შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

Tema 6. keTildReoba da siRaribis problema

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• daaxasiaToT socialuri dacvis modelebi
• moaxdinoT dasaqmebis stimulebis analizi
• axsnaT socialuri riskebi

nebismieri qveynis socialuri dacvis Sinaarss da misadmi midgomebs ganapirobebs Semdegi

faqtorebi: istoria, tradiciebi, faseulobaTa sistema, politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri dacvis sistemis Sinaarsi qveyanaSi mimdinare proce-
sebis Sesabamisad mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis. zogadad, socialuri dacvis sistemebi
ar aris mimarTuli cxovrebis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad. igi gamiznulia mxolod ga-
rantirebuli minimumis Sesaqmnelad. cxovrebis maRali xarisxi individualuri zrunvis saga-
nia, romlis pirobebsac saxelmwifo qmnis, mag. sagadasaxado stimulebiT, Sesabamisi infras-
truqturis ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT da sxv. socialuri dacvis sistemis daniSnuleba ki isaa,
rom Seqmnas socialuri riskebis marTvis meqanizmebi da daicvas mosaxleoba siRaribisgan.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis standartebiT - saxelmwifo valdebulia, daicvas socialuri
safrTxis winaSe mdgomi mosaxleoba. evropis socialuri dacvis kodeqsi da Sromis saerTa-
Soriso organizaciis 102-e konvencia adgens socialuri dacvis minimalur standartebs. orive
dokumentSi TiTqmis identuri socialuri riskebis CamonaTvali erTnairad avaldebulebs sa-
xelmwifoebs maT dacvas. am dokumentebis mixedviT, socialuri dacva emyareba socialuri
safrTxisgan sazogadoebis dacvas, aseTi safrTxea: janmrTelobis dacva, droebiTi Sromisuu-
naroba, invalidoba, marCenalis dakargva, moxucebuloba, samuSao adgilze momxdari ubeduri
SemTxveva, umuSevroba, orsuloba, bavSvis SeZena (saojaxo daxmareba). yvela am SemTxvevaSi
gansazRvrulia daxmarebis wesi, romlis dacva savaldebuloa evropis qveynebisTvis.
socialuri dacvis evropul kodeqsSi jandacvisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli servisebia:
1. ojaxis eqimi (zogadi praqtika);
2. eqim-specialisti;
3. specializebuli samedicino daxmareba (ambulatoriuli, stacionaruli);
4. ZiriTadi medikamentebi (esenciuri) eqimis daniSnulebiT;
5. stacionaruli momsaxureba;
6. eqimis binaze viziti.
kodeqsis Sesworebuli versiiTa da protokoliT CamonaTvali kidev ufro izrdeba (ema-
teba stomatologia, reabilitacia). protokoli aseve adgens moqalaqis mxridan Tanagadaxdis
maqsimalur zRvars, romelic 25%-s ar unda aRematebodes. momsaxurebis es CamonaTvali aris
minimumi da yvela qveyana cdilobs, amaze meti SesTavazos Tavis moqalaqeebs.
socialuri erTianoba aris sazogadoebis unari, uzrunvelyos misi wevrebis keTil-
dReoba, Seamciros uTanasworoba da daZlios polarizacia. safrangeTis revoluciidan dRem-
de, evropam gamoscada sazogadoebis socialuri gaTiSulobis Sedegebi, romelic noyier
niadags uqmnis eqstremistul-nacisturi Tu komunisturi ideebis aRmocenebas. aman udidesi
ziani moutana evropas, amitom dRevandeli evropuli socialuri dacvis sistema yvela poli-
tikuri partiis mier ualternativod aris aRiarebuli. am ideis mixedviT, socialuri dacvis
sistema emsaxureba sazogadoebis yvela fenas. is ar yofs mosaxleobas Semosavlebisa da qoneb-
rivi mdgomareobis mixedviT, gamoricxavs e.w. `sareitingo qulebiT~ maT segregacias, ar iye-

1
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

nebs terminebs, rogoricaa `siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi ojaxi~. metic, es socialuri gaTi-
Sulobis da socialuri gariyulobis provocirebad iTvleba.

socialuri dacvis modelebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi

danieli mecnieri esping-anderseni gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ikvlevs maRali
keTildReobis mqone sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebis socialur politikas. 1990 wlisTvis
man Camoayaliba socialuri dacvis sami ZiriTadi modeli (sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelm-
wifoTa tipologiebi). esenia:
1) kontinentalur-evropuli anu konservatiuli;
2) skandinaviuri anu socialur-demokratiuli;
3) liberaluri.

