ee J. Mati. pares app, 70, 1991, p. $13.4 829 EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION WITH LOCALIZED DAMPING IN UNBOUNDED DOMAINS (1) By E. ZUAZUA ‘Aasraact. — We consider the damped semilinear wave equation ty Aira fa)+asd4y=D in RY(0, 20) th a>0, a LE (RM, a(s}Boy>0 as |x|-+ +20 and feC?(R) satsying fC} for every seR and he nual growth conditions at infinity. ‘The exponential decay ofthe enoray of evry solution is proved by assuming ether that (i) fis elobaly Lipschitz and that either /"(s) has some limits ass goes to +0 and on oF the tim of Ass 25 |2|-+ +20 eins i) fis superticer. ‘The method of proof is bused on mulipier techniques and on unique continuation results that alow vs to estimate the global energy of any solution in terms ofthe “energy concentrate at infty’ Analogous results may be proved for equations in unbounded domains, when the damping term i effective ‘oth at infinity and on a neighbourhood ofthe boundary ofthe domain, RESUME. — On consid aqution det onde semilinéire csipative suivante me Aurhawtfiadtals)na0 in RO(0.c0) aver 250, aeL (9, a(0)2 4,20 longue [| -> +00 et feC*(R) véiiat /(9)s20 pour tout sER tks ‘conditions de eroissance a nti habitus. ‘On dmontre in décroissance exponsntell de énergie des solutions lorsque f+ + 20 en supposant que sit ) fest qlobstement Lipshitz et soit la limite de") existe lorsque ¢—+ #29 et #0 ow bien Ia limite de fs existe lorsque |s|-> + 0 ou bien (i) Fest suriniaire, {La méthode de éémonstration est sé sur des techniques de multipiateus a ua principe de contnaation unique qui permettent 'estiner PEnergi totale de solations on fonction de «énergie concent ini. (C) Supported by Direcién General do Investigneiin Cientifca y Téenisa (MEC-Espafa), Project Prs6-0112-c02, JOURNAL DE MATHEMATIQUES PURES BF APMLIQUEES. ~ 0021-7824/1991/04 513 17/8 3.70/ © Gautier Vilassi4 ZUAZUA ‘On dmontce dss résultsts analogues pour squation des ondes dans des domaines non bornts en supposant que la disination est effective & afin et sur un voisinage du bord du domaine. 1. Introduction ‘This paper is devoted to the study of the exponential decay of solutions of the following semilinear damped wave equation: Autos fu) ats) ae {™ in RIX, 2) u(0)=ng€H?(R, 4, (0) eL?(R”) ‘We assume a.2) aeL2(R"), a(x)Zaj>0 — ac.in Q=R\Be={|x|2BR} for some R>0 where By={xeR":|x]0; f(s)s20foreveryseR, aa eee eo p>. (a—2)p-Snsuch that (M6) ~ F652) SCC +], +97) |si—s3| forevery sj.36R. Condition (1.2) ensures that the damping (erm a(x)1is effective om the set q. From (1.4) we deduce that problem (1.1) is well posed in H(R") x L?(R"), Hypothesis (1.3) ensures the coercivity of the energy a3) EW § [Loves oP les aPalns oF f Fu(x, ode 2 Ie he with 0.6 Fe) Fp forall 2€R, Therefore, under conditions (1.2)-(1.4) problem (1.1) has @ unique solution in C((0, 20}; A(R") A.C (0, c0); L? (R") and the energy E(0) is a non increasing function of the time variable r. More precisely, an Bw -Bao=~ ff ais) |in(s, oP dt forall 1,>1,20. TOME 10 ~ 1991 ~ NUEXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION, 515 ‘The aim of this paper is (0 give sufficient conditions on f implying the existence of some constants C> 1, 7>0 such that (8) E()SCE()e™™ forall 2 0and forevery solution of (1.1). This problem is by now well understood in which concerms the linear (f=0) wave equation on a bounded domain © with Dirichlet or Neumann homogeneous boundary ions, In that ease, by adapting the methods by C. Bardos, G, Lebeau and J. Rauch ((2J [3) the exponential decay may be proved when « (x) 24j>0 on some open subset w of which satisfies the following geometric control condition: there exists some T>0 such that every ray of geometric optics intersects the region «% (0, T) (C. Bardos [i], see also J. Rauch and M. Taylor (8). Always in the linear context and in the particular case where @ is a neighbourhood of the boundary of ©, this result may be proved by using multiplier techniques (¢f. J.