros socialurad efeqtian 𝐸 ′ wertilTan SedarebiT? vertikaluri monakveTi zRvrul
sazogadoebriv danaxarjsa da zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargebels Soris, rogorc 𝐷 gviCvenebs
gamoSvebuli bolo erTeulis warmoebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv danakargs. aqedan gamomdina-
re, 𝑄 ′ -dan 𝑄-mde gamoSvebis gafarToebiT sazogadoeba kargavs mTlian raodenobas, romelic
naxazze 2.1 mocemuli 𝐸 ′ 𝐸𝐹 samkuTxedis tolia. igi gansazRvravs bazris fiaskos sazogado-
ebriv danaxarjs – gamowveuls dabinZurebis gare efeqtiT.
warmoebis gare efeqtebi iwvevs Seusabamobas zRvrul kerZo sawarmoo danaxarjebsa
(M𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠) da zRvrul sazogadoebriv sawarmoo danaxarjebs
(𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠) Soris. aseve, moxmarebis gare efeqti warmoSobs Seusabamobas
zRvrul kerZo sargebelsa (M𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) da zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargebels
(𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) Soris. naxazze 2.2 aRwerilia momgebiani sargeblobis gare efeqti,
magaliTad, roca Tqveni saxlis SeRebviT, an baRSi vardebis dargviT siamovnebas aniWebT me-
zoblebsac.
vinaidan ar gvaqvs warmoebis gare efeqtebi naxazze 2.2 𝑀𝑃𝐶 gamoxatavs, rogorc Tqveni
saxlisa da baRis galamazebis zRvrul kerZo danaxarjs, ise zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjs
– es aris saRebavebisa da nargavebis Rirebulebas (kerZo danaxarjs) damatebuli Tqveni drois
alternatiuli danaxarji (sazogadoebrivi danaxarji). 𝐷 mrudze fiqsirdeba saxlis gaumjo-
besebis zRvruli kerZo sargebeli da roca erTmaneTs SeadarebT sakuTar danaxarjebsa da
sargebels, Tqven wamoiwyebT Tqvenive saqmianobis gaumjobesebas 𝑄 sididiT.
sazogadod, Tqven ar iTvaliswinebT, rom am gaumjobesebas moxmarebis garkveuli Rirebu-
leba gaaCnia Tqveni mezoblebisTvis. vinaidan saxezea yvelanairi sargebeli, aRmoCndeba, rom
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli ufro didia, vidre Tqveni zRvruli kerZo sargebeli.

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შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

P MPC, MSC
F

fasi
E’

E
MSB

Q Q’ raodenoba

nax. 2.2. momgebiani moxmarebis

‘ gare efeqti

𝐸 wertiliT aRniSnul Tavisufali bazris wonasworobasTan SedarebiT, gaumjobesebis

socialurad efeqtiani raodenobaa 𝑄 ′ . wertilTan 𝐸 ′ zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli da
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi erTmaneTs uTanabrdeba (𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 𝑀𝑆𝐶).
Tavisufali bazris wonasworoba gaumjobesebas iwvevs mcire sididiT. sazogadoebas Se-
uZlia miaRwios 𝐸 ′ 𝐸𝐹 samkuTxeds naxazze 2.2, rac gansazRvravda sazogadoebrivi sargeblis
metobas sazogadoebriv danaxarjebTan SedarebiT moculobis 𝑄-dan 𝑄 ′ -mde gazrdiT. alterna-
tiulad es samkuTxedi asaxavs sabazro fiaskos Tanmxleb sazogadoebriv danaxarjsac, rome-
lic Tavisufali bazris wonasworobas ubiZgebs socialurad araefeqtian ganTavsebamde.

