Equipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit 6.12.2 Viscosity correction factor The viscosity correction factor will normally only be significant for viscous liquids, To apply the correction an estimate of the wall temperature is needed. This can be made by first calculating the coefficient without the correction and using the following relationship to estimate the wall temperature: hilt — 1) =U(T 1) 6.7) \ where f= tube-side bulk temperature (mean), WW 1, = estimated wall temperature, SOS T = shell-side bulk temperature (mean). Equation (6.7) used regardless of what fluid (hot or cold) Sng to the tube Usually an approximate estimate of the wall temperatir: cient, but trial and error calculations can be made to obtain a better a rection is large. 6.12.3 Coeflicients for water For more accurate estimating of heat t ficients for water, it can be made by using equations developed spéificall¥. The physical properties are conveniently incorporated into the co1 hy = 2200.35 + 68) a? ~~ where hh, = insic fi for water, W/m’, °C, water tefifperature, °C. uy gees locity, m/s, diz ide diameter, mm, 6.124 pressure drop ire tWo major sources of pressure loss on the tube-side of a shell and risers the friction loss in the tubes and the losses due to the sudden contration and expansion and flow reversals that the fluid experiences in flow through the tube arrangement. The tube friction loss can be calculated using the familiar equations for pressure-drop loss in pipes. The basie equation for isothermal flow in pipes (constant temperature) is: PVE lela foldee pend Ansell A fl ae yy = E ns Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLMEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit AP =8j; (=) a (6.9) ir is the dimensionless friction factor (Stanton friction factor) and Lis the effective pipe length. The flow in a heat exchanger will clearly not be isothermal, and this is allowed for by including an empirical correction factor to account for antee in physical properties with temperature. Normally only the change AS is considered: 2 3 enn ae oe AP = 8j/(L'/dj)ot (& (£)~ “WN where m=0.25 for laminar flow, Re < 2100, NS) =0.14 for turbulent flow, Re > 2101 YS Values of jyfor heat exchanger tubes can We 0} 1? ee eeaeee, ‘ oO from Fig. (6.22). 0 a o wt wt ca —— Feros aumoer, Be ——> Figure (6.22) Tube-side friction factors. Sel cee heed tues se gg salah foe pal fam 21 aleEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit The pressure losses due to contraction at the tube inlets, expansion at the exits, and flow reversal in the headers, can be a significant part of the total tube-side pressure drop. The loss in terms of velocity heads can be estimated by counting the number of flow contractions, expansions and reversals, and using the factors for pipe fittings to estimate the number of velocity heads lost, For two tube pases, there will be two contractions, two expansions and one flow reversal, The,hea each of these effects is: contraction 0.5, expansion 1.0, 180 bend] passes the maximum loss will be: 2*05+2*10+15 =45 velocity he: = 225 From this, it appears that Frank’s recommen per pass is the most realistic value to use gives: z * AP, =N, si, \ (x) $25 where AP, = tube-side ss ip. Nin’, a passes, Oe on’ tube, m, eS Of pressure drop will be the flow expansion and contraction jet and outlet nozzles. This can be estimated by adding one velocit ihe inlet and 0.5 for the outlet, based on the nozzle velocities. of 2.5 velocity heads his factor with equation 9 .- (6.11) z lation of Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient (Kern's method) his method was based on experimental work on commercial exchangers with standard tolerances and will give a reasonably satisfactory prediction of the heat-transfer coefficient for standard designs. The prediction of pressure drop is less satisfactory, as pressure drop is more affected by leakage and bypassing than heat transfer. The shell-side heat transfer and friction factors are correlated in a similar manner to those for tube-side flow by using a hypothetical shell velocity bower hed seLaistdn PTT snl fhe ps ed J hake twEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit and shell diameter, As the cross-sectional area for flow will vary across the shell diameter, the linear and mass velocities are based on the maximum area for cross- flow: that at the shell equator. The shell equivalent diameter is calculated using the flow area between the tubes taken in the axial direction (parallel to the tubes) and. the wetted perimeter of the tubes: see Fig. (6.23). Figure (6.23) Equivalent diameter, cross-sectional ‘tted perimeters, Shell-side jj, and jy factors for use in th given in Figs. (6.24) and (6.25) for various battle cuts and tube arrangements The procedure for calculating the shell-side heat transfer coefficient aN ssure drop for a single shell pass exchanger is given below: Procedure CS 1, Calculate the area for cro: WA; for the hypothetical row of tubes at the shell equator, given aN 8 _ = dale Pr As (6.12) ‘“ where py ithe pitch, “S outside diameter, Shell inside diameter, m, cS bafile spacing, m. ‘The t&m (p,- d./p,is the ratio of the clearance between tubes and the total distance between tube centres. 2. Calculate the shell-side mass velocity G , and the linear velocity w, : oo Ws qa ; 5 , So ae ileal raed SLM SV ae lA foto peat aro AS fil hale Fase GsEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit where IW p luid flow-rate on the shell-side, kg/s, hell-side fluid density, kg/m*. 3. Calculate the shell-side equivalent diameter (hydraulic diameter), Fig. (6.23). For a square pitch arrangement: ‘ (2 ee) q 127 : i= 2 — 0.78542) . xd, ae ws For an equilateral triangular pitch arrangement: SS a 4 G x 0.87p; — itt) fae = - 2 2 + (6.14) d= aie 7, ~ 0.9175) 2 where d, = equivalent diameter, m. ot . 4- Calculate the shell-side iS 5-For the gw -ynolds number, read the value of jj, from Fig. (6.24) for the sek bi cut and tube arrangement, and calculate the shell-side heat transfe \Gient A, from ae ou = = jpRePr'? (+) ...(6.16) * given by: 6- For the calculated shell-side Reynolds number, read the friction factor from Fig. (6.25) and calculate the shell-side pressure drop from: Beer shed elated ST aly lalegl felses pd ead AN hake FwHeat transfer factor: 4 Equipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist, Prof, Ihsan Habib Dakhit . (Ds\ (LY pe ( a 2 _ AP, =8i;(—) (=) (— M6. Ga) -en where 1 =tube length, Jy = baile spacing. abe The term (L/ Jy ) is the number of times the flow crosses mes (Ns +1), where Np is the number of battles. 10 1 i SS Figure (6.24) Shell — side heat transfer factors, segmental baffels. Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLM Pits %, ae fl Aoll /ohaae pent [Reed bl AS — Za RanEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist, Prof, Ihsan Habib Dakhit soy tterses 2 2 seeress sp seers, sp teeta ps stevens, 10 Fete factor, ——e a Te — reynolds minder, Re Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLM ig nhl [ola pena feasDY AS = 2 dae