-L. Lions [7], Chap. VIL, and A, Haraux [5)). In [11], by using multiplier techniques, we have proved the exponential decay for solutions of (1.1) in bounded domains with damping in @ neighbourhood of the boundary for a large class of nonlinearities and various boundary conditions. In the present paper We extend these results to unbounded domains. : Hypothesis (1.2) is natural for the exponential decay of solutions in all of R*, Indeed, i (1.2) is not satisfied, a ray of geometric optics may escape to the damping effect and the exponential decay may fail even in the simplest case where f=0, As far as we know, the only positive result for the exponential decay of solutions of (1.1) that exists concerns the simplest situation where as) 4(x)24)>0.inallof RY i.e. the damping term is effective everywhere in R*. Tn this particular case, the exponen- tial decay may be easily obtained by constructing modified energy functionals of the Form Buy=Boref (x, Du (as de le ‘with 250 small enough. Indeed, in this ease itis easy to prove a differential inequality for E,(t) leading to its exponential decay and therefore, to the exponential decay of E(t) (of. A. Haraux [4], A. Haraux and E. Zuazua [6] and E. Zuazua [10). In this paper we shall prove that hypothesis (1.9) may be relaxed to (1.2) provided f satisfies some additional properties, We shall distinguish the cases where fis globally Lipschitz and fis superlinear since different hypotheses are needed in each of them, ‘Our main result is as follows. ‘Theorem 1. — Assume that hypotheses (1.2)41.4) are verified. Assume also that either JOURNAL DE MATHEMATIOUES PURES EF APPLIQ A516 we zuazua (@ (The globally Lipschitz (1.104) oF (1.108) holds case), f'€L* (R) and one of the following two conditions (10a) Bo lim fF; tim ses (1.108) a lim f(sys=t liste or Gi) (The supertinear case). There exists some 8>0 such that att) S(9)S22+8)F(S) forevery seR. Then, there exists some constants C> 1 and y>0 such that the estimate (1.8) holds for exery solution w= u(x, t) of (1.1) with initial data in H' (R") x L?(R"). Our proof is inspired by the multiplier methods of (11]. We shall estimate the global energy of a solution in terms of the energy concentrated on a set of the form {[x]ZR]%@, 1). This estimates will not hold directly since lower order addtional terms will appear. In order to absorb them we shall use a compacmess-niqueness argument that reduces the question to a unique continuation problem that will be solved by applying recent results by A. Ruiz [9]. At this level and when fis globally Lipschitz we shall need (the technical and probably unnecessary) hypothesis (1. 0.4) or (1.108) ‘The rest of the paper is divided in two parts, In section 2 we prove Theorem I. In. section 3 we discuss some possible extensions of this result. In particular, we show (Theorem 2) how the methods of this paper and [11] may be combined to obtain ‘exponential decay results in unbounded domains when the damping term is effective bot at infinity and on a neighbourhood of the boundary. 