შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

Tema 9. garemos dacva da mdgradi ganviTareba

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• axsnaT garemosdacviTi problemebi
• SeafasoT dabinZurebis uflebis bazari
• daareguliroT ori damabinZurebeli firmis saqmianoba
• isaubroT mdgadi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze

gaufrTxilebeli egoizmi yovelTvis cud

moralze mianiSnebda, dRes igi cud ekonomikaze mianiSnebs.
franklin delano ruzvelti

garemos dacva gulisxmobs yvela im RonisZiebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis

da bunebis sasicocxlo safuZvlebis mTlianobaSi SenarCunebas da garemoSi arsebuli da-
zianebebis aRmofxvras. didi yuradReba eqceva adamianis mier gamowveuli zianis Semsu-
buqebas. garemos dacva moicavs ara garkveuli landSaftebis an calkeuli, safrTxeSi
myofi cxovelebisa Tu mcenareebis dacvas, aramed zrunavs bunebrivi sasicocxlo safuZv-
lebis erTi mTlianobis SenarCunebaze yvela cocxali arsebis keTildReobisaTvis.
qaRaldis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi Tavisi saqmianobisas meoreul produqts – qimiur di-
oqsins – awarmoeben. is maSin formirdeba, rodesac xis masas maTeTrebeli qlori Seereva.
rogorc ki dioqsini garemoSi gamova, igi cximovani kanis zedapirsa da meZuZuri dedis rZe-
Si SeiWreba. zogi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom dioqsini, sxva daavadebebis garda, axalSobilebSi
Tandayolil defeqtebsa da kibosac iwvevs.
vinaidan ar arsebobs bazari damabinZurebeli nivTierebebisTvis, maT zedmetad awar-
moeben. kerZo seqtori, sazogadod, ar iTvaliswinebs im danaxarjebs, rasac is sxvebs akis-
rebs, sabazro wonasworobis pirobebSi ki socialuri zRvruli danaxarji aWarbebs socia-
lur zRvrul sagebels. Tu kerZo seqtors ar ZaluZs jarimebis daweseba im zRvruli gare
efeqtebisTvis, romelsac dabinZureba warmoSobs, SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos amis gake-
Teba? garemosdacvis sakiTxebs keTildReobis ekonomikasTan kavSirSi ganvixilavT mosax-
leobis interesebis dacvis KkuTxiT.
dabinZurebaze, gansakuTrebiT wylis gaWuWyianebaze, gadasaxadebis daweseba gamoiye-
nes safrangeTSi, italiaSi, germaniasa da niderlandebSi, magram TiTqmis yvelgan am sa-
kiTxs gansxvavebulad udgebian – iyeneben dabinZurebis gamo gadasaxadebis dakisrebis
sxvadasxva standartebs, romlebic aregulireben dasaSvebi dabinZurebis odenobis
maqsimums.
haeris dabinZurebaze kontroli did britaneTSi dawesda1956 wels SemoRebuli
kanoniT. Sedegad, qveyanaSi haeris dabinZurebis garkveuli saxeobebi, gansakuTrebiT
naxSiris wviT kvamlis warmoqmna, danaSaulad iqna miCneuli, ris gamoc sufTa haeris zone-
bis raodenoba TandaTanobiT gaizarda.
adamianis janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zegavlenis gamo, msoflio jandacvis organiza-
ciis mier haeris xarisxis indikatorebad da dabinZurebis kriteriumebad miCneulia eqvsi
yvelaze gavrcelebuli dambinZurebeli (Sewonili myari nawilakebi (𝑃𝑀 – gamonabolqvis
Sedegia da mas limfur kvanZebSi SeRwevis da lorwovani garsis daavadebis unari aqvs),
gogirdis dioqsidi (𝑆𝑂2 - `mJave wvimebis” wyaro), azotis dioqsidi (NO𝑁𝑂2 - igi avtomobilebis

1
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

gamonabolqvis Sedegia da filtvebis toqsiur SeSupebas iwvevs), naxSirbadis monooqsidi