sakuTrebis uflebebi da gare efeqtebi

davuSvaT, mezoblis baRidan gadmoxrili xe Tqvens binas abnelebs. es moxmarebis saziano1
(uaryofiTi) gare efeqtia. Tu kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia yovelgvari zaralis anazRaureba,
mezobelma an unda gadagixadoT garkveuli YTanxa an moWras xe. risi gakeTeba ufro mniSvne-
lovania mezoblisTvis da amiT ra kompansacias miiRebT Tqven?
Tqvens mezobels enaneba xis moWra da surs icodes ramdenis gadaxda mouwevs Tu mas da-
tovebs. naxazze 2.3 mocemulia zRvruli sargebeli (𝑀𝐵), romelsac Tqveni mezobeli aiRebs xis
zomis bolo santimetridan da 𝑀𝐶 zRvruli danaxarji, romelsac Tqven miiRebT xis zomis
bolo santimetridan. xis axlandeli 𝑆1 zomis SemTxvevaSi mTliani danaxarji TqvenTvis iqneba
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝑆1 are. Tqven ubralod iRebT xis zomis pirveli santimetris zRvrul danaxarjs 𝑂𝐴, Semdeg
amatebT meore santimetris zRvrul danaxarjs da a.S., vidre ar miaRwevT arsebul 𝑆1 zomas.
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝑆1 moculoba aris is odenoba, rasac iTxovT kompensaciisTvis, Tu xis zoma iqneba 𝑆1 .
aRsaniSnavia, rom 𝑆1 zomis SemTxvevaSi bolo santimetris zRvruli sargebeli naklebia,
vidre zRvruli danaxarji TqvenTvis, romelic aseve aris, am xis simaRlis bolo santimetris
sakompensaciod TqvenTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxa. Tqveni mezoblisTvis ar Rirs, hqondes aseTi
maRali xe, magram arc xis mTlianad moWra unda. pirvel santimetrs xom ufro maRali sarge-
beli moaqvs Tqveni mezoblisTvis, vidre is Tanxa, romelsac iTxovT kompensaciisTvis, riTac
TqvenTvis daifareba xis pirveli santimetris zRvruli danaxarji. dabali xe Zalian ar daCr-
dilavs Tqvens fanjrebs, mezobel baRs ki gaalamazebs, amitom is airCevs, gadaWras xe garkveul
simaRlemde (𝑆 ∗zoma).

1
Temis momzadebisas gamoyenebuli literaturis qarTulenovan TargmanSi daSvebuli terminologiuri
Secdomebi gasworebulia Semdgenelis asoc. prof. ineza gagniZis mier.
4
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

MC

zRvruli danaxarji,
zRvruli sargebeli
C

B
E

A
MB

0 S* S1 xis zoma
nax. 2.3. gare efeqtis optimaluri
‘ raodenoba

efeqtiani ganawilebisas anu xis 𝑆 ∗ zomis pirobebSi zRvruli sargebeli Tqveni mezob-
lisTvis Tqveni zRvruli danaxarjis tolia. Tu mezobeli 𝑆 ∗ zomaze met simaRleze datovebs
xes, maSin, zRvruli danaxarji (da kompensacia) Warbobs zRvrul sargebels. Tu 𝑆 ∗ zomis qve-
moT Camodis, ixdis zRvrul kompensacias, romelic zRvrul mogebaze naklebia. 𝑆 ∗ efeqtiani
