wwe bafisa.com.br ont are name for ple: boy woman, Mary Pac New York Pars, fome, sore ‘nim, hors, orm ‘Things: car Sook, compute der honery, beau 7 ‘commen Nous: ung, planet, by. Proper Nous: White Howse, Earth, George. ‘Thar are to types of nouns: Sak tore Noncurt Now (sot po ome boots ot of oats many boot fon books 1 In grammar noncount nouns cannot be count ‘The verb followings noncoust nn ie slvaye tea ‘Alot of water pases under the bride + Aancoant noun never kes the inefinte ticles eC ad For most regular plurals, add ano the word ns, aps. [no para ‘grea deal of ter ihn of water ch ater ae wer ‘ther Noun Pate 1 When he singular eb in, 90, €, x, der lates, 1 When he singular end in ad. ‘xeptns: mane, potatoes, echoes, hres, «When the singular en iny(necedd by a vowel, nly oat to. 1 When the singular ens in y (receded by acoso ot) lesa Babes ‘Noung hat en nor fe change to vs endings: call caer lie oes shlf-sheet Ia Raver loaf aves the thieves ile tves self sees oll wotver leaf iames set scarves eepon: ele chil, cif of. Following ere some freguar para ‘hil cde mouse, mice fou, fet oe lows, tooth sth ne aun in Eli ore rom to nesses. hat regs pra. ‘pend pps, tect, Pacer tri bores et cat, corteses San, crc ‘im aes fren, jr, ‘orm Iypatess hypotheses {ber indceyndeer medi media ‘memoriam, memoranda Darethess, parentheses Bheomenen, phenomena mul, tna Syllabus, ila, sabes thes tener wert, vertebrae £:XCLUSIVO! APRENDA FACIL, CONSULTE RAPIDO. ae af erimennoncount nam cages and examples: mt Wine pup at foot ‘Abstact nouns Sal tome Peay ‘air teot alt rae ic suzar egmeses Languages other te French ‘weather smote rae heat paver Spanish — pecans of quantity cme before anon ‘Some ie ued thon covet nouns mea sed with ly rns nos ome ae ed with bth, span ft book ook oot beats amt ramber of bros ‘ae och water ‘ret det of ‘sar Fer both aun and nncount ons not ann. Toate ‘tof efpeny of Sookswater most tokatter a ookahter aon roots ake he lac of oun hye nn abate boy he book Mary she PERSONAL PRONOUNS Subject pronouns (refresh Tint Exgish) te ‘objec pronsun fer tte cet af he ve): ‘he (lm ced me) vs i, bert om ontive pronouns Gate owner Tine (Tht book mine) "cur yun oars Kiser its ‘ce flee pronouns (fer tthe sujet, sometimes ted fo pai Sr ie drive mse) ccs youself Seales imi int, nett———_hamncves ‘The exreson by + a reflexive pronowm tsp es "elves by hal Indetine pronouns ion specie “renee (Everyone Fr hor her iden) crane impetinione someting oe ae ybody Amboy i weome) Srvting so one Ne ne etended the meeting) oly sing MMPERSONAL PRONOUNS. ss One means "ary person, pele in gener ‘One shoul abvays be on tine 1 You means “any peso, people in genera” Taw ou pe he rin san rom ee? Ee Articles are words tht modify nouns, Thee we 40 ‘apes of artis: Dermere ARTICLES (THE) Definite articles ae used with singular count nouns, iirl count nouns, and noncount nouns, 1 When the noun is know to the speak The car haw s very expensive, ‘he gucstion they wan ah about hk "When the noun is the only one” of skin "The su ses in theese The mov ful. ‘The doors locked. (Ther is oly one doce) + Wher the noun i asepresentative of genera ‘er of ens The compacer is the most important lrention The plano ta beau bstrament IupErwrre ARTICLES (A, AN) Indefiteartles re wed wih singular count bid a ey, « book a dictionary, apiece of coe, 1 Use an wih «noun hat tens with «yl sou: ‘an ope am examination amour Remember uniernin «hotel bess “iver” {inh bgin with consonant promeltion, ‘When the noun is uaknown tthe spake Thaw acer ary har att tomorons They wand ask a uesin *= When the nun s Being introduced for th Fist ime ‘A banana te sual Jeion. ‘A book ia good end on lng ip. No ARTELE Plural count nouns and noncount nouns donot need slefnearcas when they ae refering 0 ALL of te ve apples. (aries in asm) ‘The apples inthis box are ad. (rite spl) Boots are expensive a) The boots mht tor ave cheep bs) ‘That tone has computers, ‘The computers they hav ae (compen el) (peri conpsen} Nencout nouns ove coe The coffe nti cup i col apanese ej