(𝐶𝑂O – warmoiqmneba sawvavis arasruli wvis dros. igi mxuTavi gazia), trofosferuli ozoni
(O𝑂3 ) da tyvia (P𝑃𝑙 – am nivTierebs avtotransportis gamonabolqvi Seicavs. misiT mowamv-
lisas ziandeba centraluri da periferiuli nervuli sistema, sisxlZarRvebi, aqtiurdeba
simsivnuri procesebi).
benzinSi tyviis damateba aumjobesebs manqanebis sawvavs da zrdis ekonomias. Tumca,
manqanis gamonabolqvidan tyviis gamonayofi atmosferos damabinZurebelia da saxifaToa
adamianis janmrTelobisTvis. aSS-ma sakuTrebis uflebisa da fasTa meqanizmis gamoyenebiT
SeZlo dabinZurebis Semcireba, rac ekonomikurad efeqtiani aRmoCnda. atmosferuli hae-
ris Sesaxeb kanonebSi mocemulia haeris minimaluri standarti da dawesebulia kontroli
garkveul dambinZureblebze. nebismieri firma, romelic dadgenilze nakleb Sxams gamo-
yofs, iRebs dabinZurebis Semcirebis kredits, romelic Tavis mxriv kreditis mimRebma
SeiZleba mihyidos maT, visac surs Tavisi fiqsirebuli dabinZurebis limitis gadaWarbeba.
atmosferoSi gamoyofili gazebi – gogirdis orJangi da azotis Jangeulebi, ixsneba
wylis orTqlSi da Camodis, rogorc mJave wvima. igi wamlavs Tevzs, anadgurebs tyeebs da
azianebs Senobebs. es ZiriTadad gamowveulia dabali xarisxis qvanaxSirze momuSave ele-
qtrosadgurebiT. dasavleT evropaSi mJave wvimis didi eqsportioria didi britaneTi, sai-
danac gabatonebul qarebs (golfstrimis dinebis Sedegad) momwamleli nivTierebebi mi-
aqvs aRmosavleTiT da skandinavia misi mTavari mimRebi xdeba. Sedegad dazianda tyeebi
skandinaviaSi, rasac saerTaSoriso skandali moyva.
gogirdis STamnTqmel mcenareTa didi raodenobiT gaSeneba, romelic 50%-iT Seam-
cirebda didi britaneTis eleqtrosadgurebidan gamonayof gogirdorJangs, didi brita-
neTis el-energiis fass gazrdida 6%-iT. vinaidan dabinZurebis didi wili modis SvedeTisa
da germaniis tbebze, didi britaneTis amomrCevlebs ar surT damatebiTi xarjis gaweva. sa-
Wiro gaxda SeTanxmebuli evropuli politika SesaZlo tranfertuli gadasaxadebis dawe-
sebiT, erovnuli sazRvrebis gareT saxelmwifoTaSoris gare efeqtebis dasaZlevad.
wylis dabinZureba. 1951 wlidan didma britaneTma qveynis Sida wylebis gamonabol-
qviT dabinZurebaze mkacri kontroli daawesa. Tumca, wylis gaWuWyianebis sxva mniSvne-
lovani wyaroa samrewvelo da WuWyiani narCenebis CaSveba.
ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi did britaneTSi dabinZurebis pirdapiri reguli-
reba sxvadasxvagvarad warimarTa. magaliTad, kvamliT dabinZurebis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuT-
rebiT zamTarSi (rodesac kvamli da nisli ireva da warmoiqmneba sqeli `smog~-i) mkacri
standartebia dawesebuli. aRniSnulma gaaaumjobesa garemos sisufTavis xarisxi. bevr
mdinareSi wyali ukve mtknaria da Tevzic gaCnda. analogiuri viTareba iyo germaniaSic,
rodesac mdinare rainis SesarTavTan wyalSi qsovilis CaSveba misi SeRebvis tolfasi iyo.
SemoRebulma mkacrma standartebma gamoiwvia is, rom hamburgTan mdinareSi Tevzic gaCnda.
saxelmwifoTa didi nawili Seecada am problemis gadawyvetas, magram maTi mcdeloba
xSirad uSedegod sruldeboda – Znelia daareguliro gemebidan zRvaSi navTobis gadineba,
an qvanaxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurebidan gogirdis orJangis didi raodenobiT gamo-
yofa da sxva. ekologebi ganagrZoben im saxelmwifo politikis winaaRmdeg brZolas, rome-
lic nebas aZlevs qvanaxSiris axali sabadoebis amuSavebas soflis mimdebare adgilebSi, an
atomuri narCenebis zRvaSi CaSvebas.
gare efeqtebis grafikuli analizi (romelic wina Tavebsa da kursebSi ganixileba)
adasturebs, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis gamoTvla sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, rode-

2
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

sac vsazRvravT, Tu ramdenad unda Semcirdes manqanebidan tyviis gamonabolqvi, SeuZle-

beli ar aris gamoviangariSoT im manqanaTa warmoebis zRvruli socialuri danaxarji, ro-
melTac anti-dabinZurebis sistema aqvT, da im satransporto saSualebaTa zRvruli sa-
zogadoebrivi danaxarji, romlebic erT milze bevr sawvavs xarjaven. magram maSinac ki,
roca eqimebi erTsulovnad aRniSnaven janmrTelobaze tyviis gamonabolqvis zemoqmedebis
Sesaxeb, rogor unda gamovTvaloT axlandeli Tu momavali Taobis janmrTelobis gau-
aresebis zrdis zRvruli maCvenebeli?
es ar aris ubralod efeqtianobis sakiTxi, razedac pasuxs gavcemT. aq mxedvelobaSi
unda miviRoT, erTi mxriv, dabinZurebiT daavadebulis mosavlelad gaweuli danaxarjebi,
meore mxriv, is damatebiTi produqti, romelic ufro janmrTel mSromelebs SeeZloT
ewarmoebinaT. es aseve samarTlianobis sakiTxicaa, rogorc axlandeli TaobisTvis (qalaq-
Si mcxovrebi dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis bavSvebs ufro metad axasiaTebT zrda-ganviTa-
rebis SeCereba, rac gamowveulia tyviiT dabinZurebuli haeris sunTqviT), ise momavali
TaobebisTvis. didi resursebi ixarjeba dRes haeris tyviiT dabinZurebasTan brZolaSi,
rac Tavis mxriv amcirebs samomxmareblo produqtebis sawarmoo resursebs axlandeli
momxmareblisTvis, magram aumjobesebs xvalindeli Taobis cxovrebis dones.