zomis pirobebSi Tqveni mTliani danaxarji 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝑆 ∗ oTxkuTxedis farTobs emTxveva da es is
kompensaciaa, romelsac gadaixdis mezobeli.
aSkaraa, rom maRali xe mogebaa erTi mxarisTvis, magram zarali – meorisTvis, amitom xis
efeqtiani zoma da gare efeqtis optimaluri raodenoba ar iqneba nulis toli. metic - es xdeba
iq, sadac zRvruli mogeba zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.
sakuTrebis ufleba. am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni kanonieri ufleba – aginazRaurdeT Tqveni ba-
Risa da sinaTlis dDaCrdilvisTvis – mJRavndeba ori gziT: pirveli, sakUuTrebis uflebebi avle-
nen, vin vis unazRaurebs. meore, maT aqvT gamanawilebeli mniSvnelobac. vTqvaT, ar arsebobs
kanoni, romelic zaralisTvis sazRaurs iTxovs. nuTu arafers iRonebdiT da nebas ar miscem-
diT, mezoblis xe gazrdiliyo 𝑆1 simaRlemde, romelic garkveul danaxarjebad dagijdebo-
daT? cxadia ara. Tqvens mezobels SesTavazebdiT xe moeWra da aunazRaurebdiT misi zRvruli
mogebis danakargs. TqvenTvis umjobesi iqneboda xe moWriliyo 𝑆 ∗ zomamde, magram metad ara.
sakuTrebis uflebebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, vin vis unda aunazRauros. magram es gav-
lenas ar axdens im odenobaze, romelsac garigeba adgens. gadaxdis Sedegad napovni unda iyos
is wertili, romlis drosac erT-erTi Tqvenganis zRvruli sargebeli utoldeba meoris
zRvrul danaxarjs.
sakuTrebis uflebebi gansazRvravs – vin vis aunazRaurebs – magram socialurad efeqtia-
ni ganawilebis mniSvnelobac gaaCniaT. isini aweseben `ararsebul bazrebs~ (𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡) gare
efeqtisTvis. bazari uzrunvelyofs fasis tolobas zRvrul sargebelsa da zRvrul dana-
xarjTan da aqedan gamomdinare bolo oris - sargeblisa da danaxarjis gaTanabrebas.
zogjer ekonomistebi amboben, rom sakuTrebis uflebebi gare efeqtis `gaTavisebis~ sa-
Sualebaa. Tu adamianebi raimesTvis ixdian, mxedvelobaSi iReben mis Sedegebs kerZo gada-
wyvetilebaTa miRebis dros. aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili aRar eqneba bazris fiaskos. magram ratom
rCeba problemad iseTi gare efeqtebi, rogorebicaa garemos gadatvirTva da dabinZureba?
ratom ar qmnian kerZo pirebi `ararsebul bazrebs~ mosyidvebis an kompensaciis sistemis meS-
veobiT?
aseTi bazris Seqmna, savaraudod, ori mizezis gamoa rTuli:
1. bazris organizebis danaxarjebi Tu qarxnis mili kvamls SemogarenSi afrqvevs aTaso-
biT baRze, TiToeulma saojaxo meurneobam SeiZleba verc SeZlos 1 girvanqa sterlin-

