Quick Reference FORMULA BOOK PHYSICS = = = 9 HashLearn On-Demand Nn OW Tutoring Vv| REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS | Get free study help instantly. Connect to top tutors for instant 1-on-1 sessions to solve any doubt or problem. isin canyounop newt @ croose toric @ connect To tutor @ cetinstanr HELP For Classes 8 to 12 / PU. Covers School and Entrance Exams.REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS © The SI system : It is the international system of units. At present internationally accepted for measurement, In this system there are seven fundamental and two supplementary quantities and their corresponding units are: UNITS AND MEASURE- MENTS. Quantity Teneth Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Supplementary 1, Plane angle 2. Solid angle Unit Symbol mere ™ kilogram second s ampere A kelvin K candela mole radian rad steradian | sr ‘Dimensions : These are the powers to which the findamental mils are raised to get the unit of a physical quantity Uses of dimensions (To check the comestness of « physical relation GG) To derive relationship between different physical quantities Gi) To convert one system of unit into another y= Maly m(M{USTF] ~ mIM L313 Significant figures : In any measurement, the reliable digits plus the frst uncertain digit are known as significant figures, Error: Iti the difference between the measured value and true value of a physical quantity or the uncertainty in the measurements [Absolute error: The magnitude ofthe diflerence between the true value and the measured vale is calle absolute error. Ag =a-a,, Aa = aa, Mean absolute error 5 = La +1 ay a slitel = 2% 441 Relative error : It is the ratio of the mean absolute error to its true value Aa or relative error row On-Demand Tutoring © Percentage error : It is the relative error in per cent. roves ot) 196 \Ginaan sty ts Average pee, Veg" © Average spot v= TET ayy taal, © Average acceleration, a, tty MOTION INA. STRAIGHT LINE ‘The area under the velocitystime curve isequal to the displacement and slope gives acceleration © _ Ifa body falls freely, the distance covered by it in each subsequent second starting from first second will be in the ratio 1:3 :5: Tete, © _ Habody isthrown vertically up with an initial velocity u, i takes wig second to reach maximum height and w/g second toreturn,ifair resistance isnegligible. © _Ifair resistance acting on a body is considered, the time taken by the body to reach maximum height is less than the time to fill back the same height © Fora particle having zero intial velocity if st , where «a > 2, then particle’s acceleration increases with ime. © Fora particie having zero initial velocity if s "where ««-<6, then particle's acceleration decreases with time © _ Kinematic equations +a, sv? =u? + 2a, (5) 2,8, =ut San (RS, =U+ $n applicable only when |, ‘magnitude of tangential acceleration, acceleration is variable use calculus approach. Relative velocity i the time of fight, h maximum height, R horizontal range of a projectile, « its angle of projection, then the relations among these quantities. MOTION IN A : Qs @)REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS For a given initial velocity to get the same horizontal range, there are two angles of projection and 90°—a, ‘The equation to the parabola traced by a body projected horizontally from the top ofa tower ofheighty, with a velocity uisy=gx?/2u?, where x is the horizontal distance covered by it from the foot ofthe tower. x Equation of trajectory is y= x tan 0 — which is 2u cos" parabola Equation of trajectory of an oblique projectile in terms of ws) Maximum height is equal to n times the range when the projectile is launched at an angle ® = tan” "(4n. In a uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration are constants only in magnitude. Their directions change. In a uniform circular motion, the kinetic energy of the body range (R) is isa constant. W=0, 4 +0, P + constant, L=constant Centripetal acceleration, a, ‘ov (always applicable) © Newton’s first law of motion or law of inertia Iis resistance to change. © Newton's — second Femi, F=dp/at law © Impulse: A= Fat, p» ~py =] Fat i Newton’s third law: Fj =F, Frictional force f, < (fmm =HRS fy = H.R Circular motion with variable speed. For complete circles, the string must be taut in the highest position, u? > Sea Circular motion ceases at the instant when the string becomes slack, ie., when T= 0, range of values of u for which the string does go slack is /2ga Total change in all kinds of potential energy. velocity of separation © Coeficient of