HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Simplified with Technical Data Rheno A. Velasco LOACAN PUBLISHING HOUSE PUBLISHER / DISTRIBUTORPhilippine Copyright C 1997 all rights reserved Amount of.Water Per Bag: os Coden! | Approximate Quantity of Surface Water Carried by Average Aggregates Fuller's Formula Copyright c 1997 by : LOACAN PUBLISHING & RHENO A. VELASCO Bibliography: e Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete by : Parker e Design Concrete Structures - Winter Construction Planning - Peurifoy AUDELS CHB Finish Per Sq. Meter Mortar ... Volume of Cement ‘Per ‘CHB Varying Thickness of Mortar and Quantity ... Requirements for Mortar. Concrete Pipe Joint Collars . Concrete Footing for CHB. Adobe Plaster.............-..+. Plaster Mixture Per Cubic Meter. CHB Mortar Per Sq. M. .....-. CHB Footing Per Linear Meter. Quantity of Stone, Cement and Sand Plastering Per Square Meter ISBN 971-911-150-XPer 100 CHB Mortar .. aoe a 7 g QZ SRRFRLSSS 8 £Be Placa Romana. Tencor Corr. Sheets . 2agee {Quantity of Roof Accesseries in Kilo . Sample Problesm...csss--ser-reeeeeetePrecast Terrazo and Granulithic Tiles Vinyl and Rubber Tiles - Sample Problem STAIRCASE OR STAIRWAY Definition of Terms .. Design of Stairway ... PAINTING Painting Works Spreading Rate of Paint . Kinds of Paint. Paint Coverage LABOR ESTIMATE Construction Work Capacities in Man Hour: Capabilities of Manual Labor/Hour Capabilities of Equipment........... . 87-88 Important Features of Septic Vaults 89-90 Rough Estimates . 90 Checklist of Items to be Considered 90-91 Ceneral Checklist for Estimate. 91-98 Site Visit Report. 99-101 Unit Man Hours. Concrete Foundation and Elevated Conc. Unit Man Hours... Miscelianeous Labor Output . DEFINITION OF TERMS AUXILIARY TOPICS .. Code of Ethics for Construction Contractots 101-103 103-105 106-116 117-119 120-129 etercae LOO 131- 136CONCRETE History of Concrete Concrete as we know it today, had its beginning in 1824, when Joseph Aspdin took out.a patent in England or “Portland”. cement. Concrete became widely used in Europe during the late 1800's and was brought to the United States late in that century and in all over the world. It used continued to spread rapidly as knowledge about it and experienced with it grew. Concrete — is a stonelike material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, gravel and sand or the other inert materials, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimension of the desired structures. Estimate — is a project study of determining the quality, quantity and cost of every materials used in a mass, or in every - finished work. There are different types of coment used for construction 1. Ordinary portland cement : 2. Rapid hardening portland cement is specified when high early strength is required 3. Portland blast furnace or sulphate is used to resist chemi- cal attack 4. Lowheat portland cement is preferred for amassive section to reduce the heat of hydration. 5. Portland pozzolan cement is a slow hardening concrete 6. High alumina cement These are the main compogition of cement: + 60 to 65% lime 18 - 25% silica 3— 8% alummina -5 — 5% ironoxide 2 - 5% ma 1.- 5% sulfur trioxide 1 2. 3. 4 5. 6.2s Lime — mortar made of mortar cement, lime putty or hydrated lime, and sand in proportions by vol. Normally of-one part 9f cement. One or two lime, and five or six sand; suited for all kinds of masonry. Silica — a mortar used with silica cement; it is a refactory material. i ‘Alumina - a cement made with Bauxite and containing a high percentage of aluminate, having the property of setting to high strength in 24 hours. Ironoxide — a mixture of small iron pieces with ammonium chloride, used to join iron or steel surface. i Magnesia — magnesium oxychloride cement. , Sulfur Trioxide — cement used for connecting iron parts; made of equal parts of sulfur and pitch. EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL SAMPLE PROBLEM: Find the total volume of excavation and backfill. Assume the soil to be moitordinary earth. The slope of this kind of soil varies from 1:1-1:1. SOLUTION: Assume 1/2 slope: For the vol. of excavation: Vexcavation = Veurtoine + Vamp Solve first for the volume of building and ramp Vauipine = (1/2 pop + Aporron)! X peorn = 0.5 (96) (46) + (93) (43) (3) = 14, 249.16 cu. m. Veaur = (0-5) (25.5) (3) (7) = 299.5 + Vexcavanton® 14,548.66 cu. m. Vaackri, = 1-25 [14,548.66 — 1.5(90) (40)] = 11,435.82 cu. m. w/ 25% allowance ANGLE OF REPOSE TABLE 1-1 Approximate 90 to 110 100 to 110 110 to 120 | 80 to 100 1/2.8 to 1/1.0 1/2.1 to 1/1.0 ‘80 to 100 10C to 135 100 to. 115.= 5 ght aaa Sy CONCRETE PROPORTIONING CONCRETE MIXTURE TABLE 1-2 TABLE 1-3 QUANTITY FOR 1 CU. M. CONCRETE Type of Construction Side Walk 4” thick Floor Slab 4” thick USING 94 LBS PORTLAND CEMENT Class | Proportion Cement Sand Gravel Wall Foott AA 1:2:3 10.50 0.42 84 ne Post A 1:2:4 7.84 0.44 0.88 Manhuncry Raindalion B 1:2.5:5 6.48 0.44 0.88 Reinforced Concrete c 1:3:6 5.48 0.44 0.88 Foundations tence, Top Dressing on Wearing Surp. D 1: 3.5:7 5.00 | 0.45 0.90 Wo eee USING 88 LBS PORTLAND CEMENT OTE: Keep te wet 7d t Z A 2:4 8,20 0.44 0.88 al conerete ce: days ond peoece rom ein B 1:2.5: 6.80 0.46 0.88 : APPROXIMATE TIME LIMIT BEFORE 0S tose 530 0.47 0.88 | THE REMOVAL OF FORMS AND SUPPORTS: D 1:3.5:7 5.32 0.48 | 0.90 | miare ie NOTE: Arch Centers Centering Under Beams * Class A = Shall be used for beams, slabs columns, and for all members which are subjected to bending stress. * Class B= Shall be used for all members not reinforced for bending'stress. * Class C = Used for footing not under water. Floor Slabs Walls Columns, Sides of Beams and Girders.FULLER'S FORMULA Let’ C = No. of Part Cement, S = Sand AMOUNT OF WATER G = Gravel'or Stone, Then: PER BAG OF CEMENT TABLE 1-5 aT _ ho, of barrel portand cement “C4S+G__ required for one cu. yd. of concrete Gallon of Water/Bag Mix Dry Mix |Moist Mix Wet Mix 75 6.0 5.5 4.5 P_, = 32.2875 P_. = no of barrel portland cement Mix ‘Type of Const. required for one cu.m. of concrete 1:3: 5 | Figs., Reinf. Wall 1:2:3 | Side Walk, Step i PL xSx3.8 no of cubic meter sand for one 32.2875 ~ cubicmeterofconcrete __ : 2 | Fence Post 45 3.75 P_xGx3.8 no of cubie meter gravel for one TER CEMENT RATIO 1 ea 32.2875 ~ cubic meter of concrete US Gzl./94 Lis Bag Cem. | Assumed Comp. Stress at 28 Days 2000 PSI NOTE: i barrel = 4 bags of 96 Lbs. Portland cement 75 = 3.76 Cu. Ft. 6.75 2500 PSI 6.0 3000: PSI SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR PAVEMENT CONCRETE: 5.0 3750 PSI Area = 6.70 x 1,000 = 6,700 Sq.m. Vol.’ = 6,700 x 0.23 = 1,541 cum. Using 88 Lbs Portland Cement: (Use Class “A‘) APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATER CARRIED BY AVERAGE AGGREGATES TABLE 1-6 Gal. Cu. Ft. 3/4 to 1/0 1/2 SOLUTION: Aggregate Classification Very Wet Sand Moderately Wet Sand -| Motst Sand "Moist Gravel, Crushed Rocks a) Cement: 1,541 x 2.20 = 12,636.20 Say 12,640 Bags b) Sand: 1,541 x 0.54 = 678.04 Say 679 Cu.m. co) Gravel: 1,541 x 0.88 = 1,356.08 Say 1357 Cu.m.Yo RADIUS HARDWARE MATERIALS a) b) Total length of the bars = 1 334 x 0.60 = 800 m Dowel Bars, use 3/4" @ x 0.50 m x 0.50 m. O.C. int for every 75 m. Assume one const. jo! Therefore no. of coust. joints = joints The are also 6.70 _13.4 Say 14 pcs. of dowel 0.5 bard for each const. Total no. of dowels fore the whole length Where: 14 x 14 = 196 pes. ~3/4'@x 0.5 m or = to 98 pes. of 3/4” x1.0m. Use the standard size reinforcing steel bars is 6 m. Therefore: RSB = 98/6 = 16.33 Say 17 pes. - 3/4. 3 20 ft. The bars use 1/2" @ x 0,60 in spaced c 0.75 m.O.C. No, of pes. = ae 1,333.33 Say 1,334 pes. RSB='133.5 Say 134 .000 13.33 Say 14 const. PLAIN CONCRETE SAMPLE PROBLEM WITH SOLUTION: CONCRETING: Find the quantity of cement in bags, sand and oe o needed for a plain conc. slab on fill 0.10 m eu .0 m in dimension. . SOLUTION: 1. ‘Find the volume: V =0.10x9x6 = 5.40 cu.m. 2. ene on table 1-2 class “B” or cement: 5.4 x 6.48 = 34.99 bags .99 say 35. Sand: 5.4 x 0.44 = 2.37 say 2.5 cu.m. Gravel: 5.4 x 0.88 = 4.75 say 5.0 cu.m. Aconcrete pavement with a thickne: SS O! a dimensions of 18 x 28 m. Using class “C” Meee toe Compute for the quantity of: in cubic meters Lip eee Gees pa in bags and10 SOLUTION: 1. | 4 inches = 0.1016 meter 2. Area of the pavement deo ee eee 3. Volume = 0.1016 x SORT hOURy 4. Referring to table - using Class “C” mixture Cement; 51.21 x 5.5 = 281.65 say 282 bags Sand: 51.21 x.44 = 22.52 say 23 cu.m. Gravel; 51.21 x .88 45.06 say 45 cu.m. MASONRY is name for walls, pillars, arches, and other thie nate ae bricks, stone blocks, and other one like materials, such as concrete blocks, in a cementing mate- i Long ago, primitive man discovered that he could nay occurring stones together to make a rough wall. Later, Hue ms upon the idea of trimming the stones so that they wot ole together. Better this made a firmilr and more solid wall. Atal the same time, people in regions where stone was scarce discov: ered how to run clay into artificial stones — Bricks. Bricks were easy to handle. The final step in the evolution of masonry was taken when builders learned that they could use various mate- rials to ceraent bricks or stone blocks together. In this way they could build rigid walls and more complicated structures such as arches and vaults. BRICK MASONRY ; : laid To make a rigid wall of brick, individual bricks are together in horizontal layers, or coarses. ‘The bricks are bound together by a cementing material, or mortar. tetae spreadsa layerof mortar with a wide, flat trowel. He then sets the bricks on the mortar pressing them down lightly. Ifa brick is out of line, he tay s i: gently into place with the handle EL of his trowel. Mortar ts also placed between cach bricks in a coarse. When the first coarse is laid. The mason spreads mortar on top of It and lays the second course on the mortar. He repeats this process untfl the wall is built. y itis important that each coarse should be level and that the wall should be straight. An uneven wail Is not only unsightly but itis weak. As he work the mason uses a spirit level to make sure that the bricks are set level in the mortar. HISTORY OF MASONRY The ‘iistory of mansonry goes back as far as that of ctvili- zation. Bricks.were apparently first used around 3500 B.C. by the people who lived in the flat, low-laying plain between the tigris and eupharates. Rivers in what is now Iraq. Wood and stone fit for building were scarce in that region, but there was plenty of clay, which the people made into sun-dried. They used these oddly shaped bricks to build their great cities. The next great civilization to use bricks was that of Egypt. where brick making began about 3100 B.C. Although the Egyptians had vast supplies of fine building stone. It took 90 much laber to quarry the stone? From Egypt and the near east brick making spread over the mediterranean world. The Romans became the master brick makers of atiquity and they were made in a variety of different shapes: rectangular, square, triangular, and semicircular. One of the worst problems faced by builders in the Ancient World was the lack of a strong mortar to bind their brick and stones together. Yet in spite of their poor mortar ancient builders, constructed some remarkable brick temples and palaces, with walls 10 to 20 feet thick. The builders depended mainly on the weight of the walls to hold the bricks in place. Mansory construction was revolutionized by the Roman discovery of concrete.in the 2nd century B.C. with the strong commenting material builders no longer needed to make their wails enormously thick to keep them from toppling over. Perhaps the most famous examples of ancient stone masonry are the pyramiés of Egypt.12 Otheranctent civilizations besides the Egyptians developed great skill in handling very large blocks of stone. There are different kinds of sizes and patterns of locally available materials classified under masonry. Three kinds are as follows: : 0 Block 2) Brick 3) «Tile 13 CHB Per Sq.M of Wall,Area Sand Approx. 