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შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

gis Segroveba saimisod, rom gadasces qarxanas sawarmoo gamonabolqvis sazogadoeb-

rivad efeqtian donemde dasayvanad;
2. arsebobs `fri raiderebis~ (ubileTo mgzavrebis) problema. vTqvaT, samezobloSi vin-
mem iTava 5000 ojaxisgan Tanxis Segroveba qarxnisTvis gadasacemad gamonabolqvis Se-
samcireblad. Tu erTi mezobeli ar gaiRebs Tanxas da sxvebi gadaixdian, maSin is vinc
Tanxas ar gadaixdis aris `fri raideri~ (𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟), vinaidan is isargeblebs sufTa
haeriT Tanxis gaRebis gareSe anu sxvebis xarjze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxvebic am erTi
gamonaklisis msgavsad ar gadaixdidnen Tanxas, maSin problema mougvarebeli dar-
Ceboda da gamonabolqvis mavne gavlena gaZlierdeboda.

sxva ararsebuli bazrebi: dro da riski

wonasworoba Tavisufal bazarze miuRwevelia imis gamo, rom gare efeqts ar aqvs bazari
an fasi. adamianebi ar iTvaliswineben maTi qmedebis im danaxarjebsa da sargebels, romlebsac
sxvebs axveven Tavs. gare efeqtebisTvis bazrisgan damoukideblad safaso sistema ver gaaTa-
nasworebs am gare efeqtis zRvrul danaxarjsa da zRvrul sargebels.
awmyo da momavali erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamianebi agroveben danazogs, Tavs
ikavebeben moxmarebisgan dRes, raTa ufro meti moixmaron xval. analogiurad iqcevian firme-
bic. rogor unda dagegmos sazogadoebam momavalSi sawarmoebeli da mosaxmari produqtis ra-
odenoba dRes? sasurvelia TiToeuli gegmis gansazRvra ise, rom produqtis sazogadoebrivi
zRvruli danaxarji toli iyos, momavalSi misaRebi sazogadoebrivi zRvruli sargeblis.
vadiani garigebis bazris ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom myidvelebi da gamyid-
velebi deben kontraqts momavalSi misawodebel produqtze, dRes SeTanxmebuli fasiT. davu-
SvaT, 2010 wels iyo spilenZis miwodebis vadiani garigebis bazari. momxmareblebi xelSekru-
lebaSi spilenZis zRvruli sargeblis sidides (fiqsirebuls 2010 wels), gauTanabrebdnen
vadiani garigebis fass, xolo mewarmeebi imave monacems gautolebdnen 2010 wlisTvis warmoe-
buli spilenZis zRvrul ekonomikur danaxarjs.
sazogadod, vadiani garigebis bazrebi SezRuduli raodenobiTaa. oqroTi vaWroba SesaZ-
lebelia dawyebuli iqnas erTi wliT adre, magram ara avtomanqanebiTa da sarecxi manqanebiT,
vinaidan aravin icis am manqanebis Semdegi wlis modelis maxasiaTeblebi, SeuZlebelia daidos
legalurad damavavaldebulebeli kontraqtebi, romlebic amoqmeddeba produqtis miwodebis
dros. am vadiani garigebis bazrebis gare safaso sistema ver uzrunvelyofs dagegmili samo-
mavlo produqtis zRvrul danaxarjsa da zRvrul sargebels.
arsebobs aseve, pirobiTi anu sadazRvevo bazrebi (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠) riskis
dros. sazogadod, adamianebs ar uyvarT riski, rac Zvirad ujdeba individebs imis gamo, rom igi
amcirebs maT sargeblianobas.
sadazRvevo bazrebi imis saSualebas iZleva, rom risks gaswevda isic, visac is ar uyvars,
an vinc mzad aris gabedos aseTi ram garkveuli fasis sanacvlod. wonasworuli fasi an sadazR-
vevo premia gautoldeboda riskis matareblis zRvrul danaxarjsa da zRvrul sargebels.
safaso sistema sazogadoebrivad sarisko moqmedebebis zRvrul danaxarjsa da zRvrul sarge-
bels gauTanabrdeboda.
arasasurveli arCevanisa da moraluri riskis problemebi amuxruWeben kerZo sadazRvevo
bazrebis organizebas. Tu zogi sarisko aqtivobis dazRveva raime fasad SeuZlebelia, safaso
sistema individebs ver miiyvans iseT ganTavsebamde, sadac sazogadoebrivi danaxarji da sar-
gebeli toli iqneba.
samomavlo produqti da sarisko produqti saerTo moxmarebis sagnebia ararsebuli baz-
rebiT. gare efeqtebis msgavsad isini qmnian sabazro fiaskos. Tavisufali bazris wonasworoba

6
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

sazogadod efeqtiani ver iqneba. erTi problema, romelic amuxruWebs vadiani garigebisa da
pirobiTi bazrebis ganviTarebas, aris informacia. magaliTad, problemaa sadazRvevo polise-
bis SemZenTa Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis moZieba, aseTi informacia xSirad sadazRvevo kompa-
niebs ayenebs moraluri safrTxisa da arasasurvelis arCevanis problemis winaSe.

gare efeqtebis gamosaxva - mwevelebi da aramwevelebi. warmovidginoT erT oTaxSi mcxov-