restitution = SESH oF Separation velocity of approach © _Thetotal momentum of asystem ofparticlesisa constant in the absence of external force, © The centre of mass ofa system of particles is defined as the point whose SYSTEMS OF Tg PARTICLESAND J positon vector is R= 24 ROTATIONAL M (© The angular momentum ofa system of particles about the origins L= 3° xp) L=mr=lo © The torque or moment of force on a system of n particles, about the origin is x= x, © _ Themoment of inertia of rigid body about an axisis defined by the formula I= mys? © Thekineticenergy ofrotation is K = "Yo © Thetheorem ofparallel axes: 1 Theorem of perpendicular axes IREVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS For rolling motion without slipping v,,,~ Rex. The kinetic energy of such a rolling body is the suin of kinetic energies of translation and rotation : K, Arigid body is in mechanical equilibrium if (@) Itistranslational equilibrium ie, the total external force onitis zero: 2 F, (b) Itis rotational equilibrium ic, the total external torque on itis zero :E t= 24, * Fy Ifa body is rleased from rest on rough inclined plane, then z em 2 a for purerolling H, >" tan0 (1,=nmr?) ; gsind a z-__2ir dreg(? ~a°y Dipolemoment = 424 Ina uniform elec field — , a dipole experiences a torque = given by ¢=pxE but experiences no net force. The flux Ap of electric field — through a small area element AS is given by ap =E.AS Gauss's law: The flux of electric field through any closed gure is imesthe otal charge encased ic. Q Thin infinitely long straight wire of uniform linear charge a Drege Infinite thin plane sheet of uniform surface charge density 6 density: B= £-2 265 ‘Thin spherical shell of uniform surface charge density ¢ (e. p= resistivity ofthe material Equation E = pj another statement of Ohm's law, p= tesistivity of the material, (Ohm's law Loc Vor V=RI (@ Total resistance R of n resistors connected in series R=R+R,~...7R, (b) Total resistance R of n resistors connected in parallel eo 9 9 o Kirchhoff’s Rules ~ (a) Junetion rule: At any junction of circuit elements, the sum of currents entering the junction ‘ust equal the sum of currents leaving it (©) Loop rule: The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop must be zero, The Wheatstone bridges an arrangement of four resistances Ry, Rp, Ry, Ry. The null-point condition is given by RR R, Ry The potentiometer is a device 10 compare potential differences. The device can be used to measure potential difference; internal resistance ofa cell and compare ems of (4) two sources, Internal resistance r=R | 7'=1) CEC -e 6) RC circuit: During charging During discharging : q=qge **© According ‘to Joule’s Heating law, H=FPRt The total force on a charge q moving with velocity v i.e., Lorentz force Feq(@xB+E) © _A straight conductor of length ¢ and carrying a steady current I experiences force F ina uniform external magnetic field B, F=17 xB. the direction of ¢ is given by the direction of the current - fix? a= Mot ane ‘The magnitude of the magnetic field due toa circular coil of| radius R carrying a current |at an axial distance x from the ial? Fie RE e Biot-Savart aw centre is B. On-Demand Tutoring row © Themagnitude ofthe field B inside a long solenoid carrying a current Lis: B= gil. Fora toroid one obtains, B= © Ampere’sCiruital Law: f Ba? = pol. where referstothe current passing through S. na © _ Force between two long parallel wires Fah Nm ‘The force is attractive if currents are inthe same direction and repulsive currents are in the opposite direction. © Forcurrent carrying coil M= NIA ; torque L ) © Conversion of i galvanometer into ammeter, S = (-,J¢ vle (Gi) galvanometer into voltmeter, $= ly 7 _ Bo © Themagneticimensty, = © _Themagnetisation 4 ofthe materials its dipole moment per unit volume, The magnetic field B in the material is, B= ho(H+M) © Fora linear material N= fi. So that B= il and zis called the magnetic susceptibility of the material He Wott, © Themagnetic Aux $y =BA=BA cos0, where 0 is the angle ELECTRO. \ between B& A MAGNETIC )@ Faraday’s laws of induction INDUCTION wie dt Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the induced emfis such that it tends to produce a current ‘which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it ‘The induced emf (motional emf) across ends ofarod ¢ = Bév ‘The self-induced emfis given by, Lis the self-inductance of the coil. L ban? A Achanging current in a coil (coil 2) can induce an emf ina nearby eal (oi 1). ay ai ‘My2= mutual inductance foil I ws coil 2, Growth of current in an inductor, i= igf-e®*) Ret For decay of current, i =igeREVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS 9 oo 9 8 © For an alternating current i= jy, sin ot Passing through a resistor R, the average Power os P averaged over acyce) dueto ALTERNATING ) Jouleheating is (1/2), CURRENT Em{E= reat © Root mean square (rms) current Fo v2 vz “The average power loss over a complete cycle P= VI cosh. The term cos } is called the power factor, ‘An ac voltage v = v,, sino applied to a pure inductor L, drives a current in the inductor i =i,, sin (ot ~n/2), where ig = VpiX, Xi, = OL is called inductive reactance. Anac voltage v= v,, sino applied to a capacitor drives a ‘current in the capacitor: i= i, sin (ot +72). Here, 07 im E, 1 ae aa Xe G¢ An interesting characteristic of a series RLC circuit is the enomenon of resonance. The circuit exhibits resonance, the amplitude ofthe current is maximum at the resonant a KL =Xo) is called capacitive reactance, frequency, og Impedance 2= YR? +(%, Xe) “Transformation ratio, K = NS. Es. te. ip Ep Is Step up transformer : Ns> Np: E> Epi Ip? Ty Step down transformer Np> Ng: Ep Eg and Ip critical angle, Lens formula 1a cries: = 8-011) The power ofa lens P= I/. The SLunit for power ofa lensis, dioptte(D): 1D= Im several thin lenses of focal length f, ff. Lut the effective foeal FEE are in contact, The total power of a combination of several lenses P=P,+P,+Py+. Chromatic aberration if satisfying the equation or in terms of powers «P, +02P, Vol ,P) For compound microscope M= — >| 1+7~ uy fe ‘when final image at D WD M=o pf, We final image at infinity Wavefront : It is the locus of all the Particles vibrating in the same phase. {© The resultant intensity of two waves of intensity Iy/4 of phase difference 6 at any ° ints 1= 1p cos*| >|, a [3] where Ips the maximum densi Intensity T= (amplitude)? Condition for dark band : = 2n—1)%, for bright band b=m,.REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS ooo e9eo0o 989 ° oo 89 8 98 Da Fringe width B= A thin film of thickness t and refractive index p appears dark bbyreflection when viewed at an angle of refraction rif 2utcos r= nh. (n= 1,2,3,€t6) A single slit of width a gives a diffraction pattern with a central maximum, The intensity falls to zero at angles of Amplitude of resultant wave R =a +8? + 2abcos Intensity of wave I, +2 Jiiizeos} Brewster aw:

> n, while in p-type semiconductors, >> ny type semiconducting $i or Ge is obtained by doping with pentavalent atoms (donors) like As, Sb, Pec. while p-type Si or Ge can be obtained by doping with trivalent atom (acceptors) ike B, Al, Inte On-Demand Tutoring {In forward bias (n-side is connected to negative terminal of thebaitery and p-side fs connected tothe postive), the barrier is decreased while the barrier increases in reverse bias. Diodes can be used for rectifying an ac voltage (restricting the ac voltage to one direction) Zener diode is one such special purpose diode. In reverse bias, after a certain voltage, the current suddenly increases (breakdown voltage) in a Zener diode. This property has been used to obiain voltage regulation, ‘Theimportant transistor parameters for CE-configuration are: Inputresistance Output resistance ° ° (AVpe) ln Nee Current amplification factor, ‘The voltage gain ofa transistor amplifier in common emitter configuration is (v0) _ Re FRe- Where Re and Ry are respectively the resistances in collector and base sides of the cicuit. The important digital circuits performing special logic operations are called logic gates. These are: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates. NAND gate is the combination of NOT and AND gate. NOR gate is the combination of NOT and OR gate. © Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver are three basic units of a ‘communication sysiem. © Two imporiant forms of communication sysiemare: Analogand Digital Theinformaion to be transmitted is generally in continuous ‘waveform forthe former while for the later it has only discrete or quantised levels © Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. ‘Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation Inthe process of modulation, new frequencies called sideband are generated on either side ‘fan antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height hhy, then the range dy J2Rhy R= radius of earth. Effectiverange, d = J2Rhy + J2Rhq hhy = height of transmitting antenna: hy =height ofeceiving antenna Critical frequency V,=9%N._)!2 ‘where Nyy, = M0. density of electrons/m® : cOMMUNI- CATION SYSTEMS Skip distance, Dyin he height of reflecting layer of atmosphere. 1 Power radiated by an antenna *