1.215 109 From the Eq. G= =i G,~ Me R re ES ee or G R r Y3"er M_, : (where p = 7—— , is the density of the sphere) @) zak? The plots @ (7) and G (r) fora uniform sphere of radius R are shown in figure of answersheet. Alternate : Like Gauss’s theorem of electrostatics, one can derive Gauss’s theorem for gravitation in the form § G-dS= -4 Ry Mcioseg » For calculation of G at a point inside the sphere at a distance r from its centre, let us consider a Gaussian surface of radius r, Then, G,4nP= -4ny a3 o, G= 4, st yMo 4 M. Hence, G-= ar ~yx0r a p= wae) . R So, e= | Gar= | rare | -Mae , Re a - R r Integrating and summing up, we get, 2 = YM (yr P= - aR 7] And from Gauss’s theorem for outside it : YM 2 G,4nr?= —AnyM or G,= -1 Thus ot f ar -m , Treating the cavity as negative mass of density - p in a uniform sphere density +p and using the superposition principle, the sought field strength is : Ae G- G,+G, or G= - fay 7 + -Fyx-p) 7 (where 77 and 7” are the position vectors of an orbitrary point P inside the cavity with respect to centre of sphere and cavity respectively.) + Thus G= - 3710 (7-7) = -Snypi”110 1.216 1.217 ‘We partition the solid sphere into thin spherical layers and consider a layer of thickness dr lying at a distance r from the centre of the ball. Each spherical layer presses on the layers within it. The considered layer is attracted to the part of the sphere lying within it (the outer part does not act on the layer). Hence for the considered layer dp4nr?=dF 43 137" andre) or, dP 4x7? = ——_+-_ r (where p is the mean density of sphere) or, dp= day ptrar R Thus p= f ap- By gP(R?—1) i (The pressure.must vanish at r = R.) o, ops z(t ~ 7/9) M4 aR’, Putting p= M/(4/3) xR? Putting r= 0, we have the pressure at sphere’s centre, and treating it as the Earth where mean density is equal to p= 5:5 x 10° kg/m? and R= 64x 107 km we have, p= 1-73x10"Pa or 1:72 x 10° atms. (a) Since the potential at each point of a spherical surface (shell) is constant and is equal to p= - 1%, [as we have in Eq, (1) of solution of problem 1.212] We obtain in accordance with the equation 1 1 U~ 5famg= Sof am 1) ne UE 2| Rk 2R (The factor + is needed otherwise contribution of different mass elements is counted twice.) (b) In this case the potential inside the sphere depends only on r (see Eq. (C) of the solution of problem 1.214) 2 = 31M, y 2R |! 3R? Here dm is the mass of an elementry spherical layer confined between the radii rand r+dr: dm= (4nr2drp)= (BF) r@lM. 1218 Leto= V is = circular frequency of the satellite in the outer orbit, yMe Goa pF 7 euler frequency of the satellite in the inner orbit (r- Ar) w= So, relative angular velocity = wp = w where - sign is to be taken when the satellites are moving in the same sense and + sign if they are moving in opposite sense. Hence, time between closest approaches _2n 2nd { 45 days (6 = 0) “to Van, [2 2BE 0-80 hour (6 = 2) where 6 is 0 in the first case and 2 in the second case. YM _ 667x107" x 5-96 x 10% o,- 1M 1.219 1" (RT (637x107 = 98 m/s* 2 2 0, oR= (#) Re (saa) 637 x 10° = 0-034 m/s? YMs _ 667x107" x 197x 10 = 59x 10% m/s? Reon (149-50 x 108 x 10°)? and a3 Then 9, : @,:@3 = 1: 0-0034 : 0:0006 1.220 Let h be the sought height in the first case. so Og. 1M 100 (R+hy M -,-—4, ee fy112 1.221 1.222 1.223 -2 or aris” 100 R From the statement of the problem, it is obvious that in this case h< i+ From the language of the problem, in this case h’ is not very small in comparision with R. Therefore in this case we cannot use the approximation adopted in the previous case. 2 . Here, (+3) “2 So, X= #vI-1 As ~ ve sign is not acceptable hi = (V2 -1)R= (V2 -1) 6400 km = 2650 km Let the mass of the body be m and let it go upto a height h. From conservation of mechanical energy of the system _yMm 1a -yMm Ro t2"% — Using 1. g, in above equation and on solving we get, R? R% he 2gR-v Gravitational pull provides the required centripetal acceleration to the satelite. Thus if h be the sought distance, we have mv mM $0, Re” Rabe or, (R+h) v= yM or, Rv +hv= gR?, as et 2 2 Hence oo REAP a [82-3] A satellite that hovers above the earth’s equator and corotates with it moving from the west to cast with the diurnal angular velocity of the earth appears stationary to an observer on the earth, It is called geostationary. For this calculation we may neglect the annual motion of the carth as well as all other influences. Then, by Newton’s law, 2 Mm sm ( 2n ) : r T1224 1.225 113 where M = mass of the earth, T = 86400 seconds = period of daily rotation of the earth and r = distance of the satellite from the centre of the earth. Then ~ve(z) Substitution of M = 5-96 x 10% kg gives r= 4220 x 10* km The instantaneous velocity with respect to an inertial frame fixed to the centre of the earth at that moment will be x r= 307 km/s and the acceleration will be the centripetal acceleration. 2 (#) r= 0-223 m/s? We know from the previous problem that a satellite moving west to cast at a distance R= 2-00 x 10* km from the centre of the earth will be revolving round the earth with an angular velocity faster than the earth’s diurnal angualr velocity. Let = angular velocity of the satellite & = anuglar velocity of the earth. Then @= 2x @- a= > as the relative angular velocity with respect to earth. Now by Newton’s law 3 So, u-® 3+) Substitution gives M= 6:27 10% kg The velocity of the satellite in the inertial space fixed frame is Vv ie east to west. With respect to the Earth fixed frame, from the ¥, = (Ww x 7 the velocity is ro 28K fH. 7, v’ 7 tT R 703 km/s Here M is the mass of the earth and T is its period of rotation about its own axis.