fasebi Tu raodenoba?
garemos dabinZurebaze dawesebuli kontrolis arseboba SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos, mag-
ram SesaZlebelia msjeloba imis Sesaxeb - aris Tu ara dabinZurebis kontrolis moqmedi
meqanizmi mgrZnobiare. Tu Tavisufal bazrebs midrekileba aqvT sayovelTao dabinZure-
bisaken, sazogadoebas SeuZlia am ubedurebis Semcireba gamonabolqvis raodenobis regu-
lirebiT an fasTa sistemis gamoyenebiT, raTa gadasaxadis dakisrebiT warmoebis survili
daukargos aseTi sawarmoebis mflobelebs. sainteresoa, gadasaxadebis sistemis zemoqme-
deba ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda, Tu raodenobis pirdapiri regulireba?
rogorc aRiniSna, araefeqtianoba pirdapir kavSirSia bazris ararsebobasTan. aq
mTavrobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis alternatiuli politika ikveYTeba, rac mwarmoble-
bisTvis dabinZurebis nebarTvis miyidvaSi gamoixateba. aseTi gziT mTavroba faqtobrivad
sufTa haeris an wylis bazars ayalibebs. naxazis 9.1 Sesabamisad, mTavroba acxadebs, rom 𝑍 ∗
raodenobiT dambinZureblis garemoSi gamoSvebisTvis nebarTvas gayidis (dambinZureb-
lebis raodenoba 𝑄 ∗ warmoebas ukavSirdeba). firmebi aRniSnuli nebarTvis mosapoveblad
brZolas daiwyeben da nebarTvasac umaRles fasad miiReben. dakisrebuli gadasaxadi ba-
zars yovelgvar pasuxismgeblobas uxsnis – dabinZurebis raodenoba saxelmwifos mier da-
wesebul raodenobas utoldeba. TiToeuli mwarmoeblisTvis dabinZurebis nebarTvisTvis
gadaxdili fasi dabinZurebis Rirebulebaa.
naxazi 9.1 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor moqmedebs nebarTva realuri samyaroSi – gogirdis
oqsidis bazarze. horizontalur RerZze gogirdis oqsidis warmoebis uflebaa aRniSnuli,
xolo vertikalurze - am uflebis mopovebisTvis gadaxdili safasuri. saxelmwifo acxa-
debs, rom igi auqcionis wesiT gayidis nebarTvebs 𝑍 ∗-iT dabinZurebis uflebaze. faqtob-
rivad dabinZurebis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofa 𝑍 ∗ -is mimarT absoluturad araelastikuria.
dabinZurebis uflebaze moTxovna 𝐷𝑧 klebadia, xolo fasi erTeulze 𝑃1 -ia.
firmebi, romlebsac ar surT dabiZurebis TiToeuli erTeulisTvis 𝑃1 fasis gadaxda,
an amcireben warmoebas an srulyofil teqnologias nergaven.

3
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

Sz

dolari wliurad
nax. 9.1. dabinZurebis
uflebis bazari

P1

Dz

0 Z*
gogirdis oqsidis warmoebis
ufleba

sazogadod, Tu informaciis simwire politikosebs aiZulebs, dabinZurebis standar-

ti SemTxveviTi principiT gansazRvron, amis gakeTeba dabinZurebis nebarTvis sistemis
saSualebiT ufro martivadaa SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu firma mogebazea
orientirebuli, maSin is standartis misaRwevad danaxarjebis Semamcirebel teqnologias
miagnebs.
ufro metic, ekonomikaSi rodesac inflaciaa, dabinZurebis nebarTvaze sabazro fa-
sebic inflaciis temps ahyveba, sagadasaxado ganakveTis Secvlas ki xangrZlivi adminis-
traciuli procedura dasWirdeba. meore mxriv, auqcionis sqemasTan dakavSirebuli po-
tenciuri problema isaa, rom firmam SesaZloa dabinZurebis licenzia Warbi odenobiT iyi-
dos, vidre es saWiroa firmis danaxarjis minimizaciis moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad, da
am gziT sxva firmebs bazarze Semosasvleli gza mouWras, an nebarTvebi ufro Zvirad gayi-
dos, rac mis Semosavals gazrdis, xolo saxelmwifosas ki Seamcirebs. aseT situaciaSi
rTulia movlenebis ganviTarebis winaswarmetyveleba.

