Wed | Sep 12, 2007

 Chapter 5: Gases
– Gas Stoichiometry
– Partial Pressure
– Kinetic Theory
– Effusion and Diffusion

 Exam #1 - Friday, Sep 14

– Attendance is mandatory!
– Practice exam today in recitation

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 1

THE GASEOUS STATE

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

Pressure  atm
Volume  liters
n  moles
R  L atm mol-1K-1
Temperature  Kelvin

Earlier… used the Ideal Gas Law to determine mass.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 2

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 PRS Question #1

What mass of argon is contained in an 18.6L container

at 20°C if the pressure is 2.35 atm?
(1) 21.9 g
(2) 72.6 g mass
PV = x RT
(3) 322 g (MW)

(4) 1.82 kg

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 3

PRS Question #1- Solution

What mass of argon is contained in an 18.6L container

at 20°C if the pressure is 2.35 atm?
(1) 21.9 g P x V x MW
Mass =
RxT
(2) 72.6 g
(2.35 atm) x (18.6L) x (39.948 g/mol)
(3) 322 g Mass =
(0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1) x (293.15K)
(4) 1.82 kg
Mass = 72.6 g

What else can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law?

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 4

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 Gas Density

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

mass
PV = (MW) RT

mass
= P (MW) = density
V RT
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 5

PRS Question #2
What is the density of carbon tetrafluoride
at 1.00 atm and 50 ºC?

PV = nRT What do we need to do to

solve this problem?
1) 0.0377 g/L
(1) Know chemical formula
2) 0.244 g/L
(2) Convert Ideal Gas Law into
3) 3.32 g/L density equation

4) 21.4 g/L (3) Be mindful of units

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 6

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 Gas Density Calculation
What is the density of carbon tetrafluoride
at 1.00 atm and 50 ºC?
Chemical Formula for
CF4
carbon tetrafluoride

Density = [P x (MW)]/RT
P = 1.00 atm; MW = 88 g/mol;
R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1K-1; T = 50 + 273.15 = 323.15K

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 7

Gas Density Calculation

What is the density of carbon tetrafluoride
at 1.00 atm and 50 ºC?
PV = nRT Density = [P x (MW)]/RT

1) 0.0377 g/L (1.00 atm) (88 g/mol)

2) 0.244 g/L (0.08206 L atm mol-1K-1) (323.15K)
3) 3.32 g/L
4) 21.4 g/L Density = 3.32 g/L
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 8

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 Molar Mass

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

mass
PV = (MW) RT

RT
MW = mass x
PV
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 9

Mixtures of Gases

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure of a mixture of gases
equals the sum of the partial pressures
of the individual gases.

Ptotal = PA + PB
PAV = nART
PBV = nBRT
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 10

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 Partial Pressures in Gas Mixtures

Ptotal = PA + PB

PA = nART PB = nBRT
V V

Ptotal = PA + PB = ntotal RT
V
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 11

Mole Fractions

nA nB
XA = XB =
ntotal ntotal
ntotal = nA + nB

The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is

defined as the # of moles of the components that are in
the mixture divided by the total # of moles present.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 12

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 Mole Percents

XA = 0.5
nA x 100
XA =
ntotal
Mole % = 50%

Mole fractions must range from 0 – 1.

Multiply mole fractions by 100 for mole percents.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 13

For Ideal Gases…

PA = nART Ptotal = ntotalRT

V V
PA nARTV nA
= =
ntotal = XA
Ptotal ntotal RTV

Therefore…
PA = XA Ptotal
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 14

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 Example Problem
Some sulfur is burned in excess oxygen.
The gaseous mixture produced contains
23.2 g O2 + 53.1 g SO2 only.
Its total pressure is 2.13 atm.
What is the partial pressure of SO2(g)?

PSO = XSO Ptotal

2 2

Calculate
Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 15

Example Problem

The gaseous mixture produced contains

23.2 g O2 + 53.1 g SO2 only.

1 mol O2
# mol O2 = 23.2 g x = 0.725 mol
31.98 g O2 O2

1 mol SO2
# mol SO2 = 53.1 g x = 0.829 mol
64.06 g SO2 SO2

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 16

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 Example Problem

What is the partial pressure of SO2(g)?

X SO = 0.829 mol
= 0.533
2 0.725 mol + 0.829 mol

PSO 2
= X SO Ptotal
2
= 0.533 x 2.13 atm

= 1.14 atm

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 17

Kinetic Theory of Gases

 Separation by large distances compared to size

 Constant movement in random directions with a

distribution of speeds.

 No force exerted except during collisions

 Direction = straight line except between collisions

 Collisions are elastic; no energy lost during

collisions

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 18

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 Molecular Collisions in Gases

Greater impulse
on container
walls when the
mass of the gas
is greater

P mass

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 19

Molecular Collisions in Gases

Greater impulse
on container
walls when the
density increases

P N

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 20

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 Molecular Collisions in Gases

Greater impulse
on container
walls when the
average speed
increases
P (speed)2

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 21

Molecular Speeds

PV = nRT PV = (1/3) Nmū2

Recall: N = nN0 and m = M/N0

nRT = (1/3) (nN0) (M/N0) ū2

RT = (1/3) Mū2 ū2 = (3RT)/M

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 22

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 Molecular Speeds

3RT
u rms = u2 =
M
NOTE: Use SI units here…
R = 8.31447 J mol-1K-1, where J = kg m2 s-2
T=K
M = g/mol, where you would convert to kg/mol

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 23

Molecular Speeds

8RT
uavg =
pM
NOTE: Use SI units here…
R = 8.31447 J mol-1K-1, where J = kg m2 s-2
T=K
M = g/mol, where you would convert to kg/mol

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 24

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 Molecular Speed Distribution
Temp is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of molecules when
their speeds exhibit the
Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 25

Molecular Motion

A gas molecule at ordinary

conditions follows a
straight path only for a
short time before colliding
with another molecule.
The overall path is a
zig-zag.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 26

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 Diffusion and Effusion

DIFFUSION
the spontaneous molecular mixing of materials
(usually liquids or gases) without chemical
combination
EFFUSION
the spontaneous movement of the molecules of
a gas through a hole whose size is small
compared to their mean free path

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 27

Effusion
Which gas will effuse faster? How to determine this?

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 28

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 Comparing Effusion Rates

Molecular weight of He = 4.0025 g/mol

ūHelium is proportional to √(1/4) = 0.5

Molecular weight of O2 = 32 g/mol

ūOxygen is proportional to √(1/32) = 0.176

Helium gas has a faster avg speed than O2 gas,

therefore He will effuse faster than O2.

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 29

He Effuses Faster Than O2

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 30

15
 Final Reminders
 Exam Study Notes online
 Practice Exams
– Recitation today
– Online via WebAssign
 Homework
– 5-7% students forget to submit their WebAssign
homework!
– 40% students have NOT entered their 9-digit GT ID #
into Eduspace profile

Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 31

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