kontinentalur-evropuli anu konservatiuli qveynebi (germania, holandia, safrangeTi,

italia, avstria), romlebic bismarkis socialuri uzrunvelyofis models efuZneba, soci-
aluri qselis pirvel Semadgenel nawilad socialur dazRvevas ganixilavs. meore socialur
qsels warmoadgens socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelsac qmnis ojaxi da masTan
dakavSirebuli sagadasaxado da transfertuli sistema erTobliobaSi. mesame, da bolo, qseli
ki socialuri uzrunvelyofis saTanado momsaxurebis bazisis Seqmnas gulisxmobs.
kontinentalur-evropuli socialuri modeli, dazRvevis efeqtiani sistemis meSveobiT,
uzrunvelyofs adamianTa dacvas ZiriTadi riskebisgan (umuSevroba, invalidoba, avadmyofoba
da ubeduri SemTxveva, Sromisuunaroba) dasaqmebis asakSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi erTnairi sa-
marTlebrivi garantia arsebobs fuladi, sasaqonlo an momsaxurebis saxiT daxmarebis misa-
Rebad. socialuri dazRvevis momsaxureba, rogorc wesi, finansdeba xelfasebze dafuZnebuli
socialuri anaricxebidan da misi uzrunvelyofa xdeba adre gamomuSavebuli Semosavlebis sa-
fuZvelze. socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebs avsebs socialur daxmarebaTa sferoSi gaweuli
xarjebi maTTvis, vinc aRmoCndeba gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi.

skandinaviuri, universaluri socialuri modelis mqone, qveynebSi (dania, SvedeTi,

norvegia, fineTi) saxelmwifo, piriqiT, cdilobs maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebiT yvela
moqalaqisaTvis Seqmnas erTnairad maRali Semosavlebis miRebisa da socialur sistemaSi Tana-
bari monawileobis pirobebi. transfertuli gadaricxvebi uSualod gadasaxadebidan finan-
sdeba da universalurad gaicema, anu ar aris damokidebuli adre Sesrulebul samuSaoze. amis
magaliTad gamodgeba Semosavlebisgan damoukidebeli saxalxo pensia da umuSevrobis Semweoba
daniaSi. sagadasaxado da socialuri gadaricxvebis sistemebSi amas hqvia individualuri
principi. am principis Sedegi is aris, rom adamiani, romelsac mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
sakuTari Sromidan Semosavali saerTod ar hqonda, transfertis miReba mainc SeuZlia.

liberaluri, anglosaqsuri modeli (didi britaneTi, aSS, kanada, avstralia), pirvel

rigSi, saarsebo minimumis uzrunvelyofisken aris mimarTuli. saarsebo minimumis dafinanseba
upiratesad gadasaxadebidan xdeba, transferuli gadaricxvebi ki, rogorc wesi, saWiroebaze
mowmdeba da mxolod amis mixedviT nawildeba. Tumca, did britaneTSi socialur dazRvevaze
anaricxebis gadaxda unda xdebodes, magram bismarkis socialuri dazRvevis modelisgan gans-
xvavebiT, Senatanebis eqvivalenturoba da mwarmoebluroba beverijis sistemaSi raime rols
ar TamaSobs. individualuri Senatanebi sapensio an umuSevrobis dazRvevaSi gaicema rogorc
zogadi satarifo norma, magaliTad, umuSevrobis Semweobis saxiT. did britaneTSi socialuri

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 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

Senatanebis gansaxorcieleblad SemoRebulia miznobrivi gadasaxadebi, im dros, rodesac ger-

maniaSi iZulebiTi dazogvis formas sTavazoben moqalaqeebs.

dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis daxmarebis programebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi

`daxmarebis~ mizniT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi xorcieldeba uamravi programa, rom-
lis beneficiarebi ZiriTadad dabalSemosavliani pirebi arian. pirvel rigSi, fasdeba prog-
ramis racionaluroba (saWiroeba) – programidan sargebels miiRebs mxolod is piri, romlis
finansuri resursi gansazRvrul doneze dablaa. 1968 wels racionalurad Sefasebul saxelm-
wifo daxmarebaze modioda mSp-s 1,8 %. 2000 wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 4,1%-mde gaizar-
da. aRsaniSnavia, rom ZiriTadad gaizarda naturiT gaweuli daxmareba. am saxeobis daxmarebaSi
Sedioda jandacva, fuladi daxmareba, daxmareba sursaTiT, sacxovrebeli biniT, ganaTleba,
momsaxureba, dasaqmeba/treningebi, eleqtroenergiis vauCerebi da a.S.
1996 wels Seiqmna daxmarebis axali programa, romelsac droebiTi daxmareba gaWirvebuli
ojaxebisTvis (𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 − 𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑭) ewoda. misi ZiriTadi kompo-
nentebi iyo:
• ar iyo aucilebeli konkretuli kriteriumis dakmayofileba. 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is saxelwodebaSi
droebiTi (𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦) xazs usvams imas, rom fuladi daxmareba mxolod droebiTi da pirobiTi
xasiaTisaa;
• droiTi limiti. rogorc wesi, piri ar miiRebs fulad daxmarebas xuT weliwadze meti
xnis ganmavlobaSi (Tumca Statebs SeuZliaT ar gamoiyenon wesi mosaxleobis 20%-is mimarT).
aSS-Si calkeuli Statebi uflebamosilni arian gamoiyenon ufro mokle droiTi limiti Tavisi
gadawyvetilebis mixedviT;
• muSaobis moTxovna. beneficiari martoxela dedebis sul mcire 50% da ormSobliani
ojaxis 90% unda muSaobdes an unda monawileobdes winasamuSao mosamzadebel programaSi.
• blokuri subsidia StatebisTvis. 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is farglebSi ki federaluri mTavroba TiTo-
eul Stats ufinansebs daxmarebis programas; subsidiis Tanxa winaswar gansazRvrulia. Stati
gamoiyenebs subsidias (avsebs mas Tavisi sakuTari TanxebiT) daxmarebis programis gansaxor-
cieleblad, ris Sedegadac mas daxmarebis mTel sistemaze, recifienti ojaxebis CaTvliT,
sruli kontrolis SesaZlebloba eZleva. Stati uflebamosilia, subsidiis saSualebiT gana-
xorcielos fuladi daxmareba, moawyos treningi, Caataros aqciebi, romelTa mizania aras-
rulwlovanTa orsulobis SemTxvevebis Semcireba, qorwinebaTa waxaliseba da a.S. (Stati
valdebulia, daicvas dasaqmebis savaldebulo moTxovnebi da miTiTebuli gadaxdis limiti).
• daxmarebis Semcirebis ganakveTi. daxmarebis programebze kontrolis ganxorcie-
lebis ufleba Stats aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom gansazRvros, Tu recipientis Semosavlis
zrdasTan erTad ra ganakveTis mixedviT unda Semcirdes daxmareba.

Semosavlis SenarCuneba da dasaqmebis stimuli

amcirebs Tu ara daxmarebis programa dasaqmebis stimuls? zrdis Tu ara igi piris sa-
xelmwifoze damokidebulebis xarisxs? – ukve ramdenime welia, es SekiTxvebi friad aqtualu-
ria. Tu Cven ugulebelvyofT 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹is mTel rig sirTuleebs, davinaxavT, rom saxelmwifo
politika ori cvladiT xasiaTdeba:
pirveli, warmoadgens ZiriTad grants (subsidias, daxmarebas), romelsac individi iRebs
umjuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi – 𝐺;

3
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

meore ki – daxmarebis Semcirebis ganakveTs 𝒕 - rac Seadgens im ganakveTs, riTac

Semcirdeba daxmareba, individis mier raime Tanxis Sovnis (gamomuSavebis) SemTxvevaSi.
davuSvaT, 𝐺 = 300, xolo 𝑡 = 0,25%. individis mier 500$-is raime samuSaoze gamomuSavebis
SemTxvevaSi misi daxmarebis Tanxa mcirdeba 75$-iT (=0,25X300$) da recipients rCeba mxolod
225$(=300-75). SeniSneT, rom daxmarebis Semcirebis ganakveTi realurad Semosavalze gadasa-
xads warmoadgens, swored amitom aRvniSneT igi 𝒕-Ti (𝑡𝑎𝑥-gadasaxadi). aRsaniSnavia, rom SeiZ-
leba recipients Semosavali imdenad gaezardos, rom mas saerTod Seuwydes daxmareba. zemoaR-
niSnul SemTxvevaSi 1200$ raime samuSaoze gamomuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebis Tanxa nulis
toli gaxdeba.
algebrulad, miRebuli daxmareba (𝑩 − 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡) ukavSirdeba ZiriTad grants, dasabegr
ganakveTsa da Semosavlebis dones (𝑬), amitom gveqneba:
𝑩 = 𝑮 − 𝒕𝑬 (6.1)
amdenad, daxmareba nuls udris (𝐵 = 0), roca: 𝑬 = 𝑮/𝒕 (6.2)
an 𝐸-ze ufro maRal doneze.

