1. Durante un dia fifo de invierno e! viento sopla a 55 kavh paralelo a una pared de 4 m de alto y 10 m de largo de una casa. Si el aire del exterior esti a 5°C y Ja temperatura superficial de la pared es de 12°C, detemnine la velocidad de la pérdida de calor desde esa pared por convecciéa. {Cuil seria su respuesta si se duplicara la velocidad del viento? Expocio Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds aumber is Re. = 510° 3 Radiation effect ate negligible. 4 Airs an ideal gas with constant properties Properties The properties of ar at 1 am and the film temperature of (T; + Ta)/2 = (12+5)/2 = Aur 85°C are (Table 8-15) = 0.02428 Wim °C vy =141310" m/s S T=120¢ Pr 0.7340 3 Analysis Air flows parallel 10 the 10 m side: “The Remmolds sumer inthis case is :<1000/ Jom) ey 2 TE 2 [651000/3600)m 51000) ogt.407 v LAIBx10™ m/s ‘which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined lanninar znd usbulent flow. ‘Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat wansfer coefficient and then heat transfer rate are determined to be um % k = (0.037Rez?*—871)Pr¥/3 =[0.037(1.081<107)98 —871](0.7340)""9 =1.336x10* 0.02428 Wim °C 330x10") = 32.43 Wim? om > = vw r w= (4m)(10m)= 40m? Q=hA,(Te —T,) = (32-43 Wim? “C40 m?}(12—5)°C = 9080 W = 9.08 kW the wind velocity is doubled: VL _[1101000/3600)n/5100m) v 1413x107 m/s, ‘whichis greater than the crcl Reynolds mb. Thus we have combined laminar and tbalet fo: ‘Using the proper relation for Nusselt number. the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate are determined to be Re, = 2.162107 2 (0.037 Re"*—871) P13 —[0.037(2.162x107)* ~8711(0.7340)!9 2.384104 Wiak?€ (9.384.104) = 57.88 Wim? °C °C)(40m*)(12—5)°C - 16.210 W ~ 16.21 EW2. En una planta geotérmica, el agua geotérmica que se usa, a 80°C, entra a un tubo no aistado de 15 em de didmetro y 400 m de largo, a razén de 8.5 kgs, y sale a 70°C antes de ser reinyeetada de nuevo en el suelo. Viento a 15°C fluye de manera normal al tubo. Si se descarta Ja radiacion, determine la velocidad promedio del viento en kum/h. _Assumprions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas ‘with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm Properties The specific heat of water 2t the average temperature of 75°C is 4193 J/kg C. ‘The properties of air atthe film temperature Wind of (75+15)/2=45°C are (Table A-15) rv = 002689 Wim2c snaps the energy chaage of the water from inlet to exit of the pipe, and it can be determined from the, AT = (@ 5 kg/s)(4193 Wkg.°C\(80-70)°C = 356.400 W ‘The surface area and the heat transfer coefficient are Ax aDL ~ 2(0.15 (400 m) ~1885 m? @ 356.400 W b= har, ~~) —+h-—_2__-_256800W__ On MAE, To) AG, =F) (i885m2\95 15°C 31.51 Wim? sc ‘The Nusselt aumber is WD _GLSIWin?.CX0.15m) 0.02699 Win.°C ‘The Reynolds number may be obtained from the Nusselt number relation by trial-error or using an equation solver such as EES: vn co3e ,BO2RE08 Pe -( Re y" is FrtosrmpeP |. (2820, Me= =175.1 050.7040! ss 17512034 292Re 7240) 1 Re J —sRe= 71.00 Peearozap P| (282000 ‘The average wind velocity can be determined fiom Reynolds number relation =, 11909-2015) __y 5 39:m/s=30.2kmv/h v 175x107 mis3. Determine el coeficiente de transferencia de ealor por conveceisn para el flujo de a) aire y b) agua a una velocidad de 2 m/s, en un tubo de 8 em de diimetro y 7m de longitud, cuando ese tubo esta sujeto a flujo uniforme de calor desde todas las superficies. Use las propiedades del fluido a 25°C [. eth Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The susface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner sucfaces of the ‘tube are smooth. Properties The propetties of air at 25°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02551 Wim2C v=1se2x10% m/s wae f\ Pr=0.7296 ara J The propesties of water at 25°C are (Table A-9) “ L=Tm p=997 ke/m? | = 0.907 Wie vay p=0.891x10 (997 =8.937%107 m/s Pr-6.14 Analysis The Reynolds auraber is yD __Qmiso0sm) “y 1562x107 m/s ‘which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths ia this cace are roughly Ij, £, #10 =10(0.08 m) =08m ‘which is much shorter thaa the total length of the tube. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from n= 2D occa! -ocanto24 "7:86" 25274 =10.243 Heat transfer coefficient is a yy 2 RL OPESLW/ PC (59 76) = 40.45 Wim? °C D 0.081 Repeating calculations for water:4. Se usa un tubo de 10 m de largo y 10 mm de didimetro interior, fabricado de acero comercial, para calentar un liquido en un proceso industrial. El liquido entra al tubo con Ti= 25°C, V=0.8 ns, Se mantiene un flujo uniforme de ealor por medio de un calentador de resistencia eléetrica enrollado alrededor de la superficie exterior del tubo, de modo que el fluido sale a 75°C. Si se supone un flujo completamente desarrollado y se toman las propiedades promedio del fluido como p=1000 kg/m 3, Cp=4 000 Ivkg - K, 1=2x107kg/m s, k-0.48 Wim K y Pr-10, determine a) El flujo de calor requerido en la superficie, , producido por el ealentador b) La temperatura de superficie del tubo a la salida, Ts ‘ube are smooth. 