ori dambinZureblis regulireba

regulirebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli dambinZurebeli dabinZurebis dones garkveuli
masStabiT unda amcirebdes, an winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul sanqcias unda eqvemdeba-
rebodes. regulireba mravali gansxvavebuli firmis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani ar aris. war-
moidgineT ori firma 𝑋 da 𝑍. orive maTgani uSvebs naxSirorJangs (𝐶𝑂2 ), qimikats, romelsac
globalur daTbobaSi wvlili Seaqvs. naxazze 9.2 firmaTa warmoeba aRniSnulia horizonta-
lur RerZze, xolo misi Rirebuleba – vertikalur RerZze ganisazRvreba. 𝑀𝐵𝑥 aris zRvru-
li Semosavlis aRmniSvneli wrfe 𝑋 firmisTvis, 𝑀𝐵𝑧 ki – 𝑍-sTvis. mxolod CavTvaloT, rom
𝑋 da 𝑍-s aqvT identuri zRvruli kerZo danaxarjebi 𝑀𝑃𝐶 da mogebaze orientirebuli
warmoeba 𝑋1 = 𝑍1 .
davuSvaT, cnobilia, rom mTliani warmoebis efeqtiani donis SemTxvevaSi garemoze
miyenebuli zRvruli ziani 𝑑 dolars udris. efeqtianobis misaRwevad TiToeulma firmam
im wertilamde unda awarmoos, romelSic zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi zRvruli kerZo
danaxarjis mrudsa da 𝑑-s jams gadakveTs. naxazze 9.2 efeqtiani warmoeba aRniSnulia 𝑋 ∗ da
𝑍 ∗ -iT. dakvirvebis saocari Sedegi isaa, rom efeqtianobis misaRwevad ar aris saWiro
firmebma 𝐶𝑂2 -is wliuri warmoeba Seamciron. 𝑍 warmoebis efeqtiani Semcireba 𝑋 warmoebis
Semcirebas aWarbebs. es xdeba gansxvavebuli elastikurobis mqone 𝑀𝐵-s gamo. zogadad,

4
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

nebismieri firmis warmoebis adekvaturi Semcireba zRvruli Semosavlisa da zRvruli

danaxarjis daxrilobazea (elastikurobazea) damokidebuli.

MPCx+d= MPCz+d
dolari

MPCx= MPCz
d nax. 9.2. ori dabinZureblis
regulireba

MBz

MBx
0 Z* X* X1=Z1

davuSvaT, cnobilia, rom mTliani warmoebis efeqtiani donis SemTxvevaSi garemoze

miyenebuli zRvruli ziani 𝑑 dolars udris. efeqtianobis misaRwevad TiToeulma firmam
im wertilamde unda awarmoos, romelSic zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi zRvruli kerZo
danaxarjis mrudsa da 𝑑-s jams gadakveTs. naxazze 9.2 efeqtiani warmoeba aRniSnulia 𝑋 ∗ da
𝑍 ∗ -iT. dakvirvebis saocari Sedegi isaa, rom efeqtianobis misaRwevad ar aris saWiro
firmebma 𝐶𝑂2 -is wliuri warmoeba Seamciron. 𝑍 warmoebis efeqtiani Semcireba 𝑋 warmoebis
Semcirebas aWarbebs. es xdeba gansxvavebuli elastikurobis mqone 𝑀𝐵-s gamo. zogadad,
nebismieri firmis warmoebis adekvaturi Semcireba zRvruli Semosavlisa da zRvruli
danaxarjis daxrilobazea (elastikurobazea) damokidebuli.
amdenad, regulirebas, romelic firmas uflebas aZlevs, Tanabari odenobiT Seamci-
ros warmoeba (rogorc absoluturi, ise proporciuli TvalsazrisiT), Sedegad moaqvs, is
rom zogierTi firma Zalian bevr produqts uSvebs, zogi ki – ukiduresad cotas.
aRniSnuli analizi imas gviCvenebs, rom dabinZurebis Semcirebis danaxarji da sarge-
beli sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia. aseve SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT aseTi SemTxve-
va: manqana, romelic SedarebiT dausaxlebel adgilas moZraobs, nakleb zians ayenebs
garemos, vidre is manqana, romelic moZraobs mWidrod dasaxlebul arealSi.
maSin ra azri aqvs imas, rom orive avtomobils erTnairi ZviradRirebeuli
aRWurvileobis damontaJeba movTxovoT an erTidaigive standarti? aSS-is politikis
mixedviT, ukiduresad dabinZurebuli qalaqebis mxolod naxevarSi unda akmayofilebdes
yvela avtomobili haeris xarisxis gasaumjobesebel standartebs. cxadia, politika ar
iqneba efeqtiani. ra Tqma unda, maregulirebel organos SeuZlia TiToeul
dambinZurebels specialurad Seqmnili sawarmoo qvota mianiWos, magram dambinZureblebis
didi raodenobis pirobebSi es administraciuli TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia.