1/10/Bag Cement TABLE 2-2 CHB LAID PER BAG CEMENT: 4° x8" x16" 8" x8" x16" NOTE: 1 Bag of Cement equal = one cubic ft. Plaster Vol. Per Sq. M. = 0.012 Cu. M. CHB FINISH PER SQUARE METER 8" x8°x 16" VOLUME OF CEMENT PER CHB 4" x8" x 16" 6" x 8" x 16" 0.001 Cu. M. | 0.003 Cu. M. 0.004 Cu. M.14 MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1000 SQUASE FT. 1 1 1 12” @ Non Reinf. Cone. Pipe 1:2 0.10B/JT 0.005 CM/JT 15” @ Reinf. Conc. Pipe 1:2 O15 B/JT 0.006 CM/JT 18° @ Reinf. Cone. Pipe 1:2 020B/UT 0.011 CM/JT. 1 a 1 1 1 24° @ Reinf. Cone. Pipe :2.0.35B/JT 0.019 CM/JT 30° @ Reinf, Conc. Pipe :2 O50B/JT 0.027 CM/JT 936" @ Reinf. Conc. Pipe :20.70B/JT 0.038 CM/JT 42° o Reinf. Conc. Pipe :2 O95B/JT 0.051 CM/JT 48° @ Reinf. Conc. Pipe :2 0.20B/JT — 0.065 CM/JT QUANTITY OF MORTAR FER 1000 BRICKS RET ROMM ODP TABLE 2-5 MORTAR 1 CM THICK FOR ADOBE STONE js 8 cubic feet Joints S12 FACTOR PER ADOBE STONE Joints 5/16 12 cubic feet Joints 1/4 12 cubic feet 15 cubic feet 1, Cross Footing........... +. 0.00065 cu. one side’ 2. ‘Buttress and Stairs......... 0.001575 cu. two sides Joints 3/816 MORTAR 1 CM. THICK FOR ADOBE STONE TABLE 2-6 ("Sioa sue [able weerStone | Na ofan /60 0 ereniee aoa fae peritein [ar emer pl eT | CONCRETE FOOTING FOR CHB (JACKBILTS SPECIFICATION) TABLE 2-7 Thickness 17 Stock Size 2" x 4" x 10". 3"x4"x10 Width Meter 4” (0.10) 12° (0.39} 0.03 Cu. M. 4” (0.10) 0.03 Cu. M- e158 | _14°(0.35)_| 0.0525.cu. m. [sea9 | 16040 ADOBE STONE FOR ZOCALO WALL AND FOUNDATION (BASED ON 0.15 M X 0.35 M X 0.45 M BLOCKS) | TABLE 2-8 4°x4"x 10" 3”x 10" x 10" MISCELLANEOUS BRICKS AND STONE TABLE 2-11 2°x4" 2° x6" 2°x 8"” 19 ADOBE BUTTRESS QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR CHB MORT., TABLE 2-12 ‘AR PER SQ. M. Finished Cross Section No. of Stones Per cone MKS FPS Course Meter Height 0.35 x 0.50 14" x20" 2 12 0.50 x 0.50 20° = 20" 3 18 0.50 x 0.65 20" x 26" 4 24 12.5 .525 .994 328 .416 .308 .263 .04375 eo anS 20" x 32° . 30 12.5 1.013 .789 633 .802 .801 .606 .08438, 0.80x0.95 | 20°x38" 6 36 12.5 1,500 1,125 .998 1.188 .875 .750 .12500 NOTE: When wall is supported by buttress then. QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL 1. Estimate first for the buttress stone. FOR CHB FOOTING PER LINEAR METER 2. Estimate stone for wall. 3. — Cross footing estimated as continuous. TABLE 2-15 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR AND PLASTER MIXTURE PER CUBIC METER ° = i} TABLE 2-13 CEMENT in BAGS 40 kg. 50 kg. ge $e 8B 88 & 8388 2238 18.0 14.5 12.0 9.5 ~ 9.0 7.0 75 6.0 {888 88 882 2 225 -263 300 380 450 506 ‘ 563 675 600 730 200 B5821 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR PLASTERING PER SQUARE TABLE 2-18 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND. SAND PER 100 CHB MORTAR TABLE 2-19 AND FOOTINGS QUANTITY OF STONE, CEMENT AND SAND FOR 15x 20x40| 8.104 6.072 5.064| 6.416 4.728 4.048 |0.675 TABLE 2-17 20 x 20x 40/12.000 9.000 7.504] 9.504 7.000 6.020 | 1.000 (CEMENT MORTAR PER STONE ce ee QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND PER 100 CHB PLASTER TABLE 2-20MASONRY SAMPLE PROBLEM: with 6"x8* Construct a fence 2 meters high 52 meters long x 16" CHB using Class “B” mortar and plaster mixture. Be ¢ rt 9 Find the area of the wall: ‘A= 2m x52 = 104 9q. m. Referring to table 2-14 104x 12.5 = 1,300 pcs. ind the volume of mortar Tabl- 2 0.0008 x 1,300 = 1,04 cu. m. Mortar for 4 cells Table 2-1 ,300 = 3.9 cu. m. Oo Calman ae wit ecm, Referring to table mortar 12.04 x 4.94 = 59,48 cement 0.97 x 4.94 = 4.79 cu. m. sand h. Find the volume of plaster Two faces: 0.002 x 1,300 = 2.6 cu. m, 1 Referring to table _—_ using Class "B" Cement: 2.60 x 5.5 = 14.30 Lime: 2.60 x 5.5 = 14.30 Sand: 2.60 x 0.90 = 2:34 Summary of Computation for Materials: Cement: 59.48 + 14.30 = 73.78 Lime: = 14.30 Sand: 2.34 + 4.94 =7.28 POST AND FOOTING: EXAMPLE PROBLEM: Aconcrete post 4.00 m. high with a cross sectional dimen- sion of a 10 x 12 in. is resting on a concrete footing 8 in. Thick by 32" sq. if class B mixture is specified, find the quantity of cement sand and gravel. GIVEN FIGURE:24 REQUIRED: The quantity of cement, gravel and sand. SOLUTION: A Convert first the measurement from meters. 8" =.20m 32° = .80m 12° = .30m 10° =.25m B. Find the volume of the footing -20 x .80 x .90 = .128 cu. m. Cc. Volume of Post -25 x .30 x 4.00 = .30 cu. m. D. Total volume 2 and 3 = .428 E. Referring to Table 1-2 Cement: .428 x 6.48 = 2.77 say 3 bags 428 x .44 = 0.188 cu. m. -428 x .88 = .38 cu. m. MASONRY: PROBLEM: ‘The net area of a certain masonry wall is 100 sq. m. Find the no. of 9* x 6*x 8 CBH. Bag of cement and lime, and cu. m. of land. The wall is to be tooled finished on one side. Use 13 mixture for plaster and mortar. SOLUTION: 1)-_ Pes. of CHB = 100 x 13 = 1300 pes. 2) Mortar Volume: Referring on Table 2-1 and Table 2-4. Filler Volume = 1300 x 0.0026 = 3.64 cu. m. Volume of mortar = 100(3.28)? Sq.Ft x6Cu. Ft. Cu. m. 25 «. Volume of mortar = 1.83 cu. m. Total volume of mortar = 3: 1,83 = 5.47.cu. m. Referring on Table 2-3, using Class “B" mixture Cement: 5.47 x 12.07 = 66.02 say 66 bags Sand: 5.47 x 0.97 = 5.31 say 5.5 cu. m. 3) ~~ Plaster volume referring on Table 2-3 V = 100x 0,012 = 12 cu. m. Cement: 1.2 x 5.5 = 6.6 bags Lime: 1.2 x 5.5 = 6.6 bags Sand; 1.2 x 0.90 = 1.1 cu. m. SAMPLE PROBLEM: Compute the quantity of cement in bags sand in cu. m. and. poe 0.45 adobe stones for a wall supported by buttress'as 8 2 FIGURE:SOLUTION: 1, Buttress: Total height = 2x 3 = 6.0 m. No. of stones = 6(12) = 72 pes. Mortar Volume % V = 72 (0.001575) = 0.1134 cu, m. on i:3 mixture: Cement: 0.1134 (12.04) = 2 bags Sand: 0.1134 (0.92) = 0.11 cu. m. Wall: Area = [10 — 3(0.35)] (2) = 17.90 sq. m. No. of stones = 17.9(13) = 233 pcs. For class “A” plaster on two faces Cement: 233(0.0304) = 7 bags Sand: 233(0.0017) = 0.5 cu. m. 3. Cross-footing: No. of stones = 10(6) = 60 pes. Mortar volume §_V = 60{0.0065) = 0.39 cu. m. Referring on Table 2-3 using 1:3 mixture: Cement: 0.39 (12.04) = 5 bags Sand: 0.39(0.97) = 0.5 cu. m. SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR MASONRY: From the figure prepare the bill of materials using class “5” mixtures. 