rice The rice ae at night was good (esi is) aes nacesary. | The wer here ood dike wa (oot ne) (etic) Remenber singular, count noun CANNOT appest alone ema hae ‘nate: «ook the car, an wnele Senor ds that rai, this newspaper a possessive: my pe, her ky, Mary's roomwd ‘ADJECTIVES ‘Adjectives give more information about nouns. The fllewiog ae called descriptive jects: they describe the nou: good Sudent, bad stent Uraligen stent. hat day, hot food. cold ay, cold foot 1 The following endings ae often found on adjectives Yili), ous Gopou) al opt, ne orate tes Gilles). ample: esa joyous oh Comparisons ‘io nouns ith adjectives can be compared: ‘nmontenes adler ivan ajecive to make acon parson: "Earth big. Urames icBgge (Unearth) Sigor amor Honey sswevter an wp) ‘in adjesives with more than to sabes, ie more sampare: “sts handsome, Petr fs mone handsome, “Agta iil Caled ts more dia Adjectives, use the sperative: {Aad the and esto ajc which seer Use the most th ajcves wih ae than wo sabes: Earth big. Uranus is bigger: Satur is the biggest ofall planes. ‘Algebra ifcu, Caleuts ie more dieu Icicar phate the most fiat fal subjects Possessive ADJECTIVES = Desens omnersip say (Mp car is ue) out your your hs ther bee thee ite thee esenon with " haother sy show possesion wih: "Tho helong odo (ok ha ok ) This or ook his bok) + a noun is singul,wse onty "he bay's ook The dog fod. The gba The man ca 1s oo sla, se ony * The boy" Boo. The dogs food The gl hate + noun ea agar pla wih no then = The men’ or. The bon os ‘1 noun or ame ends in 6 use ihe" Thoma ook Thomas bok DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES age Thi book (CLOSE speaker: This book i re That car (FAR ro Speak): Tha book is he Pal These eae (CLOSE wo spa These bons ae ‘These chars FAR fom peak}: Tas boos ae Be. ‘Advts give information about verbs, adjectives and 1 Alvers are ofen formed by aling ly oa ave “He spoke gully (ajatve que) ‘atv They are exreetyiteligent Ko Ag She ape heb ery carly ‘har Ad 1 Adverbs ole anor gucsions ‘Adve ‘anewer now ‘She opens the presen uly. where ‘She opens the present imide. When?" She pene the presen yesterday. “Tp what exe” She apo the post vey gue 1 Adverbs express time tomorrow, yesterday, toy, cay Inte, ce) “lob arses tomorow 1 Frequency avers (ametines, usualy, oRen, neve, 2) "how fe ome action ape "Hw often do you smote?” "T never smoke 100% slvaye usualy ‘en Boy em O% emnetincs rarely never occsionly sadam not ever ay ever 1 Frequency aves come BEFORE verbs [simple preset & past] (ustlly comes, never ae, fen de, never had) ‘She asa comes at 8 Pi + Usually never, often, arly come AFTER ho verb pe (spe present & ps) ‘She is asualy on tne 1 Froquency aves come BETWEEN an ula and roan verb (ha alwys een, wl never ent, ad ‘ten come) She has tinays been on tine, COMPARISON WITH ADVERRS 1 With on syllable avers, use when two persons oct things are compared ‘Hecome ler hon a ‘She wasp ewer a he est of sd Mary types faster ton 10 tthe of more nouns athe ad est he atest, the ear the slower Aloe per the fate fo far 1 Most svete that co in ly use he word more wen comparing tm vere er THe rts more gully (Di his babe) ‘She apes more clcrly (ihn het lass), ‘When comparing more thsn to verbs and adverbs, ae the most "eros more quiet han ae brother, bt Me oun Fan the mot uy (othe tes). Some advert change her fore completly when ‘hey are wed ncompariscns wel beter beat Tae Prepositions ae words tt show a special as hip berveen vo tng * Prposton slo answer such questions at where? hen? and haw? "he selene are inthe library. (Where ae they?) Jai i coming by bus (ose coming) She eae at 00 a.m (When dacs he leat?) common prepestions hoot before hove behind tera below aller beneath for out inst Desiels) fiom over with slong between info] th wiht song beyond ke throughout round by near ll ‘spits of tars) down off under dig on unt pon) 1 Many verb an flowed by prepoions, * Its impo fear both the ver and th preps ion 1 The meaning of verb wl change depending om the preposition wich Zllows er and preposition