4 Heat transfer to the surroundings is negligible. vote Properties The propestics of the fluid are given to be p= 1000 kg/m’, cp = 4000 JikgK, v= 2x10" kg/s-m, = 0.48 Wink, and Pr=10 Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of the liquid is tin = pAV =(1000 kg/m?) ((0.01m)? / 40.8 mls) = 0.0628ke!s ‘The rate of heat transfer and the heat flux are Orie p(T, ~Z,) ~ (0.0628 ke/s)(4000 Fes. C75 —25)°C ~ 12,560 W @___12560W 4, 7@0lmiom (@) The Reynolds number is Re-L!D. (1000 kg/m>)(0.8 m/s)(0.01m) H C002 kgim-s which is greater than 2300 and smaller than 10,000. Therefore, ‘we have transitional flow. However, we use turbulent flow selation. The entry lengths in this case are soughly Ly, *L, =10D =100.01m)=01m which is much shorter than the total length of the tube. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from 4 = 40,000 Wim? = 4000 0.023(4000)°°o)** = 44 =X ny AS WiC (44) 9119 Wim? oC D O0lm ‘The susface temperature atthe exit is 4g =(T, ~T,) —>40.000 W = (2112 Wim? CT, - 75°C —ST, = 93.9°C (©) From Moody chart. Re=4000, = 0.046 mm, !D = 0.045/10 = 0.0045 + f= 0.044 ‘Then the pressure drop and the minimum power requised to overcome this pressure drop are determined to be (1000 kg/m? )(0.8m/s)” 3(001m) (10m) - 44,080 Pa 2 ap- 71-0 aay Wr =UaP =(r(0.01m)? /4 0.8 a/s)(14.080 Pa) = 0.88 W5, Se debe calentar agua desde 10°C hasta 80°C conforme fluye por un tubo de 2 cm de didmetro interno y 13 m de largo. El tubo esti equipado con un calentador de resistencia eléetrica que le proporciona calentamiento uniforme sobre toda su superficie. La superficie exterior del calentador esti bien aislada, de modo que en la operacién estacionaria todo el calor generado en éste se transfiere al agua en el tubo. Si el sistema debe proporeionar agua caliente a razén de 5 Vmin, determine la potencia nominal del calentador de resistencia, Asimismo, estime la temperatura de la superficie interior del tubo en la salida, Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth Properties The properties of water at the average ‘temperature of (80+10) / 2 = 45°C are (Table A-9) p=990.1kgim* = 0.637 WimeC w/ p= 0.602x10% m/s ey =4180 Tika °C Pr=391 Analysis The power rating of the resistance heater is VY =(990.1 ke/m*)(0.005 m?/min) = 4.951 ke/min = 0.0825 ka/s fn @ ‘The velecity of water and the Reynolds aumber are WV _Gx107 /60)m?is “Sd (002m)? /4 FaxgD _ (0.2653 mn/s)(0.02 m) v 0.602«10°% m7/s which is less than 10,000 but much greater than 2300. We assume the flow to be turbulent The entry lengths in this case are roughly 2, 8Z, *10D =10(0.2.m)=0.20m which is much shorter than the total leagth of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from Mu me = 0.023Re°® Pr®# =0.023(8813)°9(3.91)° = 56.85 1p (Te ~T;) = (0.0825 kg!s)(4180 Ike °C)(80-10)°C = 24,140 W 0.2053 ns =8813 Heat transfer coefficient is jE ny -2:837 Wie Dy 0.02 ‘Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes O=h4,(7,4-T,) 24.140 W = (1811 W/m? °C)[7(0.02m)(13 m)|(Z, - 80)°C T,, =90.3°C (56.85) -1811 W/m?°CAire caliente a la presién atmosférica y a 85°C entra en un ducto cuadrado no aislado de 10 m de largo y con seccidn transversal de 0.15 mx0.15 m que pasa por el atico de una easa, a razén de 0.10 m'/s. Se observa que el ducto es casi isotérmico a 70°C. Determine la temperatura de salida del aire y la razén de la pérdida de calor del ducto hacia el espacio en el atico. Espacio ss {za Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 80°C since the mean temperature of air at ‘the inlet will drop somewhat asa result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is ata lower ‘temperature. The properties of air at | atm and this temperature are (Table A-15) (p=0.9994 kei? = 0.02953 WiC 2.09710" m/s cy 1008 Thkg.=C Pr=07154 Anaiysis The characteristic length thot is the hydraulic diameter, ‘the mean velocity of air, and the Reynolds number are foe 85°C OL meni (4444 /s)(0.15 m) 2.09710 m/s ‘which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly Ly 61, =10D, =10(0.15m)=15m ‘which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from =31791 EDs 08 pes, 08, os, Mut ~o.023Re° Br? ~ 0.023(31.791)°5(0.7154)"> ~ 83.16 ‘Heat transfer coefficient is Ty ny = 202953 WEE Dy 015m “Nest we detemmine the exit temperature of ai. A, =4al =4(0.15m)(10m)= 6m" ri ~ pV ~ (0.9994 ka/m*)(0.10 m/s) = 0.09994 kes ass 1, -1,-(,-T,)e M —70-(70-85)0 OHHH _ 78,72 “Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air becomes L-T, 751-85 BIS 9 sec 2 752) To, 70-85 Gad, AT, = (1637 Wim? *Cy(6m2)/9.58°C) = 941 W [Note that the temperature of air drops by almost 10°C a it lows in the dct as a result of heat loss (83.16) =1637 Wi Ais =