rebi ori adamiani, 𝐴 da 𝐵, romelTac gaaCniaT upiratesobebi `mowevisa~ da `fulis~ mimarT. da-
vuSvaT, rom orive momxmarebels uyvars fuli, magram 𝐴-s uyvars moweva, 𝐵-s ki – sufTa haeri.
am ori momxmareblis samomxmareblo SesaZleblobebi SegviZlia avsaxoT ejvortis ko-
lofSi. horizontaluri RerZis sigrZe gvaZlevs orive momxmareblis sakuTrebaSi myofi Tan-
xis saerTo raodenobas, xolo vertikaluri RerZi – Tambaqos kvamlis saerTo raodenobas, ro-
melic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas. 𝐴 agentis upiratesobebi izrdeba Tanxisa da kvamlis mimarT, xo-
lo 𝐵 agentis upiratesobebi izrdeba fulisa da sufTa haeris – kvamlis ararsebobis – mimarT.
Tambaqos kvamlis raodenoba gavzomoT skalaze 0-dan 1-mde, sadac 0 Tambaqos kvamlis srul
ararsebobas Seesabameba, 1 ki – kvamliT gaJRenTil oTaxs.
aseTi mdgomareoba gvaZlevs naxazze 2.4 moyvanil diagramas. SevniSnoT, rom es naxazi
Zalian waagavs ejvortis kolofs, magram aq misi interpretacia sruliad gansxvavebulia. kvam-
lis raodenoba kargi produqtia 𝐴-sTvis da cudi produqtia 𝐵-sTvis. ase rom, 𝐴-s mier kvam-
lis moxmarebis Semcirebas Seesabameba 𝐵-s moZraoba ufro upiratesi poziciisken. aucileblad
unda aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba horizontalur da vertikalur RerZebze aTvlis meqanizmTa So-
ris. 𝐴-s Tanxa aiTvleba horizontalurad zeda marjvena kuTxidan. magram kvamlis saerTo rao-
denoba aiTvleba vertikalurad, sawyisi wertili qveda marcxena kuTxeSia. es gansxvaveba Cnde-
ba imitom, rom Tanxis raodenoba SeiZleba ganawildes or momxmarebels Soris da Sesabamisad,
dasaTvleli gveqneba yovelTvis ori Tanxa, magram kvamlis raodenoba, romelic orivem unda
moixmaros, erTaderTia.
Cveulebriv ejvortis marTkuTxedSi 𝐵-s ekonomikuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, rode-
sac 𝐴 amcirebs me-2 produqtis moxmarebas – magram es xdeba imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi 𝐵-s eZ-
leva me-2 produqtis moxmarebis gazrdis SesaZlebloba. naxazze 2.4 ilustrirebul ejvortis
marTkuTxedSic 𝐵-s mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, rodesac 𝐴 amcirebs me-2 produqtis (kvamlis)
moxmarebas, magram amisi mizezi amjerad sul sxvaa. am magaliTSi B 𝐵-s mdgomareoba umjobesdeba
𝐴-s mier kvamlis moxmarebis SemcirebasTan erTad, vinaidan orive agenti iZulebulia moixma-
ros kvamlis erTi da igive raodenoba, kvamli ki cudi produqtia 𝐵 agentisTvis.
Cven vnaxeT erT oTaxSi mcxovrebi ori adamianis samomxmareblo SesaZleblobebi da maTi
upiratesobebi. ra SeiZleba iTqvas maTi sawyisi kalaTebis Sesaxeb? davuSvaT, orives aqvs fu-
lis erTidaigive raodenoba 100$, ase rom maTi kalaTebi naxazze 2.4 naCveneb vertikalur wrfe-
ze mdebareobs. maTi mdebareobis zustad gansazRvrisTvis aucilebelia sawyisi `kalaTa~ gani-
sazRvros SemadgenlobiT – `kvamli-sufTa haeri~.
am SekiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia mwevelTa da aramwevelTa uflebebze; SeiZleba 𝐴-s
qondes ufleba ramdenic unda imdeni mowios, 𝐵-s ki hqondes sufTa haeris ufleba, an momxma-
rebelTa uflebebi Tambaqos kvamlze da sufTa haerze SeiZleba am or ukiduresobas Soris
iyos.
Tambaqos kvamlis sawyisi kalaTa sakanonmdeblo sistemazea damokidebuli. igi didad ar
gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi produqtebis sawyisi kalaTisgan. is, rom 𝐴-s 100$ Rirebulebis mqone
sawyisi kalaTa aqvs, niSnavs rom mas SeuZlia TviTon moixmaros es 100$ an nebismier sxva in-
divids mihyidos. arsebobs sakuTrebis oficialuri gansazRvreba, romelic ambobs, rom pirov-
7
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

neba `flobs~ 100$-s an `aqvs uflebebi~ 100$-ze. aseve, Tu pirovnebas aqvs sufTa haeris mflo-
belobis ufleba, es niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia moixmaros sufTa haeri an mihyidos misi mflo-
belobis ufleba vinme sxvas. am TvalsazrisiT, sufTa haeris mflobelobis ufleba ar gansxvav-
deba 100$-is mflobelobis uflebisgan.

