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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 views13 pages

    Heat & Mass Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Rabin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 13
    at and Mass insfer ate conduction is the form of conduction that happens wets Ke difference driving the conduction are constant, so tht te stribution of temperatures in the conducting object does 1m ny further, § |. during any period in which temperatures are changing in net * within an object, the mode of thermal energy flow is tare | conduction or non-steady state conduction. of Heat Conduction 1 heat flow through homogeneous solid is direcly pr. neasured normal to the direction of heat flow and the nthe direction of heat flow, - O=- MAS = Heat transfer in given direction jrock ocs-4ectional area perpendicular to heat flow direct 5 4 ‘SMperature differer ends of @ thnkeeailte diference between two l= Thickness 7 Thickness of sotig body = Tempera jb © Gradient in direction of heat flow. yes eral Heat Conduction Equation Ge Coordinates (side paral vox, y and z-direction: 108 2 mel hoat gencraion per tac Let Jo lume per unit time t= Temperature at left face of differential control ‘volume k, = Thermal conductivities of the mater Ke hy egpectively ¢ = Specific heat of the material p= Density of the material k 3 | ciffusivit a= Thermal di w(4) dr= Instantaneous time. a, a), af, a 2 (2). ot 3 (ma) y ay)* acl az}*90 =P 5, For homogeneous and isotropic material, al in x, y and zdire 24 93 oe + For steady state condition (Poisson's equation), at at at RF * For steady state and absence of intemal heat generation ( equation), * For unsteady heat flow with no intemal heat generation, et at Ft ta we of a Ai [ote gi Bt) ped ar ag? ar ™ eatand Mass trevnrer ECtOn way, 2 re Site, transfer FOE 2 Compost csisaee Heat peat rancor coeticiont for ig - eM te eta Cpeg Convection ay sete unidirectional heat flow in radial sretetion, Wer eat /onduction ~» conduction — er, tection 604 Sate unirection heat tow in radial dtection vith ng ter Ry +R, +Ry+Ry interna! radius of cylinder nerd 7 Oster radius of cylinder 2b pet Length of cylinder. atk! baal esttance of @ hollow cylinders is given as Heat Transfer through a’ All the arrangements are same as given in composte finds resistance will change, ee finder of internal radius r, and external radius fw ‘and external yown in figue “ma temperatures of 7; and Ty as she Heat transfer through a composite sphere R= enh 1 1 anki Ry=—= k=Themn, Ahan ctl on 4) baa ont Fe aking ak 1 9. ich — a 7 | ane OT RR FAR ‘Anotiow spre? L hae | Amivauess vt auowauUun ‘ jokness of insulation graph is shown in ag . O70 fe erated Equation for Fin cylinder, g=2 . emengular fim neon h an % , 1 0A DOW day ‘Jefe = Thermal conductivity % D+ A, dx Ok WA Uk ra feat transfer coefficient ‘acand A, are CFOSS-SectlOnal and sutace ko wwnete Ac a0 *"S re, = 2ko sphere ii a OO) EE = Ey . aes equation if A. constant and A, « P(x) linear ints Heat ot _ My pcg cal rai ofisulation, total resistance fst decreases ang Cee jum value and then increases. nd atin o% al radius is independent of pipe radius, ae xpose of insulation to the radius, the heat transfer rate for ube de radius > critical radius () : pose of insulation tothe increase, the heat transfer rate for tube. de radius < critical radius (r) =cye™ +c50°™ re 2nd order =c,e™ +68 transfer will always reduce on application of insulation of wall * | General equation of 1 ative resistance will remain unchanged while conductive resstaxe | Heat dissipation can be takes place on the basis of three cas ncrease with thickness of insulation. Case 1 Heat Dissipation from an tofinitely ang) ' ha case, the temperature at Transfer from Extended Surface | fimounding uid temperate fy 28 shown in figure, Tr Surface that extends from an object to increase the rate oftesl_ | conditions are given below or from the environment by increase convection. Adding afinio | At \. Increases the surface area and can sometimes be a al solution to heat transfer problems. or f heat transfer from a solid surface to atmosphere is ave" T where, h and AT are not controllable - 4. Te “ease the value of Q surface area should be increased. Surface which increases the rate of heat transfer is known &° 50 me at dissip: 8 =65e Ln ee of Heat along a Rod Heat transfer by conduction at base Qin = VKALPH (to ta) = 1d 7 ted at a ‘ste 2 leat Dissipation from a Fin tnvwlaiet Ange etically, the heat loss from the long and the insulated. Nd of the tip can be. considered as Jase 3 Heat Dissi 105; ‘ip ; The