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    Mathametics

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    12 views7 pages

    Cyclic Group

    Uploaded by

    Kalyan Dutta
    Mathametics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    5.2, CYCLIC GROUPS 161 “a Let G be a group and H be a ty subset of G such that a~! € H for alle H. Then Hf isa subgroup, & SE ON " eso, ee not exist a proper subgroup H of (Z,+) such that H contains 5.2 Cyclic Groups In the previous section, we have seen that in a group G,{a"|n € Z} is a subgroup of G, for any a € G. If in addition, G = {a"|n € Z} forSome a € G, then G is said to be generated by a single element and we write G = (a). Groups that are generated by a single element, called cyclic groups, are of special importance. These groups play an important role in studying the structure of a commutative group. Cyclic groups have special properties, some of which we will discuss in this section. V Definition 5.2.1. A group G is called a cyclic group if there exists an clement a € G such that G = (a) = {a"Jn € Z}. Such an clement a € G is called a generator of the cyclic group G. 0, it contradicts the minimality ofn. Thus r= 0 so that at = (a")?. Hence H ¢ (a). Since (a") CH follows from, the fact that a” € H, we deduce that H = (a"). Therefore H is cyclic. In the Worked Out Exer subgroups of the integer n, (Z, 5.1.4, we have given a complete description of aly additive group Z of all integer We know that for every positive n+) is a finite cyclic group. Can we describe all subgroups of this Sroup? The following theorem gives a complete description of all subgroups of a finite cyclic group. Theorem 5.2.10. Let G = (a) be a cyclic group of order n If H is a subgroup of G, then |H| divides |G\. J If m is a positive integer such that m divides n, th subgroup of G of order m. en there exists a unique Proof. (i) If H = {e}, then |H| = 1 and hence |H| divides IG]. So suppose HF {e}. Since H is a subgroup of a finite eyclic group, H is also a cyclic group of finite order. Let |#| = k. Then there exists an element b in H such that i ) and then 0(b) = |H|. Now 6 € G = (a). Hence b = O t. Then at! =e. Hence there exists a positive integer # such that ai =e, Tet n be the smallest positive integer . Let = (a) = {at |k & nis n is the order of a. Now G fi. we get by division iding m by where 0

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