combinations ston listen foe ‘and for wit for sand up CONNECTING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES + Anvindependent clauses sertnce[ajet(S) + vec (Vj Wat has nea ion nde by tele Teed hep Sie lites socer sv Independent clases can be combined with “omnes tis” or conjunctions which show te Toma ‘between theft snd ocond late ‘The ist clase inal he cxamples below i the sane owever, the scood clases re diflren + AND sina an addition of equal importance: Tan ick and ei ot gong to oot today. UT (YEN signa a contrast “oli sok but he tr going 0 sco! today OR signs choice: “in sick or he pretending 150 signals a resue Sli sok so he snot gong 0 shoo oda. 1 Fon signals a reson: “ol ck for he go a cold nthe rin, + Use emma btwoun the fir independent ase sn the econ PaineD CONJUNCTION 1 When two mess reconnected, the sibjct lonr to de verb determines whether te verb egal ot ot only + noun + but ao + oan [Not only my brother tal miter x Burp ters noun +o oun Either my brother or sister il be ik Bure ihe noun ¢ 00» none [Nether my brotier norm ste sn Europe Neither my Brothers mor my ses aren rope. 1 When to suber are connected by both, thy take a plral ve: eth + noun + and + noun ‘Both my brater and my sister ave Europe Phe ‘A sentence usually haa subject [5] and a verb (VI ‘Bags ran.” People eat. Ech sin a eee + Some sentences slo have an objet (0) ‘oop ot food. Mary enjoyed the movie, Theyned paspors + Soma senances alo have a0 inet objet (1 sin gave a preset to me. bin gn mea pros esocauses * Basically semen is “clase” ‘Nelase has a subject ands ver, ‘Tere are two base laos in English Independent and dependent causs. "m going othe store becuse I ned milk Tinepenen] (dependent) ‘The dependent clause noes the independent ase or couplets meaning ‘There ae three typet of dependent causes in English: Each of them hat tame min deceives wat ech docs nm sentence: Apvecrive CLAUSES 1 Adjective clauses or ik adjstives they give ‘more information about nuns they are descr, WHO fuel operons Watch i used for things. THAT ised forbs, Which git? Which decor? ‘he gi hota taling is my Thave a doctor whothat very famous Which actor dad? he actor hatha wasn tht ‘movie die las month The book whic tha you borrowed sy ser The flight whichthat we were {aking wor canceled WHOS is wot fr poets 1y fond whese car ws stolen wen tothe police. (cea wa stolen) Tet a gb whose materi «pt. (ee mothe is i) Noun CLauses ‘Nowa clases are wed lke nouns A noun cap be 8 subject oan object ina sentence, A oun laa anal es subject or an objet of a sentence Sbjct of Sentence Tatners Yow coming late hate didn’? do is work Hsobroce 1 When on clase fused a subject th word hat is be 1 The evbjet can also be wed by placing the noun ate a the end ofthe sentence “Timakes angry that you came late emake me any that he dn do is work ‘Object ot Sentence “meting French thal your Birthday tomer a Bhington was he fos reside Which boot? Which ihe? rakes ne ary Throw ‘Avvens CLauses 1 Adverh clauses ae wed ike advebs, They answer aactions ike when? why, tow long ‘Abt aus show elaonship een tw Tine “The Ben hove since was nung, They came efter had stem diner ‘The sudet ood hen the teacher etre. ‘Whe lkng abou ihe ature: ‘The verb the time elase is abvays present se 1 The made verb ie fara ese When et ms wil call yo ‘Mary wi be here enh ses er wrk ‘hen ou pess his tn he pice wl come, aus eect, Te ca go swing Bocuse reining ‘is raining so wean} go sng ©pposton "Aout i cold. 1 going swing She gtd pod grade een thu she dda tad Condon “Pleas, we wl cane he pene {would have gone had en about hepa Purpose ‘She ame early otha she could stood seat dane ‘ite fr eae, esp appt Nee a pemee pe ‘ntl tlattave weet + Do not use double egatvs, they are aay {Caest Dow owe anything Incorrect: Don touch nth Bed ‘There ae fo kind of goestone 1 YesNo Questions euch" awe) ‘Remember ht he anti carne fens infertion sd votes “mune” an ba te ajc Cee hype igh Be they peat alk? ‘fii Docs be se? am dg Am ing wl? ‘Seif Teste seni? Meo aming iow Aree easing no She