mdgradi ganviTareba
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikis ganviTarebisadmi erT-erTi midgoma, romelic
wiTel zolad gasdevs yvela saxeobis strategiasa Tu politikas, ekonomikis mdgradi gan-
viTarebaa. mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis moZraobis Tvisebrivad axali etapi daiwyo 1987
wels gaero-s dacvisa da ganviTarebis msoflio komisiis moxsenebis _ `Cveni saerTo

5
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

momavali~ _ gamoqveynebiT. naSromma mwvaved daayena ganviTarebis politikisa da praqti-

kis gadasinjvis sakiTxi rogorc ganviTarebad, ise industriul qveynebSi. mTavari daskvna
isaa, rom `garemosa~ da `ganviTarebis~ Cveni gageba integrirebuli unda iyos, raTa dam-
kvidrdes `mdgradi ganviTareba~, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs `TanamedroveTa moTxovni-
lebebis dakmayofilebas momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleb-
lobebTan kompromisis gaTvaliswinebiT~1.
aqtiuri diskusia mimdinareobs susti da Zlieri mdgradobis Sesaxeb. ganixileba ori
modeli2 (ix. naxazi 9.3 `a~ da `b~). naxazidan Cans, rom susti mdgradoba (nax. 9.3 `a~) gulis-
xmobs ekonomikis, socialur-politikuri da ekologiis sferoebis TanakveTas, romelic
sakmaod mcire farTobia. Zlieri mdgradobis pirobebSi (nax.9.3. `b~) ki, ekonomikis sfero
moTavsebulia socialur-politikurSi da es orive sfero warmoadgens ekologiis sferos
Semadgenel komponentebs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Zlieri mdgradoba cdeba erTi qveynis
sazRvrebs da Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs msoflio problemebis gadawyvetaSi.
garemoze miyenebuli zianis Sedegad gamowveul katastrofebs mravali saerTaSoriso
organizacia gamoexmaura. magaliTad, evrokavSiris sawarmoebisa da mrewvelobis genera-
lurma direqtoratma biznesis korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis ideas mra-
vali dokumentiT upasuxa. rogorc am organizaciis veb-gverdzea aRniSnuli, korpo-
raciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba (ksp) exeba kompaniebs aiRon pasuxismgebloba Tavisi
saqmianobis sazogadoebaze zegavlenisTvis.

ekonomikis sfero socialur-politikuri ekologiis sfero

sfero

socialur-
`a~ politikuri
sfero `b~

ekonomikis
sfero
ekologiis sfero

naxazi 9.3. susti mdgradoba (`a~) da Zlieri mdgradoba (`b~)

ksp mniSvnelovania sawarmoebis konkurantunarianobisTvis. mas SeuZlia sargeblis

motana riskis menejmentis, danaxarjebis Semcirebis, momxmareblebTan urTierTobebis,
adamianuri resursebis menejmentsa da inovaciurobis mimarTulebiT3. direqtoratma da
sxva organizaciebma miiRes mravali dokumenti, maT Sorisaa: gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis megzurebi, biznesisa da adamianTa uflebebis principebi, 𝐼𝑆𝑂 260004, ekonomikuri
kooperaciisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐷) megzuri mravalerovnuli (transna-

1
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciisTvis, http://european.ge/saqartvelos-mdgradi-ganvitarebis-
koncefciistvis/
2
http://www.unep.org/training/downloads/toolkit/4.0%20-%20Module%201.pdf; Environment, Sustainable Development
and the University in Africa, Modul I.p.33.
3
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/index_en.htm
4
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso26000.htm

6
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

cionaluri) sawarmoebisTvis5 da sxva. aqtiurad ganixileba 1994 wels jon elkingtonis

mier SemoTavazebuli 𝟑 𝐏 − 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭, 𝐏𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞, 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐭 mogeba, adamianebi, planeta, modeli – rom-
lis mizania drois garkveul periodSi Sefasdes korporaciis miRwevebi finansuri,
socialuri da garemosdacviTi mimarTulebiT6.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam (gaero) daisaxa mdgradi ganviTarebis 17 mizani
2030 wlisTvis.7

msoflio doneze garemos dacvis problemebi 3 mimarTulebiT ganixileba:

