1.171 From the conservation of linear momentum of the shell just before and after its fragmentation 1.172 Warps vy+vy @ where V7, v7 and v3 are the velocities of its fragments. From the energy conservation 3nv?= v3 +343 Q) Now Vor vz = 07-ve= 0-0" @) where = "= velocity of the C.M. of the fragments the velocity of the shell. Obviously in the C.M. frame the linear momentum of a system is equal to zero, so ae oe Se Wp +¥)+V3=0 (4) Using (3) and (4) in (2), we get ~ = ~ = By = OY TE + VEY 37 4 272 4 203 4207 or, 20? + 20, F, cos + 273 +3 (1-n)=0 (6) If we have had used ¥)=-¥;- V5, then Eq. 5 were contain ¥; instead of 1 and so on. The problem being symmetrical we can look for the maximum of any one. Obviously it will be the same for each. For ¥;to be real in Eq. (5) 4973 cos’0 = (273 +3 (1 -n) 4) or 61 - 1) z (4 - cos”0)¥5 So, hsv sa—2 ot Tym V2 (0-1) v Hence Vp (max " [7% Vlg, 7¥+V2 (0-1) vev(t+V2@-0 =1km/s Thus owing to the symmetry Ysguan)™ Y2 (nan) ™ Vaan) = (1+ V2(nj = 1)) = 1 km/s Since, the collision is head on, the particle 1 will continue moving along the same line as before the collision, but there will be a change in the magnitude of it’s velocity vector. Let it starts moving with velocity v, and particle 2 with v, after collision, then from the conservation of momentum mu= my,+mv, of, w= vy, +¥2 q) And from the condition, given, — ( mah 2m) zm “ or, vie vee (L-n)u? 2) From (1) and (2), wit vis (u-vy)?= (1-9)? or, Vew-2u, += (1-n)1.173 1174 or, Wwi-Wwus+nu=0 z So, y= 4 eon = 1 fusViF—2n |= 4uaevi=m) 2 7 Positive sign gives the velocity of the 2nd particle which lies ahead. The negative sign is correct for ¥ . So, vy = hy (1-VI—2 ) = 5 m/s will continue moving in the same direction. Note that v;= 0 if n= 0 as it must, Since, no external impulsive force is effective on the system “M + m”, its total momentum along any direction will remain conserved. So from p, = const. m_u mu = Mv, cos @ or, "ces () and from p, = const mv,= Mv,sin® ot, v,= My, sin @= utan6, [using (1)] Final kinetic energy of the system And initial kinetic energy of the system= > mu’ r,-T; So, % change = 7a x 100 i 2 1 2o,ly me lie mi tan? 0+ 5 Me mu . no 12 1 1 229,17 26.2 2! tan? 0 +5 Fru sec? 8 1 ze 1 = (eee +578 8 ~ 1) x 100 = M (®) Let the particles m, and m, move with velocities ¥; and ¥} respectively. On the basis of solution of problem 1.147 (b) = = Be ia [7-3] and putting the values of @ and =, we get % of change in kinetic energy= - 40 %1.175 1176 91 As YL, 4 mm So, Be uve where p= ae (b) Again from 1.147 (b) i. 1-33)" Si Te ly gre 0, = suey) From conservation of momentum P=P + Py —~ +2 , , , so (Pi-PL) = Pi- 2p, py’ c0s0, + py’? = py’? From conservation of energy 2 12 12 Pr Pi P2 Im, ~ Tm, * Im, Eliminating p,' we get ' ma ' my Op; ) + z| ~ 2p; nos pe - Z| This quadratic equation for p,’ has a real solution in terms of p, and cos 0, only if mm 400870, 2 4}1 -—$ >! ni RB m or sin? 0, <3 m + oe f 7 m, or sin®, s+ or sin, 2-22 m m This clearly implies (since only + sign makes sense) that 7 m Sin Oy mae Fy From the symmetry of the problem, the velocity of the disc A will be directed either in the initial direction or opposite to it just after the impact. Let the velocity of the disc A after the collision be v’ and be directed towards right after the collision. It is also clear from the symmetry of problem that the discs B and C have equal speed (say v”) in the directions, shown. From the condition of the problem, nf cos O= zr hs, sinO= V4-y" /2 Q) For the three discs, system, from the conservation of linear momentum in the symmetry direction (towards right) mv= 2mv"sin@+mv' or, v= 2v"sinO+v (2)92 1177 1178 From the definition of the coefficeint of restitution, we have for the discs A and B (or C) v" -v' sin @ vsin6-0 But e= 1, for perfectly elastic collision, So, vsinO = v’-v'sin® (3) Wf From (2) and (3), _ 8) (1 +2sin? 6) Sn _ vr -2) =a {using (1)} Hence we have, c pl va Vin? =2) 6-1 Therefore, the disc A will recoil if y < V2 and stop if y= v2. Note : One can write the equations of momentum conservation along the direction per- pendicular to the initial direction of disc A and the consevation of kinetic energy instead of the equation of restitution. (a) Let a molecule comes with velocity ¥; to strike another stationary molecule and just after collision their velocities become ¥”, and 7”, respectively. As the mass of the each molecule is same, conservation of linear momentum and conservation of kinetic energy for the system (both molecules) respectively gives : a Fae 2 24 ya and vie vit} From the property of vector addition it is obvious from the obtained Eqs. that Wl ee 0 (b) Due to the loss of kinetic energy in inelastic collision v7 > v'? + v’2 so, v",+¥°)>0 and therefore angle of divergence < 90°. Suppose that at time 4 the rocket has the mass m and the velocity 0”, relative to the reference frame, employed. Now consider the inertial frame moving with the velocity that the rocket has at the given moment. In this reference frame, the momentum increament that the rocket & ejected gas system acquires during time dt is, dp= mdv+udta= F dt or, moe Foyt or, mite F- pi?1.179 1.180 1,181 93 According to the question, F= Oandp = - dm/dt so the equation for this system becomes, mie, in dt dt As dvt|u so, mdv= —udm. Integrating within the limits : , ” 1 fave fo te w® u — : ™ mo Thus, v= win—2 m (ag dv us colin coact form ve - iin According to the question, F (external force) = 0 So, mae, one : at” at" As at yay so, in scalar form, mdv= —udm wdt dm or, So u m Integrating within the limits for m (1) fe v nm — or, ~= -In — m u my ™ = (/u) wt u Hence, m= me As F= 0, from the equation of dynamics of a body with variable mass; dv” --dm =» dm ma eG oo, der @ Now dv"} jii’and since 771 v, we must have | dv"| = vod a (because vo is constant) where da. is the angle by which the spaceship turns in time dt. So, -u Meyda o, daw 4% m Vy m ” 7 S 7 an. 4 19/2) YJ m vy m ™