sled de Did sh cook nae? They are a Dies ota? matron aig Thy wer ering ore wig? ew wndotend We deat? i eb eng 208? eve bn aie? ar oo i ob? ok he be ig? ‘raya ba Bo ei be lig Heh eek. ‘They hee etn hae Bon ating el ha ab ig at hyd ome sos. ‘Shad ee ang ‘ania en ng ho 2. WH - question (Tose fr pif isfaton) ‘Wit questone follow te sane puter yin ucton, exept the Fiat word WH-queaion is the Winer ot the sui. co When do you at inet Were ae least Exp? Wy dd comes? val ver ‘hon Whi bite thon ‘Hom does » XX Wot ging Whofe)*® aw sou maring What ha abe a to ‘Who in this sentence is asking 2 guston aboot he subject of the sentance, When yas astng oy rd st Witquetn ute bjs nce do fot use an sutary i your quston. "Tee children hve eon red (ee) HOW MANY CHILDREN have bon injured? {no auntary] ‘She has three children foie} OW MANY CHILDREN sos ohe have? (austiry need The be er has mare power: (3b HICH CAN hes more power? no asx We prefer the ble ar (objet) WHICH CAR dou prefer? (nolo aecied| ‘rh jt ed when thang 4 ison she abject ofa sence ison very Ferma “Tay, many people J not ute the frm hom inten they ure whe, "Ther son exception Whom are you ing to? TO hom ae yo tllng? = When x prepston comes Before wh, you ras ‘se whom, sh as, for whom 29 home ak ‘hom, apn hom Witsord. Masning ose whee whee place ‘iy ran pasion Example Anewers Tomoron oo el ag. No Atom: Here nN ok ‘Boca 8 To st ch ‘Mary bed The man’ cr hele” Tt mek mur Quy By orl erin (met The Mayo J ‘pon [objet] ‘The By Mary and Jo ‘The de he ear Trai ‘Tac Quesrions 1 Tog questions sed wo te en fa ear fale se te inferaton scares or Sk sec. Mary con pcan she? Robert can't come, cam he? 1 Amite sentence negative t= afimstive "vou cof, don’ you? = Yes, 1d. 1 Negative sentence + afirmative tg = negative "iw dn’ the oe, do you? = No, 1 don Necarive Questions: 1 When acing enogarive question, us nt with he aulary and follow tesa proce for asking either "Yesvno" ar WH questions. Questions Dida you go last night? Why weren't you m cass? Tas sik Hace ive malcom? Went ba Who didn come yeserday? sibs do* VOCABULARY, POPULAR PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS THE Sime. Roe Sk were nc Rae 7 OU MEASURES Distance Pinch =? 54 cemimeers [eat 1 ees 0.3088 meter Tyanl=3 feet 280 fet ‘483 klometers Tere 4,560 equate fest weit 1 pound 116 ofa pound gia {pm = 0.505 iter 1 goat = 2 pine 1 gallon = @ quarts * DAYS OF THE WEEK ha day? Tay i laruary Is, 2001, anew cemuy! Monday Ten Wiese Thar Saty Sindy the meckend~Satrdey, Sunday Xx MONTHS OF THE YEAR Janney May Febrary ne March say ae roan Seprember Oatober November Decsber * THE SEASONS Sprig Summer fall winter * DIRECTIONS ort ruth orbeast oaths feuthwest Northwest Northeast Southwest Southeast south * CARDINAL NUMBERS 0-ze0 2” 2 wo thee Tour thiy-one five Jp 2 tire-200 twelve thiten fiteen figccn 80 icky 50. ninety 200 to bured 41000 "ono thosand 4,000,000 1 million *1000,000 00 bon 2 ORDINAL sat fist Beak od second sh int ard thd on tenth 4th fourth 00th oe hae 3h fh {24th one ned and th sath twenty fourth Wh Seventh TIME ae wet, le day before ystery syste The Proven: Tocay The Fares “ne dy ater tomorrow eat week >» The Timer What ne i? Misa quarter of or. ‘moming~ AM (befor noon) ‘Memoon PM (ater os), ‘renin ater? PM, it TPM —ao00 TAM ennigh 2IDAM "two en inthe morning) BASPM tee finn oe unter past thre (nthe afernson) 4430 PM — four ty or hal past four (inthe even) Five tity ive twenty five of x(a te morn 11s Pa — ewe frytive or quater ‘of wel in the even) 5354M * A FEW GREETINGS Sa Hello. recings “low are you? Whats your name? Thank you Let me introduce you to Mary. ‘Speak slow pease Geoediye Good morning God evening Goo might ‘commen Responses amine thant yo, and you? Mynome is Pr aware welcome Hello Mary delighted met you Tam sor Goodie ras nce means you 2 WEATHER, CLIMATE Hom’ the weather? Tsou, hat the tempera col, 20 degrees. 4. Wecloady 2 ie heeang, Sits cold iy ning. Sit nowng. 6 ity stony. 7 it sine a iyo 9:10 udering 4. 