5.

Treat the third set of seed with 10^-4 M solution of cytokinin and
place these seeds in third petridish.

6. Prepare the fourth petridish after exposing the fourth set of seeds
to ethylene.

7. Place the petridish at suitable temperature in dark to allow seed

germination.

8. Keep the seeds and cotton pad moist by pouring distilled water
from time to time.

9. Record the time taken for germination and number of seeds

germinated.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Effects of different treatment to break seed dormancy

S.NO KIND OF TREATMENT TIME TAKEN FOR NO OF SEEDS GERMINATION

GERMINATION GERMINATED PERCENTAGE

1. Distilled water 7 -14 days 15 10 %

2. KNO3 24 hrs 14 15 %

3. Cytokinin 14 days 18 10 %

4. Ethylene 14 days 12 20 %

CONCLUSION:

Seeds dormancy can be overcome artificially by treating the seeds with

chemicals like KNO3 and growth hormones like cytokinin and ethylene.
Different types of dormant seeds respond differently to different
chemicals regarding breaking of dormancy.
Certificate
This is to certify that G.Mari Muthu Selvam
Student of XI A Science Roll no
_____”1106 A”_____ worked on project titled-
“breaking of dormancy of seeds” held in Good shepherd model
School during the academic year 2019-2020
He worked sincerely under the guidance of
Faculties and prepared this dissertation

Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature

School seal External examiner’s signature

Cytokinin :
Cytokinins serve many important functions in plant
development and morphogenesis. They are involved in the regulation of cell
division; they interact with auxins in the control of apical dominance and
lateral branching and the root-shoot ratio in intact plants and in tissue
culture. They retard the senescence of leaves and promote the light-
independent deetiolation response, including greening, of dark-
grown seedlings. Several cytokinins occur naturally in plants. They have
an adenine base and a five carbon isopentenyl side chain. Among
these, zeatin, specifically trans-zeatin, is the most abundant. The synthesis of
cytokinins in higher plants has been unclear and controversial for a long
time, but progress finally seems to be achieved with the cloning of genes
encoding isopentenyl transferases (IPTs) in Arabidopsis These IPTs seem to
use ATP/ADP, rather than AMP, together with DMAPP, to yield
isopentenyladenine monophosphate (iPMP), which ultimately gives rise to
zeatin and other naturally occurring adenine cytokinins. The possibility that
cytokinins may arise from the degradation of tRNAs is not considered likely.
Ribosylated derivatives, with a ribose or ribose 5′-monophosphate attached
to the adenine moiety, of cytokinins are common.

Ethylene biosynthesis and

signaling pathways
S-adenosyl methionine (S-AdoMet) is synthesized from methionine by the SAM
synthetase, it is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by
the ACC synthase (ACS), 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) being a by-product. MTA is
recycled to methionine through the Yang Cycle by successive enzymatic reactions
involving different intermediates among which 5-methylthioribose (MTR) and 2-
keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMB). S-AdoMet is also the precursor of the
spermidine/spermine biosynthesis pathway. Ethylene production results from the
ACC oxidation catalyzed by the ACC oxidase (ACO) that also generates carbon
dioxide and cyanide. Malonylation of ACC to malonyl-ACC (MACC) reduces ACC
content and consequently ethylene production. Ethylene can stimulate its own
biosynthesis, by improving ACC synthesis catalyzed by ACS, and conversion to
ethylene by ACO

Ethylene binds to receptors (among which ethylene receptor 1, ETR1) located in the
endoplasmic reticulum, which leads to the deactivation of the receptors that become
able to recruit CTR1 (constitutive triple response). Release of CTR1 inhibition allows
EIN2 to act as a positive regulator of ethylene signaling pathway. EIN2 acts upstream
of nuclear transcription factors, such as EIN3 (ethylene insensitive), EILs (EIN3-like),
ERBPs (ethylene responsive element binding protein), and ERFs (ethylene response
factor). → and —∙ arrows indicate positive and negative interactions between the
different elements of the signaling cascade, respectively.

Bibiliography
1..wikepedia.com .

2..nicbi.com.
 THANK YOU

Content :
1. ACKNOWLEGMENT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. BREAKING OF SEEDS

4. MAJOR CAUSES FOR SEED DORMANCY

5. EFECT OF KNO3 ON SEED DORMANCY

6. EFECTS OF ETHYLENE ON SEED DORMANCY

7. EFFECT OF CYTOKININ ON SEED

8. ETHYLENE BIOSYTHENIS AND SIGNAL PATHWAYS

9. CYTOKININ

10. EXPERIMENT

11. BIBILIOGRAPHY

EXPERIMEN
T