Q1 (A) Explain, using an example, how bit stuffing is used to preserve frame boundaries when

transmitting binary data at the Data Link level of the protocol stack?

(B) A bit stream 10011101 is transmitted using the standard CRC method. The generator
polynomial (divisor) is x3 + 1. Show the actual bit string transmitted?

Q1(B)

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Q2 (A) Refer to the following list. Choose the correct order of data encapsulation when a device
sends information.

1. segments. 2. bits. 3. packets. 4. data. 5. frame.

data segments packets frame bits

(B) Design a three-stage, 400 X 400 switch with k=4 and n=20?

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 2KN+K(N/n)^2
2*4*400+4(400/20)^2=4800
Q3 (A) In what way selective-repeat is better than go-back-N ARQ technique?
(B) For HDLC protocol compare between NRM and ABM
NRM
1 The station configuration is unbalanced.
2 We have one primary station and
multiple secondary station
3 A primary station can send commands;
asecondary station can only respond.
4 Is used for both point to point and
multiple point links
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ABM
The station configuration is
balanced
Each station can function as a
primary and a secondary (acting as
peers).
Each station can send commands
and respond.
Is used only for point to point link.
Q4 (A) Explain CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols used in LAN’s, discuss its advantages
and limitations?

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(B) Explain the transition phases of the PPP connection?

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