The roots of the greenhouse effect concept lie in the 19 th century when French mathematician Joseph

Fourier calculated in 1824 that the Earth would be much colder if it had no atmosphere. American
climate scientist James E. Hansen testified to Congress that the Greenhouse effect has been detected
and is changing our climate now.
How climate change plunders the planet?

More heat alters ice, weather and oceans. The cryosphere- the frozen water on Earth- is melting.
Melting glaciers contributed to unprecedented sea level rise.

The oceans are getting hotter, expanding and becoming more acidic. They are getting hotter because
they absorb 90% of the extra heat in the climate. The ocean is almost 40% more acidic than it used to
be.
Weather is getting more extreme. The increased evaporation of water is like fuel for storms. Rising sea
levels make storm surges capable of much greater damage.

Climate change is a major threat to agriculture. Extreme events also threaten crop yields like the crisis
happened in Africa when swarm of locusts attack their field (February 24, 2020)
Warmer, polluted air affects our health. Smog irritates lungs and triggers asthma attacks. Extreme
summer means more deaths during heatwaves. Warmer freshwater makes it easier for disease causing
bacteria to grow and contaminate drinking water.
The ice arctic animals need is vanishing. As sea ice disappears, ice-dependent mammals such as walruses
and polar bears struggle to survive

Coral and shellfish are suffering. The heat stresses the algae that nourish the corals and provide their
vibrant colors. The algae then leave and the corals eventually starve an event known as bleaching. More
acidic ocean affects the normal calcium balance, meaning creatures with calcified shells may not have
enough calcium to grow.
Forests are more prone to deadly infestations. The cycle of warmer weather, weak trees and thriving
insects is likely the culprit behind the massive die off of 70,000 square miles of Rocky Mountain conifers.
Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Globally,
more than 1.85 billion people or 36% of the world’s population are still living on less than $1.25 a day or
63 pesos a day.

Extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to development in many countries. 795 million
people are estimated to be chronically undernourished. Every 10 seconds a child dies of hunger and 9.1
million people die every year because of starvation. The SDG’s aim to end all forms of hunger and
malnutrition by 2030.

Approximately 37.9 million people are currently living with HIV, and 405 000 deaths from malaria
globally. More than 6 million children are still die before their fifth birthday every year. 16 000 children
die each day from measles and tuberculosis. Every day, hundreds of women die during pregnancy. The
aim of SDG is to achieve access to safe and affordable medicines.
Education is a fundamental human right and an enabling right. To fulfil this right, countries must ensure
universal equal access to inclusive and equitable education and learning, which should be free and
compulsory, leaving no one behind. Education shall aim at the full development of human personality,
and promote mutual understanding, tolerance, friendship and peace.

Ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, but it also
crucial to accelerating sustainable development. We have seen remarkable progress since then. More
girls are now in school compared to 25 years ago. The SDG’s aim to build on these achievements to
ensure that there is an end to discrimination against women and girls everywhere.
Water scarcity affects more than 40% of people around the world. Clean freshwater is an essential
ingredient for a healthy human life, but 1.1 billion people lack access to water and 2.7 billion experience
water scarcity at least one month a year. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may be facing
water shortages. Ensuring universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires
investment in infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities and encourage hygiene at every level.

One in five people lack access to electricity. Ensuring universal access to affordable electricity by 2030
means investing in clean energy sources such as solar, wind and thermal.
Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme poverty has declined dramatically. 3.6%
of the world’s population is unemployed. The SDG’s promote sustained economic growth, higher levels
of productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation are key to
this, eradicate forced labor, slavery and human trafficking.

With over half of the world population now living in cities. Technological progress is also key to finding
lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges. More than 4 billion people still do not
have access to the internet.
More than half of the world’s population now live in urban areas. By 2050, that figure will have risen to
6.5 billion people. Extreme poverty is often concentrated in urban spaces, and national and city
governments struggle to accommodate the rising population in these areas.

Encouraging industries, businesses and consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as
is supporting developing countries to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030.
The efficient management of our shared natural resources and the way we dispose of toxic waste and
pollutants are important to achieve this goal.

The annual average losses from earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones and flooding amount to
hundreds of billions of dollars. The goal aims to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 to address the
needs of developing countries.

Oceans absorb about 30% of the carbon dioxide produced by humans, and we are seeing 26% rise in
ocean acidification since the beginning of industrial revolution. The SDG’s aim to sustainably manage
and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution.
The SDGs aim to conserve and restore the use of terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, wetlands,
drylands, and mountains by 2020

The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence and work with governments. Strengthening
the rule of law and promoting human rights is key to this process.
The world today is more interconnected than ever before. The goals aim to enhance the world’s
cooperation by supporting national plans to achieve all the targets.