• saTburis efeqti (saTburis efeqts atmosferos mier dedamiwis infrawiTeli gamosxi-
vebis daWeris Sedegad dedamiwis zedapiris gaTbobis process uwodeben. saTburis efeq-
tis gareSe dedamiwis zedapiri dRevandelTan SedarebiT 330–iT ufro civi iqneboda);
• ozonis xvreli (ozonis xvereli diametriT 1000 km pirvelad aRmoaCines 1986 wels sam-
xreT naxevarsferoSi antarqtikis Tavze. aRniSnuli problemis aRmocenebis mizezad
iTvleba stratosferuli ozonis daSla. ozonis Sre icavs dedamiwas mzis ultraiisfe-
ri sxivebisgan. am safaris gareSe adamiani kanis kiboTi daavaddeboda. igi gamowveulia
halogenebis Semcveli organuli naerTebis: qlor-ftor-naxSirwyalbadebis (qfn–ebi),
qlor–brom–naxSirwyalbadebis da halonebis atmosferoSi moxvedriT);
• klimatis cvlileba (fenomeni SemCneuli iqna XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac
dafiqsirda msoflio saSualo wliuri temperaturis zrdisa da gaxSirebuli klima-
turi katastrofebis tendencia. 1990 wels eqspertebis saerTaSoriso samuSao jgufma
klimatis cvlileba iwinaswarmetyvela – 2070 wlisTvis temperatura aiwevs 3,50 𝐶-iT,
rasac myinvarebis dadnoba da zRvis donis 45 sm-iT aweva moyveba).
klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvareba gaerosaTvis mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxad iqca, rasac miuTiTebs 1992 wlis faqti, rodesac rio de JaneiroSi 106
qveyanam moawera xeli klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencias, romliTac ganviTarebulma
qveynebma ganacxades, rom Seamcirebdnen naxSirorJangis da sxva saTburi airebis emisias.
marTalia, konvencia savaldebulo xasiaTis ar iyo Tavidan, magram safuZveli Cauyara
klimatis cvlilebasTan brZolis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs.
1997 wlis 11 dekembers delegatebma 161 qveynidan xeli moaweres kiotos oqms. oqmi
didi brZolis Sedegad ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis 16 Tebervals. oqmis mizania atmosferoSi
saTburis airebis koncentraciis SenarCuneba iseT doneze, romelic dedamiwis klimatis-
Tvis saSiSi ar iqneba. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom kiotos oqmis sruliad Sesrulebis
SemTxvevaSic ki ar aris garantia, rom temperaturis zrdis tempi mniSvnelovnad Senel-
deba. amis gamo, mravali kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs oqmis mniSvnelobas, Tuki mas gamonabol-
qvebis ufro mniSvnelovani Semdgomi Semcireba ar moyveba Tan.

racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis principebi

racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis Tanamedrove praqtikam gamoimuSava biosferos
dacvis Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi:

5
http://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/
6
http://www.economist.com/node/14301663
7
https://www.coe.int/en/web/programmes/un-2030-agenda

7
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

1. bunebrivi resursebisa da energiis ufro racionalurad gamoyenebasa da bunebrivi ga-

remos dacvaSi unarCeno teqnologiebis, axali codnisa da meTodebis gamoyeneba;
2. unarCeno warmoebis gamoyeneba, romelic Sekrul teqnologiur ciklSi ganaxorcielebs
gamoyenebuli nedleulis srul kompleqsur damuSavebas narCenebis gareSe;
3. mcirenarCenebiani teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlis mier gamoyofili mavne nivTie-
rebebi ar aRemateba zRvrul dasaSveb koncentracias;
4. mavne nivTierebebis atmosferoSi, samuSao zonaSi, niadagSi, wyalsatevebsa da kvebis
produqtebSi zRvrulad dasaSvebi koncentraciis normebis damuSaveba da gamoyeneba;
5. mavne nivTierebaTa narCenebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi normebis damuSaveba da gamoyeneba,
ekologiurad saSiSi sawarmosaTvis narCenebis ganTavsebis adgilis SerCeva;
6. biosferos elementebis TviTgawmendis unaris gamoyeneba: maRali milebi mavne minare-
vebiani kvamlis atmosferoSi gafantvisaTvis; zRvis siRrmeSi, napiridan moSorebiT,
gayvanili kanalizaciis milebi; sufTa wyliT Camonadenis ganzaveba da sxva.

mdgradi konkurentunarianobis indeqsi (𝐒𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱.)