boundary conditions are given below, a ipation from a Fin ty, =Ot= end 0-0, LQ, bang] neta grants) | cosh ml + Za sinh mt | A a tanh mi+—. Qa = {RPTA 05 nk ; ne + ing fant n Efficiency feeeyis gen by. =__Actal haat rate rom tn Maximum heat transfer rate Dera Ing iPr, (oFete enh of frm = VERA Oy 1 [RA A(PI+D8)09 1 VHP nis "W ncuated tp,» = G0 VAPRA, tanh ml SoviPhA, tanh ml 7? h tant +! trick 99 VPA, et 1 ot fy = 14 tanh mi (PL+b8) 0, 0 ae and Mass Transfer 215 jectiveness inn poss is dented by c wenes®" sctual heat transfer from fin surface (Q) = Rate of heat trenster without fn a PRIA, tenh mi _ tanhimt FAO, nA, Pk ineteo! (er) (ee ‘¢1 then eS 1=9 it means there wil be redueton in rate of heat yf ue to its very high convective coefficient of het transer.(n caso varsler ing condensation and high veloc tu). colbolir ints “Meco ton iret temperature of 2 body does not vary with time, itis sald to be in steady tial. But if there is an abrupt change in its surface temperature, it attains aneculirium temperature or a steady state after some period. During this petod, he temperature varies with time and body is sai tobe in unsteady crtransient state. This phenomenon is known as transient heat conduction. at Heat conduction (Transient heat conduction) ( a). 0 Let V = Volume of ‘body ¢= Specific heat of body © =Density of body P= Thermal conductivity of ‘material = Convevtive heat transter Coefficient {=a temperature of body ':= Surrounding temperature. at ~pve otal heat flow rate, n= o¥e =tadfe\ © Ts oy, tm ey)el % tance Surtace or convective thermal ‘estos 1 a) B= ‘ | = Characteristic length | wit number Fo = an} pes y= PAE t)eF) oF Q =pVe (, =t,)[e-BFe _ Internal conductive re: ot number Bi = Q=- q Joon Be ie in unsteady state can be calculaed at ay ie ywhen Biot number < 0.1, racteristic Length teristic length is denoted by ne Volume(v) ©" Surface area ‘exposed to surrounding (A) Char. acteristic Length for different Section ric length for sphere | teristic length for soli cylinder z = et tte Ret —— Tek +R) a. tri ength for cube Fee Oc = keds — Convection, eat transfor DY Mass motion o a fui ection gy fluid IS CAUSED 10 move away from ori wo MEANS ih i. Convection can bo quali wryng anergy gravitational, granuiar of thermo FD ge. ae. mere at bee us Such as air or water the source ot heat, din terms of being vagnetic. Generally, it vection porced Omi by external means tke pump, fan, compresse sion i it " tion, ua maton is called forced convent the ‘ # ction Free Conve Natura or cue 0 dane dilerence caused by the heat trans when te fe vface and fluid itis said to be natural o tree convect solids poten ture (t,) Ik Temperat Mean Bul equilbxium ternperature that would result ithe tid 1 deol va thoroughly mixed in an adiabatic container, cross 520 Mean Film Temperature (¢;) temporal ot a sole a ic mean of the surface ' ee a eperelne t., of the fluid which flows. a tothe " 2 ive Coefficient Average Heat Transfer eee Wegiven by rely Dimensionless Number There are following types of dimensionless number Nusselt Number (Nu) tis defined as Ri neAcAT fate of heat transfer by convection a A a a Eo cendvction” gall Rate of heat transfer by c al ~ 9 | est and Mass Transfer 2 asure energy transfer by convection occu én lue of Nu, larger willbe the rate of heat tant by r Come, old Number (Re) "Wet d number is defined as, Re = MMettia force | Viscous forog | vi Re = ov! H of Number (Gr) _v Mor tree convection. al | nisuse Gr = Mattia force x buayancy force | = irc p= Density of fluid | oa Y= Velocity o id passing through length () cr=Pbow 1 = Kinematic viscosity = Coefficient of volumetric expansion Dynamic viscosity ( 5) vie, B = Coaticon p igh Number (Ra) ! Reynold Number eae fof Grashof number and Prandtl number. iis used for fi his toa umber where the boundary layer changes from lan | convection. aha 1 Ra=Gr-Pr;Ra= GP late, Re <5 x 10° (laminar) < veo Re > 5 x 108 (turbulent) ‘where, g = Acceleration due to gravity A B= Thermal expansion coefficient Pipes, Re < 2300 (laminar flow) v= Kinematic viscosity 2300 < Re < 4000 (transition to turbulent fow) = Thermal dfusivity Re > 4000 (turbulent flow) Pr = Pranat! number | Number (Pr) Gr = Grashof number yates Of relative effective of momentum and ote | Hee ornatual conection fankar fusion in velocity and thermal boundary layers respecte 10" 10" 1 ‘Or heavy oil and grease, Turbulent tow 2107 60 nar flow 10° 1 8 <8 vanenr8 @ Various Prandtl curve Key Points « Theheat is conducted by conduction. 