SesaZlo sawyisi

kvamli
. ganawileba E’ pirovneba B

.
SesaZlo
wonasworoba X’

. SesaZlo
wonasworoba X

pirovneba A
. A-s ganurCevlobis mrudebi

SesaZlo sawyisi
fuli

kalaTa E
nax. 2.4. upiratesobebi kvamlisa da fulis mimarT

daviwyoT iseTi situaciis ganxilviT, sadac 𝐵 pirovnebas suFfTa haerze kanonieri ufle-
bebi aqvs. maSin naxazze 2.4 sawyisi kalaTa aRiniSneba 𝐸-Ti. aq 𝐴 pirovnebas aqvs (100,0), 𝐵 pirov-
nebas – (100,0). es niSnavs, rom orives aqvs 100$-100$, xolo sawyisi kalaTa – rac iarsebebs vaW-
robis ararsebobis dros – aris sufTa haeri.
aqac, rogorc gare efeqtebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs mizezi imisa, rom saw-
yisi kalaTa pareto-efeqtiani iyos. sufTa haeris sakuTrebis uflebis flobis erT-erTi as-
peqti is gaxlavT, rom SesaZlebelia am sakuTrebis nawilis gacvla sxva sasurvel saqonelze –
am SemTxvevaSi, fulze. advili SesaZlebelia, 𝐵-m amjobinos sufTa haerze Tavisi uflebebis
nawilis gacvla garkveul Tanxaze. naxazze 2.4 𝑋-iT aRniSnuli wertili aseTi SemTxvevis
magaliTia.
rogorc viciT, pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba iseTi ganawilebaa, romlis drosac SeuZle-
belia romelime momxmareblis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba meoris mdgomareobis
gauaresebis gareSe. aseTi ganawileba xasiaTdeba CvenTvis kargad cnobili mxebis pirobiT,
romlis Tanaxmad, Tambaqos kvamlsa da fuls Soris Canacvlebis zRvruli norma orive agentis-
Tvis toli unda iyos, rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze 2.4. advili warmosadgenia, rom A𝐴 da 𝐵 vaW-
robis Sedegad aseT pareto-efeqtian wertils miaRweven. sinamdvileSi B𝐵-s sruli ufleba aqvs
sufTa haerze, magram mas SeuZlia daTanxmdes 𝐴-s kvamlis garkveuli raodenobis moxmarebaze.
rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia sakuTrebaze sxva saxis uflebebis arsebobac. SegviZlia
warmovidginoT sistema, sadac 𝐴-s eqneboda sruli ufleba moewia ramdenic surda, 𝐵 ki iZu-
lebuli iqneboda daeyoliebina 𝐴 kvamlis moxmarebis Semcirebaze. aseTi SemTxvevis Sesabamisi
sawyisi kalaTa naxazze 2.4 𝐸 ′ -iTaa aRniSnuli. arc es ganawileba iqneboda pareto-efeqtiani,