28.0 VS 27 SOLUTION: A. For conc. hollow blocks: Compute for the total perimeter of the fence P=20+20+20+15 =75m Subtract the space occupied by the posts: 75 - (20 posts x 20) =75-4 = 71 m. total length Solve for the area of the fence A=240x71m A=170.4 sq! m. Multiply: CHB: 170.4 x 12.5 = 2,130 pes. B. Cement mortar for-block laying and cell filler Referring to Table 2+4 using class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement Cement: 170.4x .525 = 89.46 say 90 bags Sand: 170.4x.0437=7.45 say 7.5cu. m. Plastering of the fence to ground line only (2:0 m) Solve for the area: A= Ht. x Perimeter A=2,00x71 m. ‘= 142 m. one face Two faces: 142 x 2 = 284,sq. m. Using Class B mixture Cement: 284x .192 = 54.5 say 55 bags Sand: 284x .016=4.54 say 5cu. m.28 Footing of posts = .60 x .60 eq. Compute for the volume of footing Plastering of the Post: vetxwxl o i i vy =.15x.60 x .60 x 20 posts Take the guriace area of the v= 1,08 cu. m. the CHB (0.20 x 2.60) Post lezs the area occupied by 9.89 x 2.00 ht. x 20 posts Using class “B” = 24 sq. m. F. mixture ‘Cement: L08 x 7.5 = 8.1 bags Sand: 1.08x.50=.5cu.m. Gravel: 1.08 x 1.0 = 1.08 Using class “B" ruixture. Cement: 24 x 0.192 = 4.6 bags Sand: 24 x 0.016 = 0384 cu. m. CHB Footing: Summary: ‘Total length of the fence less the space occupied by the post footings (.60 x .60 m.) ie i 75 m ~ (.60.x 19 posts) men = a 11.40 Sand = 83.6 m. Gravel Instead of 20 posts we used 19 pes. only. Where the two Specify the use of 15 cm. post at the gate entrance where in only one half footing having a dimension of 30 perm Sate cf fire wall occupies by the CHB footing. mixture of mortar, Prepare 4 bill of mai high with class “B* reinfercement for the same phase, clals for both CHB and Using 40 kg. cement class “B" i Mixture 10 x40 cm, footing. Cement: 83.6 x .30 = 25 bags. Sand: 83.6 x .02 = 1:67 cu. m. Gravel: 83.6 x .04 = 3.34 cu. m. Cencrete Post: Solve for the volume 0.20 x 0.20 x 2.40 x 20 posts = 1.92 cu. m. Using class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement Cement: 192 x 7.5 = 14.4 bags Sand: 1.92 x 0.50 = 0.96 cu. m. Gravel: 1.92 x 1.0 = 1.92 cu. m. FOOTING LIME3} For Cement Plaster: a) Referring tc table using Class “C* mixture For Cement:.34.51 x -144 = 4.97 bags Sand: 34.51 x .016 = 0.55 cu. m. 4) Footings: a) ‘Total length of wall = 3.50 + 5.50 = 9.0m b) Referring to table for a (15 x 40) footing using Class “A” concrete mixture For Cement: 9.0 x .450 = 4.05 bags Sand: 9.0 x .030 = 0.27 cu. m. Gravel: 9.0 x .060 = 0.54 cu. m. , cost analysis between a reinforced concrete wall and a concrete hollow block wall: This question is ordinary wherein some of the consultants are confident enough when asked by a client which Is cheaper to construct. A reinforced concrete wali or a concrete hollow block wall? Usually their answer Is the concrete hollow block wall. Then the client asked how sure are you thai a CHB wallis cheaper than a reinforced concrete wail? ‘The consultant answered, I'm certain and sure for it is already a proven fact sir. The client with a laymen view believe whatever the consultant says: The recommendaticn is approved, construct the fire wall with a 15 em. Concreie hollow blocks. PROBLEM: A Ore wall Kas a dimension of 35 meters long and meters high specify the use of 15 cm. Concrete hollow blocks with Clase “B" concrete mortar mixture. Prepare a bill of materials for both CHB and a reinforced for same wall. _ | SOLUTION: 1) Fora 15x20 x 40 cm. CHB wall: a) Find the area of the wall A=35%x7.0 A= 275 sq. m. b} Referring to table: 275 x 12.5 = 3,437.5 pes. For Cement Mortar: 8) Referring to table using Class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement For Cement : 275 x 1.013 = 278.56 say 279 bags Sand: 275 x .08438 = 23.20 say 24 cu. m. For Cement Mortar: 4) Total area to be plastered 275 x 2 faces = 550 sq. m. ») Referring to table using Class “B* mixture 40 kg. cement For Cement: 550 x .192 = 105.6 say 106 bags Sand: 550 x .016 = 8.8 say 9 cu. m.34 Summary: Concrete hollow block 15cm = 3,438 pcs. Cement = 385 bags Sand = 33 cu. m. METAL REINFORCEMENT STEEL REINFORCEMENT: Steel is widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of concrete construction. It ts an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression load and Jhundred times stronger in tensile stresses: Concrete design assumes that concrete and steel reinforce- ment act together in resisting load and likewise to be in the state of simultaneous deformation, otherwise, the steel bars might slip from the concrete in the absence of sufficient bond due to excessive load. Types of Deformed-Bars__ STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL BARS TABLE 3-1 | 32 mm @ [31.57 | 37.88 [47.36 [56.82 [66.29 | 75.76 | 85.25 | [71.92 [83.91 | 95.89 |107.88 96 mm @ [0.96 Max. Value Summation of Gaps of Lugs Nominal Diameter Max, Average Spacing of LugsLength of Bars in Meter Per Per Sq. M. and the determine the number of 10 cm. CHB the wien recta bars apaced at 80 cm On center including the horizontal bars at every three layers verb. Reirg. Bo.8ou. Oc. HORIZON TAL RBINF. @ EVERY S LAYERS SOLUTION: Solve for the Area of Fence: A = length x height A =4.00 x 3.00 A= 12 sq.m. For vertical reinforcement of 80 cm. 0.C. Referring to table by square meter or area method. MULTIPLY: 12X 1.60 = 19.2 meters Convert this value to commercial length of steel bars ranging from 5.00 to 13.50 meters. Select the moat economical length avo!ding extra cut. Select 4 pes. 10 mm. x 5.00 m. long Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers from table; multiply 12 x 2.15 = 25.8 meters Adopt: 4 pes. @ 5.00 m and 1 — @ 600 m long. Order: 8 pes. 10 mm, x 5.00 m. steel bars 1-10 