1 win ig Bue) Dark Bu | Bi, Purl Te edoala = = ro ie ‘B rthans re 208, al cotta | ISBN 85-B87459-37-8 3H Ser") gl7e8588l 74957"vr bafisa. com. be Pd ‘Verb are words that aly show ation. ‘See example at: ah, wa i tg, wit, ‘Sheets Bana, Sometimes verbs donot show action; ise verbs comes the subject with a active. ‘Some eames se" he, become et, smell, sound, te fo lool agpet,seem, ‘The bovawa tates sweet, ‘ets alk gv information about ine Some ver tenses oe reveal, pay are! Tay i rain Yesterday rained ‘Simple Tenses out habits, sgl actions. Continuous or Progressive Tenses feat on actions happening at the moment of speaking continuous ‘ames abs ve form of hee be” ding fom the tae form ofthe co ee er Jol as smoking ‘cigar Join smoted cigars Mary at dleara Sow age Mary was eating when cane ans vers ae followed by an abject (bod). Tpit ‘ein il needa passport Intransive vrs stent followed by Pik wim. hier. Some vets can be Both transitive and intensive, Intranets "eons eat So aves Thy re sudyng Teanative: Peg eat fod They re van Enis Pm eg eT Moat yrs ar regular verbs ed i added take the past fonee and the past arto ‘Vets ve thee principle parts lay Played vt aed cook cooked sly adie EXCLUSIVO! APRENDA FACIL ENGL A gerund isthe ng form of er od on ‘er ng sleeping, laying, walle Ieee inthe same nay 8 na: As subject Walking «good exorcise ay saan objec ey plying toms. se Gerunds are ase with certain He gui smoking ‘Ves Gerard Common verb followed by gerund: appreciate dees (cet) od ‘siov Sunier ike) Fh (tg) ro sp espn) sui orew) Songer CONSULTE RAPIDO San ets Go + Gerunds os flomed by a gerund in certain oma expe Ss, most rang to se:eaional activites: They go dancing Saray nip, (eo ating 0 camping 0 swimming) Pasive Forms of Gerund Passe Gorund Being + Past partie 1 epoecat being ive to hos even ast Corn Having + Fast pariiple 1 appreciate having ha the party mes he Past-Pttve Gord vine been + Past ariciple 1 appreciate having been fd he no. i ERT e ees cs Present Continuous shows abit fndiestes what eon doe ey sry month.) show con the moment of Speaking, eae ‘ie pear ‘peaking 1am eating youre eating Bae enting ‘tiseating they are eating Pos Incas an ston stich fines or Eownpeed (cn be ‘ed with ie signals foch as apo, ested, ies weeks oh te). shows atin of prolonged dation ‘hich aking lace in te pa Hooked sou Tooked Fete looked itleoked ‘we loked they looked Simple Future indicts planned lice nthe fare Comrtow, axe sreek month), Tae ooking you were ooking Fete mat ooking Stas looking sve were looking they were lo soa Pres ar ry snhch il Boraking place inthe fee wi Felt wi ve ‘ele 1 te tying soul be ving it wl he Hving sve il be ving ‘hey wl be tng Pa indicates an action which Stare at some indefinite te inthe patand ss NOT imple the soporte ofthe ction cote 0 the reset ad may ven happen {nthe fre, se woe at ‘eal th preset pests on sent pect comin se “ine ed or already sd et. we stud Yyouhave sued | fete hae studied ICs ste ised when thee ae TWO. ‘bein the pat onde ‘whch ACTION happened i | but with eps on {hat ation ee past pf th second ation Sin the simp part, had taked ee had talked ita talked ‘we ad elke img_| they hed taked Future Perfect ed when thee ate TWO vee inte fret indeate te completion of ne | Son ate theese etn the vr hat comple Fist inthe ite pve 1 have worked ou wll have worked ‘othe wil be ivng | Bethe wil ave worked itl have worked ve wll have worked they wl Rave worked er) eed penne pric but wat Emphasis on ACTIONDURATION 1 have been sting youbave been studying bee has been staying ‘Chas been stedying Se hve ben staying they have been studying ey Continuous Tense | has the same purpose imple pt perce ‘ACTION! DURATION {nad been tating sou had been aking Fred been talking hed they had een alin por Carin asthe same purpose ture pote. ue with phasis on ACTION DURATION [nt hve been work youll hoe be warbng Fete wil have been working iC have been working ‘re ml have been workieg, ‘hey wl ave been WFRalee bev Vere BE vc be i inking verb comets sabjet with ‘complanet, A complement can be & NOUN. an [ADIECTIVE oa PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, doctor a in the brary. ard wring ind ab oe fe Tam Tas wa be yousre ——youwere_—_you willbe ete ‘mews hewillbe sels showas she willbe itty ita iewl be ‘we ill be hey wl be hey are they were A Thee ben Thad een Til he Ben yous ben youhnd been yu mi hee bee Aebateen Rete been behave been ties Deen shad been she wl hve een ithmteee | ithe ben itil hr bore ehave en ne had been ye hve ben ‘ey have been ‘Twene 15/THERE ARE Sometimes, he subject af the sentence iy NOT inthe subject potion ltd teat the end ofthe een Thre pte on the wal = A pce onthe they nd een “they wil have bee A pictur” isthe subject the ver “be i singular ‘eta the eject is singular, oe) ‘sed to + verb (se fom) signals a past atvy that doesnt happen ny more "joc ued o + seb bas form) Tse play wh oy ins (0 longer do that) ‘She vedo eook dimer (She wo longest does that) BE UsED To 1 Becaefl nto confise be used to (abit) with used tops actnty no longer done). ‘Be used to + veh + Ing tals babi that the speaker no longer has 1 got ane jo las year Thad to gel up at § a.m ‘ry ray A io, oti up wifi for Ime bu mo Fam ws opening wp at Sem + Esing dimer opm imo problem, Fam used © ting diner earl Be Gomc To: FUTURE TIME: Tam going to * base youre oligo + ase els going t+ base eis going base itis going + hve swore ging te + base you are gpg t+ base ‘hey are going 0+ base ‘Both be going to and will express fue tine Sometimes however, hee ae gh ferences i ‘mewing and usage 1 To prot something about the ute, use lhe be 2g toe wl. Ti going to rain tomoron, Ill rae tomorron ‘7o express a ation hat ws planned bie in the pst te be going ois ob on something Prev planet Tam going 10 make you dinner (ve alent planed odo his) Tete motgoing tated clas. (eas made plans tobe aan) " 1 Toexpress that a puke wats odo something. such a to oluntoer ort lp out, se wl Someone i [nooting athe door Tete s NO redeton ot pew Trl he oud Til ge it EX ed ‘Thee ae thre main conditional sentences. ach sentence has ro pas td the ei clase, the conditional cause "The contol clause is sometimes called the“ cause. Tho coniuonl sertnce i bse on what ru Psi” and wht "not rao ios We tak bout these condos in eter the preset fire o the pst " Present Real (ossle) Tepeset tense) Ilsa har Take comes ary, they have tine alles eu psi (fue tesla) Isl sued ‘ho con find a good sat they wil is ter nd the condos app, Preset Unreal (snposble an never hppen) (pus tense), (woulcoald mpl vere fm) 11 ad car fro). col rivet New York (ut don't have ocr so! can't arte ere) 1, 8 worn ck he wld po othe party tonight (Bu Bo eich 0 he won't go tonight) If she had @ TY, she cold watch the game (But she doesn't have TV s0she can't atch the ~ inthis condonl type, the “pas” tense grammar ‘means ht the acon presen and Mot posible [Not the vor be” inthis condita always the ves” fr fal pero rt Unreal (possible to change; ot hope) gn pry whic have pa {Tad sued, 5 would have gen a good grate (But did not sud, trie ge bal grade) = heen pst action and esd a inposible fe change Uf Mary had gotten up cary. she wouln'’ have rsd the bu and ln? have arrived lt, (a ary woke up lt; she msg br er nd arved late) Uf Mary hat arrived om time, ber boss wonddn Ihave goon ang) with (du ary cried late. feo er Boss pot angry with This pst ton ares ae impossible to change, [rMary had poten peal she wouldve mised ‘he ba and would have served lt. Aso the ows ‘would have goten angry wih he. + Mixed conditions depend on the tah ely of Truthelty Consequence/Reaton Idd co my homework. Tam intouble nn Yh done i, Ti en rouble ne He fos, Heawe aot ofcandy. “He woulda’ be fargo) fhe hdr eats ach. 1 When the conditional sentence begin with han x cori aed betwee the condita Cust therm, The condtns! seatance ce lo ep ‘the es tht case go cm fs ees. ‘She could wach the game if he had a TV. Tal cued iT ey hard ould have poten a fod poe 1 had sedi. Sentences with spoil verbs or adjetives ht es importance o cesta the mai ine, "Atay ee sles fi fh ve in he Vertes ‘vive, ah, demand, propose, ecnmend, command