8
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

amitom advili warmosadgenia, rom orive agenti mimarTavs vaWrobas, rac sabolood 𝑋 ′ -iT aR-
niSnul wertilamde migviyvans.
rogorc 𝑋, ise 𝑋 ′ pareto-efeqtiani ganawilebebia. mxolod maTi Sesabamisi sawyisi ganawi-
lebebia gansxvavebuli. cxadia, rom 𝐴 mweveli ukeTesad grZnobs Tavs 𝑋 ′ wertilze, vidre 𝑋-ze;
xolo 𝐵 aramweveli ukeTesad grZnobs Tavs 𝑋 wertilSi, vidre 𝑋 ′ wertilSi. ganawilebis Tval-
sazrisiT am or wertils sxvadasxva Sedegebi aqvs, magram efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT orive
damakmayofilebelia.
sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs mizezi, romlis gamoc Cven unda SevizRudoT am ori efeqtiani
wertiliT. rogorc yovelTvis, aqac iarsebebs kvamlisa da fulis pareto-efeqtiani ganawile-
bebis sakontraqto mrudi. Tu agentebs orive produqtiT vaWrobis ufleba aqvT, sabolood
isini am mrudis erT-erT wertilSi moxvdebian. zusti mdebareoba damokidebuli iqneba kvam-
lisa da fulis sakuTrebis uflebebze, romlebic am agentebs aqvT, da vaWrobis im meqanizmze,
romelsac isini gamoiyeneben.
erT-erTi meqanizmi, romelic maT SeuZliaT vaWrobisas gamoiyenon, fasis meqanizmia. aqac
SegviZlia warmovidginoT auqcionisti, romelic asaxelebs fasebs da ekiTxeba TiToeul
agents, Tu ramdenis yidva surs mas ama Tu im fasiT. Tu sawyisi ganawilebisas 𝐴-s Tambaqos kvam-
lis sakuTrebis ufleba aqvs, man SeiZleba isurvos am uflebis nawili 𝐵-s mihyidos. analogi-
urad, Tu 𝐵 flobs sakuTrebis uflebas sufTa haerze, mas SeuZlia 𝐴-s mihyidos Tavisi sufTa
haeris nawili.
rodesac auqcionisti axerxebs iseTi fasebis moZebnas, sadac moTxovna da miwodeba
erTmaneTis tolia, yvelaferi kargadaa. xelT gvaqvs pareto-efeqtiani Sedegi. Tu arsebobs
Tambaqos kvamlis bazari, konkurenciuli wonasworoba pareto-efeqtiani iqneba. ufro metic,
konkurenciuli fasebi mogvcems am or produqts Soris Canacvlebis zRvrul normas, iseve
rogorc standartul SemTxvevaSi.
es msjeloba waagavs ejvortis kolofis Cveulebriv analizs, magram misi CarCoebi co-
taTi gansxvavebulia. Tu gvaqvs calsaxad gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi produqtze,
romelic gare efeqts emorCileba – imisgan damoukideblad, Tu vin flobs am uflebebs –
agentebs SeuZliaT vaWrobis saSualebiT sawyisi ganawilebidan pareto-efeqtian ganawilebam-
de gadainacvlon. Tu gvsurs gare efeqtis pirobebSi CamovayaliboT bazari vaWrobis mogvare-
bis mizniT, es bazaric aseve kargad imuSavebs.
problema Cndeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakuTrebis uflebebi ar aris cxadad
gansazRvruli. Tu 𝐴 Tvlis, rom mas aqvs Tambaqos kvamlze sruli ufleba, 𝐵 ki fiqrobs, rom
mas aqvs sufTa haerze sruli ufleba, mdgomareoba rTulia. gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebuli
praqtikuli problemebi ZiriTadad Cndeba aracxadad gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebis
gamo.
Cems mezobels SeuZlia ifiqros, rom sruli ufleba aqvs ukras Tavis sayvirze Ramis 3 sa-
aTze, me ki SemiZlia vifiqro, rom siwynareze maqvs sruli ufleba. SesaZloa, firmas swams, rom
mas aqvs sruli ufleba daabinZuros atmosfero, romliTac me vsunTqav, maSin, roca Cemi azriT
mas amis ufleba ar aqvs.
SemTxvevebs, rodesac sakuTrebis uflebebi ar aris cxadad gansazRvruli, mivyavarT ga-
re efeqtebis araefeqtian warmoebasTan, rac niSnavs, rom iarsebebs orive mxaris ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis gzebi gare efeqtebis warmoebis cvlilebis gziT. Tu uflebebi
cxadadaa gansazRvruli da arsebobs meqanizmebi, romlebic adamianTa Soris garigebis saSua-
lebas iZleva, maSin SeiZleba uflebebis gayidva gare efeqtebis warmoebis sanacvlod, iseve,
rogorc SeiZleba vaWroba Cveulebrivi produqtis warmoebis da moxmarebis uflebebiT.

9
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebi da qouzis Teorema

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Tu sakuTrebis uflebebi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli, agentebs Soris
vaWroba dasruldeba gare efeqtebis efeqtiani gadanawilebiT. sazogadod, gare efeqtebis
raodenoba, romelic warmoiqneba efeqtiani gadawyvetisas, damokidebuli iqneba sakuTrebis
uflebebis sistemaze. oTaxis mezoblebis SemTxvevaSi, kvamlis raodenoba damokidebuli iqneba
imaze, Tu vis aqvs sakuTrebis uflebebi – mwevels Tu aramwevels.
magram aris erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, roca gare efeqtebis Sedegi ar aris damoki-
debuli sakuTrebis uflebaTa sistemaze. Tu agentebis upiratesobebi kvaziwrfivia, maSin Ti-
Toeul efeqtian gadawyvetas garegani efeqtebis erTnairi raodenoba unda hqondes.
es SemTxveva NnaCvenebia naxazze 2.5 mwevelisa da aramwevelisTvis agebuli ejvortis ko-
lofis saxiT.
fuli
pirovneba B
A-s ganurCevlobis mrudebi