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurentunarianobis mkvlevarebma
2011-2012 wlebis angariSSi didi mniSvneloba mianiWes ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas
grZelvadian periodSi, ris gamoc SeimuSaves mdgradi konkurentunarianobis indeqsi8 (eko-
nomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri SinaarsiT). mdgradi konkurentunarianoba
(𝐒𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬) ganisazRvreba, rogorc institutebis, politikisa da faqto-
rebis erToblioba, rac gansazRvravs qveynis mwarmoeblurobas im pirobiT, rom momavalma
Taobam agreTve SeZlos Tavisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
sxva sityvebiT rom aRvweroT, axali indeqsi moicavs iseT elementebs, romlebic uf-
ro myar konkurentunarianobas uzrunvelyofs grZelvadian periodSi ekonomikuri, socia-
luri da garemosdacvis mimarTulebiT. axali indeqsi moicavs yvela im elements, romle-
bic mocemulia globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi da mniSvnelovania rogorc
moklevadian, aseve grZelvadian periodebSi (mag: mmarTveloba, ganaTleba da jandacva, in-
frastruqtura, bazari, inovaciebi), aseve damatebiT moicavs im aspeqtebs, romlebic mniS-
vnelovania grZelvadian periodSi (demografia, socialuri erToba da garemos strategiu-
li marTva). amgvarad, globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi mokle da saSualovadian
perspeqtivas aRwers, xolo mdgradi konkuretnunarianobis indeqsi ki - grZelvadians.
mdgradi konkurentunarianobis indeqsis CarCo mocemulia cxrilSi 9.1.
azri bunebis dacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi uZveles warsulSi Caisaxa.
TandaTanobiT iqmneboda samarTlebrivi normebic. Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi saintereso
cnobebia Semonaxuli bunebis calkeuli obieqtebis samarTlebrivi dacvis Sesaxeb. Tamar
mefis 1189 wlis sigelSi moxseniebulia „tyis mcvelni“, xolo erT-erT ufro adrindel
sigelSi (1078 w.) dasaxelebulni arian „tyis mcvelTuxucesni“. „tyis mcvelni!“ moxsenie-
bulni arian, agreTve, xelmwifis karis garigebaSi (XIV s.). „dasturlamalSi“ (XVIII s.)
gvxvdeba wylisa da saZovrebis gamoyenebis maregulirebeli normebi. vaxtang mefis kanonTa
wignSic gaTvaliswinebulia wylis, tyisa da saZovrebis dacva. ioane bagrationis sjulde-
baSi (qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis proeqti, XVIII s.) vkiTxulobT:
„agreTve iyos sanadiroTa tyeTa da mindorTa ufrosi kaci, samefo sanadiroebi amas

8
GCR, 20111-2012, p.51-74

8
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

ebaros, uamisod vervin inadirebdes iqi“. amasTan, frinvelTa da pirutyvTa gamravlebis

dros akrZaluli iyo nadiroba.

cxrili 9.1. mdgradi konkurentunarianobis indeqsis maCveneblebi

Aadamianuri sabazro pirobebi teqnologia da politikuri ga- garemo
kapitali inovaciebi remo da pirobebi pirobebi
• jandacva da daw- • Sromis bazris • teqnologiu- • institutebi • resursebis
yebiTi ganaTle- efeqtianoba sa- ri mzaoba • infrastruq- efeqtianoba
ba finanso bazris • Bbiznesis tura • Gganaxlebadi
• umaRlesi ganaT- ganviTarebis xa- ganviTarebis • makroekonomi- resursebis
leba da trenin- risxi bazris si- done kuri garemo marTva
gebi dide • Ggaremos degra-
• inovaciebi • garemos dacvis
• socialuri • sasaqonlo bazre- politika daciis done
erToba bis efeqtianoba

saqarTveloSi pirveli saxelmwifo garemosdacviTi organo Seiqmna 1974 wels bunebis

dacvis saxelmwifo komitetis saxiT. misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad saxelmwifo kontrolisa
da dargTaSorisi koordinaciis funqciiT Semoifargleboda.
1995 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelom ikisra valdebuleba - daicvas ada-
mianis ZiriTadi ufleba - cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblob-
des bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi, miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia
misi samuSao adgilisa da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, xeli Seuwyos bu-
nebrivi resursebis racionalur da mdgrad gamoyenebas. saqarTvelos kanoni garemos
dacvis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 1996 wels. aRniSnuli kanonis garda, saqarTveloSi garemos
dacvisa da daculi teritoriebis Sesaxeb moqmedebs „saqarTvelos kanoni daculi teri-
toriebis statusis Sesaxeb“ da „saqarTvelos kanoni daculi teritoriebis sistemis Se-
saxeb“, aseve, „saqarTvelos kanoni bunebis Zeglebis Seqmnisa da marTvis Sesaxeb“. kanonebis
moTxovnaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia administraciuli, samoqalaqo da
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba.
saqarTveloSi garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis saministros erT-erTi umniSv-
nelovanesi amocanaa qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; garemos dacvis dagegmvis
sistemis organizeba; garemos dacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis, miznobrivi progra-
mebis, garemos dacvis mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiis, moqmedebaTa erovnuli programis
da samenejmento gegmebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba.
daculi teritoriebis Seqmna sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania im msoflio proble-
mebis gadasaWrelad, rac ukavSirdeba saTburis efeqts, ozonis xvrelsa da klimatis
cvlilebas.
daculi teritoria aris biologiuri mravalferovnebis, bunebrivi resursebisa da
bunebriv garemoSi CarTuli kulturuli fenomenebis SesanarCuneblad gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis mqone saxmeleTo teritoria da (an) akvatoria, romlis dacva da marTva
xorcieldeba grZelvadian da myar samarTlebriv safuZvelze9. saqarTveloSi aris
saxelmwifo nakrZali, erovnuli parki, aRkveTili, bunebis Zegli da daculi landSafti10.