es ori toloba naTels hfens fundamentur dilemas, romliTac Semosavlis SenarCunebis

sistema xasiaTdeba. pirveli tolobis Tanaxmad, mocemuli programis danaxarjebis farglebSi
rac ufro maRalia ZiriTadi granti, miT maRalia dasabegri ganakveTi. sistema, romelic dasaq-
mebis maRali stimulebiT xasiaTdeba (𝑡-s dabali ganakveTi), SesaZloa, mxolod mcire TanxiT
exmarebodes im pirs, romelsac muSaobis unari ar Seswevs.
meore tolobis Tanaxmad, rac ufro dabalia dasabegri ganakveTi, miT ufro maRalia
Semosavlebis rentabeloba. magram, rac ufro izrdeba es ukanaskneli maCvenebeli, miT ufro
matulobs im adamianTa raodenoba, romlebsac SeuZliaT daxmarebis miReba, rac TavisTavad,
zrdis sistemis danaxarjs.

dasaqmebis stimulebis analizi

gavlili saswavlo kursebidan viciT, rom individisTvis arCevani Sromasa da dasvenebas
Soris Tavisufali drois muSaobiT Canacvlebis zRvrul normas ukavSirdeba. sabiujeto Sez-
Rudulobis wrfis daxrilobis absoluturi mniSvneloba udris saxelfaso ganakveTs. es ga-
momdinareobs iqidan, rom momuSave axdens sargeblianobis maqsimizacias maSin, roca Tavisufa-
li drois yoveli erTi saaTis SemosavlebiT Canacvlebis zRvruli norma tolia saaTobrivi
xelfasis (𝑀𝑅𝑆 = 𝑊)1. am SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi muSaobis erTi saaTiT miRebuli saxelfaso ga-
nakveTia 𝑊.
naxazze 6.1 `a~ naCvenebia Tavisufali dro da samuSao dro. horizontalur RerZze aRniS-
nulia Tavisufali dro saaTebSi Tvis manZilze (da ara dRis ganmavlobaSi2), xolo vertika-
lurze – Semosavali.
naxazze 6.1 `b~ naCvenebia, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-i Sromis Sesaxeb misaReb gadawyve-
tilebaze. naxazze 6.1 `b~ mocemulia 𝑇𝐷 sabiujeto SezRuduloba. davuSvaT, rom smiTis upi-
ratesoba/arCevani Tavisufal drosa da Semosavals Soris SesaZlebelia gamovsaxoT standar-

1 gaixseneT: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m., saxelmZRvanelo,
mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, gv. 339-342.
2 SeniSvna: vinaidan yovelTviurad misaRebi daxmarebis Tanxis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba analizi, amitom Tavisufali

droc Tvis manZilze aiTvleba (i.g.).

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 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

tuli ganurCevlobis mrudiT. vTqvaT, smiTs SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is programaSi;
mis StatSi yovelTviuri daxmarebaa 100$, xolo aracxadi dasabegri ganakveTi ki 25%.
rogor imoqmedebs 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is programa mis sabiujeto SezRudvaze? es faqti asaxulia na-
xazze 6.1 `b~. daxmarebis miRebamde smiTi muSaobda 𝐹𝑇 saaTi da misi Semosavali Seadgenda 𝑂𝐺-s.
smiTi saerTod ar muSaobda 𝑄 wertilSi da misi Semosavali iyo 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-idan miRebuli 100$
(daxmarebis Tanxa TveSi).
Tu smiTi imuSavebs erTi saaTis ganmvalobaSi, igi miiRebs damqiraveblisgan 𝑊 Semosa-
vals. Tumca, imavdroulad Semcirdeba daxmarebis Tanxa 1⁄4𝑊 -iT, mas darCeba mxolod 3⁄4𝑊.
Tu smiTi kidev damatebiT erT saaTs imuSavebs, maSin is gadava meore wertilze sabiujeto
SezRudvaze, romelic aris 𝑈, rac 𝑄-sgan erTi saaTiT marcxniv da 3⁄4𝑊-Ti maRla mdebareobs.
analogiurad, smiTi yovel damatebiT samuSao saaTSi kvlav miiRebs saaTobriv anazRau-
rebas (3⁄4𝑊), vidre is imuSavebs 𝑉𝑇 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, anu sanam misi Semosavali da gaxdeba
is sidide, romlis pirobebSic igi aRar aris uflebamosili miiRos daxmareba (damatebiTi saa-
TebiT muSaobis stimuli is kanonia, romlis Tanaxmadac daxmareba droebiTia anu smiTma icis,
rom mas daxmarebas Seuwyveten da manamde unda iSovos samsaxuri). M
amdenad, sabiujeto SezRudva warmoadgens 𝑄𝑆𝐷 texils. am texilis 𝑄𝑆 monakveTi 3⁄4𝑊
(absoluturi Rirebulebis) daxrilobiT xasiaTdeba (vinaidan, sagadasaxado ganakveTi 25%-ia
da 𝑄𝑆 monakveTis Sesabamis samuSao saaTebSi smiTis Semosavali 25%-iT ibegreba, mas ki rCeba
saaTobrivi ganakveTis 3⁄4𝑊), xolo 𝑆𝐷 segments ki gaaCnia 𝑊 daxriloba3.

