1 MATRIX ALCEBRA Computation of rigorous adjustnents in surveying requires solution of a number of simultaneous equations. The most efficient method of eolution is to use matrix algebra. This first section constitutes a revision of operations using matrices. 1.1 Amatrix is an ordered array of numbers consisting of m rows and fn columas. This is known as an m x n matrix. aaa ‘ ~ sf me ws * 2 rf In a matrix A, the element in the ith row and jth column is donated a ij, so that i denotes the row and j denotes the column.Suppose A is an mx n matrix. Then frou A a new matrix can be formed whose rows are the colums of A, and whose columns are the rows of A. The new matrix is called the transpose of Ay and is denoted by A". Addition end subtraction of matrices * Addition of two matrices of the sane dimension (m x n) is carried out by adding corresponding elements. AtB= ay, + by 21 For example, 2 6 5 16 a-|9 4) 8 2] arB= [4 6 Subtracting of two matrices of the same dimension (mx n) is carried out by subtracting corresponding elementBe iy an man matrix, and is = =Car by k. The result is given by each element im being multiplied by k. The result is an m xn matrix 6] fio 30 2 ae[s 2): ¥5 a = [4 10 | 38-25 Metrix multiplication tea is anmxamatrix and D io an nx qmatriz, A 2 pxg mates A woltiplied by B is given by multiplying corresponding rows of A with corresponding colums gf B and adding the products so obtained to form an m x q matrix. LL a2 4 13 u 12 A ae An 22 03 Boy ty a P31 Bap | ay 7 tba 743 Ban etre * Bye Sag. 7 tis baal a agp Pan * Man ban * 29 Pat ayy Py. * B22 boo * 923 Pa tye a Example |? * ae j2 7 6] aaj2 4 BeDeterminant A determinant is 2 single uunber which is obtained by performing a certain sequence of multiplication, additions and subtractions on the members of a square array of nunbers. With every square (but mot with @ non-square) matrix A there is a determinant, denoted det AorA . St | 9 . . re | far 22923 det Am ay) ayy 93 - 2) Fs, aye ag3 "12, S25 451 Fig perag, “Say Soy ag A short cut to evaluate a 3.x 3 determinant is as follows: i 8 & = Pa 1 a a ee serrata 5 tay AD eed gee 3 Sou 833, 4g $51) 852 Example: ~ Sys | 5 6 8 one mene 2 4) det a 9 2 4 2 3 B60 5} 30 5 3 0 deem 5x 2x5-8x2x3= (50- 48) = - 196 + 6xX4x3-5x4x0 (722- 0) + 8x9x0-629x5 (0-270) fay" 39 “21 933, 492 83]