2. Proof of Theorem 1 Inspired by J. Rauch and M. Taylor [8] we observe that it suffices to prove the existence of a time T>0 and a positive constant Cy>0 so that the following estimate holds for every solution of (1.1): en emt f als) y(x, DBs dt Jo da Indeed, from (1.7) and (2.1) we deduce Ca < IMSG, E(0) This last estimate, combined with the semigroup property, gives (1.8) with md)EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION. 317 Inequality (2.1) signifies, essentially, that we may estimate the total energy of the solution in terms of the energy concentrated on the set {|x|2R} x0, T). This estimate will be a consequence of several lemmas that we prove below. In which follows, for notational simplicity, we shall drop the dependence on x and ¢ of the functions under integral sign and we shall use the convention of summation of repeated indexes as well as the following notation: 6 fe [as = [actor every opensuse @ of (Ff Lae fff [enn mnmeae ii) fle f fi dT di where 8, (9 ()B=-M-.0. (0) 8. /ér=derivative on the radial direction } and dT ils surface measure (vi) div q=divergence of ¢=aq/0%. We shall establish the estimate (2.1) for smooth solutions of (1.1) with initial data in HP.(R9)% H!(R), for which the integrations by parts below are justified. The estimate will extend to general weak solutions with initial data in H (RY) x L?(R*) by standard density arguments. Therefore, in which follows, we shall only consider smooth solutions. Estimate (2.1) will be a consequence of the following lemmata Lena 1. — There exists a positive constant C>0 such that a9 5 ff derecler eines ff re Cf [feloP + an.mt EO} ‘for every T>0 and smooth solution of (\.1), Proof of Lemma 1. ~ Multiplying equation (1.1) by p(a)u with @W2" (R") and integrating by parts over R (0, T) we obtain: 4 ffonvar=¢ fon+auyaim [{] 22 lute |e, We apply (2.4) with ge W** (R") verifying 2.5) OS@S1 in Ry g=0 in By JOUENAL DE MATHENATIQUES FLRES FF ARRLIQUEES.sis ZUAzUA I follows: oo Jf arurriromsammse [lI *(Ter3)*)] 2cem+e [fala Observing that | {lre5)ee) and the existence of some constant .>0 so that 0 and every smooth solution of (1.1) the following identity holds in B,» (0,T) 2.8) iff diviatle, iver alo If divin Fy 2 Ny 1, [Lg tellaer-(oem Proof of Lemma 2. ~ It suffices to multiply equation (1.1) by g.Vu and to integrate by parts on B,x (0,7), Leama 3. — Let be T.r>0 and pe W" (RY), The following identity holds jor every smooth solution of (1A): en [f ttva+reraunay= ff fol, P-u¥9.¥a) hose Cl or)) owe 70 — 1991 — 4[EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION, 319 Proof of Lemma 3. ~ It suffices to multiply the equation (1.1) by @(x)ur and to integrate by parts over B,(0, T). Lena 4. — For every rR there ewists a positive constant C,>0 so thar the following estimate holds for every T>0 and every smooth solution of (VV 2.10) sffe P+al oP shabie | FW) ef Proof of Lemma 4. ~ Applying identity (2,8) with q=y we deduce all ip ~alePinn ff ruff [ve --[f ayy. Put A+B ' 5 S ln with 21) A -(j v.¥a) Bs , nce On the other hand, applying (2.9) with @=1 we get + [ele 0 for which 2.16) B/O)sz(+)F (6) forevery seR. Note that, because of (I. 11), conditions (2.15) and (2.16) are compatible. JOURNAL DE MATHEMATIOVES PURES Ex APPLIQUE520 E2UAZUA Combining (2.10) and (2.14) we deduce cam (9) mrtg) fare(e a) “ff o soou-nb ns [fans vuo | (z wtB4D with @.18) paa-o([ [(ure3)4)) We now remark that Fllalim : eff tou Pbelecie ff aluk My 4c by @.19) | i fan Combining (2.17) and (2.19) with the existence of some ¢>0 so that For every ©>0. @.20 a(o- S)e-pres—uFZareame? forevery seR we deduce easily the following estimate em fff tvupalor teri {f Fi) 2N)s, In ef [fou lelisan0.m+ [Lf Note that in the case (i) (resp. case (ii) of Theorem 1, (2.20) is valid for Cae [we We now estimate the integrals over $,x(0,T) on the right hand side of (2.21). Applying the identities (2.8) and (2.9) with @eW!'*(B,) and x respectively with 2.2) on S, 90 in B, with Rer'0 which does not depend on T, omy [ff SelHoiscf ff araresiereiarsronsial} : ~{f [rover (ut “*)o«}} Finally we apply (2.9) in Bz, (0,7) with @eW!