gwen dese ah por require geet Adjectives a, ber, be ext pd inpetiv ‘ Regalss ofthe tense ofthe main verb the ver in the noun clase in sivays simple tase fey in he eatin, only ad otto th base fr, The doctor advised (a) she go no the hospital Ie war inporiant (hat) Jon come ery. 1 preser ha) hey not areca 1 wl be et foal fw (athe ase i heise eno he iy? Pas daa Present Time Tow ld ar you? Trl thr ot tell you. (18 choice ttl you or mat) Da you want chicken or bee? TAC wo) rather have chicken. ad beast igh i rather have chchen than bes Homa this cas? Tit ake be sloping ham sing her, Past Time How ws the movie? Tras oh a ator have stayed at home ow wns New York Cy? Sly buy and expensive rather hav gone to [NOTE In spking people sully us the ‘conraton instead of svg woul Ea ed In all quests, he word “pease” makes our ropes sen more pote Using “1” ay (peas) speak wth you? Could plese) speak th you? Both have the same polit nang. Cam I peas) speak with you? ~ tao polite, ba fs formal and acupabis Possible epi Ofcourse Certainly‘Would you mind if. "id om rind hs the mesning of thi probe for you? Is ital ig with you?” Theva Stns i the pat tense old you mind if opened the window? Mond you mind shut of the Tigh? Mould you mind fT turned of the TV? Mould you minds bomen your pen? Posse replies: Noor ore Na ofenurse no othr woud e ine Using "you" old yu pleas) pas the sal” Mil ou (ease pass the sl? Cond vow ease) pas the sat? Gon yn pease pass the salt? Posible replies Tes be hap Yes ofease Yes, 1 be pad ta ould you mind “"Woul Jou mind” has the meaning of “I tht probler oe you? Is alight wth you?” Here, re ing ith he ver Poul you mind opening he window? Mould ou mind sting of the igh? Mould you mind uring ofthe TV? Mould jou mind lending me your pen? Possible replies Sie be apy ta Noa a Tbe giodto Usinc [vou}-IMPERATIVE Sometimes a snple command (inperative is safc tien rsuot hat someone do something. shading “pen” wil make Be eqaet more poi {Ue he simple base frm ofthe vr, or negatives, se don't ou my sy “please” Before the ver ot the end of the content (Please) Ope te door Be gut (pce) (Pica) Dow else te window ‘Do shou a me (please) Possible rept: Sire 1 glad 0 Swe. I'm sory. (Oty, ce mea. RoFeomts 1m asp Making suggestions ‘ee Why den doe. Sha ets ean "er us" ais the speaker) (ett not Lets go fora walk fist hy don et? No. don eo fra wal st? ‘Shale ea? Na Tet mo. Les ofr a wal fs, An afooal expression which includes the speaker ‘show about verbeing" ‘How ant extng? No how abou going fora walk first? ‘Maxon succEsTIONS: CoULD/SHOULD ‘When somcane asks fr help or adic, you can give suneson by using two modal could, rea this ‘St posi or shoul, mening ys think thf fed suggestion Tm Revi roles in math Cony hop me? Mel. you could find a turpis) Tou sentd wort with afind post) Or gow could’ use a computer program. (pass) Tit ou should go to your teacher for hal. (goat ies) Ewa Cae To form the passive: Re + Past Particle, ‘ise pasi,teobect of he vero Paves the sub eet, bt the cong say the san, Aetives Susan helps the p Passive: The gid ishelped by Stan. ‘Only wansitve verb (verbs followed by an obec are wed the paste ‘nthe passive, it is mat possi owe verbs suc at neppen sleep, come ind sem 3s they ae nant ‘vere (tb not followed by an objet dette: Ancien tape Mace ape Psa: NO PASSIVE FORM POSSIRLE <— (009). (0009) ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE FoRm Simple Present: Passive ‘Sus help Ptr Prier i beped Dy Sam ‘Modal (also known as Modal Ausllaries) expres spacial meaning and ad tht merino th eh THe can swin He ha the ali to swing kw ‘He may ame,» He ha permision smoke ‘Te might go" He snot sure abou ong ‘eral come= He going come (ee) He shou ead, =r tery adie hi sey “emus eave = lis ery necestary for hin love "Modal do not have 3 forbs + Main verb do mot hve as wisn oda is se Modal ar not followed by to» verb. * Model week the same way a ther aos do Jn ramuna, expecially in questions ond negtives. * MODAL SUMMARY a ict Present Progresive ‘Actes Susan helping Petr Passive: Phiri being helped by Stan ou Tt id Weg aro Present Perfect = Mle! Susan ha helped Peer Passive: rer har hon led y Susan Susan helped Peer ive: Peer wa hep hy Stan, Past Progressive: ‘ative Susan was helping Peter Passive: Peer nae boing helped by Suan Past Perfect ‘etve!