mm x 6.00 m. steel bars ANOTHER SOLUTION: First: Solve for the area of fence: A=4x3,00 A= 12.00 sq. m. Determine the number of CHB 12 x 12.5 = 150 pes. Referring to table: Vertical reinforcement per block @ 80 m : O.C. Multiply: 150 x 0.128 = 19.2 meters Select: 4 pcs 10 mm x 5.00 m. longb) Horizontal bars for every after 3 layers Referring to table mul! 150 x 0.172 = 25.8 m. Convert to commercial length Adopt: 4 pes. 10 mm x 5.00 and 1 @ 6.00 m. long Order: 8 pes. {0 mm x 5.00 m. and : oe tam x 6.00 m. steel bars c) PROBLEM: 12 mm steel bars and the tle wire Independent square footing with 5 meters. Determine the Ee ‘of kilogram if there are 20 pcs. pate dimension of 15 x 1d (2 MM STEEL BAR’ FIGURE: Lag SOLUTION: 1. Determine the net length of one reinforcing cut bar * 1.00 m. + .20 m. = 1.20 m. 389 2. Total cut-bars in one footing 6x2 = 12 pes. 3. Total cut-bars for 20 footings 12 x 20 = 240 pcs. 4. — Total length of all the bars 240 x 1420 « 288 meters 5. Divide the above result by the length one steel bar say 6.00 meters. 2.88 raaoy 7 28 Poe Urder: 48 pcs. of 12 mm x 6:00 m. steel bars ANOTHER SOLUTION: 1, Net length of one reinforcing bar = 1.20 m. 2. Total bars in one footing: 6x2 =12 pes. 3. Total for 20 footings 12 x 20 = 240 pcs. 4. Divide one steel bar by the length of one cut bar 6.00 _ $20! This means that 5 pcs. at 1.20 meter long reinforcing bar could be taken from a 6.00 meters long steel bar then. 5. Divide the total cut bars for 20 footings by 5 sn 48 pieces LATERAL TIES: The spacing of the ties shall not exceed: 16 x the Longitudinal bar diameter 48 x lateral tie bar diameter or at least dimensicon of the column eres40 SAMPLE PROBLEM: termine the lateral tie for a tied column as Stirrups ~ the structural reinforcing member that holds or bind: “ apaiah together the main reinforcement of a beam orgirder toadesigned shown. oe FIGURE: epr STIKRUPS FOR BEAMS AND GIRDERS: There are two types of stirrups that is commonly used a. Closed stirruns. b. open st Te RAL TIED we ER COLUMN REINF OPEN ne SAMPLE PROBLEM: Aconcrete beam with a cross sectional dimension of 25x 40 em. required 10 mm open stirrups spaced as shown. Prepare the order of 10 mm. steel bars for stirrups of § beams with the same category. Diameter of the main longitudinal bar = 20 mm. Diameter of lateral ties = 10 mm Multiply: 16 x 20 = 320 mm. 48 x 10 = 480 mm. Shoriest side of the column = 300 mm. Adopt 300 mm OK 30 em. spacing. JONM. STIRRUPS,SOLUTION: 6 A. Bydirect counting there are 24 stirrups at 96 cm. say 1.00, long. B. Total number of stirrups ia 24 x 8 beams = 192 pes. C. Using a 5.00 m long steel bars for a 1.00 m long stirrups. Divide: 122 «38.4 pes. 10 mm x 5.00.m. orusinga6.0 mm. long steel bars Divide: 192. _ 32.0 pes. 6 D. Order: 32 pcs. of 1O mm x 6.00 m steel bars 10 mm x 6,00 m. Aspiral column with a cross sectional diameter of 50 cm. Requires 10 mm spiral reinforcement as shown in Figure. Ifthere are 14 columnsat 7.00 meters high each, find the number Col. Reinf. of 10 mm Steel bars needed for a 5.00 cm. pitch. Spiral ties fe a td 5.0 cm. pitch SPIRAL COLUMN: (oe til SOLUTION: A. Spiral reinforcement 1. Find the total length of the 14 columns 7x 14 = 98 meters 2. From Table —_ for'a 50 cm. column diameter 5.00 cm. pitch Multiply: 98 x 3.223 = 315.8 say 316 pcs. 3. Order: 316 pcs. 10 mm x 9.00 m. steel bars The Wire 1. Find the number of vertical bars per column = 12 2. Referring to Table 3-7 for a 5 cm. pitch Multiply: 12 x 21 tums per meter = 252 ties 3. Total tle wire for 14 column bar intersections at 7.00 m. ht. B 252x7,00mx14= 24,696 pcs. 4. Total length of the wire'at .30 m. long per tie wire 254,696 x .30 = 7,409 m. 5. Convert tc kilogram at 53 m. long/kilo Divide: 7409 53 = 139.8 say 140 kilos44 AND HOOK ALLOWANCE OF ROD REINFORCEMENT WEIGHTS au wailable lengths of commercial bars: ee , oon Gam aak (7.5 m) 30 ft. (9.0) pn email OF ROD: WEIGHTS AND HOOK ALLOWANCE | on 3 cabagens TiS TABLE 3-3 ( | - 6 0.222 u 10 0.616 d - 12 0.888 : 16 1.579 ; S ey 2.466 : 5 25 3.854 ; ? 28 4.833 a) 32 6.313 \ q 5 631 | ii 8 2 te 40 . 9.864 z a 50 15.413 No. of pes, of lateral tie in one 6.0 m. bar NOTE: Kg. x 0,001102 = ton Lb x 0.453 =kg Tie Wire: é No. 16G I. tie wire = 20 kg./ton of rebar “= 0.02 x total weight of rebar = $5 kgs. per rollCONCRETE SLAB REINFORCEMENT | TABLE 3-7 | Bar | One Way Slab ‘Two Way Slab 20 Bar | Tie Wire 20Bar | Tie Wire Kg./Sq.M. | Per Sq. M. 1Kg./Sq. M. CHB - REINFORCEMENT TABLE 3-7 Spacing of Vertical Length of Bars in Meter Per NOTE: Rebars for spiral column, slab and “CHB” indicated in the tables ticlude the allowance for bending splicing and end hook. CHB REBAR (JACKBILT SPECIFICATION) TABLE 3-8 VERTICAL BAR SPACING50 HORIZONTAL BAR SPACING Block Every Third Every Fourth Every Fifth Thickness Course or 0.60 Course or 0.60 Course 0.0 a 3/8" 3/8O 3/8" e 1/2° 1/2°8 1/2°@ a 1/z “SO 1/2” @ 1/278 ELECTRICAL ESTIMATES Class of Work Unit Labor - Hour Electrician Helper Install thin-wali conduit. with outlet boxes 1/2 and 3/4 in 100 L.F. 4-6 4-6 1.0 in. 100 LF. 4.3-7 4.3-7 1.25 in. 100 LF. 45-7.5 4.5-7.5 1.50 100 LF. 5.5-9 5.5-9 Install flexible conduit with outlet boxes 1/2 and3/4in. 100LF. 3-5 3-5 1 and 1.25 in 100 LF. 4-6 4- Class of Work. Unit Labour - Hour Install Service Entrance Electrician Helper Cap and conduit Each 05-10 05-1.0 ‘Install conduit and fuse panel Each 05-10 05-1.0 Install heavy rigid conduit with outlet boxes 1/2 and 3/4 in. 100 in. ‘ft. 5.0-10 5.0-10 | 1 and 1.25 in. 100 in. ft. 50-11 6.0-11 11/2 in 100 in. ft. 3:0-13 3.0-13 2 in 100 in. ft. 12-17 12-17 21/2 in: 100 in. ft, 15-21 15-21 3 in 100 jn. ft. 20-28.’ -20-28 4 in 100 in. ft. 25-35 25-35 woop Wood is that fibrous substance which compose the trunk and branches of the tree that les between the pith and the bark. The versatility of using wood in the construction has lifted it to its present importance and high demand in almost all types of construction Even with the introduction and acceptance of new materi- als and methods of construction, wood is evidently much in use wood because of its strength, light in weight, durability and ease of fastening has become one of the most important building material. DEFINITION OF TERMS Lumber ~ is the term applied to wood after it is sawed or sliged into boards, planks, timber etc. Rough Lumber — is the term applied to unplaned or undressed lumber. Surface or Dressed Lumber - is a planed lumber having at least one smooth side. 82s; $49 — are dressed lumber wherein in the number connotes the number of smooth side such as s2s means smooth on two sides and s4s for four sides. Slab — {s a kind of rough lumber which js cut tangent to the annual rings running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat surface. Timber — is a plece of lumber five inches or 13 cm. or larger {n its smallest dimension. Plank - is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 13 cm. thick. Board - is a piece of lumber less than 4 cm thick with at least 10 em. wide. Flitch - is a thick piece of lumber. Fine Grained - when the annual rings are small the grain or marking which separates the adjacerft rings is said to be fine grained. When large, it is called coarse grained.52 Straight Grained ~ when the direction of the fibers are nearly parallel with the side and edges of the board, it is said to be straight grained. Crooked or Cross-Grained - is a lumber taken from a crooked. tree. CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD Wood used in building construction are those wood which grows larger by addition of layer on the oliter surface each year known to Botanist as exogens. WOOD ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO: 1. Mode of Growth a. Exogeneous - are those outward growing trees which are most prepared for lumbering b, Endogeneous — are those inside growing trees which are not preferred for lumbering because they produced a soft center core 2. Density - density is either a. soft b. hard 3. Leaves — the leaves of the tree is either a. needle shape b. broad shape 4. Shade or Color a, white b. yellow C,, 16d d, brown e. biack, ete. 5. Grain a. straight b. cross ce fine d, coarse Nature of the surface when sawed a. b. Cc plain grained figured or marked LUMBERING (BOARD MEASURE = BOARD FT.) oy a | a33_| Lio — ‘ a & ci ® Pie |=|¢ 8 3 S/=)18 B18 8 8 - rePNFrbrs uaa y 2 8FLOOR JOISTS (BOARD FT. OF FLOOR JOIST PER SQUARE METER) TABLE 4-2 SPACING ON CENTER 10’ (0.25) 12° (0.30) 14" (0.35) 12.26 10.78 18.11 16.10 21.12 2. 3. Subtract all floor openings from gross floor area. Round total to 100 bd. ft. For girts, girders, post, etc. — Estimate by direct counting 0.40 x 0.40 6.410 9.630 12.840 0.40 x 0.60 5.50 8.40 10.903. For components of shorter lengths, compuie according to their sizes combined together and adjust to commercial size. fl Lumber over 24” shall have splicing with 8-1/2 diameter bolt per splice. Add 20% for waste and splicing or 15% fer waste alone. Round to 10 bd. ft. for each truss or rafter. Truss bolt size = 12 diameter minimum. Minimum truss bolt requirements: top joints = 5 bolts end joints = 2 bolts intermediate at bottom chord = 1 bolt intermediate at top chord = < bolts quantity of nails per 1000. board it. CEILING JOIST TABLE 4-6 is BOARD FT. PER SHEET OF CEILING PANEL xe 18°x24" 18" 0.c o.c bw. inx2? |3.85 44 2°x2° 17.70 8.8 27x39" | 11.55 18.20 2° x4" | 15.40 17.60 Stock Pie Boop QUANTITY OF NAILS PER 100C BAD. FY. CEILING BOARD TABLE 4-7 ~ Rafters 6kg il A of Pes. /Sq. M. Purlins 9-10 kg \ Size | No. of Pes./Sq.M.| Size __| No. of fsa: Floor Joist 12” x 12” 11.30 24" x 24" 263 5 Flooring ea i ¥ 6” 0.65 FS" x 2° 16" x 16" 6.35 3" x6 = 1/2" x 2" 16" x 24" 2.82 4x8" 0.38 "x4" 1"x 6" CEILING JOIST as Studs 4kg TRUSSES AND RAFTE Sidings 8 kg 1. Estimate by direct counting and measuring met? od. Door and Wdw. Frame 2. Make a check list of components: Briding 1° x4" a. top chord b. bottom chord c. collar plate d. strut or web member e. brace f windor sway bracing59 58 SIZE OF POST’ SAMPLE PROBLEM: TABLE 4-9 Find the total board foot of lumber that could be derived from a 28 inches diameter log by 20 feet long. pee 1 by the Department of Engineering of the City of | FIGURE: Manila (Ipil or Its Equivalent) ; ite the needéd materials for the floor system shown using 1” x 6" flooring supported by 2” x 6” joist spaced at 12° on center.: Puke ROOFINGS 1. For 1°x6".T & G Flooring: Referring Table 3-3 10.8 bd. ft/eq: m. Total bf = 10.6 (3 x 6} = 104.4 bd. fo N-2x67 x 16" +2 = 104; Ne 24 pes. ROOF PITCH AND PERCENTAGE ADDITION Percent Addition’ to Flat Area for Trusses and Rafters 2. For 2” x 6" x 12" Floor Joist From Table 3-2 16.10 bd. ft./sq. m. ‘Tatal bf = 16.10 (3 x 6) = 289.8 bd. fU N-2°x6"x 12 + 12 = 289.8, N = 24 pes. SAMPLE PROBLEM: te the needed materials for the ceiling frame shown. Use 3° x 6" joist 18" Lone SOLUTION: 1. Divide 4 +0.9=5; 10+ 1.8=6 Pes. of Ceiling Panel = 5 x 6 = 90 pcs. 2. For Ceiling Joist: Referring to Table 3-6 8.8 bd. ft./sht. No. of pcs. without considering cutting wastage = (4 x 10) + (9x 1.8 = 25 pes. Total bf = 25 (8.8) = 220 bd. ft. N-2°x2°x 12 + 12 =220, N = 55 pes. Nail from Table 3-8 No. of kis (1 1/2) ewn = 8(334.4) x 10 = 2.7 kis Formula for Pitch: Pitch = $s63 Ga ROOTS 4. Solve for puriin based on Table 5-2 and round up to 10 Bd. PURLINS FOR STANDARD THAN 3.0 M 2 a - roofing sheets adn round up to:10 sheets ROOFING HARDWARES Roofing Rivets = 180 pcs. per kgs. 6' Corr. G.I. Sheet - 6 Rivets Per Sheet T Corr. G.I. Sheet - 9 Rivets Per Sheet 8' Corr. G.I. Sheet - 9-12 Rivets Per Sheet 12’ Corr. G.L Sheet - 12 Rivets Per Sheet, Lead Washers = 96 Pes. Per Kilo Plate (Washer) = 152 Pcs. Per Kilogram PLAIN G.I. STRAPS PER SHEET (36”" X 8” — 0”) TABLE 5-4 Strap Size ROOFING NAILS: — 102 Pes. Per Kg. 2 1/2 188 Pres. Per Kg. 2 1/2 NO. OF ROOFING NAILS:~— 6. 