I `a~ [daxriloba]=W `b~

D
Semosavali TveSi (= Semosavli +

U3
U2
U1
[daxriloba]=(3/4)W
B
S
G
E U
transferi)

I0
(3/4)W Q

100$
A
O O
Tavisufali V T
Tavisufali samuSao F
dro, sT Tavisufali drois saaTebis
dro dro
raodenoba TveSi

nax. 6.1. `a~ arCevani Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris;

`b~ sabiujeto SezRudva TANF-is farglebSi.

3SeniSvna: vinaidan, 𝑄𝑆𝐷 sabiujeto SezRudulobis 𝑄𝑆 monakveTze individs 1 saaTi Sromis Sedegad
Sromis saaTobrivi anazRaurebis 3/4 rCeba e. i. am monakveTze dasvenebis SromiT Canacvlebis zRvruli
norma tolia 𝑀𝑅𝑆 = 3⁄4𝑊 (i.g.).

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 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

sazogadod, individis gadawyvetileba Sromis Sesaxeb misi ganurCevlobis mrudis forma-

zea damokidebuli (naxazi 6.2). smiTi ufro naklebs muSaobs, vidre 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is programis benefi-
ciarad gaxdomamde muSaobda (amJamad – 𝐾𝑇 saaTi, xolo warsulSi ki – 𝐹𝑇 saaTi).

(= Semosavli + transferi)
D
Semosavali TveSi

saaTebi
TANF-mde
Q

100$

O
F K T Tavisufali dro TveSi

saaTebi TANF-is Semdeg

nax. 6.2. Sromis miwodebis gadawyvetileba TANF-is farglebSi

aSS-is zogierTma Statma da kolumbiis mxarem recipientis Semosavlis zrdis pirobebSi

ucvleli datova daxmarebis Tanxis dabegvris 100%-iani ganakveTi. amdenad, kargi iqneboda
gagveanalizebina iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa sabiujeto SezRudva da dasaqmebis stimuli.
meti sizustisTvis, davuSvaT, rom individi iRebs ZiriTad daxmarebas 338$-is odenobiT. gan-
vixiloT naxazi 6.3.
(= Semosavli + transferi)

D sabiujeto SezRudva,roca
t=100%
nax. 6.3. daxmarebis sistemis
farglebSi sabiujeto
Semosavali TveSi

SezRudva (damatebiTi
R
P1
. P Semosavlebi 100%-iani
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
G ibegreba)
338$

O
F T Tavisufali dro TveSi

naxazis 6.3 Tanaxmad smiTi daxmarebas 𝑃 wertilSi iRebs – igi ar muSaobs da misi
Semosavali daxmarebis programidan 338$-s udris. davuSvaT, rom smiTma imuSava erTi saaTis
ganmavlobaSi. grafikulad igi 𝑃 wertilidan marcxniv gadainacvlebs (vTqvaT 𝑃1 ). smiTis erTi
saaTiT muSaobis SemTxvevaSi misi xelfasia 𝑊 aSS dolari, Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom mis mier