| Susan had Foped Ptr Pastve: Peer had be help by Ses, ‘Simple Fture: ~ ctv Swan wl Pep Ptr Peter il helped by Susan ‘Be Going To: ‘hate: Sura is gong help Per Passe: Peer i gong 0 be helped by Sion ‘ature Porte: ete Sis ll ow helped Peer rove ben helped by Sas The door can't Thintetersosla “Th sade my The repoe_ tad baer “Tae projet onsht to fied Hee trae ha to wold by he tt ey. fm the lan tees Fig ext wee, ‘oxt he p, ‘THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS Soa ‘heleter thon avebeon sen Tho ensle mt haveheen built ‘Suran ought ave been ses 300 years a, vied the meting nr ed sme ly ‘emai | impeity i mi | pt blige coat ar ip me eo’ ae] [eisai iPa ed Phrasal vert refer toa verb + preposition sich together have a special meaning, ‘They sre common in informal Engish voy eft eae Lary puts of dg her we Somatines they const of three parts pul up with = foleate Mary puts up with her Bos. Phrasal verbs are slo called two-word verbs or threeord verbs Ask out Bing about, bring on ‘rng op Callback Galo Gallon sk someone ogo ona date () rear tilden; 2) meson ono wee ten tleghone cal cancel (Dak to speak in class, ust Catch up city ac the same pono eve Cheek. heck ito heck out register the hoe (2) investigate; @) ake a ook tom Shelia heck ot (of Cheer up lean up Come aeross ‘Cross out Drop by rp in fon) Drop of, Dropout (oo Figure ot Fal out leave a hotel ‘make (someone) fel happier ‘ke conn and orderly tee by bance (aa Tine hough et informally leave something or someone at place sop gong 0 oo, fala ‘it the completions of cuasionasne nfo ‘Brration bein army with (please on, (2) avoid something neh tie fom bed ee fet something So eying reve or check careflly {bmi an ssipmment {lp pt lobe ons banger or # hook; (2) Eoncnde a ephoneeooverstion Syl hems postion ot oe fave (someone) to lene becaetl Find out ‘Get along (with) Set ow ot ‘Get hough ‘Gee bac ‘Give up Go over Hand in ang up Keep up (ith) ik ot (0 Look out fe) * SOME IRREGULAR VERBS Parone doe not ad ened, hr eagle for Some expe SINPLE FORMA SINPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE ton become osu ‘ier Blown token Trough roast but ought emught ‘hose eat ry one awn fallen ft found, fed flown forbidden fengoten fengiven fortes soten ven me rng heard iden need o be memorized. EMCI iit Ieee rake ake Pay put rad” de sel hake hoot show SS livlighied made iook pale Ey read foe tight Shook shot Stowe! shownfbowed ‘ie sue shut sn se an sleep sep let "peak sake spoken. it sivspat peep le om ma rend spend tread png Spsnalprang Sprung and ood ood steal se stolen ice stock tuck tng sung ring ke ‘ruck strckticken veep swept wing swan took taugie to thou threw tndertand understood wake ‘woke wind ‘wound thoaght throw tinersood woken waked took over tek op book ‘Make wp (1) invent (2) do pat work Passaway ie Past out ) dsb: (2) ose conciousness Select (ae: 2) go et somes ) postpone: 2) repel putelothes oo ancy body Tolerate finch supply of meting recmie take cont opin new sty ep diosrembe tear into many picees ‘consider etl ‘eeresee volume or nensity (sua nase (2) gba Stop a machi light facet ‘regina machine, he est cxtingish a iit incense volume or nesity + WISHES: ‘Wishes sre used when a speaker wants o make iy feet than oa Twsnes Future May will et come review check erful Took Yor snormston in 2 Pek out Pk op Paint ot Pot Paty wit un aot 0) Show up ae aftr Take up Takedown Tear down Tearwp Think over Tum down Tum in Tum off Tum on Tom up wih Gat) Mary would come, Tih tb oe conto come Present Tien thnow Spanish. | Ske wishes (ay Tinew Sanh wish ha i Ble swing Past SB dn study. ‘She wishes cat) ‘he ha sed He ashes) he Bob coulda’) The ver “wih” followed hy a moan claws ord “that optional Eres ate “Scatt ser-cc08 ISBN 85-88749-35-b Wii et adecags a