1 Te thermal gradient is setup in the lud layers, thereby a temperature profile fedeveloped on the fluid flow. + Inthe boundary layer region, the temperature of fluid varies from surface up tothe thermal boundary layer thickness. : Some Important Equations Authe surface ofthe plato, thece is no fluid motion and the heat transfer can occu ‘nly through conduction, then heat flux is Ds 7 : Qe -tie-k(# Qo hu,-1) ()., sh at byaty =0, 24-0 ya 0.55 tao dy ‘tat "Temperature of fuid at y distance measured fet @aty= normal direction from the plate olds Analogy wing equations are used for Reynold analogy tu y 5, (i i changer is a piece of equioment built for efficient heat trans medium to another. Biolere and condensers in thermal prs example of large industrial heat exchangers. Heat exchangers bundant in chemical and process industries. g Factor omenan of rust formation and deposition a uid impuris ich responsible to increase thermal resistance wih dina drop inthe performance of the heat exchange equip™ actor Ret Veny Yaar *Overallheat transfer coefficient, "ing ass Transfer 225 eat and je Mean Temperature Difference (Latrp) ithe Toe te trnporale vn rc rhea ner used to Se notably in Neat exchangers, LMTO is a logarithmic i wa wneeante dilferenco belween the hot and cold streams at Sof] ', ‘y BA . enath paral tow Counter fow ftibution fr parallel and counter low heat exchanger sempre cstibuion "Paral =UA seat transl, Q LMTD Op'= 0:=t 02 = lng the heat capacity of two fluid equal 8» ‘hee, 0, = Temperature differance between two streams at end A 6) = Temperature difference between two streams at end B. 8, = Logarithmic mean temperature difference (aoacity Ratio oa ratio is defined as the ratio of the minimum to maximun ate. c, wherec = Specific heat Me My Cr Mon Me Capacity ratioc = Mh Cy> Me Ge, R= My ep < Meco, A 6 fectiveness of Heat Exchanger effectiveness of @ heat exchanger is defined ag ally transferred to the maximum theoretical ener C, = Heat capacity rates for cold fluids tty ite, andi, ete mber of Transfer Units (NTU) _ ise measure of the size of heat exctianger, it provides ation of the size ofthe heat exchanger '*, U= Overall heat transfer coefficient A= Surface area Sra = Minimum capacity rate Handbook Meche Bo | , the Patio, alg ‘oy tr (Qx) actual heat rane (Qrax) maximum possible heat transi, Oocy nn Coy —trg) = M Colle ~f,) Qnax = Gin (ny ~He,) IM, Ce Man = Coin = nC Osx = Mn lly fey) Cn tay ~ bhp) _ my ~bne © 1M Cp (ty =f) ty =f, at capacity rates for hot fluids temperature ©esms for hol and cold fluids (ass of hot fluid ass of cold fuid nru= 4 MyCy > My Oe = Cmin = Me Co ntu= A mo 227 parallel Flow Heat Exchanger 4exp[- NTU (1+ A} ee +R jveness fOr tive se roe Parallel flow ‘Counter flow Heat exchanget for parallel and counter flow bctiveness for the Counter Flow Heat Capacity NTU (1- AY] hisgienby = is the process in which energetic particles or energetic waves though a medium or space. Su sect . jitface Emission Properties ie dation bya body depends ypon te folowing factors “perature of the surface ty pe Tau ofthe surface Navelenath or frequency of radiation 2 parameters which deals with the surtace emi en below sal stal Emissive Power (E) defined as the total amount of radiation emit Jara SB a body “ E=oT* Win? Stefan Bolzmann constant = 5.67%10-® W fin? y+ Ey =0AT* iy, onochromatic (Spectral) Emissive Power dened as the rate of energy racated per unt area one t wavelength, Sp = [7 &on. wine mission from Real Surface ®emissive power from a real surface is given by E=eo ATW ere, €= Emissivily ofthe surface T = Surface temperature missivity (c) Oelined as the ratio of the emissive power of any body tothe ens wer ofa black body of same temperature. E en£ & For black body, For white body, For gray bowy, O (E;,), on (Edo = ¢ = Velocity of light n vacuum = 2.998x 10° m/e fh= Planck's constant = 6625 x 10™ J-s ‘Wavelength, k = 1.3805x 10? J/K,T = absolute .) = monochromatic emissive power of a black body ion Heat Exchange er the radiant heat exchange between two non-black suriaces. network representing space and surface resistance to radiatenat 9 tempers Ey A a Ex 1 tne Au | Rca te An lectieal network between two non black surfaces Eo, Ey * (sale = = =a Aver AiFu2 Aote (Qh abet = (Fy i-2 Ai 8» (Ti —T2) ew Gray Body Factor 1 F, Gong &,_1,& Ae, AF A2e ET Emssity or body 1 Emi tr body 2 mass Transfer 231 a0 pea" Ree rProe 4 er es yk tO 10 21. Ue Fin : f of ase het = Fine Avo 7 ~ 78) aie aaparatel panes, Ai Ap andF»=1 ARiep 1 ne (h-2= ty er concentre cylinder oF Sphere, Fa=1 c um (hoe Aph (for concentric cylinder) tes. A 2 ALt (for concentne sphere Ae Pir Cniered large enclosure . ‘asmall body lies inside a 7 0 Mie Fach Ac

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