kvamli
kvamli

pareto
efeqtiani
ganawilebebi

B-s ganurCevlobis mrudebi

pirovneba A
fuli
nax. 2.5. kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebi da qouzis Teorema

vinaidan ganurCevlobis mrudebi erTmaneTis horizontalur translaciebs warmoadgens,

Sexebis wertilTa mdebareoba – pareto-efeqtian ganawilebaTa simravle – horizontaluri
wrfe iqneba. es niSnavs, rom kvamlis raodenoba erTi da igivea TiToeuli pareto-efeqtiani
ganawilebisas. gansxvaveba mxolod agentebis mflobelobaSi myofi dolarebis raodenobaSia
sxvadasxva ganawilebisTvis. Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac gare efeqtSi monawile produqtis
efeqtiani raodenoba garkveul pirobebSi sakuTrebis uflebebis ganawilebaze damokidebuli
ar aris, zogjer moixseneba qouzis Teoremis saxelwodebiT1.
Tumca, xazi unda gaesvas am pirobebis gansakuTrebulobas. kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebis
Sesaxeb daSvebidan gamomdinareobs, rom moTxovna im produqtze, romelic gare efeqts iwvevs,
ar aris damokidebuli Semosavlis ganawilebaze. amgvarad, sawyisi kalaTebis gadanawileba ver
axdens gavlenas gare efeqtebis efeqtian raodenobaze. xSirad amas gamoxataven gancxadebiT,
rom qouzis Teorema samrTliania, Tu ar arsebobs `Semosavlis efeqtebi~.
am SemTxvevaSi pareto-efeqtiani ganawilebebi warmoqmnis gare efeqtebis erTaderT rao-
denobas. sxvadasxva pareto-efeqtian ganawilebas Seesabameba momxmarebelTa kuTvnili Tanxis
sxvadasxva raodenoba; magram gare efeqtis raodenoba – kvamlis raodenoba – ar iqneba damoki-
debuli qonebis ganawilebaze.

1
ronald qouzi (Ronald Coase) – Cikagos samaTrTlis skolis universitetis profesori. mis cnobil naSroms `socialuri
danaxarjebis problema~ (The problem of Social Costs; The Journal of Law & Economics, 3 October 1960) mravali gansxvavebuli
interpretacia mieca. zogi avtoris azriT, qouzi mxolod imas amtkicebs, rom gare efeqtebiT udanaxarjebo vaWrobas
pareto-efeqtian Sedegebamde mivyavarT, da ara imas, rom es Sedegi iqneba damoukidebeli sakuTrebis uflebaTa sistemisgan.
am naSromisTvis qouzss 1991 wels mieniWa nobelis premia ekonomikaSi.
10
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 2

ZiriTadi terminebi:
gare efeqtebi zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sawarmoo danaxarji
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebi
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji fri raideri
vadiani garigebebi pirobiTi bazrebi
zRvruli kerZo sawarmoo danaxarji qouzis Teorema

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:
1. CamoTvaleT bazris fiaskos wyaroebi;
2. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT Seusabamoba kerZo da sazogadoebriv danaxarjsa da
sargebels Soris;
3. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT gare efeqtebis optimaluri raodenoba;
4. gare efeqtebi gamosaxeT ejvortis kolofiT;
5. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT kvaziwrfivi upiratesobebi da qouzis Teorema.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. ekonomika – d. begi, s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, Targmani ing., Tb. 1999 w. gv. 218-230.
2. h. l. variani – mikroekonomika Tanamedrove midgoma, wigni 2, gamomc. diogene 1998 w.,
(Intermediate Microeconomics, A modern approach 1993, W. W. Norton &Company, inc.) gv. 297-320.
3. Economics, Begg D., Fisher S., Dornbusch R., Third Edition, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, UK, 1991,
p. 267-271.

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