84 1.163 1.164 When the disc breaks off the body M, its velocity towards right (along x-axis) equals the velocity of the body M, and let the disc’s velocity'in upward direction (along y-axis) at that moment be v', From conservation of momentum, along x-axis for the system (disc + body) , , mv my = (m+M)v, or Vem Se @) And from energy conservation, for the same system in the field of gravity : aa 2,12 . zm = 5 (m+M) vz +5 mv + meh, where h’ is the height of break off point from initial level. So, 1 i, mo 1 , A zm = 00+ M) Bre mt gy mBH using (1) 2. pms, or, wav +i 2 gh’ Also, if A” is the height of the disc, from the break-off point, then, ve = 2gh" S 2g (h" th')= P- my . 8 (+m) Hence, the total height, raised from the initial level ha yre Me? = Wek = Fe atam) (a) When the disc slides and comes to a plank, it has a velocity equal to v= V2 gh. Due to friction between the disc and the plank the disc slows down and after some time the disc moves in one piece with the plank with velocity v' (say). From the momentum conservation for the system (disc + plank) along horizontal towards right : my m+M Now from the equation of the increment of total mechanical energy of a system : mv = (m+M)v' or v'= FM + m)v? Frm? = Ay, 1 me 1 or, yO +m) ge a = Ae 2 50, | us ~m |= ay M+m mM (eo Hence, Age [aise n= = reduced mas)1.165 1.166 85 (b) We look at the problem from a frame in which the hill is moving (together with the disc on it) to the right with speed u. Then in this frame the speed of the disc when it just gets onto the plank is, by the law of addition of velocities, = u +V2gh. Similarly the common speed of the plank and the disc when they move together is v2gh. v=sut m m+M Po Then as above Ay = Fone? = yi SM 2 2m 1 1 = pine fits a VBE + Basta + a3 m 20 moh We see that A, is independent of u and is in fact just - w gh as in (a). Thus the result obtained does not depend on the choice of reference frame. Do note however that it will be in correct to apply “conservation of enegy” formula in the frame in which the hill is moving. The energy carried by the hill is not negligible in this frame. See also the next problem. In a frame moving relative to the earth, one has to include the kinetic energy of the earth as well as earth’s acceleration to be able to apply conservation of energy to the problem. In a reference frame falling to the earth with velocity v,, the stone is initially going up with velocity v, and so is the earth. The final velocity of the stone is 0 = v,—gt and that of the earth is v, +i gt (M is the mass of the earth), from Newton’s third law, where ¢ = time of fall. oe conservation of energy 2 1 1 - m zm + My + mgh = 2M (v + i) 2" Hence Ly (» . | oh Negecting 7 in comparison with 1, we get vo = 2gh or v, = V2gh The point is this in earth’s rest frame the effect of earth’s accleration is of order a and can be neglected but in a frame moving with respect to the earth the effect of earth’s acceleration must be kept because it is of order one (i.e. large). From conservation of momentum, for the closed system “both colliding particles” my; + mV, = (m, +m)" xe Mbit mv, 1(3i~2])+2(4j— 6K) _ ety or, ve 3 my +m, Hence l¥]= V144416 m/s= 46 m/s86 1.167 1.168 For perfectly inelastic collision, in the C.M. frame, final kinetic energy of the colliding system (both spheres) becomes zero. Hence initial kinetic energy of the system in CM. frame completely tums into the internal energy (Q) of the formed body. Hence mel 2 Q-T= 54 [ao 3 Now from energy conservation AT = -Q = -he [a ie In lab frame the same result is obtained as _ 1 Moet minh 1 a. arn 5 eee 5m LAL? + m1 1 i —92 =-gHly- vl (a) Let the initial and final velocities of m, and m, are iy, uz and v%, v; respectively. Then from conservation of momentum along horizontal and vertical directions, we get : mu, = m, v2 cos 8 Q and my, = my, sin O Q ty, Squaring (1) and (2) and then adding them, ur mivim mite) AD penne yeaa Now, from kinetic energy conservation, < 1 1 1 ‘. Lm ate Emo dm, @ Va m on, m(uj- vi) = myz= m, me +v}) [Using (3)] m. m, or, wlr-— = 3 fr4 m, m, Vy ' m, fA (") oem) @ uy my +i, So, fraction of kinetic energy lost by the particle 1, 1 i zm uy “ym % ve amie ea ym 2 - 2 = 1-2 AL [Using (4)] © m+ im, m+ mm, (b) When the collision occurs head on, mya = MV, + Vy @) and from conservation of kinetic energy,1.169 87 1 1 1 zm we mit ~ 1 1, [m fn = mvt [Using (5)] m, m, or, v,{1+—]= u,[—-1 m, my % 6 o a T+ m,7m) © Fraction of kinetic energy, lost fA ig 6 = 1" [Using (m, +m, (a) When the particles fly apart in opposite direction with equal velocities (say v), then from conservatin of momentum, m,u+0= (m,-m,)v Q) and from conservation of kinetic energy, Late Lm tbe or, mu? = (m, +m) 7 @ From £q. (1) and (2), miu mw = im +m) Uy, : (m,- my ---C> or, ma -3m,m,= 0 Hence “= 1 asm, = 0 m 3? (>) When they fly apart symmetrically relative to the initial motion direction with the angle of divergence 0 = 60' From conservation of momentum, along horizontal and vertical direction, my ty = Mm, V, 00s (0/2) + mg v, cos (8/2) a and 1m, v, sin (8/2) = mp v, sin (0/2) or, mv, = mV, Q) Now, from conservation of kinetic energy, 1 1 Lguidson Limite dma d ° From (1) and (2), m,u, = cos (8/2) fe V+1.170 So, u, = 2 v, cos (8/2) (4) From (2), (3), and (4) mm vt 4 my cos? (8/2) v3 = m, ve + XH 2 my or, 400s? (8/2) = 1+— m, m, or, 7 4cos? 9-1 m, 2 5 m and putting the value of 8, we get, ™ =2 If (y,, Vy ) are the instantaneous velocity components of the incident ball and (%, V2y) are the velocity components of the struck ball at the same moment, then since there are no external impulsive forces (i.e. other than the mutual interaction of the balls) We have usina= vy 5 vay =0 MU COSO. = MV, + M Vo. The impulsive force of mutual interaction satisfies da F d a Ve) to Gy Ow) (F is along the x axis as the balls are smooth. Thus Y component of momentum is not transferred.) Since loss of KE. is stored as deformation energy D, we have ew _mut— Lv.2— Lov? D zm smvy — 5mv, pio ft imu? cos’a — smvyy ~ SMnvoy 1 = Sm [ mWeos?o. - mv,2— (mucosa mv,,)? ] = oe [ 2mucosav,, - 2m?v,,2 ] = m(v,uucosa ~ v,,”) 2 m| Weos% ucosa 4 2 td We see that D is maximum when 4 cosa. Pen vy _ and Dag = OEM 4 i 2 a Then y= [B= Fcos’a = F On substiuting a= 45° x