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 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

misaRebi daxmarebis Tanxa mcirdeba xelfasis Tanxis odenobiT (vinaidan 𝑡 = 100%). muSaobas
smiTisTvis ar moaqvs damatebiTi Semosavali – igi kvlav 338$-ia. aRniSnuli procesi 𝑅 werti-
lamde grZeldeba. 𝑅 wertilis Semdeg muSaobis TiToeuli saaTi mis Semosavals 𝑊 dolariT
zrdis4. amdenad sabiujeto SezRuduloba aris 𝑅𝐷 texili. 𝑅𝑃 segmenti nulovani daxrilobiT
xasiaTdeba, xolo 𝑅𝐷 segmentis daxriloba tolia 𝑊 saaTobrivi xelfasis (M𝑀𝑅𝑆 = 𝑊).
rogor iqceva smiTi Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi? naxazidan 6.4 Cans, rom is Cerdeba 𝑃 wertil-
Si (anu im wertilSi, sadac smiTi ar muSaobs). arc erTi saRad moazrovne adamiani ar imuSavebs
nulsa da 𝑃𝑅 saaTebs Soris. anda ratom imuSavebs, rodesac SeuZlia igive Semosavali usaqmu-
robiTac miiRos?

D
(= Semosavli + transferi)

nax. 6.4.

muSaobis SerCeuli nuli saaTi daxmarebis sistemis

farglebSi muSaobis
Semosavali TveSi

S Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
P
R miReba (damatebiTi
G Semosavlebi 100%-iani
338$
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
ibegreba)

O
F T Tavisufali dro TveSi

cxadia, daxmarebis programa, sadac 𝑡 = 100% individs yovelTvis usaqmurobisken ar

ubiZgebs. naxazi 6.5 asaxavs jounsis arCevans. aRsaniSnavia. rom jounss smiTis analogiuri
sabiujeto SezRuduloba aqvs, Tumca, is sargebels 𝐸2 -mde zrdis. am wertilSi jounsi yovel-
Tviurad 𝑀𝑇 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. rogorc amerikeli mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, 100%
ganakveTis pirobebSic ki, programa recipientebs ar uxSobs Sromis stimuls. gonierma re-
cifientma icis, rom daxmarebis programa droebiTia (5 weli).

dasaqmebis moTxovnebi
daxmarebis mimRebs SeuZlia imuSaos imdeni, ramdenic surs. Tu individi gadawyvets,
daxmarebiT sargeblobis procesSi ar imuSaos, es mxolod misi neba iqneba. aRniSnuli tenden-
ciis alternatiul sqemas SromiTi momzadeba warmoadgens. Sromisunariani mosaxleoba
satransferto daxmarebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iRebs, Tu monawileobas miiRebs SromiT
saqmianobaSi da samsaxuris SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi, daiwyebs muSaobas. SromiTi daxmareba Cven
mier SemoTavazebuli Sromis miwodebis modelSi sakmaod martivad ganimarteba. davubrundeT
naxazss 6.4 da gavixsenoT, rom SezRudvebisgan Tavisufali adamiani nebayoflobiT ar airCevs
raime wertils 𝑅𝑃 segmentis gaswvriv. SromiTi daxmareba ki mas axal SezRudvas dauwesebs: Tu

4
simartivisTvis, Cven ugulebelvyofT im faqts, rom smiTis xelfasi daibegreba rogorc saxelfaso, aseve
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT.

7
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

igi ar SearCevs 𝑆-is msgavs wertils, sadac igi 𝑆𝑃 saaTis ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs, maSin igi
daxmarebas ver miiRebs.

D
nax. 6.5. individis
gadawyvetileba 100%-iani
Semosavali TveSi

E2 sagadasaxado ganakveTis
(= Semosavli +

P
pirobebSi
transferi)

namuSevari
saaTebi

O
T Tavisufali dro TveSi
M

𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is programis Tanaxmad daxmarebis mimRebi realurad unda monawileobdes SromiT

saqmianobaSi. ra zemoqmedebas axdens iZulebiTi Sromis faqtori daxmarebis programis
monawileze? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Catarda kvlevebi. dakvirvebebma aCvena, rom
aRniSnuli programebis umetesobam dasaqmebis done da Semosavlebi gazarda da daxmarebis
programebiT mosargebleTa raodenoba Seamcira.

droiTi SezRudvebi
𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-is programis yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxle droiTi SezRudvis dawesebaa –
individs daxmarebis miReba mxolod 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeeZlo. Seamcira Tu ara aseTma
midgomam recipientTa raodenoba? gamokvelevaTa didi raodenoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐹-
ma da droiTma SezRudvam am mimarTulebiT mainc iTamaSa garkveuli roli.