7 and 8 Length = 12 Pcs. Per Sticet 9 and 10’ Length = 16 Pcs. Per Shest 12 Length = 18 Pcs. Per SheetNO. OF WASHERS PER SHEET = NO. OF RIVETS FOR 3 PURLINS/G.1. SHEET d 12 Straps 7 Pcs. Rivets Non Engaging 26 Pcs. Rivets Engaging For 4 Purlins Per G.I. Sheet 16 Straps, 7 Pes. Rivets Non-Engaging 32 Pcs. Rivets Engaging Non-Engaging Rivets 3/8" x 1/4” = 189 Pcs. Per Kg. Engaging Rivets 1/2' x 1/4' = 153 Pes. Per Kg. 2 Pcs. Lead Washer 2 Pcs. G.I. Washer 2 Pes. 11/2 Flathead Nails 0.06 Kg. Per Sheet 2 Pcs. 2 1/2" Roof Nails. 0-082 Kg. Per Sheet Plain G.I. Gutter, Ridge Roll. Facia Flashing Standard Length = 8 Ft. No. of Sheets Req'd. =Total Linear Mtr. x 0.44 Nikolite Soldering Lead: ~@utter ; No, of Bars = No. of Pes. of Gutter + 4 Downspout No. of Bars = No. of Pes. of Downspot + 5 Murilatic Acid = 10 cc. Per Bar KINDS OF ASBESTOS ROOFING: 1, Standard Corrugated Sheets 4-V Corrugated Sheets 2 3. Kanaletas 4. Placa Romana 6. Tencor Corrugated Sheets TECHNICAL DATA Standard Corrugated Sheets _ =4to End Lapping: Below 20° = 0.30 M rg Width: Effective ae acre pean meri aia a General Formula 97ap 98 Sepeoesnoge GENERAL EXPENSE MAY INCLUDE AMONG OTHER®: a _ Mobilization and Demobilization * Job Salaries Security and Safety Medical-Dental Temporary Facilities or Temfacil ‘Transportation, Material, Equipment, Personnel SSS-Medicare, or Fringes Insurance, Bonds Taxes Home Office Overhead SET-UP PROFIT INCREMENT OR MARKED-UP AND PROFIT MAYBE a) b) On-site visit by Pop Opportunity cost of money advances ~ Payroll Money - Equipment Operation Cost ~ ~ Materials Purchases - Prepaid Insurance Proportionate share on the company’s real property depre~ ciation cost or outstanding loan payment. SITE VISIT REPORT Name of Project Client Location of Project Date of Visit Distance to closest towns or cities | Highways: Roads: a) Type and surface condition b) Capacities of bridges or load restrictions 10. 11. 5 a 99 Hall roade, distance and condition a), “From barge back facility : « b) From various materials sources i Power Connection ; a) Closest installation and capacity Description b) Cost of extension or/installation of job ¢) Person to contact for installation sg Telephone Communications: a) Person to contact for installation Land rental, ownership and availability if owners does not supply ate we area a) Project: a es ea | ea ae availability, adequacy. Location with reference to Trailer Facilities: location; adequacy: availability Local sub contractors or suppliers: a) Adequacy of plant; method of delivery; reputation Construction material suppliers Lumber Aggregate Rock and riprap materials. Clearing ) Painting Mechanical Electrical Ready Mix Plants Rental haul trucks Grouting Seeding and Sodding Bituminous surfacing and road work Well drillers17. 101 Determine if terrain and working conditions will allow or 12. Visit Clients Office: require specialized equipment. a. List names and titles: telephone numbers of Persons ca 18. Emergency Services (ambulance, hospitals etc.) Title Phone 19, Notes and Comments Name : Title Phone Pe anaes es FE Name ’ Title Phone b. Discuss general job requirements; UNIT MAN HOURS Check when completed 13. 14. 15. 16. Investigate ground-water conditions, natural drainage. oop ¢. Clarifying questioned items in specifications check when completed Form Lumber ~ 110-140 bf per cubic meter of concrete Form Plywood - 0.8 pieces of 4° x 8" plywood form per cubic of d. Examine special reports, etc. Secure copy if possible; concrete. otherwise make extracts of pertinent features check Assorted Nails ~ 1 keg. of assorted nails per 2000 bf of nailing surface when completed. Describe site: Take photographs of all borrow areas; plant area; general construction areas extent of clearing and grubbing required. Determine availability of potable water a. Secure approximate costs of drilling and casing well Recommend locations of contractor's worksite: Locate office, shot and sheds Estimate work required to prepare site Locate batch plant and aggregate area 1. Estimate site preparation 2. Determine foundation conditions d. Locate storage areas for materials e. Recommend temporary roads f. Is local road surfacing material pit available? Yes No aread 45 kilos of nails ~ 1 keg. 1 keg ~ 100 Ibs. - 45 kg. FORMULAS TO FIND APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF NAILS REQUIRED (REF. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER FIELD DATA) Number of Pounds (12 d+ 60d, framing) = 4. Number of Pounds (2d to 12d, sheating) = ay a Where: d = Size of desired nail in penriies BF = Total board feet to be nailed and features which may revised or relocated to assist in main- taining dewatered operation: J102 a 103 UNIT MAN HOURS ITEM OF WORK CAST IRON PIPE 1. Commen Excavation fstmaual) 6.0 ME gag Sle. 98.g MH LOO LE Se si ao aati) 300.2 MH/ 100: LE 2 Common Excavation (Machine) 5 oe 8 aie 150.3 . ae CE ss a ae | MH 10° 300.6 8.0 gC St Ee 3. Hook Excavation (Manual and Machine Ww 12° 317.3 MH 14” @ 367.4 4. Structural Backfill (Manual) 5.0 Fer 16"@ 417.5 MH 18° @ A a 5. Structural Backfill (Machime 2.075 is PVC PIPES 1.0 6. Hauling Spoils 'e 1/2°@ ey), OM LORE MH 3/4" @ ——__—__ | 20 MH/100 BF 7. Trenching by Hand 6.0 we I" @ 22.5 MH L2G, ee | | 8. Trenching by Machine O25 1-1/2°@ % 2B. 2° 25.. 9. Piping Installation Pobsfar Oy 30. 3 @ 33. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE UNIT MAN HOURS ss 8 ae 1/20 20.00 MH/100 BF 4@ 40. 