9
http://apa.gov.ge/ge/
10
http://apa.gov.ge/ge/protected-areas

9
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

daculi teritoriebis sistemis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi emsaxureba TviTmyo-

fadi bunebriv-kulturuli garemosa da misi calkeuli komponentebis momavali Taobe-
bisaTvis SenarCunebas, adamianis sulieri da fizikuri janmrTelobis pirobebis dacvas da
sazogadoebis civilizebuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi safuZvlebis Seqmnas. da-
culi teritoriebi saqarTveloSi iqmneba umniSvnelovanesi erovnuli memkvidreobis -
unikaluri, iSviaTi da damaxasiaTebeli ekosistemebis, mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis,
bunebrivi warmonaqmnebisa da kulturuli arealebis dasacavad da aRsadgenad, maTi samec-
niero, saganmanaTleblo, rekreaciuli da bunebrivi resursebis damzogavi meurneobis
ganviTarebis mizniT gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSirSi daculi teritoriebis standarti Seadgens qveynis
teritoriis 15%-s, saqarTveloSi ki, aseTi teritoriebi moicavs qveynis farTobis mxo-
lod 7-8%-s. qveyanaSi amJamad funqcionirebs 14 nakrZali (farTobiT sul - 139,048 aTas ha),
11 erovnuli parki (farTobiT sul - 349327,1 aTasi ha), 19 aRkveTili (farTobiT sul -
59,857 aTasi ha), ori daculi landSafti - TuSeTis da kintriSis daculi landSafti,
(farTobiT sul - 34, 708 aTasi ha da 22 bunebis Zegli (sul 2941,43 ha.). saqarTvelos
okupirebul teritoriebze 6 saxelmwifo nakrZali mdebareobs, romelTa saerTo farTobi
67,141 ha-s Sedagens.
Mmimdinare periodSi saqarTveloSi klimatis cvlilebis gamo yvelaze saxifaTo adgi-
lebia: Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli (maRla iwves zRvis done da izrdeba Stormuli
modinebebis sixSire da simZlavre); qvemo svaneTi – lentexi (niadagis eroziis gaZliereba);
dedofliswyaro – alaznis auzi (mimdinareobs gaudabnoebis procesi).
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis saministros xangrZlivi da
warmatebuli TanamSromlobis gamocdileba aqvs sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebTan da
iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, rogorebicaa globaluri garemosdacviTi fondi,
evrokavSiri, CexeTis mTavroba, germaniis mTavroba, monrealis oqmis ganmaxorcielebeli
mravalmxrivi fondi, aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento, msoflio banki, gaeros
garemosdacviTi programa, gaeros evropis ekonomikuri komisia, gaeros ganviTarebis
programa, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba, avstriis ganviTarebis
saagento da sxva. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis xelSewyobiT da saministros koordinaciiT
xorcieldeba mTeli rigi iniciativebisa, rac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs qveynis winaSe
arsebuli garemosdacviTi gamowvevebis daZlevaSi11.
TemaSi ganxiluli maCveneblebi, mimdinare proeqtebi/reformebi da saTanado
statistikuri informacia SesaZlebelia ixiloT Sesabamisi saministrosa da saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris veb-gverdebze.

ZiriTadi terminebi:
saTburis efeqti mdgradi konkurentunarianobis
indeqsi
ozonis xvreli mdgradi ganviTareba
globaluri daTboba (klimatis garemos dabinZureba
cvlileba)

11
http://www.moe.gov.ge/ka/პროექტები/mimdinare-proeqtebi/

10
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 9

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:
1. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT dabinZurebis uflebis bazari;
2. isaubreT da grafikulad gamosaxeT Zlieri da susti mdgradoba;
3. CamoTvaleT msoflio garemosdacviTi sami ZiriTadi problema;
4. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT ori dambinZureblis regulireba;
5. isaubreT racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis da biosferos dacvis ZiriTad
principebsa da meTodebze;
6. daaxasiaTeT mdgradi konkurentunarianobis indeqsis maCveneblebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. begi, d., fiSeri, s., dornbuSi, r., ekonomika – Targmani ing., Tb., 1999, gv. 221-224;
2. rouzeni h.s., sajaro finansebi, tomi pirveli, Tb., 2006, gv. 90-111;
3. Economics, Begg D., Fisher S., Dornbusch R., Third Edition, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, UK,
1991, p. 271-276.
4. www.weforum.org; GCR 2014-2015
5. www.geostat.ge
6. http://moe.gov.ge/files/kanonmdebloba/kanonebi_seqtemberi_2013/2_kanoni_garemos_dacvis_shesakhe
b.pdf
7. http://moe.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=119
8. http://greenalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mwvane_politika_da_garemos_dacva.pdf.
9. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/index_en.htm
10. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso26000.htm
11. http://www.oecd.org/corporate/mne/
12. http://apa.gov.ge/ge/
13. Liz Maw, Net Impact, http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4679-corporate-social-responsibility.html

11