socialur riskebi
xSirad, terminebi socialuri usafrTxoeba, maSveli socialuri bade da socialuri
dacva ixmareba sinonimebad, rogorc urTierTSemcvleli. sinamdvileSi, TavianTi datvirTviT
isini identur cnebebs ar warmoadgenen. termini `socialuri usafrTxoeba~ ixmareba ganviTa-
rebul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi da gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mier misi wevrebis socialuri
riskebisagan dacvas solidarobis meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier socialur riskebad aRiarebulia:
• Sromisuunaroba (droebiTi an mudmivi);
• sibere;
• marCenalis dakargva;
• janmrTelobis gaureseba/avadmyofoba;
• umuSevroba;
• sawarmoo tramvebi/profesiuli daavadebebi;
• Svilebis gazrdis xarjebi;
• gaWirveba (saarsebo minimumis ar arseboba, siRaribeSi Cavardnis riski).

8
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

yvela zemoTCamoTvlili socialuri riski SegviZlia davyoT or ZiriTad jgufad:

• Semosavlis uqonloba ekonomikuri saqmianobis SeuZleblobis gamo (anazRaurebadi
samuSaodan). amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos asaki, Sromisuunaroba (droebiTi – avadmyofobis gamo
an mudmivi – invalidobis gamo), umuSevroba, marCenalis dakargva;
•damatebiTi xarjebis arseboba. es SeiZleba iyos bavSvebis aRzrdasTan, aseve, samedicino
momsaxurebis saWiroebasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi xarjebi. maSveli socialuri bade
moiazreba, rogorc socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebis is nawili, romelic uSualod emsaxureba
adamianebis siRaribidan amoyvanas an siRaribeSi Cavardnisagan dacvas.
socialuri dacva aris farTo cneba, romelic moicavs rogorc socialuri usafr-
Txoebis, ise maSveli socialuri badis RonisZiebebs.
socialuri dazRveva aris im RonisZiebaTa erToblioba (meqanizmi), romelic mimarTulia
garkveuli riskebis solidarobis (anu, riskebis gadanawilebis) principiT uaryofiTi Se-
degebis Serbilebasa da kompensaciaze, ganurCevlad imisa, saxelmwifo axdens dafinansebasa da
administrirebas, Tu kerZo seqtori. socialuri dazRveva finansdeba sadazRvevo SenatanebiT.
socialuri daxmareba moiazreba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi resursebis gadanawilebis
sistema, romelic mimarTulia gaWirvebaSi myofi im adamianebis (ojaxebis) yofis gaumjobe-
sebaze, romlebsac siRaribeSi yofna an siRaribeSi Cavardna emuqreba am Carevebis gareSe.
socialuri daxmarebis fulad sargebels uwodeben Semweobas, xolo arafulad sargebels –
SeRavaTebsa da socialur serviss.
siRaribe – adamianis, an ojaxis iseTi mdgomareobaa, romelSic is moklebulia Tavisi
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis (sakvebi, TavSesafari, fizikuri usafrTxoeba, sabazo ganaTlebisa da
pirovnuli zrdis SesaZlebloba, janmrTeloba, komunikacia), dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas,
usaxsrobis, anda dabali Semosavlis gamo.
ganasxvaveben absolutur da SefardebiT siRaribes5. absoluturi siRaribe niSnavs
sabaziso saWiroebebis arqonas, raSic igulisxmeba sacxovrebeli, sakvebi, wyali, higiena, tan-
sacmeli da jandacva. es cneba yvela qveyanaSi erTnairad ganisazRvreba.
fardobiTi siRaribe niSnavs, rodesac individi ver sargeblobs cxovrebis im minimaluri
doniT, romelic gansazRvrulia mTavrobis mier, da romelic gansxvavedeba qveynebis mixedviT.
siRaribe SeiZleba iyos qronikuli (mudmivi) an droebiTi da sazogadod is ukavSirdeba
uTanasworobas, romelic Tavis mxriv aris qonebis mixedviT, Semosavlisa da moxmarebis
mixedviT.
SesaZlebelia, rom individi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze cxovrobdes siRaribeSi (rasac
sicocxlis manZilze siRaribe ewodeba) an droebiT moxvdes siRaribis zRvars miRma. saojaxo
meurneobebis siRaribis qveS gulisxmoben iseT movlenebs, rodesac bavSvebs ar miuwvdebaT
xeli im daxmarebaze, romlebsac mSoblebi iReben da piriqiT, rodesac daxmarebas iReben bav-
Svebi, romliTac ver sargebloben ojaxis ufrosi wevrebi (magaliTad ganaTleba, jandacva da
sxva). mecnierTa dava mimdinareobs siRaribis zRvaris gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT.
zogierTebi fiqroben rom aseTi zRvaris daweseba iwvevs sazogadoebis or nawilad gayofas,
sxvebi asabuTeben, rom sasurvelia gamoiyos am ori fenis TanakveTis arec, sadac moxvdeba is
fena, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT `kvazi-Raribi~6 (roca naTlad arc Raribia da arc