* (B3,) such that a 9 2.2 G By p=1inB\B, IvoP ® ithR0. Combining (2.26) and (2.28) with ¢>0 small enough we obtain 2.27) ‘We now remark that, by (2.25), am ff ise vmiseff, o|Vu em ff Uvuf-+aloPsranmscf [fala +llEem, nent IH}. sty From (2.21), (2.28) and (2.29) we deduce 2.30) {ff UvaP aloe sali+ ff Fw sc [folie JOURNAL DE MATHEAIATIQUES PURES EY APFLIQUEES cursory DI 1G [+ 8}522 e zuazua We now observe that 2. [p[Hial+iMIscte@+ec)-cf and the estimate (2.10) holds. @ Remark 3, ~ By density, the estimate (2.10) extends for weak solutions of (1.1). Lessa 5, — There evists some T, >0 such that for every T>T, there exists a constant C(T)>0 50 shat the following estimate holds 2.32) emse{ | a4 P+ Ta syne. oh R we deduce Proof of Lemma 8, ~ Combining Lemma 1 and Lemma 4 for 2.33) { Ease, fer a ee em} with C, >0 which does not depend on T. ‘Taking into account that, from the noninereasing character of the energy. [eouzrem s from (2.33) for every T>T|=C, with CT)=(T-T inequality (2.32) fol Remark 4, ~ Let us now introduce the rescaled nonlinearities 2.4) f= —f0s, WseR,2>0 and consider the family of problems 2.35) ty ~Autantf/diyta(x)y=0 in R"X(0, 00. ‘The estimate (2.32) applies to (2.35). We claim that the constant C; (T) of the corresponding estimate is uniformly bounded with respect to 2>0. Indeed, as our proof ‘of (2.32) shows, the constant C=C (T) of @.32) only depends on the Following properties of the nonlinearity f: (i) The Lipschitz constant |]. qy in the situation (i) and (ii) the & constant in (1.11) in the situation Gi. We note that both are uniform with respect to the family (2.34) for h>0. ‘We may now prove the final estimate’ OMe 10 — 1991 — 94EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION 533 Lewwa 6. ~ Let Ty be given by 2.36) Ty=max{T,,2R} Then, for every T>Tq there exists a constant C(T)>0 so that 7 Ulfsay ens [fale Proof of Lemma 6, ~ We argue by contradiction. Let be T>Ty and assume that (2.37) does not hold, ‘Then, there exists. a sequence of initial data {ae ty» } €H§(Q)* L?(Q) stich that the corresponding sequence {1),| of solutions of (1.1) satisfies “fel dP (2.38) oto. We define (2.39) where (2.40) [tel aayn 0,19 Clearly 2.41) lelh2aggro.m=! forevery weN and a, solves (2.35) with 2=Iy, Le, in R'X(0, co) ~ bey $00, Ff (0) aa) with fy On the other hand, (2.38) ensures that +0 as no, (2.43) Jfeten Combining (2.41)(2.43) and the fact that, as we have mentioned in Remark 4, the estimate (2.32) is uniform with respect to the family of problems (2.42) we conclude (2.44) 3 ffarssreat In particular {24} is uniformly bounded in H? (R** (0,)). + wats f[reose JOUWNAL DE MATHEMATIQUES PURES EV AMPLEQUEES504 EZUAZUA Let us extract a subsequence (Vor simplicity stil] denoted by the subscript 1) such that: uy weaklyin 1 (R'% (0,7) (2.49) vy. strongly in L* (By % (0.7) 78 a.e.in By. (0,7). From (2.41) and (2.45) we deduce that (2.46) UlPlle*oxnco.m If an ¥=0 acin {a>0}(0, 1). and from (2.43}-(2.45,) we obtain uP=O and therefore In order to pass to the limit in (2.42) we distinguish the situations (i) and (ii) of Theorem | (i) The limit equation depends on the behaviour of the sequence {2}. Therefore we distinguish the following three possibilities. Case (i1). ~ There exists a subsequence (still denoted by {2_}) such that 2.48) i, he (0,20), It is easy to sce that the limit state v satisfies (2.35) in By *(0,) and therefore (2.49) w= verifies 2.50) yg Ave-heewt f(a) =O im Byg x (OT) and by (2.47): 2.30) w=O aein Byg\By)* 7), Case (12). ~ We are not in the situation above and there exists a subsequence satisfying (2.52) 4,70. In this ease the limit state v satisfies 2.53) ayo Aotar tf" (O)e=0 in Byg (0,7) rome 70 — 1991 = 4EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION. 525 and therefore, in addition to (2.51), w verifies (2.54) Ing Aw curt