3/470 20.00 MH/100 BF ao 5. re 20.50 eS 2 is Lite / ACO ee eee a) ae CONCRETE FOUNDATION AND ELEVATED CONCRETE Bat See ee eee ec |) UNIT MAN HOURS oo 25.00 ' 2"-1/2°8 30.00 1. GRADE MEMBER 3° 33.00 Forwork 2, MH/M? 1/2 e. ee S600 Concreting _s Ss—() = 1472kn/m? Taking 1-m strip of the slabs wh = 24.72 kn/m For maximum moments: =M= WL? = 14.7205) = 656knm : 2 eee design Mu = 16.56 kn-m P Required Ru: : Ru = Mu(i rye Assume: Ru + 16.56.10 0.90 (1000) (100) d = 100mm Ru = 1.84 MPa computing Actual P_ P = 1f/m[1-/ 1-2mRu] } fy Po = 1/14.72 [1-/1-2(04.72(1.84 ] j 300 P= 00064 8 > _ pmax > p> pmin OK 135 As 1.0064 gon crony = 640 min’ \ RBINPORCEMENT BARS: Use 12mm@ bars;Ab = 113.1 mm? S = 113101000) = 176.72mm 640 é Nb = 1000 = 176.72 5.66 SAY 6 BARS TEMPERATURE BARS: Use 10mm @ bars; Ab = 78 mm? As = 0.002(1000)h; whereh = 100+ cover / = 100+ 25 = 125mm = 0.002(1000)(125). = 250mm? S = 78(1000) = 312 SAY 310mm 250 Nb = 1000 = 3.3 SAY 4 BARS 310 THEREFORE: Adopt: 125 mm thick slabs with 12 mm 0 minimum reinfor- cement and 10mm 0 temperature bars.» TERMS IN CONSTRUCTION - PILIPINO - ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS POSTE, HALIGE GUILILAN SULERAS SAHIG, SUELO SEPO BIGA BARAKILAN REOSTRA SENEPA. KOSTILYAHE TABIKE PILARETE PABALAGBAG PASAMANO SUMBRERO HAMBA SI ON ARDINERA MADRE (DE ESCALERA) BAYTANG TAKIP (SILIPAN) GABAY ain IBE BOLADA BALANGKAS KANAL ALULOD aoa ow on onun tuo wt | | | POST GIRDER JOIST FLOORING GIRT BEAM BOTTOM CHORD PURLIN FASCIA BOARD CEILING JOIST SIDING (EXTERNAL) STUD (VERTICAL) STUD (HORIZONTAL) WINDOW SILL WINDOW HEAD WINDOW OR DOOR JAMB COLLAR PLATE STRINGER (OPEN) STRINGER (CLOSED) TREAD RISER HANDRAIL MOULDING EAVE PROJECTION FRAME WORK GUTTER CONDUCTOR DE BANDEHA ESCOMBRO LASTILYAS LIYABE HINANG ESTANYO SUBAN, SUBUHAL PIE DE GALLO PUNSOL POLEYA ESPOLON ononou o rannunou tooo wnunud 137 ‘W.1. STRAP BOLT SCAFFOLDING STAKE PLASTERED COURSE STUCCO OR PLASTER SCRATCH COAT. PICKWORK (ON MASONRY) VARNISH FINISH SPACING OF GAP CONCRETE SLAB (ROUGH) ALIGNMENT PLUMB LINE CEMENT TILE CEMENT BRICK DOOR FILLET GROOVE GOOD GRAIN PATTERN OR SCHEDULE HINGE PANELED DOOR EARTHFILL MASONRY FILL ADOBE ANCHOR SOLDER NICOLITE BAR TEMPER (METAL WORK) DIAGONAL BRACE NAIL SETTER WIRING KNOB CABINET HINGE138 EQUIVALENT VALUES 1 CENTIMETER = 03937 IN. 1 METER = 3.281 FT. 1 METER + 39.37 IN. 1 METER = 1.0936 YARDS 1 KILOMETER = 0.54 NAUT. MILE 1 KILOMETER = 0.6214 STATUTE MILB 1NAUTICALMILE = °° 6080 FT. 1 STATUTE MILE =) 5280 FT. 1 LITER = 0.22 BRITISH GALS. 1 LITER + 0.2642 U.S. GALS. 1 GALLON I 4 QUARTS 1 QUART = \ 2PINT 1 QUART = 0.95 LITERS 1:GALLON (US) = 231 CULIN. 1 GALLON (BRITISH) = — 277.42 CU.IN. 1 BRITISH GAL. =~ 1.2U.S. GAIL. 1 POUND — = 16 OUNCES 1 QUART = 32 FLUID OUNCE 1 TON = 2000 POUNDS 1 LONG TON = 2240LB. 1 METRIC TON = 2200 LB. 1ROD =F LSS DS! 4RODS = 1 CHAIN = 22 YRDS. 1 FURLONG = 40 RADS = 220 YRDS. 1MILE = FURLONG = 1760 YRDS. 1 FURLONG = 201.1684 M. 1CU. METER = 1000 LITERS 1 CU: METER = 35.5 CU. FT. 1CU. FT. = 7.48 GALLONS 1 CU. FT. = 28.3 LITERS 1 HECTARE = — 10,0v00M? 1 ACRE = 43,560 SQ.FT. 1SQ. KILOMETER 1SQ.M. 18Q.M 1SQ.M. 1 INCH 1 CABLE LENGTH 1 FATHOM 1 LEAGUE 1 SPAN 1 VARA 1MIL 8 8 8 1 RPM 1 RPM 1BTU 1 WATT 1 WATT 1 ERG 1 JOULE 1 THER. 1HP 1HP 1HP 1Kw 1 BOILER H.P. 1 MECH. HP. 1kw 1 METRIC H.P. 1 NEWTON 1 NEWTON 1 NEWTON “I NEWTON iunnnud ao od ut wt bea oo uw on od iunnhunu 139 247.1055 ACRES 10.7639 SQ. YRDS. 1.1960 SQ. YRDS. 0.155 SQ. IN. 2.54 CM. 720 FT. 6 FT. 3. NAU. MILES 9 INCHES 33 1/3 INCHES 0.001 INCH 32.2 Eps” 9.8 mps” 980 cm/sec” 60 RPS 120 TI RAD/SEC. 778.26 FT.LB. 1 JOULE/SEC. 10 7 ERGS/SEC. 1 DYNE-CM. 1 NEWTON-M 100,000 BTU 0.746 KW 33,000 FT-LB/MIN. 550 FT-LB/SEC. 1.34 HP 33479 BTV/HR. 424 BTU/MIN. 56.9.BTU/MIN. 0.986 U.S. HP 100,000 DYNE 102 GRAMS 0.102 KG. 0.2248 LB.140 1 DYNE 1 DYNE 1 DYNE 1 GRAM 1 GRAM 1 GRAM ‘10 KGX9.81 1KG 1KG 1KG TTB: 1LB 1 1B 1LB 1 GAL/MIN. 1 ACRE 1 ARE 1 CENTARE 1 HECTARE 1SQ. ROD 1 BARREL 1 GANTA 1GANTA . 1 CAVAN" 1 KEROSENE CAN 1 N=m/sec. " 1 JOULE/SEC. soe PU eRe eae u 0.0001 NEWTON 0.0102 GRAMS 2.205 X 10° LB. 9.81 X 10-3 NEWTON 980.67 DYNE 2.205 X 10° LB. 98.1 NEWTON 9.806 NEWTON 9.81 X 10° DYNE 2.205 LB 4,448 NEWTON 4,45 X 10° DYNE 453.6 GRAMS 0.4536 KG. 0.063 LITER/SEC. 0.4047 HECTARE 100 SQ.M. 1SQ. METER 2.471 ACRES 25.29 SQ.M. 4 BAGS CEMENT 8 CHUPAS 3 LITERS 25 GANTAS 5 GALLONS 1 watt wat RECTANGLE: bh Wee = 2ie SECTOR OF A CIRCLE: a = 1/2RC = 1/2R° 90 ELLIPSE: A = [lab142 ACI Act Acst AGC AOA AON ASTM Amp Apt Arch Approx Air Cond. Asph Auto Outta ee ee eee ae ABBREVIATION American Concrete Institute Access Panel Actual Acoustic Addition Adhesive Aggregate Associated General Contractors of America Inc. Activity On Arrow Alternating Current Activity On Node Aluminum American Society for Testing and Materials Ampere Anchor Bolt Apartment Approved Architectural Approximate Air Condition Area : Asbestos Asphalt At Automatic Avenue Average Balcony Basement Bathroom Bathtub Beam Ctoc Cube Feet Per Minute . Construction Corrugate Cycle Per Minute Cycle Per Second Cubic Foot Cast Concrete Cast Iron Center Center Line, Closset Ctoc Circlewo gee oer yey SEP PRe Circuit Breaker Circumference Clear Coated Combination Common Composition Concrete Conduit Continue ‘Contractor ‘Courses ‘Cross Section Cubic Inch Cubic Yard Cubic Meter Damper Damp Proofing Bee pepe Rea age FE 145 Electric Elevation Enamel Entrance Equal Equipment Estimate Excavate Existing Exterior Fabricate Feet Feet Board Measure ’ Finish Fahrenheit Temperature Gage Glass, Grade Line146 14 GPM = Gallon Per Minute ipa . ,! H = Hall = . Program Evaluation Review Technique Hdw = Hardware P/LE = Pounds Per Linear Foot Hd = Head PSF = Pounds Per Square Foot Hp = Horsepower PSI = Pounds Per Square Inch Hr = Hour Reqd = Required ‘Htr = Heater Rd = Road Ht = Hetght RPM = Revolution Per Minute Hor = Horizontal Sec = Second HB = Hose Bib aoe = Square Foot HW = How Water Sain = Square Inch Hse = House Square = = —-100 Square Feet of Area / Cc = Hundred Sq. M. = Square Meter | Qin = Inch 4 Sq. Yd = Square Yard | Int = Interior Std = Standard | I = Iron f Bs = Truck Jt & Joint | TPH = Tons Per Hour Kw = Kilowatt } Wa = Width Kwh = Kilowatt Hour { cone = Standard Ridge Tile Kip (10001b) = K wie = Week Kit = Kitchen {Wk = Per Week Ki = Rilo Wt. /Pe. = Weight Per Piece Lbs = Pounds Yd. = Yard Lam = Laminate > Yr. = Year Ltr = Liter t Lin. Ft. = Linear Foot j M = 1,000 { M = Meter 4 Me = Cubic Meter i /M. Ht. = Per Meter Height } Max = Maximum MFBM = 1,000 Feet Board Measure of Lumber Min = Minute MM = Millimeter MPH = Miles Per Hour Op = Operation Pes. /Kgs. * Pieces Per Kilograms #| Pes. /Sq.M. = Pieces Per Square Miles #|