5
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/poverty.html
6
Welfare Economics, Editors Paul E. Weston, Robert N. Townsend, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2008, p.104

9
 შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

araRaribi). siRaribis zRvaris saerTaSoriso done 2005 wels iyo dReSi 1,5$7 dReisaTvis es
maCvenebelia dReSi 2$.
saqarTveloSi socialuri dacva moiazreba rogorc yovlismomcveli cneba, romelic
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs: socialur dazRvevas, socialur daxmarebas, Semweobebs, SeRavaTebs,
socialur servisebs, bavSvebis (ojaxebis) ganviTarebas da sxva.
saqarTveloSi socialuri dacvis sakiTxebs kurirebs saqarTvelos okupirebuli teri-
toriebidan devnilTa, Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro8. mis daqvem-
debarebaSi Sedis socialuri momsaxurebis saagento, romelic administrirebas uwevs ramde-
nime aTeul socialur da janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo programas. saagento mravalmili-
oniani xarjebis ganmkargavi samsaxuria, romelic mimarTulia mravalferovani, momsaxurebisa
Tu daxmarebis saWiroebis mqone kontingentis - beneficiarTa - socialuri gasacemlebiT, jan-
dacvisa da socialuri saxelmwifo programebiT maqsimaluri uzrunvelyofisken. saxelmwifo
pensia, socialuri daxmareba, janmrTelobis dazRveva, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis statusis
mqone pirTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa, omis veteranTa reabilitaciis xelSewyoba, mzrunve-
lobamoklebuli bavSvebis meurveoba-mzrunveloba da sxva9.
saarsebo minimumi, anu mosaxleobis siRaribis absoluturi zRvari aris umniSvnelo-
vanesi socialur-ekonomikuri indikatori. igi RirebulebiTi formiT gamoxatavs calkeuli
individis (momxmareblis) an sxvadasxva tipis Sinameurneobis funqcionirebisaTvis aucile-
beli, minimalur saarsebo saSualebaTa (sursaTi, arasasursaTo saqoneli, momsaxureba) er-
Tobliobas, ekonomikis ganviTarebis mocemuli momentisaTvis. saarsebo minimumi qveynis soci-
aluri da ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanesi orientiria, rogorc gatarebuli socia-
lur-ekonomikuri politikis Sefasebis, aseve momavali politikis strategiis SemuSaveebis
mxriv. aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili saqarTvelosTvis TemaSi ganxiluli
maCveneblebi SesaZlebelia ixiloT saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris veb-
gverdze.10

ZiriTadi terminebi:

socialuri dacvis modelebi socialuri riski

socialuri dacva absoluturi siRaribe
socialuri dazRveva SefardebiTi siRaribe

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:

1. daxasiaTed socialuri dacvis modelebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi;

2. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT sabiujeto SezRudva TANF-is farglebSi;
3. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT Sromis miwodebis gadawyvetileba TANF-is farg-
lebSi;
4. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT daxmarebis sistemis farglebSi sabiujeto SezRud-
va, roca damatebiTi Semosavlebi 100%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba;

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold
8
https://www.moh.gov.ge
9
http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=34
10
https://www.geostat.ge/ka

10
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 6

5. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT individis gadawyvetileba meti muSaobis Sesaxeb

100%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTis pirobebSi;
6. gansazRvreT socialuri riskebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. gelitaSvili n., evrokavDSirTan Tavsebadi socialuri dacvis modeli saqarTveloSi,
disertacia ekonomikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tsu, Tb., 2011,
gv. 75-77.
2. rouzeni h.s., sajaro finansebi, tomi pirveli, Tb., 2006, gv. 182-195;
3. WipaSvili a., socialuri dacvis sistema saqarTveloSi reformamde da reformis
Semdgom, https://heconomic.wordpress.com/2013/07/11/social/
4. Welfare Economics, Editors Paul E. Weston, Robert N. Townsend, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New
York, 2008, p.97-104.
5. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/poverty.html
6. www.geostat.ge

11