f” O)w= in Bya* (0,7). Case (3). ~ The whole sequence {2,} goes to infinity. In this ease we proceed as in [11]. Let us assume first that (I, 10@) holds. We note that w,=(v,), verifies (2.55) (indy Amy tore, +F Oya) Wet aD(H,),=0 in By x(0,T), Hypotheses (1.10), (2.45,,.) and (2.47) allow to pass to the limit in (2.55) to obtain, in addition to (2.51), the limit equation (2.56) Wy Aw+awtg(x,9w=0 in BygX (OT) with @.57a) gb O=S.x{e>O}4/o x [e<0}, When (1.10) holds, passing to the limit in (2.42) we obtain that the limit v satisfies %—APt +N e=0 in Beg X(0,T) and therefore, w=, satisfies (2.56) with 2.576) gl i) Let us now consider the situation (ii) of Theorem 1. In this case the third possibility where 4, -» co may be easily excluded. From (2.44) we know that (2.58) {F,(c,) J isuniformly bounded in L! (B, x (0,7)) with (2.59) We note that (1.11) implies (2.60) FezelsP*, — vislet with e=min {F(1), F(—1)}. Combining (2.58)42.60) we deduce @.61) uff restau 071 2OUNAL DE MATHEMATIQUES URES EF ARPLIQUEES. Psc526 Rava that implies ow Lona which contradicts (2.46), ‘The situations (iil) where 2, -+%€(0, oo) and (12) where 4, —r0 may be treated as in the situation (a) above. The same conclusions hold, Recapitulating, we see that, in all the possible situations, the state 50 we reL? (ByyX(0,T)) satisfies = Awtawth(s, Que 0 in ByeX (0,7) =0 acein {By,\Be} X(0.T) @.64) {" for some non negative potential (x, 1)%0. In the situation (2) the potential b is bounded, ic. EL? (By, X(0,T)). In the situation (ii), since (1=2)pEm, BELT (0.7 L"Byy)) Therefore, since T>2R, we may apply the unique continua showing that ion result by A. Ruiz [9] (2.65) 0 ein By. (0.7), Combining (2.47), (2.64) we deduce that =o (eH (RY. (2.66) On the other hand passing to the limit in (2.42) (for this we shall distinguish the different possibilities above) we obtain that v satisfies (2.67) yy AvtaotpOenetatxyy =O in Rx (0,7) with p20 such that (@ In the situation (i), peL” (Rx (0,1), Gi) In the situation (i), p(x, 9SC(I+]e(x, O[74) (note that, from (1.4), JocolrteLe Rep. ‘Combining (2.66) and (2.67) we deduce that »=v(x)¢H' (R") solves 0 and p20 we deduce that v=0 which contradicts (2.46), The proof of Lemma 6 is now complete. TOME 10 — 1991 = x4[EXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THE SENILINEAR WAVE EQUATION. 527 End of proof of Theorem |. ~ Combining the estimates (2.32) and (2.37) we obtain 2.1) for T>T, and some positive constant Co=C(T). The proof of Theorem 1 is complete, 3, Some comments on the extensions of the main results In this section we discuss soine possible extensions of Theorem 1 3.1. Semitinear wave equation in unbounded domains, ~ Let 0 be an unbounded domain of R with boundary of class C? and let us consider the semilinear wave equation ty Burt oart fla) +atx)uy=0 in 2% (0,20) en u=0 on 2x(0,c0) HOW EH}D. — w= EL? (2) with a>0, a€L% (Q) and fas in section 1, The energy related tothe sytem is now 6.2 EW) [ivecwort nes DP bauer apace | Fluxnde In [11] we proved that when Q is bounded and a do>0 on a neighbourhood of the boundary @®, then the energy decays exponentially as 1 goes to infinity (here and in ‘what follows. by a neighbourhood of the boundary we mean the intersection of © with neighbourhood of the boundary in R°). Combining the methods of (11] and of the present paper the following result may be easily proved. Taeorem 2, — Let O be an unbounded domain of R* with boundary of class C2 and assume that the nonlinarity f° satisfies vither the hypothesis (i) or (ii) of Theorem 1, Assume that aL (Q) is such that there exists some dy>0 so that G.3) a(Zay>0 aein@ with 3.4) @= the union ofa neighbourhood of the boundary 2 and the set {.ve:|x|2R} for some R>0. Then, there exists some constants C>1 and 7>0 such that the estimate (1.8) holds for w(x, 0) of (3.1), the energy being given by (3.2). every solution w Remark 3.1. ~ The same result holds if we consider in (3.1) Neumann boundary conditions instead of Dirichlet boundary conditions. The method can also be adapted to treat Dirichlet-Neumann mixed boundary conditions.528 2UAzua Remark 3.2. — The same multiplier methods allow us to prove the estimate (2.32) for (3.1) if the set @ in (3.4) is the union of a set of type (xeM:)x|2R} and a neighbourhood of part of the boundary Tx)= {wea (x—29).vG)>0} for some x°=R* [we denote by v(x) the unit outward vector to 20], If we had a unique continuation result for solutions of (2.64,) vanishing in ox (0, T) (for T>0 large enough) the arguments of the proof of Lemma 6 would apply and the exponential decay would hold. However, this unique continuation problem seems to be ‘open. We note that the results of [9] only apply if the solution vanishes on the exterior of a bounded set of R* during a large enough time interval and therefore, in this context, they are only valid if w is a neighbourhood of the whole boundary. i 3.2. Plate models. ~ Let us consider the simplified semilinear plate model { tet Aurautsinracu=0 in O%(0, 00) 6.5) u=dufav=0 on 200, :0) | UO =UEHBO, — 4 (0)=u EL?) where @ is an unbounded domain of R* with smooth boundary (we denote by 0. 2v the derivative on the outward normal direction). ‘The multiplier methods of {11] and the present paper allow us to prove an estimate of type (2.32) under the hypotheses of Theorem 2 [the growth condition (1.4) may be relaxed to (14) pS) Once again, in order to conclude the exponential decay a unique continuation result is needed. More precisely, we need a result asserting that solutions weH? (9x(0, T)) ‘of a linear plate equation of type yt A2wtg(x,)w=0 in Qx(0,T) with ge L* (0,7; Lise (Q)) and satisfying w=0 in @*(0,T) must necessarily be identically zero. This problem seems to be open. REFERENCES [1] ©: BaRDos, Personal communication, P].C. Baepos, G. Leneau, J. RAUCH, Contre ot stabilisation dans les problémes hyperboliques, Appendix Win F-L. Loss (7) [8] C. Banoos, G. LeseAu, J. Rauce, Sharp sufficient conditions forthe observation, control and stabilization of waves from the boundary, submitted 10 S1.4.AL. J. Cont. Opuin ‘ome 70 ~ 1991 ~ niEXPONENTIAL DECAY FOR THIL SEMILINLAR WAVE EQUATION. 529 I] A. Hanaux, Semiinear hyperbolic problems in bounded domains, Math, Rep, 1987, 3, Part 4. Digvoo8né Ed, Harwood Academic Publishers, Gordon & Breach (51 A. Hanaux, Une emargue sur ia stabilistion de certains sstémes du deusizme ordee en temps, Port ‘Math, 198, 36, 3, pp. 248-258 [6] A. Hanaux, E. Zunzun, Decay estimates for some smilincar damped hyperbolic problems, eh. Revival ‘Moh, Anal, 1988, 100, 2, pp. 191-206, [7] 4-L. Lions, Contrslbité exact, perturbations et stabilsation de sytimes distribués, 1, Cont ‘exaete, Masson, RMAS, 1988, [8] J. Raven, M. Tavton, Exponential dey of solutions to hyperbolic equations in bounded domains, Aniana Unis. Math, J, 1998, 24, pp. 769. 191 A. Ruz, Unique continuation for weak solutions of the wave equation, to appear in J. Math, Pures Appl Ho) E, Zuazus, Stability and decay fora ctss of nonlinear hyperbolic problems, Asymptotic Anal, 1, 1988, pp. 16-185 U1] E Zunzva, Exponential decay forthe semilinear wave equation with localized damping, Comms in P-D.E, 1990, 15 (2), pp. 205-235, bite ‘¢Manuserit reg en juin 1989.) E,Zuazua, Departamento de Mateméest, Universidad Autonoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Current adres: Departamento de Matematica Aplicada, Universidad Complatense, 28040 Madrid, Spain JOURNAL DE MUSTHEATATIQUES PURES EF APPLIQUEES